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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_the_Vandalic_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_the_Vandalic_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Establishment of the Vandalic Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_the_Vandalic_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman–Vandal_relations_until_533" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman–Vandal_relations_until_533"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Roman–Vandal relations until 533</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman–Vandal_relations_until_533-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diplomatic_preparations_and_revolts_in_Tripolitania_and_Sardinia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomatic_preparations_and_revolts_in_Tripolitania_and_Sardinia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Diplomatic preparations and revolts in Tripolitania and Sardinia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomatic_preparations_and_revolts_in_Tripolitania_and_Sardinia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposing_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposing_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Opposing forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposing_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The war</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_war-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The war subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Belisarius'_army_sails_to_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belisarius'_army_sails_to_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Belisarius' army sails to Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belisarius'_army_sails_to_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advance_on_Carthage_and_the_Battle_of_Ad_Decimum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advance_on_Carthage_and_the_Battle_of_Ad_Decimum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Advance on Carthage and the Battle of Ad Decimum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advance_on_Carthage_and_the_Battle_of_Ad_Decimum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belisarius'_entry_into_Carthage_and_Gelimer's_counterattack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belisarius'_entry_into_Carthage_and_Gelimer's_counterattack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Belisarius' entry into Carthage and Gelimer's counterattack</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belisarius'_entry_into_Carthage_and_Gelimer's_counterattack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tricamarum_and_the_surrender_of_Gelimer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tricamarum_and_the_surrender_of_Gelimer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Tricamarum and the surrender of Gelimer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tricamarum_and_the_surrender_of_Gelimer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Belisarius'_triumph" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belisarius'_triumph"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Belisarius' triumph</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belisarius'_triumph-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Re-establishment_of_Roman_rule_in_Africa_and_the_Mauri_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Re-establishment_of_Roman_rule_in_Africa_and_the_Mauri_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Re-establishment of Roman rule in Africa and the Mauri Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Re-establishment_of_Roman_rule_in_Africa_and_the_Mauri_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Primary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Secondary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vandalic War</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حرب فندالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب فندالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="وانداللار ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="وانداللار ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandal_Chi%C3%A0n-cheng" title="Vandal Chiàn-cheng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Vandal Chiàn-cheng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вандалска война – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вандалска война" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Vand%C3%A0lica" title="Guerra Vandàlica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra Vandàlica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalsk%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka" title="Vandalská válka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vandalská válka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalenkrieg_(533%E2%80%93534)" title="Vandalenkrieg (533–534) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vandalenkrieg (533–534)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Βανδαλικός Πόλεμος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βανδαλικός Πόλεμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_v%C3%A1ndala" title="Guerra vándala – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra vándala" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_des_Vandales" title="Guerre des Vandales – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre des Vandales" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandaalske_Oarloch" title="Fandaalske Oarloch – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fandaalske Oarloch" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizantsko-vandalski_rat" title="Bizantsko-vandalski rat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bizantsko-vandalski rat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Vandal" title="Perang Vandal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Vandal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_vandalica" title="Guerra vandalica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra vandalica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מלחמת הוונדלים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת הוונדלים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ვანდალური ომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვანდალური ომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellum_Vandalicum" title="Bellum Vandalicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bellum Vandalicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vand%C3%A1l_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Vandál háború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vandál háború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandaalse_Oorlog" title="Vandaalse Oorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vandaalse Oorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%AB%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="ヴァンダル戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴァンダル戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_Cesarstwa_Bizanty%C5%84skiego_z_Wandalami" title="Wojna Cesarstwa Bizantyńskiego z Wandalami – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna Cesarstwa Bizantyńskiego z Wandalami" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_V%C3%A2ndala" title="Guerra Vândala – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra Vândala" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вандальская война – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вандальская война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalic_War" title="Vandalic War – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vandalic War" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizantinsko-vandalska_vojna" title="Bizantinsko-vandalska vojna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bizantinsko-vandalska vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalski_rat" title="Vandalski rat – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Vandalski rat" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalski_rat" title="Vandalski rat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vandalski rat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandaalisota" title="Vandaalisota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vandaalisota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalkriget" title="Vandalkriget – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vandalkriget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandallar_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Vandallar Savaşı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vandallar Savaşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Byzantine–Vandal war in North Africa (533–534)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 6th-century war. For Procopius's history of the conflict, see <a href="/wiki/The_Vandalic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="The Vandalic War"><i>The Vandalic War</i></a>. For the 5th-century conflicts, see <a href="/wiki/Vandal_War_(461%E2%80%93468)" title="Vandal War (461–468)">Vandal War (461–468)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Vandalic War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of Justinian's <a href="/wiki/Renovatio_imperii_Romanorum" title="Renovatio imperii Romanorum">wars of Reconquest</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vandalic_War_campaign_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Vandalic_War_campaign_map.png/280px-Vandalic_War_campaign_map.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Vandalic_War_campaign_map.png/420px-Vandalic_War_campaign_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Vandalic_War_campaign_map.png/560px-Vandalic_War_campaign_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1147" /></a></span><br />Campaign map of the war</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>June 533 – March 534</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">North Africa, <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Byzantine victory</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> <ul><li>Byzantines annex Vandal territory</li> <li>Establishment of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_North_Africa" title="Byzantine North Africa">Byzantine North Africa</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calonymus" title="Calonymus">Calonymus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Armenian" title="John the Armenian">John the Armenian</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Gelimer" title="Gelimer">Gelimer</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tzazo" title="Tzazo">Tzazo</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ammatus" title="Ammatus">Ammatus</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gibamund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gibamund (page does not exist)">Gibamund</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>10,000 infantry</li><li>5,000–7,000 cavalry</li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <abbr title="estimation">est.</abbr>20,000–25,000 or 30,000–40,000, mostly cavalry</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Wars of <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iberian_War" title="Iberian War">Iberian War</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thannuris" title="Battle of Thannuris">Thannuris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mindouos" title="Battle of Mindouos">Mindouos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dara" title="Battle of Dara">Dara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Satala_(530)" title="Battle of Satala (530)">Satala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Callinicum" title="Battle of Callinicum">Callinicum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Martyropolis_(531)" title="Siege of Martyropolis (531)">Martyropolis</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vandalic War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Moorish_wars" title="Byzantine–Moorish wars">Moorish Wars</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ad_Decimum" title="Battle of Ad Decimum">Ad Decimum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tricamarum" title="Battle of Tricamarum">Tricamarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mammes" title="Battle of Mammes">Mammes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bourgaon" title="Battle of Bourgaon">Bourgaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Carthage_(536)" title="Siege of Carthage (536)">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bagradas_River_(536)" title="Battle of the Bagradas River (536)">Membresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_(magister_militum)#Second_tenure_in_Africa" title="Solomon (magister militum)">Babosis and Zerboule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cillium" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Cillium">Cillium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sufetula_(546_or_547)" title="Battle of Sufetula (546 or 547)">Sufetula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Troglita#Battle_of_Marta" title="John Troglita">Marta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Troglita#Battle_of_the_Fields_of_Cato" title="John Troglita">Fields of Cato</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(535%E2%80%93554)" title="Gothic War (535–554)">Gothic War</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Panormus" title="Siege of Panormus">Panormus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Scardon" title="Battle of Scardon">Scardon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Naples_(536)" title="Siege of Naples (536)">1st Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rome_(537%E2%80%93538)" title="Siege of Rome (537–538)">1st Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ariminum_(538)" title="Siege of Ariminum (538)">Ariminum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Urbinus" title="Siege of Urbinus">Urbinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Urviventus" title="Siege of Urviventus">Urviventus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Auximus" title="Siege of Auximus">Auximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ravenna_(539%E2%80%93540)" title="Siege of Ravenna (539–540)">Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Treviso" title="Battle of Treviso">Treviso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Verona" title="Siege of Verona">Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Faventia" title="Battle of Faventia">Faventia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mucellium" title="Battle of Mucellium">Mucellium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Naples_(542%E2%80%93543)" title="Siege of Naples (542–543)">2nd Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Hydruntum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Hydruntum (page does not exist)">Otranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(546)" title="Sack of Rome (546)">2nd Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rome_(549%E2%80%93550)" title="Siege of Rome (549–550)">3rd Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sena_Gallica_(551)" title="Battle of Sena Gallica (551)">Sena Gallica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taginae" title="Battle of Taginae">Taginae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mons_Lactarius" title="Battle of Mons Lactarius">Mons Lactarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Volturnus" title="Battle of the Volturnus">Volturnus</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Sasanian war of 540–562</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nisibis_(541)" title="Battle of Nisibis (541)">Nisibis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sisauranon_(541)" title="Siege of Sisauranon (541)">Sisauranon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anglon_(543)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Anglon (543)">Anglon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Edessa_(544)" title="Siege of Edessa (544)">Edessa</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Lazic_War" title="Lazic War">Lazic War</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petra_(541)" title="Siege of Petra (541)">1st Petra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petra_(549)" title="Siege of Petra (549)">2nd Petra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petra_(550%E2%80%93551)" title="Siege of Petra (550–551)">3rd Petra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Archaeopolis_(551)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Archaeopolis (551) (page does not exist)">1st Archaeopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Cotais&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Cotais (page does not exist)">Cotais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Telephis%E2%80%93Ollaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Telephis–Ollaria">Telephis–Ollaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Archaeopolis_(555)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Archaeopolis (555) (page does not exist)">2nd Archaeopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Onoguris" title="Siege of Onoguris">Onoguris (3rd Archaeopolis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Phasis" title="Siege of Phasis">Phasis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Tzacher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Tzacher (page does not exist)">Tzacher</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spania#Conquest_and_foundation" title="Spania">Conquest of Spania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_by_the_Anastasian_Wall_(559)" title="Battle by the Anastasian Wall (559)">Anastasian Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Melantias" title="Battle of Melantias">Melantias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Warfare_between_Romans_and_Germanic_peoples9201" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Germanic_Wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Germanic Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Germanic_Wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Germanic Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Germanic_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Germanic Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Warfare_between_Romans_and_Germanic_peoples9201" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_warfare_between_the_Romans_and_Germanic_peoples" title="Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples"><span class="wrap">Warfare between Romans and Germanic peoples</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_War" title="Cimbrian War">Cimbrian War</a> (113 BC – 101 BC)</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Noreia" title="Battle of Noreia">Noreia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Burdigala" title="Battle of Burdigala">Burdigala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arausio" title="Battle of Arausio">Arausio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aquae_Sextiae" title="Battle of Aquae Sextiae">Aquae Sextiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vercellae" title="Battle of Vercellae">Vercellae</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a> (58 BC – 57 BC)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vosges_(58_BC)" title="Battle of Vosges (58 BC)">Vosges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sabis" title="Battle of the Sabis">Sabis</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Clades_Lolliana" title="Clades Lolliana">Clades Lolliana</a> (16 BC)</b> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_campaigns_in_Germania_(12_BC_%E2%80%93_AD_16)" title="Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)">Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arbalo" title="Battle of Arbalo">Arbalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lupia_River" title="Battle of the Lupia River">Lupia River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest" title="Battle of the Teutoburg Forest">Teutoburg Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_at_Pontes_Longi" title="Battle at Pontes Longi">Pontes Longi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idistaviso" title="Battle of Idistaviso">Idistaviso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Angrivarian_Wall" title="Battle of the Angrivarian Wall">Angrivarian Wall</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars" title="Marcomannic Wars">Marcomannic Wars</a> (166–180)</b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_military_units_that_participated_in_the_Marcomannic_Wars" title="List of Roman military units that participated in the Marcomannic Wars">participating Roman units</a>) </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carnuntum" title="Battle of Carnuntum">Carnuntum</a></li></ul> <p><b>Roman campaigns in Germania during the 230s</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_at_the_Harzhorn" title="Battle at the Harzhorn">Harzhorn</a></li></ul> <p><b>Gothic invasion of the Balkans (250–251)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nicopolis_ad_Istrum" title="Battle of Nicopolis ad Istrum">Nicopolis ad Istrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beroe" title="Battle of Beroe">Beroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Philippopolis_(250)" title="Siege of Philippopolis (250)">Philippopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abritus" title="Battle of Abritus">Abritus</a></li></ul> <p><b>Gothic invasion of the Balkans (254)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Thessalonica_(254)" title="Siege of Thessalonica (254)">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thermopylae_(254)" title="Battle of Thermopylae (254)">Thermopylae</a></li></ul> <p><b>Gothic invasion of the Balkans (267–268)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naissus" title="Battle of Naissus">Naissus</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Alemanni#Conflicts_with_the_Roman_Empire" title="Alemanni">Roman–Alemannic Wars</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mediolanum" title="Battle of Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Benacus" title="Battle of Lake Benacus">Lake Benacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Placentia_(271)" title="Battle of Placentia (271)">Placentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fano" title="Battle of Fano">Fano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia_(271)" title="Battle of Pavia (271)">Pavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lingones" title="Battle of Lingones">Lingones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vindonissa" title="Battle of Vindonissa">Vindonissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Durocortorum" title="Battle of Durocortorum">Durocortorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Strasbourg" title="Battle of Strasbourg">Argentoratum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Solicinium" title="Battle of Solicinium">Solicinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Campi_Cannini" title="Battle of Campi Cannini">Campi Cannini</a></li></ul> <p><b>Gothic War (367–369)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Noviodunum" title="Battle of Noviodunum">Noviodunum</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(376%E2%80%93382)" title="Gothic War (376–382)">Gothic War (376–382)</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marcianople" title="Battle of Marcianople">Marcianople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Willows" title="Battle of the Willows">Ad Salices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dibaltum" title="Battle of Dibaltum">Dibaltum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople" title="Battle of Adrianople">Adrianople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Adrianople_(378)" title="Siege of Adrianople (378)">Adrianople Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Constantinople_(378)" title="Battle of Constantinople (378)">Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thessalonica_(380)" title="Battle of Thessalonica (380)">Thessalonica</a></li></ul> <p><b>Visigothic Wars</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pollentia" title="Battle of Pollentia">Pollentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verona_(402)" title="Battle of Verona (402)">Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Florence_(405)" title="Siege of Florence (405)">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Faesulae_(406)" title="Battle of Faesulae (406)">Faesulae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(410)" title="Sack of Rome (410)">Rome (410)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Massilia_(413)" title="Siege of Massilia (413)">Massilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Arles_(425)" title="Siege of Arles (425)">1st Arelate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arles_(435)" title="Battle of Arles (435)">2nd Arelate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narbonne_(436)" title="Battle of Narbonne (436)">Narbonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulouse_(439)" title="Battle of Toulouse (439)">Toulouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Catalaunian_Plains" title="Battle of the Catalaunian Plains">Châlons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arelate" title="Battle of Arelate">3rd Arelate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Orleans_(463)" title="Battle of Orleans (463)">Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_D%C3%A9ols" title="Battle of Déols">Déols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arles_(471)" title="Battle of Arles (471)">4th Arelate</a></li></ul> <p><b>Vandalic Wars</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_of_the_Rhine" title="Crossing of the Rhine">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nervasos_Mountains" title="Battle of the Nervasos Mountains">Nervasos Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarraco" title="Battle of Tarraco">Tarraco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hippo_Regius" title="Siege of Hippo Regius">Hippo Regius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Carthage_(439)" title="Capture of Carthage (439)">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(455)" title="Sack of Rome (455)">Rome (455)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agrigentum_(456)" title="Battle of Agrigentum (456)">Agrigentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corsica" title="Battle of Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garigliano_(457)" title="Battle of Garigliano (457)">Garigliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_(461)" title="Battle of Cartagena (461)">Cartagena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Bon_(468)" title="Battle of Cape Bon (468)">Cape Bon</a></li></ul> <p><b>Anglo-Saxon Wars</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groans_of_the_Britons" title="Groans of the Britons">Groans of the Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain" title="Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain">Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treason_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Treason of the Long Knives">Treason of the Long Knives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wippedesfleot" title="Battle of Wippedesfleot">Wippedesfleot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mercredesburne" title="Battle of Mercredesburne">Mercredesburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badon" title="Battle of Badon">Mons Badonicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Deorham" title="Battle of Deorham">Dyrham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Woden%27s_Burg_(592)" title="Battle of Woden's Burg (592)">Woden's Burg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raith" title="Battle of Raith">Raith</a></li></ul> <p><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vandalic War</a> (533–534)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ad_Decimum" title="Battle of Ad Decimum">Ad Decimum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tricamarum" title="Battle of Tricamarum">Tricamarum</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(535%E2%80%93554)" title="Gothic War (535–554)">Gothic War (535–554)</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Panormus" title="Siege of Panormus">Panormus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Naples_(536)" title="Siege of Naples (536)">Naples (536)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rome_(537%E2%80%93538)" title="Siege of Rome (537–538)">Rome (537–538)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Treviso" title="Battle of Treviso">Treviso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Verona" title="Siege of Verona">Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Faventia" title="Battle of Faventia">Faventia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mucellium" title="Battle of Mucellium">Mucellium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Naples_(542%E2%80%93543)" title="Siege of Naples (542–543)">Naples (542–543)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(546)" title="Sack of Rome (546)">Rome (546)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rome_(549%E2%80%93550)" title="Siege of Rome (549–550)">Rome (549–550)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sena_Gallica_(551)" title="Battle of Sena Gallica (551)">Sena Gallica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taginae" title="Battle of Taginae">Taginae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mons_Lactarius" title="Battle of Mons Lactarius">Mons Lactarius</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Vandalic War</b> (533–534) was a conflict fought in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> between the forces of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> (also known as the Eastern Roman Empire) and the Germanic <a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal Kingdom</a>. It was the first war of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>'s <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Renovatio_imperii_Romanorum" title="Renovatio imperii Romanorum">Renovatio imperii Romanorum</a></i></span>, wherein the Byzantines attempted to reassert Roman sovereignty over territory formerly controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>. </p><p>The Vandals occupied <a href="/wiki/Roman_North_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman North Africa">Roman North Africa</a> in the early 5th century and established an independent kingdom there. Under their king, <a href="/wiki/Geiseric" class="mw-redirect" title="Geiseric">Geiseric</a>, the Vandal navy carried out pirate attacks across the Mediterranean, <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(455)" title="Sack of Rome (455)">sacked Rome</a> in 455, and defeated a Roman invasion in 468. After Geiseric's death in 477, relations with the Eastern Roman Empire were normalized, although tensions flared up occasionally due to the Vandals' adherence to <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a> and their persecution of the <a href="/wiki/Nicene" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicene">Nicene</a> native population. In 530, a palace coup happened in <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> due to a defeat against the Moorish Chieftain and war chief of the Frexes tribe <a href="/wiki/Antalas" title="Antalas">Antalas</a> that made <a href="/wiki/Gelimer" title="Gelimer">Gelimer</a> blaming Hilderic due to his defeat against the <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a> and the Vandals overthrew the pro-Roman <a href="/wiki/Hilderic" title="Hilderic">Hilderic</a> and replaced him with his cousin <a href="/wiki/Gelimer" title="Gelimer">Gelimer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Eastern Roman emperor Justinian took this as a pretext to intervene in Vandal affairs, and after securing the eastern frontier with <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Persia">Sassanid Persia</a> in 532 he began preparing an expedition under general <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a>, whose secretary <a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a> wrote the main historical narrative of the war. Justinian took advantage of rebellions in the remote Vandal provinces of <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tripolitania" title="Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a>. These not only distracted Gelimer from Justinian's preparations but significantly weakened Vandal defenses through the dispatch of the bulk of the Vandal navy and army under Gelimer's brother <a href="/wiki/Tzazo" title="Tzazo">Tzazo</a> to Sardinia. </p><p>The Byzantine expeditionary force set sail from Constantinople in late June 533, and after a sea voyage along the coasts of Greece and southern Italy, landed on the African coast at <a href="/wiki/Chebba" title="Chebba">Caputvada</a> in early September, catching Gelimer completely by surprise. The Vandal king hastily gathered his forces and met the Roman army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ad_Decimum" title="Battle of Ad Decimum">Battle of Ad Decimum</a>, near Carthage, on 13 September. Gelimer's elaborate plan to encircle and destroy the Roman army came close to success, but Belisarius was able to drive the Vandal army to flight and occupy Carthage. Gelimer withdrew to <a href="/wiki/Bulla_Regia" title="Bulla Regia">Bulla Regia</a>, where he gathered his remaining strength, including the army of Tzazo, which returned from Sardinia. In December, Gelimer advanced towards Carthage and met the Romans at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tricamarum" title="Battle of Tricamarum">Battle of Tricamarum</a>. The battle resulted in a Roman victory and the death of Tzazo. Gelimer fled to a remote mountain fortress, where he was blockaded until he surrendered in the spring. </p><p>Belisarius returned to Constantinople with the Vandals' royal treasury and the captive Gelimer to enjoy a <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">triumph</a>, while Africa was formally restored to the imperial rule as the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Africa" title="Praetorian prefecture of Africa">praetorian prefecture of Africa</a>. Imperial control scarcely reached beyond the old Vandal kingdom, however, and the <a href="/wiki/Mauri_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauri people">Mauri</a> tribes of the interior, unwilling to accept Roman rule, soon rose up in rebellion. The new province was shaken by the wars with the Mauri and military rebellions, and it was not until 548 that peace was restored and the Roman government firmly established. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vandalic_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_of_the_Vandalic_Kingdom">Establishment of the Vandalic Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vandalic_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Establishment of the Vandalic Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vandal_cavalryman,_c._AD_500,_from_a_mosaic_pavement_at_Bordj_Djedid_near_Carthage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Vandal_cavalryman%2C_c._AD_500%2C_from_a_mosaic_pavement_at_Bordj_Djedid_near_Carthage.jpg/250px-Vandal_cavalryman%2C_c._AD_500%2C_from_a_mosaic_pavement_at_Bordj_Djedid_near_Carthage.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Vandal_cavalryman%2C_c._AD_500%2C_from_a_mosaic_pavement_at_Bordj_Djedid_near_Carthage.jpg/375px-Vandal_cavalryman%2C_c._AD_500%2C_from_a_mosaic_pavement_at_Bordj_Djedid_near_Carthage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Vandal_cavalryman%2C_c._AD_500%2C_from_a_mosaic_pavement_at_Bordj_Djedid_near_Carthage.jpg/500px-Vandal_cavalryman%2C_c._AD_500%2C_from_a_mosaic_pavement_at_Bordj_Djedid_near_Carthage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="545" /></a><figcaption>Mosaic of a Vandal horseman, <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500</span></figcaption></figure> <p>In the course of the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">gradual decline and dissolution</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> in the early 5th century, the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>, allied with the <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a>, had established themselves in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>. In 429, the Roman governor of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Africa" title="Diocese of Africa">Diocese of Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonifacius" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonifacius">Bonifacius</a>, who had rebelled against the West Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a> (r. 425–455) and was facing an invasion by imperial troops, called upon the Vandalic King <a href="/wiki/Geiseric" class="mw-redirect" title="Geiseric">Geiseric</a> for aid. Thus, in May 429, Geiseric crossed the <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Straits of Gibraltar">straits of Gibraltar</a> with his entire people, reportedly 80,000 in total.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Geiseric's Vandals and Alans, however, had their own plans, and aimed to conquer the African provinces outright. Their possession of <a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Mauretania Caesariensis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Sitifensis" title="Mauretania Sitifensis">Mauretania Sitifensis</a> and most of <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a> was recognized in 435 by the Western Roman court, but this was only a temporary expedient. Warfare soon recommenced, and in October 439, the capital of Africa, <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carthage_(439)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Carthage (439)">fell</a> to the Vandals. In 442, another treaty exchanged the provinces hitherto held by the Vandals with the core of the African diocese, the rich provinces of <a href="/wiki/Zeugitana" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeugitana">Zeugitana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzacena" title="Byzacena">Byzacena</a>, which the Vandals received no longer as <i><a href="/wiki/Foederati" title="Foederati">foederati</a></i> of the Empire, but as their own possessions. These events marked the foundation of the Vandalic Kingdom, as the Vandals made Carthage their capital and settled around it.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Vandals now gained control of the lucrative African <a href="/wiki/Grain_trade" title="Grain trade">grain trade</a> with Italy, they also launched raids on the coasts of the Mediterranean that ranged as far as the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> and culminated in their <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(455)" title="Sack of Rome (455)">sack</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> itself in 455, which allegedly lasted for two weeks. Taking advantage of the chaos that followed Valentinian's death in 455, Geiseric then regained control—albeit rather tenuous—of the Mauretanian provinces, and with his fleet took over <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> barely escaped the same fate through the presence there of <a href="/wiki/Ricimer" title="Ricimer">Ricimer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout this period, the Vandals survived several Roman attempts at a counterstrike: the Eastern Roman general <a href="/wiki/Aspar" title="Aspar">Aspar</a> had led an unsuccessful expedition in 431, an expedition assembled by the Western emperor <a href="/wiki/Majorian" title="Majorian">Majorian</a> (r. 457–461) off the coast of Spain in 460 was scattered or captured by the Vandals before it could set sail, and finally, in 468, Geiseric <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Bon_(468)" title="Battle of Cape Bon (468)">defeated</a> a huge joint expedition by both western and eastern empires under <a href="/wiki/Basiliscus" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the aftermath of this disaster, and following further Vandal raids against the shores of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, the eastern emperor <a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a> (r. 474–491) concluded a "perpetual peace" with Geiseric (474/476).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Diehl4_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diehl4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman–Vandal_relations_until_533"><span id="Roman.E2.80.93Vandal_relations_until_533"></span>Roman–Vandal relations until 533</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vandalic_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Roman–Vandal relations until 533"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Vandal state was unique in many respects among the Germanic kingdoms that succeeded the Western Roman Empire: instead of respecting and continuing the established Roman socio-political order, they completely replaced it with their own. Whereas the kings of Western Europe continued to pay deference to the emperors and minted coinage with their portraits, the Vandal kings portrayed themselves as fully independent rulers. The Vandals also consciously differentiated themselves from the native Romano-African population through their continued use of their native language and peculiar dress, which served to emphasize their distinct social position as the elite of the kingdom. In addition, the Vandals—like most Germanics, adherents of <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a>—persecuted the <a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcedonian">Chalcedonian</a> majority of the local population, especially in the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Huneric" title="Huneric">Huneric</a> (r. 477–484) and <a href="/wiki/Gunthamund" title="Gunthamund">Gunthamund</a> (r. 484–496).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emperors at <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> protested at this, but the peace held for almost sixty years, and relations were often friendly, especially between Emperor <a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anastasius I (emperor)">Anastasius I</a> (r. 491–518) and <a href="/wiki/Thrasamund" title="Thrasamund">Thrasamund</a> (r. 496–523), who largely ceased the persecutions.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germanic_kingdoms_526CE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Germanic_kingdoms_526CE.png/250px-Germanic_kingdoms_526CE.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Germanic_kingdoms_526CE.png/375px-Germanic_kingdoms_526CE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Germanic_kingdoms_526CE.png/500px-Germanic_kingdoms_526CE.png 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="661" /></a><figcaption>Map of the East Roman Empire and the Germanic kingdoms of the western Mediterranean in 526</figcaption></figure> <p>In 523, <a href="/wiki/Hilderic" title="Hilderic">Hilderic</a> (r. 523–530), the son of Huneric, ascended the throne at Carthage. Himself a descendant of Valentinian III, Hilderic re-aligned his kingdom and brought it closer to the Roman Empire: according to the account of <a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a> (<i>The Vandalic War</i>, I.9) he was an unwarlike, amiable person, who ceased the persecution of the Chalcedonians, exchanged gifts and embassies with <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> (r. 527–565) even before the latter's rise to the throne, and even replaced his image in his coins with that of the emperor. Justinian evidently hoped that this rapprochement would lead to the peaceful subordination of the Vandal state to his empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Diehl4_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diehl4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Hilderic's pro-Roman policies, coupled with a defeat suffered against the <a href="/wiki/Mauri_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauri people">Mauri</a> in Byzacena, led to opposition among the Vandal nobility, which resulted in his overthrow and imprisonment in 530 by his cousin, <a href="/wiki/Gelimer" title="Gelimer">Gelimer</a> (r. 530–534). Justinian seized the opportunity, demanding Hilderic's restoration, with Gelimer predictably refusing to do so. Justinian then demanded Hilderic's release to Constantinople, threatening war otherwise. Gelimer was unwilling to surrender a rival claimant to Justinian, who could use him to stir up trouble in his kingdom, and probably expected war to come either way, according to <a href="/wiki/J.B._Bury" class="mw-redirect" title="J.B. Bury">J.B. Bury</a>. He consequently refused Justinian's demand on the grounds that this was an internal matter among the Vandals.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Justinian now had his pretext, and with <a href="/wiki/Eternal_Peace_(532)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eternal Peace (532)">peace restored</a> on his eastern frontier with <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Persia">Sassanid Persia</a> in 532, he started assembling an invasion force.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Procopius (<i>The Vandalic War</i>, I.10), the news of Justinian's decision to go to war with the Vandals caused great consternation among the capital's elites, in whose minds the disaster of 468 was still fresh. The financial officials resented the expenditure involved, while the military was weary from the Persian war and feared the Vandals' sea-power. The emperor's scheme received support mostly from the Church, reinforced by the arrival of victims of renewed persecutions from Africa. Only the powerful minister <a href="/wiki/John_the_Cappadocian" title="John the Cappadocian">John the Cappadocian</a> dared to openly voice his opposition to the expedition, however, and Justinian disregarded it and pressed on with his preparations.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomatic_preparations_and_revolts_in_Tripolitania_and_Sardinia">Diplomatic preparations and revolts in Tripolitania and Sardinia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vandalic_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Diplomatic preparations and revolts in Tripolitania and Sardinia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soon after his seizure of power, Gelimer's domestic position began to deteriorate, as he persecuted his political enemies among the Vandal nobility, confiscating their property and executing many of them.<sup id="cite_ref-Hughes72_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes72-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These actions undermined his already doubtful legitimacy in the eyes of many, and contributed to the outbreak of two revolts in remote provinces of the Vandal kingdom: in <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, where the local governor, <a href="/wiki/Godas" title="Godas">Godas</a>, declared himself an independent ruler, and shortly after in <a href="/wiki/Tripolitania" title="Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a>, where the native population, led by a certain Pudentius, rebelled against Vandal rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Hughes72_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes72-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bury128_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury128-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Procopius' narrative makes both uprisings seem coincidental, Ian Hughes points out the fact that both rebellions broke out shortly before the commencement of the Roman expedition against the Vandals, and that both Godas and Pudentius immediately asked for assistance from Justinian, as evidence of an active diplomatic involvement by the Emperor in their preparation.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to Godas' emissaries, Justinian detailed Cyril, one of the officers of the <i>foederati</i>, with 400 men, to accompany the invasion fleet and then sail on to Sardinia.<sup id="cite_ref-Hughes_2009,_p._76_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes_2009,_p._76-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gelimer reacted to Godas' rebellion by sending the bulk of his fleet, 120 of his best vessels, and 5,000 men under his own brother <a href="/wiki/Tzazon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzazon">Tzazon</a>, to suppress it. The Vandal king's decision played a crucial role in the outcome of the war, for it removed from the scene the Vandal navy, the main obstacle to a Roman landing in Africa, as well as a large part of his army. Gelimer also chose to ignore the revolt in Tripolitania for the moment, as it was both a lesser threat and more remote, while his lack of manpower constrained him to await Tzazon's return from Sardinia before undertaking further campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-Bury128_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury128-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hughes80_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes80-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, both rulers tried to win over allies: Gelimer contacted the <a href="/wiki/Visigoth" class="mw-redirect" title="Visigoth">Visigoth</a> king <a href="/wiki/Theudis" title="Theudis">Theudis</a> (r. 531–548) and proposed an alliance,<sup id="cite_ref-Hughes80_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes80-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Justinian secured the benevolent neutrality and support of the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic Kingdom</a> of Italy, which had strained relations with the Vandals over the ill treatment of the Ostrogoth princess <a href="/wiki/Amalafrida" title="Amalafrida">Amalafrida</a>, the wife of Thrasamund. The Ostrogoth court readily agreed to allow the Roman invasion fleet to use the harbour of <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a> in Sicily and establish a market for the provisioning of the Roman troops there.<sup id="cite_ref-Bury129_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury129-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposing_forces">Opposing forces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vandalic_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Opposing forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meister_von_San_Vitale_in_Ravenna_013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Meister_von_San_Vitale_in_Ravenna_013.jpg/220px-Meister_von_San_Vitale_in_Ravenna_013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Meister_von_San_Vitale_in_Ravenna_013.jpg/330px-Meister_von_San_Vitale_in_Ravenna_013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Meister_von_San_Vitale_in_Ravenna_013.jpg/440px-Meister_von_San_Vitale_in_Ravenna_013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="1888" /></a><figcaption>A member of the retinue of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> in the mosaic in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale" title="Basilica of San Vitale">Church of San Vitale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, which is usually identified with Belisarius</figcaption></figure> <p>Justinian selected one of his most trusted and talented generals, <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a>, who had recently distinguished himself <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dara" title="Battle of Dara">against the Persians</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and in the suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Nika_riots" title="Nika riots">Nika riots</a>, to lead the expedition. As Ian Hughes points out, Belisarius was also eminently suited for this appointment for two other reasons: he was a native Latin-speaker, and was solicitous of the welfare of the local population, keeping a tight leash on his troops. Both these qualities would be crucial in winning support from the Latin-speaking African population.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Belisarius was accompanied by his wife, <a href="/wiki/Antonina_(wife_of_Belisarius)" title="Antonina (wife of Belisarius)">Antonina</a>, and by Procopius, his secretary, who wrote the history of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Bury129_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury129-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Procopius (<i>The Vandalic War</i>, I.11), the army consisted of 10,000 infantry, partly drawn from the field army (<i><a href="/wiki/Comitatenses" title="Comitatenses">comitatenses</a></i>) and partly from among the <i>foederati</i>, as well as 5,000 cavalry. There were also some 1,500–2,000 of Belisarius' own retainers (<i><a href="/wiki/Bucellarii" title="Bucellarii">bucellarii</a></i>), an elite corps (it is unclear if their number is included in the 5,000 cavalry mentioned as a total figure by Procopius). In addition, there were two additional bodies of allied troops, both mounted archers, 600 Huns and 400 <a href="/wiki/Heruls" class="mw-redirect" title="Heruls">Heruls</a>. The army was led by an array of experienced officers. The <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuch</a> <a href="/wiki/Solomon_(magister_militum)" title="Solomon (magister militum)">Solomon</a> was chosen as Belisarius' chief of staff (<i><a href="/wiki/Domesticus_(Roman_Empire)" title="Domesticus (Roman Empire)">domesticus</a></i>) and the former <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">praetorian prefect</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archelaus_(praetorian_prefect)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archelaus (praetorian prefect) (page does not exist)">Archelaus</a> was placed in charge of the army's provisioning, while Rufinus the Thracian and <a href="/wiki/Aigan_(Hun_commander)" title="Aigan (Hun commander)">Aïgan</a> the Hun led the cavalry. The whole force was transported on 500 vessels manned by 30,000 sailors under admiral <a href="/wiki/Calonymus_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Calonymus of Alexandria">Calonymus of Alexandria</a>, guarded by ninety-two <a href="/wiki/Dromon" title="Dromon">dromon</a> warships.<sup id="cite_ref-Bury127_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury127-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional view, as expressed by J.B. Bury, is that the expeditionary force was remarkably small for the task, especially given the military reputation of the Vandals, and that perhaps it reflects the limit of the fleet's carrying capacity, or perhaps it was an intentional move to limit the impact of any defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-Bury127_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury127-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ian Hughes however comments that even in comparison with the armies of the early Roman Empire, Belisarius' army was a "large, well-balanced force capable of overcoming the Vandals and may have contained a higher proportion of high quality, reliable troops than the armies stationed in the east".<sup id="cite_ref-Hughes_2009,_p._76_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes_2009,_p._76-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the Vandal side, the picture is less clear. The Vandal army was not a professional and mostly volunteer force like the <a href="/wiki/East_Roman_army" class="mw-redirect" title="East Roman army">East Roman army</a>, but comprised every able-bodied male of the Vandal people. Hence modern estimates on the available forces vary along with estimates on the total Vandal population, from a high of between 30,000–40,000 men out of a total Vandal population of at most 200,000 people (Diehl and Bury), to as few as 25,000 men—or even 20,000, if their losses against the Mauri are taken into account—for a population base of 100,000 (Hughes).<sup id="cite_ref-Bury128_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury128-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite their martial reputation, the Vandals had grown less warlike over time, having come to lead a luxurious life amidst the riches of Africa. In addition, their mode of fighting was ill-suited to confronting Belisarius' veterans: the Vandal army was composed exclusively of cavalry, lightly armoured and armed only for hand-to-hand combat, to the point of neglecting entirely the use of bows or javelins, in stark contrast to Belisarius' heavily armoured <a href="/wiki/Cataphracts" class="mw-redirect" title="Cataphracts">cataphracts</a> and horse archers. (The account of Procopius completely refutes this poorly chosen source.) <sup id="cite_ref-Bury128_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury128-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Vandals were also weakened by the hostility of their Roman subjects, the continued existence among the Vandals of a faction loyal to Hilderic, and by the ambivalent position of the Mauri tribes, who watched the oncoming conflict from the sidelines, ready to join the victor and seize the spoils.<sup id="cite_ref-Bury128_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury128-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_war">The war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vandalic_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belisarius'_army_sails_to_Africa"><span id="Belisarius.27_army_sails_to_Africa"></span>Belisarius' army sails to Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vandalic_War&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Belisarius' army sails to Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amidst much pomp and ceremony, with Justinian and the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch of Constantinople">Patriarch of Constantinople</a> in attendance, the Roman fleet set sail around 21 June 533. The initial progress was slow, as the fleet spent five days at <a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Perinthus" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraclea Perinthus">Heraclea Perinthus</a> waiting for horses and a further four days at <a href="/wiki/Abydos_(Hellespont)" title="Abydos (Hellespont)">Abydus</a> due to lack of wind. The fleet left the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> on 1 July, and crossed the Aegean Sea to the port of <a href="/wiki/Methoni,_Messenia" title="Methoni, Messenia">Methone</a>, where it was joined by the last contingents of troops. Belisarius took advantage of an enforced stay there due to a lull in the wind to train his troops and acquaint the disparate contingents with each other. It was at Methone, however, that 500 men died of <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a> caused by mouldy bread. According to Procopius, the responsibility fell on John the Cappadocian, who had cut costs by baking it only once, with the result that the bread went bad. Justinian was informed, but John does not appear to have been punished. Belisarius took steps to remedy the situation, and the army soon recovered.<sup id="cite_ref-Bury129_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury129-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From Methone, the fleet sailed up the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a> to <a href="/wiki/Zacynthus" class="mw-redirect" title="Zacynthus">Zacynthus</a>, from where they crossed over to Italy. The crossing took longer than expected due to lack of wind, and the army suffered from lack of fresh water when the supplies they had brought aboard went bad. Eventually, the fleet reached <a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catania</a> in Sicily, from where Belisarius sent Procopius ahead to Syracuse to gather intelligence on the Vandals' activities. By chance, Procopius met a merchant friend of his there, whose servant had just arrived from Carthage. The latter informed Procopius that not only were the Vandals unaware of Belisarius' sailing, but that Gelimer, who had just dispatched Tzazon's expedition to Sardinia, was away from Carthage at the small inland town of Hermione. Procopius quickly informed Belisarius, who immediately ordered the army to re-embark and set sail for the African coast. After sailing by <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, they reached Cape <a href="/wiki/Chebba" title="Chebba">Caputvada</a> on the eastern shore of modern Tunisia some 162 <a href="/wiki/Roman_mile" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman mile">Roman miles</a> (240 km) south from Carthage.<sup id="cite_ref-Bury130_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury130-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advance_on_Carthage_and_the_Battle_of_Ad_Decimum">Advance on Carthage and the Battle of Ad Decimum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vandalic_War&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Advance on Carthage and the Battle of Ad Decimum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the Roman fleet reached Africa, a council was held aboard Belisarius' flagship (<i>The Vandalic War</i>, I.15), where many of his officers advocated an immediate attack on Carthage itself, especially since it was the only fortified city in the Vandal realm, the walls of the other cities having been torn down to prevent a rebellion. Belisarius, however, mindful of the fate of the 468 expedition and wary of an encounter with the Vandal fleet, spoke against it. Thus the army disembarked and built a fortified camp to spend the night.<sup id="cite_ref-Hughes80_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes80-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bury130_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury130-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Belisarius knew that success for his expedition relied on gaining the support of the local population, which had largely retained its Roman identity and to which he presented himself as a liberator. Thus on the next day of the landing, when some of his men stole some fruit from a local orchard, he severely punished them, and assembled the army and exhorted them to maintain discipline and restraint towards the native population, lest they abandon their Roman sympathies and go over to the Vandals. Belisarius' pleas bore results, for, as Procopius reports (<i>The Vandalic War</i>, I.17), "the soldiers behaved with moderation, and they neither began any unjust brawls nor did anything out of the way, and [Belisarius], by displaying great gentleness and kindness, won the Libyans to his side so completely that thereafter he made the journey as if in his own land".<sup id="cite_ref-Bury130-1_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury130-1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hughes85_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes85-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Then the Roman army began its march north, following the coastal road. 300 horse under <a href="/wiki/John_the_Armenian" title="John the Armenian">John the Armenian</a> were detached as an advance guard some 3 miles (4.5 km) in front of the main army, while the 600 Huns covered the army's left flank. Belisarius himself with his <i>bucellarii</i> led up the rear, to guard against any attack from Gelimer, who was known to be in the vicinity. The fleet followed the army, sailing along the coast.<sup id="cite_ref-Bury130_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury130-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hughes86_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes86-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first town they encountered was <a href="/wiki/Syllectum" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllectum">Syllectum</a>, which was captured by a detachment under Boriades by a ruse. In an attempt to sow division among the Vandals, Belisarius gave a letter written by Justinian and addressed to the Vandal nobles to a captured Vandal messenger, in which the emperor claimed to be campaigning on behalf of the legitimate king Hilderic against the usurper Gelimer. As the messenger was too afraid to deliver the letter, this ploy came to nothing.<sup id="cite_ref-Bury130-1_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury130-1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hughes85_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes85-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Ad_Decimum_-_Vandal_plan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Battle_of_Ad_Decimum_-_Vandal_plan.svg/250px-Battle_of_Ad_Decimum_-_Vandal_plan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Battle_of_Ad_Decimum_-_Vandal_plan.svg/375px-Battle_of_Ad_Decimum_-_Vandal_plan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Battle_of_Ad_Decimum_-_Vandal_plan.svg/500px-Battle_of_Ad_Decimum_-_Vandal_plan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1330" data-file-height="1104" /></a><figcaption>Gelimer's plan to encircle the Romans at Ad Decimum</figcaption></figure> <p>Gelimer, in the meantime, upon learning of the Romans' arrival, immediately notified his brother <a href="/wiki/Ammatus" title="Ammatus">Ammatas</a> in Carthage to assemble the Vandal forces in the vicinity, as well as to execute Hilderic and his relatives, while his secretary Bonifatius was ordered to load the royal treasure on a ship and sail for Spain if the Romans won.<sup id="cite_ref-Hughes80_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes80-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bury131_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury131-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deprived of his best troops, which were with Tzazon, Gelimer contented himself with shadowing the northward march of the Roman army, all the while preparing a decisive engagement before Carthage, at a place called Ad Decimum ("at the tenth [milepost]") where he had ordered Ammatas to bring his forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Hughes86_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes86-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bury131_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury131-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romans advanced through <a href="/wiki/Thapsus" title="Thapsus">Thapsus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leptis_Parva" title="Leptis Parva">Leptis Parva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadrumetum" title="Hadrumetum">Hadrumetum</a> to Grasse, where for the first time they engaged in a skirmish with the scouts of Gelimer's army. After exchanging blows, both parties retired to their camps.<sup id="cite_ref-Hughes86_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes86-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bury131_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury131-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From Grasse, Belisarius turned his army westwards, cutting across the neck of the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Bon" title="Cape Bon">Cape Bon</a> peninsula. This was the most dangerous part of the route to Carthage, with the fleet out of sight.<sup id="cite_ref-Hughes87_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes87-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thus, on the morning of 13 September, the tenth day of the march from Caputvada, the Roman army approached Ad Decimum. There Gelimer planned to ambush and encircle them, using a force under his brother Ammatas to block their advance and engage them, while 2,000 men under his nephew Gibamund would attack their left flank, and Gelimer himself with the main army would attack from the rear and completely annihilate the Roman army. In the event, the three forces failed to synchronize exactly: Ammatas arrived early and was killed as he attempted a reconnaissance with a small force by the Roman vanguard, while Gibamund's force was intercepted by the Hunnic flank guard and was utterly destroyed with Gibamund being killed. Unaware of all this, Gelimer marched up with the main army and scattered the Roman advance forces present at Ad Decimum. Victory might have been his, but he then came upon his dead brother's body, and apparently forgot all about the battle. This gave Belisarius the time to rally his troops, come up with his main cavalry force and defeat the disorganized Vandals. Gelimer with the remainder of his forces fled westwards to Numidia. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ad_Decimum" title="Battle of Ad Decimum">Battle of Ad Decimum</a> ended in a crushing Roman victory, and Carthage lay open and undefended before Belisarius.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belisarius'_entry_into_Carthage_and_Gelimer's_counterattack"><span id="Belisarius.27_entry_into_Carthage_and_Gelimer.27s_counterattack"></span>Belisarius' entry into Carthage and Gelimer's counterattack</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vandalic_War&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Belisarius' entry into Carthage and Gelimer's counterattack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was only by nightfall, when John the Armenian with his men and the 600 Huns rejoined his army, that Belisarius realized the extent of his victory. The cavalry spent the night at the battlefield. In the next morning, as the infantry (and Antonina) caught up, the whole army made for Carthage, where it arrived as night was falling. The Carthaginians had thrown open the gates and illuminated the city in celebration, but Belisarius, fearing a possible ambush in the darkness and wishing to keep his soldiers under tight control, refrained from entering the city, and encamped before it.<sup id="cite_ref-Belisarius135_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belisarius135-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hughes97_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes97-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the meantime, the fleet had rounded Cape Bon and, after learning of the Roman victory, had anchored at Stagnum, some 7.5 km from the city. Ignoring Belisarius' instructions, Calonymus and his men proceeded to plunder the merchant settlement of Mandriacum nearby.<sup id="cite_ref-Hughes97_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes97-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the morning of the next day, 15 September, Belisarius drew up the army for battle before the city walls, but as no enemy appeared, he led his army into the city, after again exhorting his troops to show discipline. The Roman army received a warm welcome from the populace, which was favourably impressed by its restraint. While Belisarius himself took possession of the royal palace, seated himself on the king's throne, and consumed the dinner which Gelimer had confidently ordered to be ready for his own victorious return, the fleet entered the <a href="/wiki/Lake_of_Tunis" title="Lake of Tunis">Lake of Tunis</a> and the army was billeted throughout the city. The remaining Vandals were rounded up and placed under guard to prevent them from causing trouble. Belisarius dispatched Solomon to Constantinople to bear the emperor news of the victory, but expecting an imminent re-appearance of Gelimer with his army, he lost no time in repairing the largely ruined walls of the city and rendering it capable of sustaining a siege.<sup id="cite_ref-Belisarius135_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belisarius135-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hughes98_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes98-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AR_50_Denarii_-_Vandals_-_Gelimer_-_Carthage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/AR_50_Denarii_-_Vandals_-_Gelimer_-_Carthage.jpg/250px-AR_50_Denarii_-_Vandals_-_Gelimer_-_Carthage.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/AR_50_Denarii_-_Vandals_-_Gelimer_-_Carthage.jpg/375px-AR_50_Denarii_-_Vandals_-_Gelimer_-_Carthage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/AR_50_Denarii_-_Vandals_-_Gelimer_-_Carthage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="252" /></a><figcaption>Fifty-<i><a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarii</a></i> coin of Gelimer</figcaption></figure> <p>During the following weeks, while Belisarius remained in Carthage strengthening its walls, Gelimer established himself and the remnant of his army at <a href="/wiki/Bulla_Regia" title="Bulla Regia">Bulla Regia</a>. By distributing money he had managed to cement the loyalty of the locals to his cause, and sent messages recalling Tzazon and his men from Sardinia, where they had been successful in re-establishing Vandal authority and killing Godas. While waiting for Tzazon's arrival, the Vandal king's army also increased by the arrival of more and more fugitives from the battle of Ad Decimum, as well as by a contingent of his Mauri allies.<sup id="cite_ref-Hughes99_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes99-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the Mauri tribes of Numidia and Byzacena, however, sent embassies to Belisarius, pledging allegiance to the Empire. Some even offered hostages and asked for the insignia of office traditionally awarded to them by the emperor: a gilded silver staff and a silver crown, a white cloak, a white tunic, and a gilded boot. Belisarius had been furnished by Justinian with these items in anticipation of this demand, and duly dispatched them along with sums of money. Nevertheless, it was clear that, as long as the outcome of the war remained undecided, neither side could count on the firm loyalty of the Mauri.<sup id="cite_ref-Belisarius135_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belisarius135-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hughes99_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes99-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, messengers from Tzazon, sent to announce his recovery of Sardinia, sailed into Carthage unaware that the city had fallen and were taken captive, followed shortly after by Gelimer's envoys to Theudis, who had reached Spain after the news of the Roman successes had arrived there and hence failed to secure an alliance. Belisarius was also reinforced by the Roman general Cyril with his contingent, who had sailed to Sardinia only to find it once again in possession of the Vandals.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As soon as Tzazon received his brother's message, he left Sardinia and landed in Africa, joining up with Gelimer at Bulla. The Vandal king now determined to advance on Carthage. His intentions were not clear; the traditional interpretation is that he hoped to reduce the city by blockading it, but Ian Hughes believes that, lacking the reserves for a protracted war of attrition, he hoped to force Belisarius into a "single, decisive confrontation". Approaching the city, the Vandal army cut the aqueduct supplying it with water, and attempted to prevent provisions from arriving in the city. Gelimer also dispatched agents to the city to undermine the loyalty of the inhabitants and the imperial army. Belisarius, who was alert to the possibility of treachery, set an example by impaling a citizen of Carthage who intended to join the Vandals. The greatest danger of defection came from the Huns, who were disgruntled because they had been ferried to Africa against their will and feared being left there as a garrison. Indeed, Vandal agents had already made contact with them, but Belisarius managed to maintain their allegiance—at least for the moment—by making a solemn promise that after the final victory they would be richly rewarded and allowed to return to their homes. Their loyalty, however, remained suspect, and, like the Mauri, the Huns probably waited to see who would emerge as the victor and rally to him.<sup id="cite_ref-Belisarius136_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belisarius136-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tricamarum_and_the_surrender_of_Gelimer">Tricamarum and the surrender of Gelimer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vandalic_War&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tricamarum and the surrender of Gelimer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After securing the loyalty of the populace and the army, and completing the repairs to the walls, Belisarius resolved to meet Gelimer in battle, and in mid-December marched out of Carthage in the direction of the fortified Vandal camp at Tricamarum, some 28 km from Carthage. As at Ad Decimum, the Roman cavalry proceeded in advance of the infantry, and the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tricamarum" title="Battle of Tricamarum">Battle of Tricamarum</a> was a purely cavalry affair, with Belisarius' army considerably outnumbered. Both armies kept their most untrustworthy elements—the Mauri and Huns—in reserve. John the Armenian played the most important role on the Roman side, and Tzazon on the Vandal. John led repeated charges at the Vandal centre, culminating in the death of Tzazon. This was followed by a general Roman attack across the front and the collapse of the Vandal army, which retreated to its camp. Gelimer, seeing that all was lost, fled with a few attendants into the wilds of Numidia, whereupon the remaining Vandals gave up all thoughts of resistance and abandoned their camp to be plundered by the Romans.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the previous battle at Ad Decimum, it is again notable that Belisarius failed to keep his forces together, and was forced to fight with a considerable numerical disadvantage. The dispersal of his army after the battle, looting heedlessly and leaving themselves vulnerable to a potential Vandal counter-attack, was also an indication of the poor discipline in the Roman army and the command difficulties Belisarius faced.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Bury comments, the expedition's fate might have been quite different "if Belisarius had been opposed to a commander of some ability and experience in warfare", and points out that Procopius himself "expresses amazement at the issue of the war, and does not hesitate to regard it not as a feat of superior strategy but as a paradox of fortune".<sup id="cite_ref-Bury137_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury137-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Justinian_Multiple_Solidi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Justinian_Multiple_Solidi.jpg/250px-Justinian_Multiple_Solidi.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Justinian_Multiple_Solidi.jpg/375px-Justinian_Multiple_Solidi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Justinian_Multiple_Solidi.jpg/500px-Justinian_Multiple_Solidi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2580" data-file-height="1312" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of a medallion commemorating the Roman victory in the Vandalic War, c. 535</figcaption></figure> <p>A Roman detachment under John the Armenian pursued the fleeing Vandal king for five days and nights, and was almost upon him when he was killed in an accident. The Romans halted to mourn their leader, allowing Gelimer to escape, first to <a href="/wiki/Hippo_Regius" title="Hippo Regius">Hippo Regius</a> and from there to the city of Medeus on Mount Papua, on whose Mauri inhabitants he could rely. Belisarius sent 400 men under the Herul <a href="/wiki/Pharas_the_Herulian" title="Pharas the Herulian">Pharas</a> to blockade him there.<sup id="cite_ref-Bury138_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury138-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hughes106_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes106-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Belisarius himself made for Hippo Regius, where the Vandals, who had fled to various sanctuaries, surrendered to the Roman general, who promised that they would be well treated and sent to Constantinople in spring. Belisarius was also fortunate in recovering the Vandal royal treasure, which had been loaded on a ship at Hippo. Bonifatius, Gelimer's secretary, was supposed to sail with it to Spain, where Gelimer too would later follow, but adverse winds kept the ship in harbour and in the end, Bonifatius handed it over to the Romans in exchange for his own safety (as well as a considerable share of the treasure, if Procopius is to be believed).<sup id="cite_ref-Bury137_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury137-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Belisarius also began to extend his authority over the more distant provinces and outposts of the Vandal kingdom: Cyril was dispatched to Sardinia and Corsica with Tzazon's head as proof of his victory, John was sent to <a href="/wiki/Cherchell" title="Cherchell">Caesarea</a> on the coast of Mauretania Caesariensis, another John was sent to the twin fortresses of <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Septem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gadira" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadira">Gadira</a>, which controlled the Straits of Gibraltar, and Apollinarius to take possession of the Balearic Islands. Aid was also sent to the provincials in Tripolitania, who had been subject to attacks by the local Mauri tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hughes107_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes107-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Belisarius also demanded the return of the port of <a href="/wiki/Lilybaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lilybaeum">Lilybaeum</a> in western Sicily from the Ostrogoths, who had captured it during the war, as it too had been part of the Vandal kingdom. An exchange of letters followed between Justinian and the Ostrogoth court, through which Justinian was drawn into the intrigues of the latter, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(535%E2%80%93554)" title="Gothic War (535–554)">Roman invasion of Italy</a> a year later.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Gelimer remained blockaded by Pharas at the mountain stronghold of Medeus, but, as the blockade dragged through the winter, Pharas grew impatient. He attacked the mountain stronghold, only to be beaten back with the loss of a quarter of his men. While a success for Gelimer, it did not alter his hopeless situation, as he and his followers remained tightly blockaded and began to suffer from lack of food. Pharas sent him messages calling upon him to surrender and spare his followers the misery, but it was not until March that the Vandal king agreed to surrender after receiving guarantees for his safety. Gelimer was then escorted to Carthage.<sup id="cite_ref-Bury138_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury138-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hughes107_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes107-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vandalic_War&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belisarius'_triumph"><span id="Belisarius.27_triumph"></span>Belisarius' triumph</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vandalic_War&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Belisarius' triumph"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arch_of_Titus_Menorah.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Arch_of_Titus_Menorah.png/250px-Arch_of_Titus_Menorah.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Arch_of_Titus_Menorah.png/375px-Arch_of_Titus_Menorah.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Arch_of_Titus_Menorah.png/500px-Arch_of_Titus_Menorah.png 2x" data-file-width="1575" data-file-height="879" /></a><figcaption>The Menorah of the Temple of Jerusalem, shown carried in the triumphal procession of <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a> along with spoils from the Temple on the <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Titus" title="Arch of Titus">Arch of Titus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Belisarius would not remain long in Africa to consolidate his success, as a number of officers in his army, in hopes of their own advancement, sent messengers to Justinian claiming that Belisarius intended to establish his own kingdom in Africa. Justinian then gave his general two choices as a test of his intentions: he could return to Constantinople or remain in Africa. Belisarius, who had captured one of the messengers and was aware of the slanders against him, chose to return.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He left Africa in the summer, accompanied by Gelimer, large numbers of captured Vandals—who were enrolled in five regiments of the <i>Vandali Iustiniani</i> ("Vandals of Justinian") by the emperor—and the Vandal treasure, which included many objects looted from Rome 80 years earlier, including the imperial regalia and the <a href="/wiki/Menorah_(Temple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorah (Temple)">menorah</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bury139_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury139-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Constantinople, Belisarius was given the honour of celebrating a <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">triumph</a>—the first to be celebrated in Constantinople since its foundation and the first granted to a private citizen in over five and a half centuries<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—and described by Procopius: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And there was booty—first of all, whatever articles are wont to be set apart for the royal service—thrones of gold and carriages in which it is customary for a king's consort to ride, and much jewelry made of precious stones, and golden drinking cups, and all the other things which are useful for the royal table. And there was also silver weighing many thousands of <a href="/wiki/Talent_(measurement)" title="Talent (measurement)">talents</a> and all the royal treasure amounting to an exceedingly great sum, and among these were the treasures of the Jews, which <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a>, together with certain others, had brought to Rome after the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70)">capture of Jerusalem</a>. [...] And there were slaves in the triumph, among whom was Gelimer himself, wearing some sort of a purple garment upon his shoulders, and all his family, and as many of the Vandals as were very tall and fair of body. And when Gelimer reached the <a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Constantinople" title="Hippodrome of Constantinople">hippodrome</a> and saw the emperor sitting upon a lofty seat and the people standing on either side and realized as he looked about in what an evil plight he was, he neither wept nor cried out, but ceased not saying over in the words of the <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Hebrew scripture</a>: "Vanity of vanities, all is vanity." And when he came before the emperor's seat, they stripped off the purple garment, and compelled him to fall prone on the ground and do obeisance to the Emperor Justinian. This also Belisarius did, as being a suppliant of the emperor along with him.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Procopius, <i>The Vandalic War</i>, II.9</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Gelimer was given an ample estate in <a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a>, and would have been raised to <a href="/wiki/Patrikios" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrikios">patrician rank</a> if he had not steadfastly refused to renounce his Arian faith.<sup id="cite_ref-Bury138_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury138-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Belisarius was also named <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul"><i>consul ordinarius</i></a> for the year 535, allowing him to celebrate a second triumphal procession, being carried through the streets seated on his consular <a href="/wiki/Curule_chair" class="mw-redirect" title="Curule chair">curule chair</a>, held aloft by Vandal warriors, distributing largesse to the populace from his share of the war booty.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Re-establishment_of_Roman_rule_in_Africa_and_the_Mauri_Wars">Re-establishment of Roman rule in Africa and the Mauri Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vandalic_War&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Re-establishment of Roman rule in Africa and the Mauri Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Africa" title="Praetorian prefecture of Africa">Praetorian prefecture of Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_North_Africa" title="Byzantine North Africa">Byzantine North Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantine_Maghreb.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Byzantine_Maghreb.png/310px-Byzantine_Maghreb.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Byzantine_Maghreb.png/465px-Byzantine_Maghreb.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Byzantine_Maghreb.png/620px-Byzantine_Maghreb.png 2x" data-file-width="935" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>Partial Byzantine restoration of Roman North Africa, 541</figcaption></figure> <p>Immediately after Tricamarum, Justinian hastened to proclaim the recovery of Africa: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Our predecessors did not deserve this favor of God, as they were not only not permitted to liberate Africa, but even saw Rome itself captured by the Vandals, and all the Imperial insignia taken from thence to Africa. Now, however, God, in his mercy, has not only delivered Africa and all her provinces into Our hands, but the Imperial insignia as well, which, having been removed at the capture of Rome, He has restored to us.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i><a href="/wiki/Codex_Justinianeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex Justinianeus">Codex Justinianeus</a></i>, I.XXVII</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The emperor was determined to restore the province to its former extent and prosperity—indeed, in the words of J.B. Bury, he intended "to wipe out all traces of the Vandal conquest, as if it had never been, and to restore the conditions which had existed before the coming of Geiseric". To this end, the Vandals were barred from holding office or even property, which was returned to its former owners; most Vandal males became slaves, while the victorious Roman soldiers took their wives; and the Chalcedonian Church was restored to its former position while the Arian Church was dispossessed and persecuted. As a result of these measures, the Vandal population was diminished and emasculated. It gradually disappeared entirely, becoming absorbed into the broader provincial population.<sup id="cite_ref-Bury139_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury139-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Already in April 534, before the surrender of Gelimer, the old Roman provincial division along with the full apparatus of Roman administration was restored, under a praetorian prefect rather than under a <a href="/wiki/Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">diocesan</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">vicarius</a></i>, since the original parent prefecture of Africa, Italy, was still under Ostrogothic rule. The army of Belisarius was left behind to form the garrison of the new prefecture, under the overall command of a <i><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">magister militum</a></i> and several regional <i><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">duces</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost from the start, an extensive fortification programme was also initiated, including the construction of city walls as well as smaller forts to protect the countryside, whose remnants are still among the most prominent archaeological remains in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite Justinian's intentions and proclamations, however, Roman control over Africa was not yet secure. During his campaign, Belisarius had secured most of the provinces of Byzacena, Zeugitana and Tripolitania. Further west, on the other hand, imperial control extended in a series of strongholds captured by the fleet along the coast as far as <a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a>, while most of the inland areas of Numidia and Mauretania remained under the control of the local Mauri tribes, as indeed had been the case under the Vandal kings.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mauri initially acknowledged the Emperor's suzerainty and gave hostages to the imperial authorities, but they soon became restive and rose in revolt. The first imperial governor, Belisarius' former <i>domesticus</i> Solomon, who combined the offices of both <i>magister militum</i> and praetorian prefect, was able to score successes against them and strengthen Roman rule in Africa, but his work was interrupted by a widespread military mutiny in 536. The mutiny was eventually subdued by <a href="/wiki/Germanus_(cousin_of_Justinian_I)" title="Germanus (cousin of Justinian I)">Germanus</a>, a cousin of Justinian, and Solomon returned in 539. He fell, however, in the Battle of Cillium in 544 against the united Mauri tribes, and Roman Africa was again in jeopardy. After Solomon's death, unrest brewed in the region, fuelled by native resistance and military mutiny. Instability may have been furthered by the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Justinian" title="Plague of Justinian">plague</a> in North Africa in 543, although its exact economic and demographic impacts remain unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-Merrills2022_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merrills2022-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General <a href="/wiki/Areobindus_(died_546)" title="Areobindus (died 546)">Areobindus</a> was sent on a relief fleet in 545 but the clumsy power-sharing arrangement with commander <a href="/wiki/Sergius_(Byzantine_general)" title="Sergius (Byzantine general)">Sergius</a> worsened the situation.<sup id="cite_ref-Merrills2022_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merrills2022-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It would not be until 548 that the resistance of the Mauri tribes would be finally broken by the general <a href="/wiki/John_Troglita" title="John Troglita">John Troglita</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Troglita is credited by Corippus and others for re-establishing Roman control in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Merrills2022_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merrills2022-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The degree to which Roman authority was fully re-established to its pre-Vandal conquest grandeur remains a subject of historical debate. Procopius, in his account of the Vandalic War, portrays the significant hardships experienced by the local population in the aftermath of the successful reconquest.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaldellis_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaldellis-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The consequences of the war, such as destruction, displacement, and economic disarray, had a profound impact on the peoples of North Africa. </p><p>Furthermore, Procopius implicitly questions the extent to which the restoration of Roman governance truly brought about prosperity and peace to the people of North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaldellis_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaldellis-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian's narrative leaves room for the interpretation of how well the reintegration into the Roman fold was managed and how successfully the region regained its stability and wealth. </p><p>In his later work, the <i>Secret History</i>, composed several years after the events of the Vandal War, Procopius provides a critical and unvarnished assessment of Emperor Justinian's administration of the newly acquired province. This controversial and rather scathing account of Justinian's reign reveals not only the military triumphs but also the complexities of governing the territory, including the contentious issues, corruption, and discontent that accompanied the post-war period.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaldellis_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaldellis-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vandalic_War&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://remacle.org/bloodwolf/historiens/procope/vandalesgr.htm#91">"Procope : Histoire de la guerre des Vandales"</a>. <i>remacle.org</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=remacle.org&rft.atitle=Procope+%3A+Histoire+de+la+guerre+des+Vandales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fremacle.org%2Fbloodwolf%2Fhistoriens%2Fprocope%2Fvandalesgr.htm%2391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandalic+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury (1923), Vol. I, pp. 244–246</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merrils & Miles (2010), pp. 47–54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury (1923), Vol. I, pp. 247–249, 254–257</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merrils & Miles (2010), pp. 54–55, 60–65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury (1923), Vol. I, pp. 257–258, 325–327</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merrils & Miles (2010), pp. 65–66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury (1923), Vol. I, pp. 331–337</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diehl (1896), pp. 3–4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury (1923), Vol. I, p. 390</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diehl4-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Diehl4_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diehl4_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Diehl (1896), p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes (2009), p. 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merrils & Miles (2010), pp. 90–102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury (1923), Vol. II, pp. 124–125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury (1923), Vol. II, p. 125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury (1923), Vol. II, pp. 125–126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diehl (1896), pp. 5–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes (2009), pp. 71–72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury (1923), Vol. II, p. 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury (1923), Vol. II, pp. 126–127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diehl (1896), pp. 7–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hughes72-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes72_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes72_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes (2009), p. 72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bury128-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bury128_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bury128_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bury128_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bury128_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bury128_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury (1923), Vol. II, p. 128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes (2009), pp. 72–73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hughes_2009,_p._76-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_2009,_p._76_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_2009,_p._76_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes (2009), p. 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diehl (1896), p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hughes80-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes80_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes80_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes80_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes80_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes (2009), p. 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bury129-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bury129_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bury129_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bury129_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury (1923), Vol. II, p. 129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diehl (1896), pp. 14–15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes (2009), p. 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes (2009), pp. 74–75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bury127-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bury127_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bury127_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury (1923), Vol. II, p. 127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diehl (1896), pp. 16–17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes (2009), pp. 75–76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diehl (1896), pp. 8–9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes (2009), pp. 81–82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diehl (1896), pp. 9, 12–13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes (2009), pp. 82–84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diehl (1896), pp. 9–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes (2009), p. 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bury130-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bury130_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bury130_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bury130_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury (1923), Vol. II, p. 130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diehl (1896), pp. 17–18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes (2009), pp. 79–80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diehl (1896), pp. 18–19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bury130-1-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bury130-1_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bury130-1_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury (1923), Vol. II, pp. 130–131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diehl (1896), pp. 19–20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hughes85-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes85_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes85_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes (2009), p. 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hughes86-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes86_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes86_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes86_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes (2009), p. 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bury131-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bury131_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bury131_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bury131_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury (1923), Vol. II, p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diehl (1896), pp. 20–21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hughes87-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hughes87_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes (2009), p. 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury (1923), Vol. II, pp. 133–135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes (2009), pp. 87–96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Belisarius135-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Belisarius135_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Belisarius135_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Belisarius135_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury (1923), Vol. II, p. 135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hughes97-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes97_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes97_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes (2009), p. 97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hughes98-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hughes98_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes (2009), p. 98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hughes99-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes99_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes99_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes (2009), p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes (2009), pp. 98–99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Belisarius136-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Belisarius136_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury (1923), Vol. II, p. 136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes (2009), pp. 99–100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury (1923), Vol. II, pp. 136–137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes (2009), pp. 100–106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a critical consideration of both sides' strategy and tactics, cf. Diehl (1896), pp. 27–32; Hughes (2009), pp. 85–89, 96, 104–106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bury137-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bury137_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bury137_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury (1923), Vol. II, p. 137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bury138-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bury138_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bury138_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bury138_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury (1923), Vol. II, p. 138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hughes106-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hughes106_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes (2009), p. 106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes (2009), pp. 106–107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury (1923), Vol. II, pp. 137–138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hughes107-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes107_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes107_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes (2009), p. 107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes (2009), pp. 108, 112ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury (1923), Vol. II, pp. 138–139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes (2009), p. 109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bury139-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bury139_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bury139_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury (1923), Vol. II, p. 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning (1992), p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes (2009), p. 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diehl (1896), pp. 37–41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury (1923), Vol. II, p. 140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury (1923), Vol. II, pp. 148–150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a detailed survey, cf. Diehl (1896), pp. 138–298</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diehl (1896), pp. 34–36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merrills2022-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Merrills2022_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merrills2022_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merrills2022_81-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerrills2022" class="citation journal cs1">Merrills, Andy (2022-06-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://figshare.le.ac.uk/articles/journal_contribution/A_Subaltern_s_View_of_Early_Byzantine_Africa_Reading_Corippus_as_History/21311907?file=38141739">"A Subaltern's View of Early Byzantine Africa? Reading Corippus as History"</a>. <i>Medieval Worlds</i>. <b>16</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1553%2Fmedievalworlds_no16_2022s44">10.1553/medievalworlds_no16_2022s44</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medieval+Worlds&rft.atitle=A+Subaltern%27s+View+of+Early+Byzantine+Africa%3F+Reading+Corippus+as+History&rft.volume=16&rft.date=2022-06-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1553%2Fmedievalworlds_no16_2022s44&rft.aulast=Merrills&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffigshare.le.ac.uk%2Farticles%2Fjournal_contribution%2FA_Subaltern_s_View_of_Early_Byzantine_Africa_Reading_Corippus_as_History%2F21311907%3Ffile%3D38141739&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandalic+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury (1923), Vol. II, pp. 140–147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diehl (1896), pp. 41–93, 333–381</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaldellis-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kaldellis_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaldellis_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaldellis_84-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaldellis (2016), pp. 14-15</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vandalic_War&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary">Primary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vandalic_War&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Primary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProcopius_of_Caesarea" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius of Caesarea</a>. <i>History of the Wars: The Vandalic War, Volumes <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Wars/Book_III" class="extiw" title="s:History of the Wars/Book III">I.</a> & <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Wars/Book_IV" class="extiw" title="s:History of the Wars/Book IV">II.</a></i> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Wars%3A+The+Vandalic+War%2C+Volumes+I.+%26+II.&rft.au=Procopius+of+Caesarea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandalic+War" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary">Secondary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vandalic_War&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Secondary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowning1992" class="citation book cs1">Browning, Robert (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/byzantineempire0000brow"><i>The Byzantine Empire</i></a></span> (Revised ed.). Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8132-0754-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8132-0754-1"><bdi>0-8132-0754-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Byzantine+Empire&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=The+Catholic+University+of+America+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-8132-0754-1&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbyzantineempire0000brow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandalic+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBury1923" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._B._Bury" title="J. B. Bury">Bury, John Bagnell</a> (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/home.html"><i>History of the Later Roman Empire: From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian</i></a>. London: MacMillan & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-20399-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-20399-9"><bdi>0-486-20399-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Later+Roman+Empire%3A+From+the+Death+of+Theodosius+I+to+the+Death+of+Justinian&rft.place=London&rft.pub=MacMillan+%26+Co.&rft.date=1923&rft.isbn=0-486-20399-9&rft.aulast=Bury&rft.aufirst=John+Bagnell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2Fsecondary%2FBURLAT%2Fhome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandalic+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiehl1896" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Diehl" title="Charles Diehl">Diehl, Charles</a> (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lafriquebyzanti00diehgoog"><i>L'Afrique Byzantine. Histoire de la Domination Byzantine en Afrique (533–709)</i></a> (in French). Paris, France: Ernest Leroux.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Afrique+Byzantine.+Histoire+de+la+Domination+Byzantine+en+Afrique+%28533%E2%80%93709%29&rft.place=Paris%2C+France&rft.pub=Ernest+Leroux&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Diehl&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flafriquebyzanti00diehgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandalic+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2009" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Ian (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/belisariuslastro00ianh"><i>Belisarius: The Last Roman General</i></a></span>. Yardley, PA: Westholme Publishing, LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59416-528-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59416-528-3"><bdi>978-1-59416-528-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belisarius%3A+The+Last+Roman+General&rft.place=Yardley%2C+PA&rft.pub=Westholme+Publishing%2C+LLC&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-59416-528-3&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbelisariuslastro00ianh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandalic+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerrilsMiles2010" class="citation book cs1">Merrils, Andy; Miles, Richard (2010). <i>The Vandals</i>. Chichester, U.K.; Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-405-16068-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-405-16068-1"><bdi>978-1-405-16068-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vandals&rft.place=Chichester%2C+U.K.%3B+Malden%2C+MA&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-405-16068-1&rft.aulast=Merrils&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft.au=Miles%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandalic+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaldellis2016" class="citation book cs1">Kaldellis, Anthony (2016). "Prokopios' Vandal War: Thematic Trajectories and Hidden Transcripts". In S. T. Stevens and J. Conant (ed.). <i>North Africa under Byzantium and Early Islam</i>. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks. pp. <span class="nowrap">13–</span>21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prokopios%E2%80%99+Vandal+War%3A+Thematic+Trajectories+and+Hidden+Transcripts&rft.btitle=North+Africa+under+Byzantium+and+Early+Islam&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Kaldellis&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandalic+War" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vandalic_War&oldid=1277396812">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vandalic_War&oldid=1277396812</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vandalic_War" title="Category:Vandalic War">Vandalic War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:530s_conflicts" title="Category:530s conflicts">530s conflicts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:533" title="Category:533">533</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:534" title="Category:534">534</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:6th_century_in_Africa" title="Category:6th century in Africa">6th century in Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Algeria" title="Category:Military history of Algeria">Military history of Algeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Libya" title="Category:Military history of Libya">Military history of Libya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Tunisia" title="Category:Military history of Tunisia">Military history of Tunisia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_the_Alans" title="Category:Battles involving the Alans">Battles involving the Alans</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 February 2025, at 12:16<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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