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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Consonant <i>sounds</i> and consonant <i>letters</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonant_sounds_and_consonant_letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants_versus_vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants_versus_vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Consonants versus vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants_versus_vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Most_common" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Most_common"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Most common</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Most_common-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Consonant</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 129 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-129" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">129 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsonant" title="Konsonant – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Konsonant" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsonant" title="Konsonant – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Konsonant" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA" title="صامت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صامت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Consonant" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consona" title="Consona – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Consona" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonante" title="Consonante – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Consonante" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8C%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Рагьукъаб – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Рагьукъаб" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="ব্যঞ্জনধ্বনি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্যঞ্জনধ্বনি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BA-im" title="Chú-im – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chú-im" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Зычныя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Зычныя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Зычныя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Зычныя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8_(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3)" title="व्यंजन (वर्ण) – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="व्यंजन (वर्ण)" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katanog" title="Katanog – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Katanog" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Съгласна – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Съгласна" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsonant" title="Konsonant – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Konsonant" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="གསལ་བྱེད། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གསལ་བྱེད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensonenn" title="Kensonenn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kensonenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Consonant" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BF%C4%83_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%81%C4%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Хупă сасăсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хупă сасăсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souhl%C3%A1ska" title="Souhláska – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Souhláska" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nzvanyira" title="Nzvanyira – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Nzvanyira" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytsain" title="Cytsain – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cytsain" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%94nsonantinima" title="Kɔnsonantinima – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Kɔnsonantinima" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsonant" title="Konsonant – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Konsonant" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsonant" title="Konsonant – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Konsonant" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaash%C3%A4%C3%A4lik" title="Kaashäälik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaashäälik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BC%CF%86%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Σύμφωνο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σύμφωνο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonante" title="Consonante – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Consonante" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsonanto" title="Konsonanto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konsonanto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontsonante" title="Kontsonante – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kontsonante" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%85%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="همخوان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="همخوان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonne" title="Consonne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Consonne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsonant" title="Konsonant – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Konsonant" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consan" title="Consan – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Consan" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corockle" title="Corockle – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Corockle" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connrag" title="Connrag – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Connrag" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consoante" title="Consoante – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Consoante" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%9D%8C" title="자음 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자음" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B1%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Բաղաձայններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բաղաձայններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3" title="व्यंजन वर्ण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="व्यंजन वर्ण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suglasnik" title="Suglasnik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Suglasnik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsonanto" title="Konsonanto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Konsonanto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsonan" title="Konsonan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konsonan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonante" title="Consonante – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Consonante" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D0%BC%D1%85%D1%8A%C3%A6%D0%BB%C3%A6%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Æмхъæлæсон – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æмхъæлæсон" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samhlj%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Samhljóð – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Samhljóð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonante" title="Consonante – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Consonante" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A8" title="עיצור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עיצור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyanjana" title="Wyanjana – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wyanjana" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abal%C9%A9maya%C9%A3" title="Abalɩmayaɣ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Abalɩmayaɣ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%A8" title="ವ್ಯಂಜನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವ್ಯಂಜನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makikatni" title="Makikatni – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Makikatni" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="თანხმოვანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თანხმოვანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B7_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Дауыссыз дыбыстар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дауыссыз дыбыстар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kessonen" title="Kessonen – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kessonen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsonanti" title="Konsonanti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Konsonanti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kons%C3%B2n" title="Konsòn – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Konsòn" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengdar" title="Dengdar – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dengdar" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BD%D1%81%D2%AF%D0%B7_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Үнсүз тыбыштар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Үнсүз тыбыштар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B0" title="ພະຍັນຊະນະ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພະຍັນຊະນະ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonans" title="Consonans – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Consonans" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%ABdzskanis" title="Līdzskanis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Līdzskanis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsonant" title="Konsonant – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Konsonant" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priebalsis" title="Priebalsis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Priebalsis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitklinker" title="Mitklinker – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Mitklinker" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molelisi" title="Molelisi – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Molelisi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonante" title="Consonante – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Consonante" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/zunsna" title="zunsna – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="zunsna" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunsunant" title="Cunsunant – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cunsunant" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1ssalhangz%C3%B3" title="Mássalhangzó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mássalhangzó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3" title="व्यञ्जजन वर्ण – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="व्यञ्जजन वर्ण" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Согласка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Согласка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renisoratra" title="Renisoratra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Renisoratra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="വ്യഞ്ജനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വ്യഞ്ജനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="व्यंजन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="व्यंजन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsonan" title="Konsonan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Konsonan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%B3%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%87" title="Гийгүүлэгч – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гийгүүлэгч" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medeklinker" title="Medeklinker – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Medeklinker" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3" title="व्यञ्जनवर्ण – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="व्यञ्जनवर्ण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%83" title="बाआखः – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बाआखः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E9%9F%B3" title="子音 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="子音" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9F%DF%8A%DF%AC%DF%9E%DF%8E%DF%AC%DF%A1%DF%8A%DF%AC%DF%95%DF%8A" title="ߟߊ߬ߞߎ߬ߡߊ߬ߕߊ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߟߊ߬ߞߎ߬ߡߊ߬ߕߊ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsonant" title="Konsonant – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Konsonant" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsonant" title="Konsonant – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Konsonant" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsonant" title="Konsonant – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Konsonant" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counsoune" title="Counsoune – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Counsoune" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonanta" title="Consonanta – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Consonanta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undosh_tovushlar" title="Undosh tovushlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Undosh tovushlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A8" title="ਵਿਅੰਜਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਿਅੰਜਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81_%D8%B5%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AD" title="حروف صحیح – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="حروف صحیح" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%89%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%88" title="សូរព្យញ្ជនៈ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សូរព្យញ្ជនៈ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska" title="Spółgłoska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Spółgłoska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consoante" title="Consoante – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Consoante" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consoan%C4%83" title="Consoană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Consoană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunkawaki" title="Kunkawaki – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kunkawaki" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Согласные – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Согласные" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AB_%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9D" title="ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Consonant" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hengak_laqi" title="Hengak laqi – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Hengak laqi" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashk%C3%ABting%C3%ABllorja" title="Bashkëtingëllorja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bashkëtingëllorja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Consonant" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AD" title="حرف صحيح – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="حرف صحيح" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoluhl%C3%A1ska" title="Spoluhláska – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Spoluhláska" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soglasnik" title="Soglasnik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Soglasnik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%95%D8%A8%D8%B2%D9%88%DB%8E%D9%86" title="نەبزوێن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نەبزوێن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Сугласник – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сугласник" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsonant" title="Konsonant – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Konsonant" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsonantti" title="Konsonantti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Konsonantti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsonant" title="Konsonant – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Konsonant" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katinig" title="Katinig – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Katinig" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="மெய்யெழுத்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மெய்யெழுத்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B0" title="พยัญชนะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พยัญชนะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Ҳамсадо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳамсадо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cns%C3%BCz" title="Ünsüz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ünsüz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1gha%CC%B1ghap" title="A̱gha̱ghap – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱gha̱ghap" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Приголосний звук – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Приголосний звук" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%B5%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AD" title="حرف صحیح – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حرف صحیح" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%88%D8%B2%DB%88%D9%83_%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8B%DB%87%D8%B4" title="ئۈزۈك تاۋۇش – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئۈزۈك تاۋۇش" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonante" title="Consonante – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Consonante" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BB%A5_%C3%A2m" title="Phụ âm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phụ âm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peethel%C3%BC" title="Peethelü – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Peethelü" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossoune" title="Cossoune – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Cossoune" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3" title="輔音 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="輔音" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangarabay" title="Mangarabay – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mangarabay" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3" title="辅音 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="辅音" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98" title="קאנסאנאנט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאנסאנאנט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3" title="輔音 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="輔音" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3" title="辅音 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="辅音" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samit" title="Samit – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Samit" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/20px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Speech sound articulated by closing the vocal tract fully or partially</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the musical concept, see <a href="/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance" title="Consonance and dissonance">Consonance and dissonance</a>. For the alternative rock group, see <a href="/wiki/Consonant_(band)" title="Consonant (band)">Consonant (band)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Articulatory_phonetics" title="Articulatory phonetics">articulatory phonetics</a>, a <b>consonant</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Speech_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech sound">speech sound</a> that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the <a href="/wiki/Vocal_tract" title="Vocal tract">vocal tract</a>, except for the h sound, which is pronounced without any stricture in the vocal tract. Examples are <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p]</span> and [b], pronounced with the <a href="/wiki/Lips" class="mw-redirect" title="Lips">lips</a>; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span> and [d], pronounced with the front of the <a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">tongue</a>; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span> and [g], pronounced with the back of the tongue; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span>, pronounced throughout the vocal tract; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[f]</span>, [v], and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span>, pronounced by forcing air through a narrow channel (<a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricatives</a>); and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n]</span>, which have air flowing through the nose (<a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">nasals</a>). Most consonants are <a href="/wiki/Pulmonic_consonant" title="Pulmonic consonant">pulmonic</a>, using air pressure from the lungs to generate a sound. Very few natural languages are non-pulmonic, making use of <a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejectives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">implosives</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Click_consonant" title="Click consonant">clicks</a>. Contrasting with consonants are <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a>. </p><p>Since the number of speech sounds in the world's languages is much greater than the number of letters in any one <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguists</a> have devised systems such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA) to assign a unique and unambiguous <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbol</a> to each attested consonant. The <a href="/wiki/English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">English alphabet</a> has fewer consonant letters than the English language has consonant sounds, so <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> like <span class="nowrap">⟨ch⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨sh⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨th⟩</span>, and <span class="nowrap">⟨ng⟩</span> are used to extend the alphabet, though some letters and digraphs represent more than one consonant. For example, the sound spelled <span class="nowrap">⟨th⟩</span> in "this" is a different consonant from the <span class="nowrap">⟨th⟩</span> sound in "thin". (In the IPA, these are <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ð]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[θ]</span>, respectively.) </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consonant&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>consonant</i> comes from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> oblique stem <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">cōnsonant-</i></span>, from <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">cōnsonāns</i></span> 'sounding-together', a <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calque</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σύμφωνον</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">sýmphōnon</i></span> (plural <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">sýmphōna</i></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σύμφωνα</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Thrax" title="Dionysius Thrax">Dionysius Thrax</a> calls consonants <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">sýmphōna</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σύμφωνα</span></span> 'sounded with') because in Greek they can only be pronounced with a vowel.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He divides them into two subcategories: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">hēmíphōna</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἡμίφωνα</span></span> 'half-sounded'),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are the <a href="/wiki/Continuant" title="Continuant">continuants</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">áphōna</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἄφωνος</span></span> 'unsounded'),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which correspond to <a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">plosives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This description does not apply to some languages, such as the <a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan languages</a>, in which plosives may occur without vowels (see <a href="/wiki/Nuxalk_language" title="Nuxalk language">Nuxalk</a>), and the modern concept of "consonant" does not require co-occurrence with a vowel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consonant_sounds_and_consonant_letters">Consonant <i>sounds</i> and consonant <i>letters</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consonant&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Consonant sounds and consonant letters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Consonant" title="Special:EditPage/Consonant">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The word <i>consonant</i> may be used ambiguously for both speech sounds and the <a href="/wiki/Letter_(alphabet)" title="Letter (alphabet)">letters of the alphabet</a> used to write them. In English, these letters are <a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a>, <a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a>, <a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F</a>, <a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a>, <a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a>, <a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a>, <a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a>, <a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a>, <a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a>, <a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a>, <a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Q</a>, <a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a>, <a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a>, <a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a>, <a href="/wiki/X" title="X">X</a>, <a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a> and often <a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a>, <a href="/wiki/W" title="W">W</a>, <a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English orthography</a>, the letters H, R, W, Y and the digraph GH are used for both consonants and vowels. For instance, the letter Y stands for the consonant/semi-vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> in <i><b>y</b>oke</i>, the vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ/</span> in <i>m<b>y</b>th</i>, the vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> in <i>funn<b>y</b></i>, the diphthong <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aɪ/</span> in <i>sk<b>y</b></i>, and forms several digraphs for other diphthongs, such as <i>sa<b>y</b>, bo<b>y</b>, ke<b>y</b></i>. Similarly, R commonly indicates or modifies a vowel in <a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">non-rhotic accents</a>. </p><p>This article is concerned with consonant sounds, however they are written. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consonants_versus_vowels">Consonants versus vowels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consonant&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Consonants versus vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Consonant" title="Special:EditPage/Consonant">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Consonants and vowels correspond to distinct parts of a <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a>: The most sonorous part of the syllable (that is, the part that is easiest to sing<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="What does 'easiest to sing' mean? (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>), called the <i>syllabic peak</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Syllable_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable nucleus">nucleus</a>,</i> is typically a vowel, while the less sonorous margins (called the <i><a href="/wiki/Syllable_onset" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable onset">onset</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Syllable_coda" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable coda">coda</a></i>) are typically consonants. Such syllables may be abbreviated CV, V, and CVC, where C stands for consonant and V stands for vowel. This can be argued to be the only pattern found in most of the world's languages, and perhaps the primary pattern in all of them. However, the distinction between consonant and vowel is not always clear cut: there are syllabic consonants and non-syllabic vowels in many of the world's languages. </p><p>One blurry area is in segments variously called <i><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">semivowels</a></i>, <i>semiconsonants</i>, or <i>glides</i>. On one side, there are vowel-like segments that are not in themselves syllabic, but form <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a> as part of the syllable nucleus, as the <i>i</i> in English <i>boil</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈbɔɪ̯l]</span>. On the other, there are <a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">approximants</a> that behave like consonants in forming onsets, but are articulated very much like vowels, as the <i>y</i> in English <i>yes</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈjɛs]</span>. Some phonologists<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (September 2024)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> model these as both being the underlying vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>, so that the English word <i>bit</i> would <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemically</a> be <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bit/</span>, <i>beet</i> would be <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bii̯t/</span>, and <i>yield</i> would be phonemically <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i̯ii̯ld/</span>. Likewise, <i>foot</i> would be <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/fut/</span>, <i>food</i> would be <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/fuu̯d/</span>, <i>wood</i> would be <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u̯ud/</span>, and <i>wooed</i> would be <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u̯uu̯d/</span>. However, there is a (perhaps allophonic) difference in articulation between these segments, with the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span> in <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈjɛs]</span> <i>yes</i> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈjiʲld]</span> <i>yield</i> and the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span> of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈwuʷd]</span> <i>wooed</i> having more constriction and a more definite place of articulation than the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ]</span> in <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈbɔɪ̯l]</span> <i>boil</i> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈbɪt]</span> <i>bit</i> or the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʊ]</span> of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈfʊt]</span> <i>foot</i>. </p><p>The other problematic area is that of syllabic consonants, segments articulated as consonants but occupying the nucleus of a syllable. This may be the case for words such as <i>church</i> in <a href="/wiki/Rhotic_and_non-rhotic_accents" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhotic and non-rhotic accents">rhotic</a> dialects of English, although phoneticians differ in whether they consider this to be a syllabic consonant, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈtʃɹ̩tʃ/</span>, or a rhotic vowel, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈtʃɝtʃ/</span>: Some distinguish an approximant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɹ/</span> that corresponds to a vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɝ/</span>, for <i>rural</i> as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈɹɝl/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈɹʷɝːl̩]</span>; others see these as a single phoneme, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈɹɹ̩l/</span>. </p><p>Other languages use fricative and often trilled segments as syllabic nuclei, as in <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> and several languages in <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a>. In Mandarin, they are historically allophones of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>, and spelled that way in <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>. Ladefoged and Maddieson<sup id="cite_ref-SOWL_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOWL-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2018)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> call these "fricative vowels" and say that "they can usually be thought of as syllabic fricatives that are allophones of vowels". That is, phonetically they are consonants, but phonemically they behave as vowels. </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a> allow the trill <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r̩]</span> and the lateral <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l̩]</span> as syllabic nuclei (see <a href="/wiki/Words_without_vowels" class="mw-redirect" title="Words without vowels">Words without vowels</a>). In languages like <a href="/wiki/Nux%C3%A1lk_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuxálk language">Nuxalk</a>, it is difficult to know what the nucleus of a syllable is, or if all syllables even have nuclei. If the concept of 'syllable' applies in Nuxalk, there are syllabic consonants in words like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sx̩s/</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s̩xs̩/</span>?) 'seal fat'. <a href="/wiki/Miyako_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Miyako language">Miyako</a> in Japan is similar, with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f̩ks̩/</span> 'to build' and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ps̩ks̩/</span> 'to pull'. </p><p>Each spoken consonant can be distinguished by several phonetic <i><a href="/wiki/Distinctive_feature" title="Distinctive feature">features</a></i>: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">manner of articulation</a> is how air escapes from the vocal tract when the consonant or <a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">approximant</a> (vowel-like) sound is made. Manners include stops, fricatives, and nasals.</li></ul> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">place of articulation</a> is where in the vocal tract the obstruction of the consonant occurs, and which speech organs are involved. Places include <a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">bilabial</a> (both lips), <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a> (tongue against the gum ridge), and <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar</a> (tongue against soft palate). In addition, there may be a simultaneous narrowing at another place of articulation, such as <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalisation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pharyngealisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharyngealisation">pharyngealisation</a>. Consonants with two simultaneous places of articulation are said to be <a href="/wiki/Co-articulated_consonant" title="Co-articulated consonant">coarticulated</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">phonation</a> of a consonant is how the <a href="/wiki/Vocal_cords" title="Vocal cords">vocal cords</a> vibrate during the articulation. When the vocal cords vibrate fully, the consonant is called <a href="/wiki/Voiced" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced">voiced</a>; when they do not vibrate at all, it is <a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">voiceless</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Voice_onset_time" title="Voice onset time">voice onset time</a> (VOT) indicates the timing of the phonation. <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">Aspiration</a> is a feature of VOT.</li></ul> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Airstream_mechanism" title="Airstream mechanism">airstream mechanism</a> is how the air moving through the vocal tract is powered. Most languages have exclusively <a href="/wiki/Pulmonic_egressive" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonic egressive">pulmonic egressive</a> consonants, which use the lungs and diaphragm, but <a href="/wiki/Ejective" class="mw-redirect" title="Ejective">ejectives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Click_consonant" title="Click consonant">clicks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Implosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Implosive">implosives</a> use different mechanisms.</li></ul> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">length</a> is how long the obstruction of a consonant lasts. This feature is borderline distinctive in English, as in "wholly" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[hoʊlli]</span> vs. "holy" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[hoʊli]</span>, but cases are limited to morpheme boundaries. Unrelated roots are differentiated in various languages such as Italian, Japanese, and Finnish, with two length levels, "single" and "<a href="/wiki/Geminate" class="mw-redirect" title="Geminate">geminate</a>". <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Sami_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami languages">Sami languages</a> have three phonemic lengths: short, geminate, and long geminate, although the distinction between the geminate and overlong geminate includes suprasegmental features.</li></ul> <ul><li>The articulatory force is how much muscular energy is involved. This has been proposed many times<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (August 2024)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup>, but no distinction relying exclusively on force has ever been demonstrated.</li></ul> <p>All English consonants can be classified by a combination of these features, such as "voiceless alveolar stop" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span>. In this case, the airstream mechanism is omitted. </p><p>Some pairs of consonants like <i>p::b</i>, <i>t::d</i> are sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis" title="Fortis and lenis">fortis and lenis</a>, but this is a <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonological</a> rather than phonetic distinction. </p><p>Consonants are scheduled by their features in a number of IPA charts: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235389435">.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-captioned{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:var(--color-base,#202122);padding:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-caption{padding:0.2em;text-align:center;background-color:#f2f2ce;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-table{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-table .wraplinks .selflink{white-space:normal}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-constable th{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-constable th:not(.IPA-pulmonic-mannerarrow)[scope="col"]{text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;max-width:4em}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-constable th:not(.IPA-pulmonic-placearrow)[scope="row"]{text-align:left;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-constable td{vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-constable:not(.IPA-common-audiotable) td:not([colspan]){text-align:center;max-width:1.2em;min-width:1.2em;padding:0.1em 0.2em;font-size:125%}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-audiotable td{padding:0}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-noleftborder{border-left:none}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-norightborder{border-right:none}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-notopborder{border-top:none}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-nobottomborder{border-bottom:none}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-shaded{background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1)}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-notes{text-align:left;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-notes>div{float:right}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-notes>div ul{white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-notes>div ul li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .IPA-audiocell{width:40px;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .IPA-audiocell-symbol{font-size:120%}.mw-parser-output .IPA-audiocell-audio{height:20px}.mw-parser-output .IPA-audiocell-audio .ext-phonos-attribution{margin-left:0}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .IPA-common-caption{background-color:#262600}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .IPA-common-caption{background-color:#262600}}</style> </p> <table role="presentation" class="IPA-common-captioned" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="IPA-common-caption" style=""><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pulmonic_consonant" title="Pulmonic consonant">Pulmonic</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">consonants</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049671">.mw-parser-output .IPA-pulmonic-placearrow{border-bottom:none;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .IPA-pulmonic-mannerarrow{border-top:none;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom}.mw-parser-output .IPA-pulmonic-main td:nth-child(even),.mw-parser-output .IPA-pulmonic-main td:nth-child(9):not(.IPA-common-rightborder),.mw-parser-output .IPA-pulmonic-main td:nth-child(11):not(.IPA-common-rightborder){border-right:none}.mw-parser-output .IPA-pulmonic-main td:nth-child(odd),.mw-parser-output .IPA-pulmonic-main td:nth-child(10):not(.IPA-common-leftborder),.mw-parser-output .IPA-pulmonic-main td:nth-child(12):not(.IPA-common-leftborder){border-left:none}</style> <table class="wikitable nowrap IPA-common-table IPA-common-constable IPA-pulmonic-main" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-pulmonic-placearrow"><a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">Place</a> → </th> <th scope="col" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">Coronal</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_consonant" title="Dorsal consonant">Dorsal</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_consonant" title="Laryngeal consonant">Laryngeal</a> </th></tr> <tr class="wrap wraplinks"> <th scope="col" class="IPA-pulmonic-mannerarrow"><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">Manner</a> ↓ </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant">Labiodental</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Linguolabial_consonant" title="Linguolabial consonant">Linguolabial</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Postalveolar</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">Pharyngeal/epiglottal</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiceless bilabial nasal">m̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_nasal" title="Voiceless labiodental nasal">ɱ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_nasal" title="Voiced labiodental nasal">ɱ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_nasal" title="Voiced linguolabial nasal">n̼</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_nasal" title="Voiceless alveolar nasal">n̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiceless retroflex nasal">ɳ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_nasal" title="Voiceless palatal nasal">ɲ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_nasal" title="Voiceless velar nasal">ŋ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_nasal" title="Voiceless uvular nasal">ɴ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_nasal" title="Voiced uvular nasal">ɴ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_plosive" title="Voiceless labiodental plosive">p̪</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_plosive" title="Voiced labiodental plosive">b̪</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_linguolabial_plosive" title="Voiceless linguolabial plosive">t̼</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_plosive" title="Voiced linguolabial plosive">d̼</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_plosive" title="Voiced uvular plosive">ɢ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Epiglottal_plosive" title="Epiglottal plosive">ʡ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">Sibilant</a> <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricate</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t̠ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d̠ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">tʂ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiced retroflex affricate">dʐ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">tɕ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">dʑ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Non-sibilant affricate </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_affricate" title="Voiceless bilabial affricate">pɸ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_affricate" title="Voiced bilabial affricate">bβ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_affricate" title="Voiceless labiodental affricate">p̪f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_affricate" title="Voiced labiodental affricate">b̪v</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_non-sibilant_affricate" title="Voiceless dental non-sibilant affricate">t̪θ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_non-sibilant_affricate" title="Voiced dental non-sibilant affricate">d̪ð</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate">tɹ̝̊</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar non-sibilant affricate">dɹ̝</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant affricate">t̠ɹ̠̊˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate">d̠ɹ̠˔</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless palatal affricate">cç</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_affricate" title="Voiced palatal affricate">ɟʝ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_affricate" title="Voiceless velar affricate">kx</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_affricate" title="Voiced velar affricate">ɡɣ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_affricate" title="Voiceless uvular affricate">qχ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_affricate" title="Voiced uvular affricate">ɢʁ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_epiglottal_affricate" title="Voiceless epiglottal affricate">ʡʜ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_epiglottal_affricate" title="Voiced epiglottal affricate">ʡʢ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_affricate" title="Voiceless glottal affricate">ʔh</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Sibilant <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricative</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">ʐ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Non-sibilant fricative </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_linguolabial_fricative" title="Voiceless linguolabial fricative">θ̼</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_fricative" title="Voiced linguolabial fricative">ð̼</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative">θ̠</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative">ð̠</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative">ɹ̠̊˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative">ɹ̠˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative">ɻ̊˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced retroflex non-sibilant fricative">ɻ˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_fricative" title="Voiced palatal fricative">ʝ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">ɻ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_approximant" title="Voiced velar approximant">ɰ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Creaky-voiced_glottal_approximant" title="Creaky-voiced glottal approximant">ʔ̞</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tap_and_flap_consonants" title="Tap and flap consonants">Tap/flap</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_flap" title="Voiced bilabial flap">ⱱ̟</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_flap" title="Voiced labiodental flap">ⱱ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced linguolabial tap">ɾ̼</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar tap">ɾ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_flap" title="Voiceless retroflex flap">ɽ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_tap_and_flap" title="Voiced uvular tap and flap">ɢ̆</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_epiglottal_tap" title="Voiced epiglottal tap">ʡ̆</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_trill" title="Voiceless bilabial trill">ʙ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_trill" title="Voiced bilabial trill">ʙ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_trill" title="Voiceless alveolar trill">r̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_trill" title="Voiceless retroflex trill">ɽ̊r̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_trill" title="Voiced retroflex trill">ɽr</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_trill" title="Voiceless uvular trill">ʀ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_trill" title="Voiced uvular trill">ʀ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_epiglottal_trill" title="Voiceless epiglottal trill">ʜ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_epiglottal_trill" title="Voiced epiglottal trill">ʢ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> affricate </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate">tɬ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar lateral affricate">dɮ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex lateral affricate">tꞎ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced retroflex lateral affricate">d𝼅</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless palatal lateral affricate">c𝼆</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced palatal lateral affricate">ɟʎ̝</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless velar lateral affricate">k𝼄</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced velar lateral affricate">ɡʟ̝</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lateral fricative </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral fricative">ɮ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex lateral fricative">ꞎ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex lateral fricative">𝼅</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal lateral fricative">𝼆</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_fricative" title="Voiced palatal lateral fricative">ʎ̝</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless velar lateral fricative">𝼄</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_fricative" title="Voiced velar lateral fricative">ʟ̝</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lateral approximant </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex lateral approximant">ɭ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced velar lateral approximant">ʟ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced uvular lateral approximant">ʟ̠</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lateral tap/flap </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_flap" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral flap">ɺ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral flap">ɺ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_lateral_flap" title="Voiceless retroflex lateral flap">𝼈̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_flap" title="Voiced retroflex lateral flap">𝼈</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_flap" title="Voiced palatal lateral flap">ʎ̆</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_tap" title="Voiced velar lateral tap">ʟ̆</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a></li> <li><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA consonant chart with audio"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA consonant chart with audio">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_pulmonic_consonants" title="Template:IPA pulmonic consonants">template</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Symbols to the right in a cell are <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a>, to the left are <a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a>. <span style="display: inline-block;">Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.</span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235389435"> <table role="presentation" class="IPA-common-captioned" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="IPA-common-caption" style=""><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>: Non-<a href="/wiki/Pulmonic_consonant" title="Pulmonic consonant">pulmonic</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">consonants</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td> <table class="wikitable nowrap IPA-common-table IPA-common-constable" style=""> <tbody><tr class="wrap wraplinks"> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant"><abbr title="Bilabial">BL</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant"><abbr title="Labiodental">LD</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant"><abbr title="Dental">D</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant"><abbr title="Alveolar">A</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant"><abbr title="Postalveolar">PA</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant"><abbr title="Retroflex">RF</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant"><abbr title="Palatal">P</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant"><abbr title="Velar">V</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant"><abbr title="Uvular">U</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant"><abbr title="Epiglottal">EG</abbr></a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">Ejective</a> </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Stop</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_stop" title="Bilabial ejective stop">pʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_ejective_stop" title="Retroflex ejective stop">ʈʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_ejective_stop" title="Palatal ejective stop">cʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_stop" title="Uvular ejective stop">qʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Epiglottal_ejective" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiglottal ejective">ʡʼ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_ejective_affricate" title="Labiodental ejective affricate">p̪fʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Dental_ejective_affricate" title="Dental ejective affricate">t̪θʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">tsʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">t̠ʃʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_ejective_affricate" title="Retroflex ejective affricate">tʂʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolo-palatal ejective affricate">tɕʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_affricate" title="Velar ejective affricate">kxʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_affricate" title="Uvular ejective affricate">qχʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_fricative" title="Bilabial ejective fricative">ɸʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_ejective_fricative" title="Labiodental ejective fricative">fʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Dental_ejective_fricative" title="Dental ejective fricative">θʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolar ejective fricative">sʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_fricative" title="Palato-alveolar ejective fricative">ʃʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_ejective_fricative" title="Retroflex ejective fricative">ʂʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolo-palatal ejective fricative">ɕʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_fricative" title="Velar ejective fricative">xʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_fricative" title="Uvular ejective fricative">χʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> affricate </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar lateral ejective affricate">tɬʼ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Palatal lateral ejective affricate">c𝼆ʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Velar lateral ejective affricate">k𝼄ʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Uvular lateral ejective affricate">q𝼄ʼ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lateral fricative </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolar lateral ejective fricative">ɬʼ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Click_consonant" title="Click consonant">Click</a><br />(top: velar;<br />bottom: uvular) </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">Tenuis</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_bilabial_click" title="Tenuis bilabial click">kʘ<br />qʘ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_dental_click" title="Tenuis dental click">kǀ<br />qǀ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_alveolar_click" title="Tenuis alveolar click">kǃ<br />qǃ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_retroflex_click" title="Tenuis retroflex click">k𝼊<br />q𝼊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_palatal_click" title="Tenuis palatal click">kǂ<br />qǂ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Voiced</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_click" title="Voiced bilabial click">ɡʘ<br />ɢʘ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_click" title="Voiced dental click">ɡǀ<br />ɢǀ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_click" title="Voiced alveolar click">ɡǃ<br />ɢǃ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_click" title="Voiced retroflex click">ɡ𝼊<br />ɢ𝼊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_click" title="Voiced palatal click">ɡǂ<br />ɢǂ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_click" title="Nasal click">Nasal</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilabial nasal click">ŋʘ<br />ɴʘ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Dental_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental nasal click">ŋǀ<br />ɴǀ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar nasal click">ŋǃ<br />ɴǃ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex nasal click">ŋ𝼊<br />ɴ𝼊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal nasal click">ŋǂ<br />ɴǂ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Back-released_click" title="Back-released click">ʞ</a></span><br />  </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Tenuis <a href="/wiki/Lateral_click" title="Lateral click">lateral</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_alveolar_lateral_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenuis alveolar lateral click">kǁ<br />qǁ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Voiced lateral </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral click">ɡǁ<br />ɢǁ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Nasal lateral </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar lateral nasal click">ŋǁ<br />ɴǁ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">Implosive</a> </th> <th scope="row">Voiced </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_implosive" title="Voiced bilabial implosive">ɓ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_implosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar implosive">ɗ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_implosive" title="Voiced retroflex implosive">ᶑ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_implosive" title="Voiced palatal implosive">ʄ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_implosive" title="Voiced velar implosive">ɠ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_implosive" title="Voiced uvular implosive">ʛ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">Voiceless</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_implosive" title="Voiceless bilabial implosive">ɓ̥</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_implosive" title="Voiceless alveolar implosive">ɗ̥</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_implosive" title="Voiceless retroflex implosive">ᶑ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_implosive" title="Voiceless palatal implosive">ʄ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_implosive" title="Voiceless velar implosive">ɠ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_implosive" title="Voiceless uvular implosive">ʛ̥</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a></li> <li><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA consonant chart with audio"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA consonant chart with audio">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_non-pulmonic_consonants" title="Template:IPA non-pulmonic consonants">template</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235389435"> <table role="presentation" class="IPA-common-captioned" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="IPA-common-caption" style=""><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>: <a href="/wiki/Co-articulated_consonant" title="Co-articulated consonant">Co-articulated</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">consonants</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1233718997">.mw-parser-output .IPA-coarticulated-nocaption{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em 0.4em;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .IPA-coarticulated-main{text-align:left;padding:0 0.4em;line-height:2}.mw-parser-output .IPA-coarticulated-main>div{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output .IPA-coarticulated-sect,.mw-parser-output .IPA-coarticulated-desc{margin-top:0.4em;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .IPA-coarticulated-symbol,.mw-parser-output .IPA-coarticulated-desc{display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .IPA-coarticulated-symbol{padding-left:0.2em;text-align:center;font-size:125%;width:1.25em}</style><div class="nowrap IPA-coarticulated-main" style=""> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93alveolar_nasal" title="Voiced labial–alveolar nasal">n͡m</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93coronal_consonant" title="Labial–coronal consonant">Labial–alveolar</a></div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced labial–retroflex nasal">ɳ͡m</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93retroflex_consonant" title="Labial–retroflex consonant">Labial–retroflex</a></div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_nasal" title="Voiced labial–velar nasal">ŋ͡m</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93velar_consonant" title="Labial–velar consonant">Labial–velar</a></div> </div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93alveolar_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–alveolar plosive">t͡p</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93alveolar_plosive" title="Voiced labial–alveolar plosive">d͡b</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–alveolar</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–retroflex plosive">ʈ͡p</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced labial–retroflex plosive">ɖ͡b</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–retroflex</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–velar plosive">k͡p</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_plosive" title="Voiced labial–velar plosive">ɡ͡b</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–velar</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular%E2%80%93epiglottal_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular–epiglottal plosive">q͡ʡ</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Uvular%E2%80%93epiglottal_consonant" title="Uvular–epiglottal consonant">Uvular–epiglottal</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–uvular plosive">q͡p</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93uvular_consonant" title="Labial–uvular consonant">Labial–uvular</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a>/<a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">approximant</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless labial–palatal fricative">ɥ̊</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93palatal_approximant" title="Voiced labial–palatal approximant">ɥ</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labio-palatalization" title="Labio-palatalization">Labial–palatal</a></div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_fricative" title="Voiceless labial–velar fricative">ʍ</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–velar</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Sj-sound" title="Sj-sound">ɧ</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Sj-sound" title="Sj-sound"><i>Sj</i>-sound</a> (variable)</div> </div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> approximant</div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">ɫ</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">Velarized</a> alveolar</div> </div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">Implosive</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_implosive" title="Voiceless labial–velar implosive">ɠ̊͜ɓ̥</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_implosive" title="Voiced labial–velar implosive">ɠ͡ɓ</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–velar</div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">Ejective</a></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93alveolar_ejective_stop" title="Labial–alveolar ejective stop">t͡pʼ</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–alveolar</div> </div> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <hr /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_co-articulated_consonants" title="Template:IPA co-articulated consonants">template</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consonant&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The recently extinct <a href="/wiki/Ubykh_language" title="Ubykh language">Ubykh language</a> had only 2 or 3 vowels but 84 consonants;<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Taa_language" title="Taa language">Taa language</a> has 87 consonants under <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">one analysis</a>, 164 under <a href="/wiki/Linguo-pulmonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguo-pulmonic">another</a>, plus some 30 vowels and tone.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The types of consonants used in various languages are by no means universal. For instance, nearly all <a href="/wiki/Australian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian languages">Australian languages</a> lack fricatives; a large percentage of the world's languages lack voiced stops such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> as phonemes, though they may appear phonetically. Most languages, however, do include one or more fricatives, with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> being the most common, and a <a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">liquid consonant</a> or two, with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> the most common. The approximant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> is also widespread, and virtually all languages have one or more <a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">nasals</a>, though a very few, such as the Central dialect of <a href="/wiki/Rotokas_language" title="Rotokas language">Rotokas</a>, lack even these. This last language has the smallest number of consonants in the world, with just six. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Most_common">Most common</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consonant&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Most common"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In rhotic American English, the consonants spoken most frequently are <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɹ,<span class="wrap"> </span>t/</span>. (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɹ/</span> is less common in non-rhotic accents.)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most frequent consonant in many other languages is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most universal consonants around the world (that is, the ones appearing in nearly all languages) are the three voiceless stops <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>, and the two nasals <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span>. However, even these common five are not completely universal. Several languages in the vicinity of the <a href="/wiki/Sahara_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahara Desert">Sahara Desert</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, lack <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span>. Several languages of North America, such as <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_language" title="Mohawk language">Mohawk</a>, lack both of the labials <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span>. The <a href="/wiki/Wichita_language" title="Wichita language">Wichita language</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> and some West African languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Ijo_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ijo languages">Ijo</a>, lack the consonant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> on a phonemic level, but do use it phonetically, as an <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophone</a> of another consonant (of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> in the case of Ijo, and of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɾ/</span> in Wichita). A few languages on <a href="/wiki/Bougainville_Island" title="Bougainville Island">Bougainville Island</a> and around <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Makah_language" title="Makah language">Makah</a>, lack both of the nasals <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n]</span> altogether, except in special speech registers such as baby-talk. The 'click language' <a href="/wiki/N%C7%81ng_language" title="Nǁng language">Nǁng</a> lacks <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and colloquial <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a> lacks both alveolars, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the 80-odd consonants of <a href="/wiki/Ubykh_language" title="Ubykh language">Ubykh</a>, it lacks the plain velar <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> in native words, as do the related <a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a> languages. But with a few striking exceptions, such as <a href="/wiki/Xavante_language" title="Xavante language">Xavante</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a>—which have no dorsal consonants whatsoever—nearly all other languages have at least one velar consonant: most of the few languages that do not have a simple <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> (that is, a sound that is generally pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span>) have a consonant that is very similar.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, an areal feature of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> coast is that historical *k has become palatalized in many languages, so that <a href="/wiki/Saanich_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Saanich language">Saanich</a> for example has <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʷ/</span> but no plain <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>;<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> similarly, historical *k in the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian languages</a> became palatalized to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʲ/</span> in extinct <a href="/wiki/Ubykh_language" title="Ubykh language">Ubykh</a> and to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃ/</span> in most <a href="/wiki/Circassian_languages" title="Circassian languages">Circassian</a> dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consonant&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA consonant chart with audio">IPA consonant chart with audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articulatory_phonetics" title="Articulatory phonetics">Articulatory phonetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_consonants" title="List of consonants">List of consonants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_phonetics_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of phonetics topics">List of phonetics topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Words_without_vowels" class="mw-redirect" title="Words without vowels">Words without vowels</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consonant&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Thrax" title="Dionysius Thrax">Dionysius Thrax</a>: <dl><dd><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σύμφωνα δὲ τὰ λοιπὰ ἑπτακαίδεκα· β γ δ ζ θ κ λ μ ν ξ π ρ σ τ φ χ ψ. σύμφωνα δὲ +λέγονται+, ὅτι αὐτὰ μὲν καθ᾽ ἑαυτὰ φωνὴν οὐκ ἔχει, συντασσόμενα δὲ μετὰ τῶν φωνηέντων φωνὴν ἀποτελεῖ.</span></span></dd> <dd>The remaining seventeen are consonants: b, g, d, z, th, k, l, m, n, x, p, r, s, t, ph, ch, ps. They are called 'sounded with' because they do not have a sound on their own, but, when arranged with vowels, they produce a sound.<sup id="cite_ref-Thrax_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thrax-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dionysius Thrax: <dl><dd><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τούτων ἡμίφωνα μέν ἐστιν ὀκτώ· ζ ξ ψ λ μ ν ρ σ. ἡμίφωνα δὲ λέγεται, ὅτι παρ᾽ ὅσον ἧττον τῶν φωνηέντων εὔφωνα καθέστηκεν ἔν τε τοῖς μυγμοῖς καὶ σιγμοῖς.</span></span></dd> <dd>Of these, eight are half-sounded: z, x, ps, l, m, n, r, s. They are called 'half-sounded' because, though a little weaker than the vowels, they are still harmonious [well-sounding] in their moaning and hissing.<sup id="cite_ref-Thrax_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thrax-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dionysius Thrax: <dl><dd><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἄφωνα δέ ἐστιν ἐννέα· β γ δ κ π τ θ φ χ. ἄφωνα δὲ λέγεται, ὅτι μᾶλλον τῶν ἄλλων ἐστὶν κακόφωνα, ὥσπερ ἄφωνον λέγομεν τὸν τραγωιδὸν τὸν κακόφωνον.</span></span></dd> <dd>Nine are unsounded: b, g, d, k, p, t, th, ph, ch. They are called 'unsounded' because, more than the others, they are discordant [ill-sounding], just as we call the ill-sounding tragedist 'unsounded'.<sup id="cite_ref-Thrax_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thrax-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nǀu has <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ts/</span> instead. <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> is often said to lack <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span>, but it actually has a consonant that varies between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samoan words written with the letters <i>t</i> and <i>n</i> pronounce them as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ]</span> except in formal speech. However, Samoan does have another alveolar consonant, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Niʻihau–Kauaʻi dialect of <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> is often said to have no <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span>, but as in other dialects of Hawaiian it has a consonant that varies between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consonant&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=su/mfwnos"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σύμφωνος</span></span></a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert K. Barnhart, <i>ed.</i>, <i>Chambers Dictionary of Etymology</i>, Previously published as <i>The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology</i>, originally ©1988 The H.W. Wilson Company; Edinburgh, reprinted 2001: Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltd., p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thrax-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thrax_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thrax_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thrax_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Thrax" title="Dionysius Thrax">Dionysius Thrax</a>. τέχνη γραμματική (Art of Grammar), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/graeca/Chronologia/S_ante02/DionysiosThrax/dio_tech.html#06">ς´ περὶ στοιχείου (6. On the Sound)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=h(mi/fwnos"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἡμίφωνος</span></span></a> in <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=a)/fwnos"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἄφωνος</span></span></a> in <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SOWL-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SOWL_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ladefoged" title="Peter Ladefoged">Ladefoged, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ian_Maddieson" title="Ian Maddieson">Maddieson, Ian</a> (1996). <a href="/wiki/The_Sounds_of_the_World%27s_Languages" title="The Sounds of the World's Languages"><i>The Sounds of the World's Languages</i></a>. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19815-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-19815-6"><bdi>0-631-19815-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sounds+of+the+World%27s+Languages&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-631-19815-6&rft.aulast=Ladefoged&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Maddieson%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsonant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Georges Dumézil and Tevfik Esenç, 1975, <i>Le verbe oubykh: études descriptives et comparatives</i>. Adrien Maisonneuve: Paris.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Naumann, Christfied (2008). "The Consonantal System of West !Xoon". <i>3rd International Symposium on Khoisan Languages and Linguistics</i>. Riezlern.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thelanguagenerds.com/most-common-sounds-in-spoken-english/">The most common sounds in spoken English</a> The Language Nerds.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190114100501/https://www.vistawide.com/languages/language_statistics.htm">"World Language Statistics and Facts"</a>. <i>www.vistawide.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vistawide.com/languages/language_statistics.htm">the original</a> on 2019-01-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vistawide.com&rft.atitle=World+Language+Statistics+and+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vistawide.com%2Flanguages%2Flanguage_statistics.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsonant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian Maddieson and Sandra Ferrari Disner, 1984, <i>Patterns of Sounds.</i> Cambridge University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090601070340/http://wals.info/feature/18">"The World Atlas of Language Structures Online: Absence of Common Consonants"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wals.info/feature/18">the original</a> on 2009-06-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Atlas+of+Language+Structures+Online%3A+Absence+of+Common+Consonants&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwals.info%2Ffeature%2F18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsonant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Viacheslav A. Chirikba, 1996, <i>Common West Caucasian: the reconstruction of its phonological system and parts of its lexicon and morphology</i>, p. 192. Research School CNWS: Leiden.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Sources</dt></dl> <ul><li>Ian Maddieson, <i>Patterns of Sounds</i>, Cambridge University Press, 1984. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-26536-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-26536-3">0-521-26536-3</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consonant&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 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navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant">Labiodental</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">Coronal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguolabial_consonant" title="Linguolabial consonant">Linguolabial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdental_consonant" title="Interdental consonant">Interdental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denti-alveolar_consonant" title="Denti-alveolar consonant">Denti-alveolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Postalveolar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_consonant" title="Palato-alveolar consonant">Palato-alveolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Active_place" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active place</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">Apical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">Laminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subapical_consonant" title="Subapical consonant">Subapical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_consonant" title="Dorsal consonant">Dorsal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">Alveolo-palatal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_consonant" title="Laryngeal consonant">Laryngeal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">Pharyngeal/epiglottal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Doubly_articulated_consonant" title="Doubly articulated consonant">Double articulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93coronal_consonant" title="Labial–coronal consonant">Labial–coronal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93alveolar_consonant" title="Labial–alveolar consonant">Labial–alveolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93retroflex_consonant" title="Labial–retroflex consonant">Labial–retroflex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93palatal_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Labial–palatal consonant">Labial–palatal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93velar_consonant" title="Labial–velar consonant">Labial–velar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93uvular_consonant" title="Labial–uvular consonant">Labial–uvular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronal%E2%80%93velar_consonant" title="Coronal–velar consonant">Coronal–velar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvular%E2%80%93epiglottal_consonant" title="Uvular–epiglottal consonant">Uvular–epiglottal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speech_pathology" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech pathology">Pathological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Velopharyngeal_consonant" title="Velopharyngeal consonant">Velopharyngeal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bidental_consonant" title="Bidental consonant">Bidental</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">Manner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">Obstruent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">Sibilant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">Sonorant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">Semivowel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibrant_consonant" title="Vibrant consonant">Vibrant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tap_and_flap_consonants" title="Tap and flap consonants">Tap/flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">Liquid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occlusive" title="Occlusive">Occlusive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuant" title="Continuant">Continuant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airstream_mechanism" title="Airstream mechanism">Airstream</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egressive_sound" title="Egressive sound">Egressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingressive_sound" title="Ingressive sound">Ingressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">Ejective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">Implosive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Click_consonant" title="Click consonant">Click</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonic-contour_clicks" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonic-contour clicks">Pulmonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejective-contour_clicks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ejective-contour clicks">Ejective</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percussive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Percussive consonant">Percussive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secondary_articulation" title="Secondary articulation">Secondary <br />articulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">Labialization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">Rounding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">Palatalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labio-palatalization" title="Labio-palatalization">Labio-palatalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">Velarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvularization" title="Uvularization">Uvularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">Pharyngealization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">Glottalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">Nasalization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tongue_shape" title="Tongue shape">Tongue shape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulcalization" title="Sulcalization">Sulcal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domed_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Domed consonant">Domed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Voice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">Voiceless</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">Aspirated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">Tenuis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_onset_time" title="Voice onset time">Voice onset time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">Phonation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modal_voice" title="Modal voice">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">Breathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slack_voice" title="Slack voice">Slack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creaky_voice" title="Creaky voice">Creaky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stiff_voice" title="Stiff voice">Stiff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235389435"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049671"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1233718997"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1233850583">.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-main,.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-noaudio .IPA-vowels-container>div>span,.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-container-dot,.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-audio .IPA-audiocell{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-main{table-layout:fixed;border-collapse:collapse;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-nocaption{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-main th{vertical-align:middle;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-main th[scope="col"]{padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-main th[scope="row"]{text-align:right;padding-left:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-minorcaption{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-main td{vertical-align:middle;padding:0;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-noaudio td{width:106.67px;min-width:106.67px;height:32px}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-audio td{width:200px;min-width:200px;height:60px}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-image-cell{position:relative}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-image{position:absolute;top:0;left:0}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-container{display:flex;justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-noaudio .IPA-vowels-container>div{width:1em}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-noaudio .IPA-vowels-container>div:first-child{direction:rtl;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-noaudio .IPA-vowels-container>div:last-child{direction:ltr;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-noaudio .IPA-vowels-container>div:first-child>span{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-noaudio .IPA-vowels-container>div:last-child>span{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-container-dot{z-index:-1}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-audio .IPA-vowels-container>div:empty{width:40px}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-audio .IPA-audiocell-audio{font-size:90%}</style><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_Phonetic_Alphabet_(chart)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_navigation" title="Template:IPA navigation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:IPA_navigation" title="Template talk:IPA navigation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:IPA_navigation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:IPA navigation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_Phonetic_Alphabet_(chart)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">chart</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="IPA_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">IPA topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">IPA</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Association" title="International Phonetic Association">International Phonetic Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="History of the International Phonetic Alphabet">History of the alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet">Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_Quality_Symbols" title="Voice Quality Symbols">Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_International_Phonetic_Association" title="Journal of the International Phonetic Association"><i>Journal of the IPA</i> (<i>JIPA</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_forms_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Cursive forms of the International Phonetic Alphabet">Cursive forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_variants_of_IPA_letters" title="Case variants of IPA letters">Case variants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_and_nonstandard_symbols_in_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet">Obsolete and nonstandard symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Naming conventions of the International Phonetic Alphabet">Naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinological_extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinological extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet">Sinological extensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Orthography" title="World Orthography">World Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart_for_English_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects">IPA chart for English dialects</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Encodings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_ASCII_encodings_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Comparison of ASCII encodings of the International Phonetic Alphabet">ASCII encodings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAMPA" title="SAMPA">SAMPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirshenbaum" title="Kirshenbaum">Kirshenbaum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIPA_(software)" title="TIPA (software)">TIPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_symbols_in_Unicode" title="Phonetic symbols in Unicode">Phonetic symbols in Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPA_number" title="IPA number">IPA number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Consonants" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Consonants</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Pulmonic_consonant" title="Pulmonic consonant">Pulmonic consonants</a></b> <table role="presentation" class="" style="margin: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable nowrap IPA-common-table IPA-common-constable IPA-pulmonic-main" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-pulmonic-placearrow"><a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">Place</a> → </th> <th scope="col" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">Coronal</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_consonant" title="Dorsal consonant">Dorsal</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_consonant" title="Laryngeal consonant">Laryngeal</a> </th></tr> <tr class="wrap wraplinks"> <th scope="col" class="IPA-pulmonic-mannerarrow"><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">Manner</a> ↓ </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant">Labiodental</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Linguolabial_consonant" title="Linguolabial consonant">Linguolabial</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Postalveolar</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">Pharyngeal/epiglottal</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiceless bilabial nasal">m̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_nasal" title="Voiceless labiodental nasal">ɱ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_nasal" title="Voiced labiodental nasal">ɱ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_nasal" title="Voiced linguolabial nasal">n̼</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_nasal" title="Voiceless alveolar nasal">n̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiceless retroflex nasal">ɳ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_nasal" title="Voiceless palatal nasal">ɲ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_nasal" title="Voiceless velar nasal">ŋ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_nasal" title="Voiceless uvular nasal">ɴ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_nasal" title="Voiced uvular nasal">ɴ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_plosive" title="Voiceless labiodental plosive">p̪</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_plosive" title="Voiced labiodental plosive">b̪</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_linguolabial_plosive" title="Voiceless linguolabial plosive">t̼</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_plosive" title="Voiced linguolabial plosive">d̼</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_plosive" title="Voiced uvular plosive">ɢ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Epiglottal_plosive" title="Epiglottal plosive">ʡ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">Sibilant</a> <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricate</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t̠ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d̠ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">tʂ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiced retroflex affricate">dʐ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">tɕ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">dʑ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Non-sibilant affricate </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_affricate" title="Voiceless bilabial affricate">pɸ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_affricate" title="Voiced bilabial affricate">bβ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_affricate" title="Voiceless labiodental affricate">p̪f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_affricate" title="Voiced labiodental affricate">b̪v</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_non-sibilant_affricate" title="Voiceless dental non-sibilant affricate">t̪θ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_non-sibilant_affricate" title="Voiced dental non-sibilant affricate">d̪ð</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate">tɹ̝̊</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar non-sibilant affricate">dɹ̝</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant affricate">t̠ɹ̠̊˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate">d̠ɹ̠˔</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless palatal affricate">cç</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_affricate" title="Voiced palatal affricate">ɟʝ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_affricate" title="Voiceless velar affricate">kx</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_affricate" title="Voiced velar affricate">ɡɣ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_affricate" title="Voiceless uvular affricate">qχ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_affricate" title="Voiced uvular affricate">ɢʁ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_epiglottal_affricate" title="Voiceless epiglottal affricate">ʡʜ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_epiglottal_affricate" title="Voiced epiglottal affricate">ʡʢ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_affricate" title="Voiceless glottal affricate">ʔh</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Sibilant <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricative</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">ʐ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Non-sibilant fricative </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_linguolabial_fricative" title="Voiceless linguolabial fricative">θ̼</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_fricative" title="Voiced linguolabial fricative">ð̼</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative">θ̠</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative">ð̠</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative">ɹ̠̊˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative">ɹ̠˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative">ɻ̊˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced retroflex non-sibilant fricative">ɻ˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_fricative" title="Voiced palatal fricative">ʝ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">ɻ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_approximant" title="Voiced velar approximant">ɰ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Creaky-voiced_glottal_approximant" title="Creaky-voiced glottal approximant">ʔ̞</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tap_and_flap_consonants" title="Tap and flap consonants">Tap/flap</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_flap" title="Voiced bilabial flap">ⱱ̟</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_flap" title="Voiced labiodental flap">ⱱ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced linguolabial tap">ɾ̼</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar tap">ɾ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_flap" title="Voiceless retroflex flap">ɽ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_tap_and_flap" title="Voiced uvular tap and flap">ɢ̆</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_epiglottal_tap" title="Voiced epiglottal tap">ʡ̆</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_trill" title="Voiceless bilabial trill">ʙ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_trill" title="Voiced bilabial trill">ʙ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_trill" title="Voiceless alveolar trill">r̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_trill" title="Voiceless retroflex trill">ɽ̊r̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_trill" title="Voiced retroflex trill">ɽr</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_trill" title="Voiceless uvular trill">ʀ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_trill" title="Voiced uvular trill">ʀ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_epiglottal_trill" title="Voiceless epiglottal trill">ʜ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_epiglottal_trill" title="Voiced epiglottal trill">ʢ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> affricate </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate">tɬ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar lateral affricate">dɮ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex lateral affricate">tꞎ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced retroflex lateral affricate">d𝼅</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless palatal lateral affricate">c𝼆</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced palatal lateral affricate">ɟʎ̝</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless velar lateral affricate">k𝼄</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced velar lateral affricate">ɡʟ̝</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lateral fricative </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral fricative">ɮ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex lateral fricative">ꞎ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex lateral fricative">𝼅</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal lateral fricative">𝼆</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_fricative" title="Voiced palatal lateral fricative">ʎ̝</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless velar lateral fricative">𝼄</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_fricative" title="Voiced velar lateral fricative">ʟ̝</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lateral approximant </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex lateral approximant">ɭ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced velar lateral approximant">ʟ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced uvular lateral approximant">ʟ̠</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lateral tap/flap </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_flap" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral flap">ɺ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral flap">ɺ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_lateral_flap" title="Voiceless retroflex lateral flap">𝼈̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_flap" title="Voiced retroflex lateral flap">𝼈</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_flap" title="Voiced palatal lateral flap">ʎ̆</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_tap" title="Voiced velar lateral tap">ʟ̆</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a></li> <li><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA consonant chart with audio"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA consonant chart with audio">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_pulmonic_consonants" title="Template:IPA pulmonic consonants">template</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Symbols to the right in a cell are <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a>, to the left are <a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a>. <span style="display: inline-block;">Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.</span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="nowrap"><div style="display: inline-block; margin-right: 2em;"><b>Non-pulmonic consonants</b> <table role="presentation" class="" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable nowrap IPA-common-table IPA-common-constable" style=""> <tbody><tr class="wrap wraplinks"> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant"><abbr title="Bilabial">BL</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant"><abbr title="Labiodental">LD</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant"><abbr title="Dental">D</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant"><abbr title="Alveolar">A</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant"><abbr title="Postalveolar">PA</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant"><abbr title="Retroflex">RF</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant"><abbr title="Palatal">P</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant"><abbr title="Velar">V</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant"><abbr title="Uvular">U</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant"><abbr title="Epiglottal">EG</abbr></a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">Ejective</a> </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Stop</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_stop" title="Bilabial ejective stop">pʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_ejective_stop" title="Retroflex ejective stop">ʈʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_ejective_stop" title="Palatal ejective stop">cʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_stop" title="Uvular ejective stop">qʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Epiglottal_ejective" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiglottal ejective">ʡʼ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_ejective_affricate" title="Labiodental ejective affricate">p̪fʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Dental_ejective_affricate" title="Dental ejective affricate">t̪θʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">tsʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">t̠ʃʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_ejective_affricate" title="Retroflex ejective affricate">tʂʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolo-palatal ejective affricate">tɕʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_affricate" title="Velar ejective affricate">kxʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_affricate" title="Uvular ejective affricate">qχʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_fricative" title="Bilabial ejective fricative">ɸʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_ejective_fricative" title="Labiodental ejective fricative">fʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Dental_ejective_fricative" title="Dental ejective fricative">θʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolar ejective fricative">sʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_fricative" title="Palato-alveolar ejective fricative">ʃʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_ejective_fricative" title="Retroflex ejective fricative">ʂʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolo-palatal ejective fricative">ɕʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_fricative" title="Velar ejective fricative">xʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_fricative" title="Uvular ejective fricative">χʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> affricate </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar lateral ejective affricate">tɬʼ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Palatal lateral ejective affricate">c𝼆ʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Velar lateral ejective affricate">k𝼄ʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Uvular lateral ejective affricate">q𝼄ʼ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lateral fricative </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolar lateral ejective fricative">ɬʼ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Click_consonant" title="Click consonant">Click</a><br />(top: velar;<br />bottom: uvular) </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">Tenuis</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_bilabial_click" title="Tenuis bilabial click">kʘ<br />qʘ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_dental_click" title="Tenuis dental click">kǀ<br />qǀ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_alveolar_click" title="Tenuis alveolar click">kǃ<br />qǃ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_retroflex_click" title="Tenuis retroflex click">k𝼊<br />q𝼊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_palatal_click" title="Tenuis palatal click">kǂ<br />qǂ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Voiced</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_click" title="Voiced bilabial click">ɡʘ<br />ɢʘ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_click" title="Voiced dental click">ɡǀ<br />ɢǀ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_click" title="Voiced alveolar click">ɡǃ<br />ɢǃ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_click" title="Voiced retroflex click">ɡ𝼊<br />ɢ𝼊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_click" title="Voiced palatal click">ɡǂ<br />ɢǂ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_click" title="Nasal click">Nasal</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilabial nasal click">ŋʘ<br />ɴʘ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Dental_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental nasal click">ŋǀ<br />ɴǀ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar nasal click">ŋǃ<br />ɴǃ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex nasal click">ŋ𝼊<br />ɴ𝼊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal nasal click">ŋǂ<br />ɴǂ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Back-released_click" title="Back-released click">ʞ</a></span><br />  </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Tenuis <a href="/wiki/Lateral_click" title="Lateral click">lateral</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_alveolar_lateral_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenuis alveolar lateral click">kǁ<br />qǁ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Voiced lateral </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral click">ɡǁ<br />ɢǁ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Nasal lateral </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar lateral nasal click">ŋǁ<br />ɴǁ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">Implosive</a> </th> <th scope="row">Voiced </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_implosive" title="Voiced bilabial implosive">ɓ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_implosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar implosive">ɗ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_implosive" title="Voiced retroflex implosive">ᶑ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_implosive" title="Voiced palatal implosive">ʄ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_implosive" title="Voiced velar implosive">ɠ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_implosive" title="Voiced uvular implosive">ʛ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">Voiceless</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_implosive" title="Voiceless bilabial implosive">ɓ̥</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_implosive" title="Voiceless alveolar implosive">ɗ̥</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_implosive" title="Voiceless retroflex implosive">ᶑ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_implosive" title="Voiceless palatal implosive">ʄ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_implosive" title="Voiceless velar implosive">ɠ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_implosive" title="Voiceless uvular implosive">ʛ̥</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a></li> <li><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA consonant chart with audio"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA consonant chart with audio">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_non-pulmonic_consonants" title="Template:IPA non-pulmonic consonants">template</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="display: inline-block;"><b><a href="/wiki/Co-articulated_consonant" title="Co-articulated consonant">Co-articulated consonants</a></b> <table role="presentation" class="" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td> <div class="nowrap IPA-coarticulated-main IPA-coarticulated-nocaption" style=""> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93alveolar_nasal" title="Voiced labial–alveolar nasal">n͡m</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93coronal_consonant" title="Labial–coronal consonant">Labial–alveolar</a></div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced labial–retroflex nasal">ɳ͡m</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93retroflex_consonant" title="Labial–retroflex consonant">Labial–retroflex</a></div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_nasal" title="Voiced labial–velar nasal">ŋ͡m</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93velar_consonant" title="Labial–velar consonant">Labial–velar</a></div> </div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93alveolar_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–alveolar plosive">t͡p</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93alveolar_plosive" title="Voiced labial–alveolar plosive">d͡b</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–alveolar</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–retroflex plosive">ʈ͡p</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced labial–retroflex plosive">ɖ͡b</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–retroflex</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–velar plosive">k͡p</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_plosive" title="Voiced labial–velar plosive">ɡ͡b</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–velar</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular%E2%80%93epiglottal_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular–epiglottal plosive">q͡ʡ</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Uvular%E2%80%93epiglottal_consonant" title="Uvular–epiglottal consonant">Uvular–epiglottal</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–uvular plosive">q͡p</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93uvular_consonant" title="Labial–uvular consonant">Labial–uvular</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a>/<a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">approximant</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless labial–palatal fricative">ɥ̊</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93palatal_approximant" title="Voiced labial–palatal approximant">ɥ</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labio-palatalization" title="Labio-palatalization">Labial–palatal</a></div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_fricative" title="Voiceless labial–velar fricative">ʍ</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–velar</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Sj-sound" title="Sj-sound">ɧ</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Sj-sound" title="Sj-sound"><i>Sj</i>-sound</a> (variable)</div> </div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> approximant</div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">ɫ</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">Velarized</a> alveolar</div> </div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">Implosive</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_implosive" title="Voiceless labial–velar implosive">ɠ̊͜ɓ̥</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_implosive" title="Voiced labial–velar implosive">ɠ͡ɓ</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–velar</div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">Ejective</a></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93alveolar_ejective_stop" title="Labial–alveolar ejective stop">t͡pʼ</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–alveolar</div> </div> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_co-articulated_consonants" title="Template:IPA co-articulated consonants">template</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Other" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Nasal labial–velar approximant">Nasal labial–velar approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w̃]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_palatal_approximant" title="Nasal palatal approximant">Nasal palatal approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j̃]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bidental_fricative" title="Voiceless bidental fricative">Voiceless bidental fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h̪͆]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabially_post-trilled_dental_stop" title="Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop">Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t̪ʙ̥]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_nasal_glottal_approximant" title="Voiceless nasal glottal approximant">Voiceless nasal glottal approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h̃]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Vowels" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowels</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table role="presentation" class="" style="margin: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="nowrap IPA-vowels-main IPA-vowels-nocaption IPA-vowels-noaudio" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td class="IPA-vowels-image-cell"><span class="IPA-vowels-image skin-invert notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg/320px-Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg/480px-Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg/640px-Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(-22px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(-1px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close central rounded vowel">ʉ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close back unrounded vowel">ɯ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-vowels-minorcaption"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_vowel" title="Near-close vowel">Near-close</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(40px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front rounded vowel">ʏ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(-15px, -1px);"><div></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central unrounded vowel">ɘ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central rounded vowel">ɵ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-vowels-minorcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(42px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Mid front rounded vowel">ø̞</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(32px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ̞</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(64px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(42px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central unrounded vowel">ɜ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central rounded vowel">ɞ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-vowels-minorcaption"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_vowel" title="Near-open vowel">Near-open</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(85px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(53px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(106px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open front rounded vowel">ɶ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(63px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a></li> <li><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/IPA_vowel_chart_with_audio" title="IPA vowel chart with audio"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/IPA_vowel_chart_with_audio" title="IPA vowel chart with audio">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_vowels" title="Template:IPA vowels">template</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Legend: <a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">unrounded <span style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);">•</span> rounded</a> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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