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.mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Minimalism_(computing)" 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Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Primary_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>relies excessively on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">primary sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please improve this article by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">secondary or tertiary sources</a>. <br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Minimalism%22+computing">"Minimalism" computing</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Minimalism%22+computing+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Minimalism%22+computing&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Minimalism%22+computing+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Minimalism%22+computing">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Minimalism%22+computing&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a>, <b>minimalism</b> refers to the application of <a href="/wiki/Minimalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Minimalist">minimalist</a> philosophies and principles in the design and use of <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">hardware</a> and <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a>. Minimalism, in this sense, means designing systems that use the least hardware and software resources possible. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minimalism_(computing)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 1970s and early 1980s, programmers worked within the confines of relatively expensive and limited <a href="/wiki/Resource_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource (computer science)">resources</a> of common platforms. Eight or sixteen <a href="/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte">kilobytes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a> was common; 64 kilobytes was considered a vast amount and was the entire <a href="/wiki/Address_space" title="Address space">address space</a> accessible to the <a href="/wiki/8-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="8-bit">8-bit</a> CPUs predominant during the earliest generations of <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a>. The most common storage medium was the 5.25 inch <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy disk</a> holding from 88 to 170 kilobytes. Hard drives with capacities from five to ten <a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">megabytes</a> cost thousands of dollars. </p><p>Over time, personal-computer memory capacities expanded by orders of magnitude and mainstream programmers took advantage of the added storage to increase their software's capabilities and to make development easier by using <a href="/wiki/High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language">higher-level languages</a>. By contrast, <a href="/wiki/System_requirements" title="System requirements">system requirements</a> for <a href="/wiki/Legacy_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Legacy software">legacy software</a> remained the same. As a result, even the most elaborate, feature-rich programs of yesteryear seem minimalist in comparison with current software. </p><p>One example of a program whose system requirements once gave it a heavyweight reputation is the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Emacs" title="GNU Emacs">GNU Emacs</a> text editor, which gained the <a href="/wiki/Backronym" title="Backronym">backronym</a> "Eight Megabytes And Constantly Swapping" in an era when 8 megabytes was a lot of RAM.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, Emacs' mainly textual <a href="/wiki/Data_buffer" title="Data buffer">buffer</a>-based paradigm uses far fewer resources than <a href="/wiki/Desktop_metaphor" title="Desktop metaphor">desktop metaphor</a> <a href="/wiki/GUI" class="mw-redirect" title="GUI">GUI</a> <a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">IDEs</a> with comparable features such as <a href="/wiki/Eclipse_(software)" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse</a> or <a href="/wiki/Netbeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Netbeans">Netbeans</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="the old link was dead (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In a speech at the 2002 International Lisp Conference, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a> indicated that minimalism was a concern in his development of <a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> and Emacs, based on his experiences with <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a> and system specifications of low-end <a href="/wiki/Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">minicomputers</a> at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the capabilities and system requirements of common desktop software and operating systems grew throughout the 1980s and 1990s, and as software development became dominated by teams espousing conflicting, faddish <a href="/wiki/Software_development_methodologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Software development methodologies">software development methodologies</a>, some developers adopted minimalism as a philosophy and chose to limit their programs to a predetermined size or scope.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A focus on <a href="/wiki/Software_optimization" class="mw-redirect" title="Software optimization">software optimization</a> can result in minimalist software, as programmers reduce the number of operations their program carries out in order to speed execution.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 21st century, new developments in computing have brought minimalism to the forefront. In what has been termed the <a href="/wiki/Post-PC_era" title="Post-PC era">post-PC era</a> it is no longer necessary to buy a high-end personal computer merely to perform common computing tasks.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mobile_computing" title="Mobile computing">Mobile computing</a> devices, such as <a href="/wiki/Smartphones" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartphones">smartphones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Tablet computers">tablet computers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netbooks" class="mw-redirect" title="Netbooks">netbooks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plug_computer" title="Plug computer">plug computers</a>, often have smaller memory capacities, less-capable graphics subsystems, and slower processors when compared to the personal computer they are expected to replace. In addition, heavy use of graphics effects like <a href="/wiki/Alpha_blending" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha blending">alpha blending</a> drains the battery faster than a "flat ui".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The growing popularity of these devices has made minimalism an important design concern. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Chrome browser</a> and <a href="/wiki/ChromeOS" title="ChromeOS">ChromeOS</a> are often cited as examples of minimalist design.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another example is <a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">Windows 8</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> implemented the "simple, squared-off" <a href="/wiki/Metro_(design_language)" title="Metro (design language)">Metro</a> appearance, which was less graphics-intensive than the previous <a href="/wiki/Windows_Aero" title="Windows Aero">Aero</a> interface used in <a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Windows 7</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a>. This change was made in part because of the rise of smaller, battery-powered devices and the need to conserve power.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Version 7 of <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>'s <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> made similar changes for <a href="/wiki/User_experience" title="User experience">user experience</a> reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minimalism_(computing)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Developers may create <a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">user interfaces</a> to be as simple as possible by eliminating <a href="/wiki/Button_(computing)" title="Button (computing)">buttons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dialog_box" title="Dialog box">dialog boxes</a> that may potentially confuse the user. Minimalism is sometimes used in its <a href="/wiki/Minimalism" title="Minimalism">visual arts meaning</a>, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_design" title="Industrial design">industrial design</a> of the hardware device or <a href="/wiki/Theme_(computing)" title="Theme (computing)">software theme</a>. </p><p>Some developers have attempted to create programs to perform a particular function in the fewest lines of code, or smallest compiled executable size possible on a given platform.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> distributions mention minimalism as a goal. <a href="/wiki/Alpine_Linux" title="Alpine Linux">Alpine Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arch_Linux" title="Arch Linux">Arch Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puppy_Linux" title="Puppy Linux">Puppy Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Linux" title="Bodhi Linux">Bodhi Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/CrunchBang_Linux" title="CrunchBang Linux">CrunchBang Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dynebolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynebolic">dynebolic</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Tiny_Core_Linux" title="Tiny Core Linux">Tiny Core Linux</a> are examples. The early development of the <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> system occurred on low-powered hardware, and <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Dennis Ritchie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Ken Thompson</a> have stated their opinion that this constraint contributed to the system's "elegance of design".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming language</a> designers can create minimal programming languages by eschewing <a href="/wiki/Syntactic_sugar" title="Syntactic sugar">syntactic sugar</a> and extensive <a href="/wiki/Programming_library" class="mw-redirect" title="Programming library">library functions</a>. Such languages may be <a href="/wiki/Turing_tarpit" title="Turing tarpit">Turing tarpits</a> due to not offering standard support for common programming tasks. Creating a minimal Lisp <a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">interpreter</a> is a common learning task set before <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> students.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Lambda_calculus" title="Lambda calculus">Lambda calculus</a>, developed by <a href="/wiki/Alonzo_Church" title="Alonzo Church">Alonzo Church</a> is a minimal programming language that uses only function definitions and function applications.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Forth_(programming_language)" title="Forth (programming language)">Forth</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are cited as examples of practical, minimal programming languages. </p><p>The programming hobby of <a href="/wiki/Code_golf" title="Code golf">code golf</a> results in minimalist software,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but these are typically exercises or <a href="/wiki/Code_poetry" title="Code poetry">code poetry</a>, not usable applications software. </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Millar_Carroll" class="mw-redirect" title="John Millar Carroll">John Millar Carroll</a>, in his book <i>Minimalism Beyond the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Funnel" title="Nuremberg Funnel">Nürnberg Funnel</a></i> pointed out that the use of minimalism results in "instant-use" devices such as video games, <a href="/wiki/Automated_teller_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated teller machine">ATMs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voting_machine" title="Voting machine">voting machines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_kiosk" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic kiosk">mall kiosks</a> with little-or-no <a href="/wiki/Learning_curve" title="Learning curve">learning curve</a> that do not require the user to read manuals.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> User Interface researchers have performed experiments suggesting that minimalism, as illustrated by the design principles of <a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">parsimony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transparency_(human%E2%80%93computer_interaction)" title="Transparency (human–computer interaction)">transparency</a>, bolsters efficiency and learnability.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minimalism is implicit in the <a href="/wiki/Unix_philosophy" title="Unix philosophy">Unix philosophies</a> of "everything is a text stream" and "do one thing and do it well", although modern Unix/Linux distributions do not hold so rigorously to this philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minimalism_(computing)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_bloat" title="Code bloat">Code bloat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_refactoring" title="Code refactoring">Code refactoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concision" title="Concision">Concision</a>: Brief, succinct.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don%27t_repeat_yourself" title="Don't repeat yourself">Don't repeat yourself</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_creep" title="Feature creep">Feature creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KISS_principle" title="KISS principle">KISS principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-weight_Linux_distribution" title="Light-weight Linux distribution">Light-weight Linux distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muntzing" title="Muntzing">Muntzing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pareto_principle" title="Pareto principle">Pareto principle</a> 80:20 rule</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_least_power" title="Rule of least power">Rule of least power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_bloat" title="Software bloat">Software bloat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_philosophy" title="Unix philosophy">Unix philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wirth%27s_law" title="Wirth's law">Wirth's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worse_is_better" title="Worse is better">Worse is better</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawinski%27s_law_of_software_envelopment" class="mw-redirect" title="Zawinski's law of software envelopment">Zawinski's law of software envelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GreenBrowser" title="GreenBrowser">GreenBrowser</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minimalism_(computing)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHagen2010" class="citation book cs1">Hagen, William von (13 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rsSlrQLB8-gC&pg=PT328"><i>Ubuntu Linux Bible: Featuring Ubuntu 10.04 LTS</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470881804" title="Special:BookSources/9780470881804"><bdi>9780470881804</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ubuntu+Linux+Bible%3A+Featuring+Ubuntu+10.04+LTS&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010-05-13&rft.isbn=9780470881804&rft.aulast=Hagen&rft.aufirst=William+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrsSlrQLB8-gC%26pg%3DPT328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimalism+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/gnu/rms-lisp.html">"My Lisp Experiences and the Development of GNU Emacs"</a>. <q>...I aimed to make the absolute minimal possible Lisp implementation. The size of the programs was a tremendous concern. There were people in those days, in 1985, who had one-megabyte machines without virtual memory. They wanted to be able to use GNU Emacs. This meant I had to keep the program as small as possible. For instance, at the time the only looping construct was <i>while</i>, which was extremely simple. There was no way to break out of the 'while' statement, you just had to do a catch and a throw, or test a variable that ran the loop. That shows how far I was pushing to keep things small. We didn't have 'caar' and 'cadr' and so on; "squeeze out everything possible" was the spirit of GNU Emacs, the spirit of Emacs Lisp, from the beginning.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=My+Lisp+Experiences+and+the+Development+of+GNU+Emacs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fgnu%2Frms-lisp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimalism+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dwm.suckless.org/">"dwm - dynamic window manager"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=dwm+-+dynamic+window+manager&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdwm.suckless.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimalism+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ne has been written with sparing resource use as a basic goal. Every possible effort has been made to reduce the use of CPU time and memory, the number of system calls, and the number of characters output to the terminal. -- ne info page</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrickland2009" class="citation web cs1">Strickland, Jonathan (12 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/notebook-vs-netbook-vs-ultra-mobile-pc.htm/printable">"HowStuffWorks "What's the difference between notebooks, netbooks and ultra-mobi"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Computer.howstuffworks.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HowStuffWorks+%22What%27s+the+difference+between+notebooks%2C+netbooks+and+ultra-mobi%22&rft.pub=Computer.howstuffworks.com&rft.date=2009-02-12&rft.aulast=Strickland&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcomputer.howstuffworks.com%2Fnotebook-vs-netbook-vs-ultra-mobile-pc.htm%2Fprintable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimalism+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radar.oreilly.com/2014/04/5-ways-to-improve-battery-life-in-your-app.html">"5 ways to improve battery life in your app"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=5+ways+to+improve+battery+life+in+your+app&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradar.oreilly.com%2F2014%2F04%2F5-ways-to-improve-battery-life-in-your-app.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimalism+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2374276,00.asp">"Google Chrome Cr-48, Paragon of Minimalist Design"</a>. <i>PC Magazine</i>. 13 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PC+Magazine&rft.atitle=Google+Chrome+Cr-48%2C+Paragon+of+Minimalist+Design&rft.date=2010-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcmag.com%2Farticle2%2F0%2C2817%2C2374276%2C00.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimalism+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPilcher2009" class="citation news cs1">Pilcher, Pat (13 July 2009). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/features/battle-of-the-browsers--which-is-master-of-the-web-1743947.html">"Battle of the browsers - which is master of the web?"</a></span>. <i>The Independent</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220515/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/features/battle-of-the-browsers--which-is-master-of-the-web-1743947.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Battle+of+the+browsers+-+which+is+master+of+the+web%3F&rft.date=2009-07-13&rft.aulast=Pilcher&rft.aufirst=Pat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Flife-style%2Fgadgets-and-tech%2Ffeatures%2Fbattle-of-the-browsers--which-is-master-of-the-web-1743947.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimalism+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Chang, Alexandra (21 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2012/05/microsoft-drops-aero-glass-ui-in-windows-8/">"Microsoft Drops 'Aero Glass' User Interface in Windows 8 | Gadget Lab"</a>. <i>Wired</i>. Wired.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Microsoft+Drops+%27Aero+Glass%27+User+Interface+in+Windows+8+%26%23124%3B+Gadget+Lab&rft.date=2012-05-21&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fgadgetlab%2F2012%2F05%2Fmicrosoft-drops-aero-glass-ui-in-windows-8%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimalism+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCracken2012" class="citation magazine cs1">McCracken, Harry (22 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techland.time.com/2012/05/22/windows-aero-why-im-glad-its-dead/">"Windows Aero: Why I'm Glad It's Dead"</a>. <i>Time</i>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Windows+Aero%3A+Why+I%27m+Glad+It%27s+Dead&rft.date=2012-05-22&rft.aulast=McCracken&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechland.time.com%2F2012%2F05%2F22%2Fwindows-aero-why-im-glad-its-dead%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimalism+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.msdn.com/b/b8/archive/2012/05/18/creating-the-windows-8-user-experience.aspx">In 2009, desktops were 44% of the worldwide market and laptops were 56%. Just 3 years later, over 61% of the PCs sold are laptops and the trend is accelerating—this is globally, measuring all Windows PCs sold. Among consumers in the United States buying a PC this year, more than 76% will purchase laptops—the absolute number of all US desktops sold will be fewer than the number of tablets in 2012!</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cultofmac.com/230648/why-jony-ive-is-killing-skeuomorphism-in-ios-7/">"Why Jony Ive Is Killing Skeuomorphism In iOS 7"</a>. 10 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Jony+Ive+Is+Killing+Skeuomorphism+In+iOS+7&rft.date=2013-06-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cultofmac.com%2F230648%2Fwhy-jony-ive-is-killing-skeuomorphism-in-ios-7%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimalism+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://osxbook.com/blog/2009/03/15/crafting-a-tiny-mach-o-executable/">"Crafting a Tiny Mach-O Executable"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crafting+a+Tiny+Mach-O+Executable&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fosxbook.com%2Fblog%2F2009%2F03%2F15%2Fcrafting-a-tiny-mach-o-executable%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimalism+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cocoawithlove.com/2010/09/minimalist-cocoa-programming.html">"Minimalist Cocoa programming"</a>. 20 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minimalist+Cocoa+programming&rft.date=2010-09-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcocoawithlove.com%2F2010%2F09%2Fminimalist-cocoa-programming.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimalism+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202101351/http://www.dynebolic.org/2011/09/environment-friendly/">"Friendly to the environment"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dynebolic.org/2011/09/environment-friendly/">the original</a> on 2 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2014</span>. <q>This operating system is designed to run on Pentium2 processors with 256MB RAM, not even an harddisk is needed. Unleash the full potential of computers even with a second hand PC.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Friendly+to+the+environment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dynebolic.org%2F2011%2F09%2Fenvironment-friendly%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimalism+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catb.org/esr/writings/taoup/html/">"The Art of Unix Programming"</a>. <q>A 1974 paper in Communications of the ACM gave Unix its first public exposure. In that paper, its authors described the unprecedentedly simple design of Unix, reported over 600 Unix installations. All were on machines underpowered even by the standards of that day, but (as Ritchie and Thompson wrote) "constraint has encouraged not only economy, but also a certain elegance of design."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Unix+Programming&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catb.org%2Fesr%2Fwritings%2Ftaoup%2Fhtml%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimalism+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buildyourownlisp.com/chapter1_introduction">"Build Your Own Lisp"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Build+Your+Own+Lisp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buildyourownlisp.com%2Fchapter1_introduction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimalism+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuart2013" class="citation book cs1">Stuart, Tom (15 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TN7UAZTKqccC&pg=PA162"><i>Understanding Computation</i></a>. "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781449330118" title="Special:BookSources/9781449330118"><bdi>9781449330118</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Computation&rft.pub=%22O%27Reilly+Media%2C+Inc.%22&rft.date=2013-05-15&rft.isbn=9781449330118&rft.aulast=Stuart&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTN7UAZTKqccC%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimalism+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://matt.might.net/articles/implementing-a-programming-language/">"7 lines of code, 3 minutes: Implement a programming language from scratch"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=7+lines+of+code%2C+3+minutes%3A+Implement+a+programming+language+from+scratch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmatt.might.net%2Farticles%2Fimplementing-a-programming-language%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimalism+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dreamsongs.com/Files/HOPL2-Uncut.pdf">"The Evolution of Lisp"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <q>The initial report on Scheme [Sussman, 1975b] describes a very spare language, with a minimum of primitive constructs, one per concept. (Why take two when one will do?)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Lisp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dreamsongs.com%2FFiles%2FHOPL2-Uncut.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimalism+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://community.schemewiki.org/?scheme-faq-general">"Scheme-faq-general"</a>. <q>Scheme is a dialect of Lisp that stresses conceptual elegance and simplicity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scheme-faq-general&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommunity.schemewiki.org%2F%3Fscheme-faq-general&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimalism+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiancuzziChromatic2009" class="citation book cs1">Biancuzzi, Federico; Chromatic (21 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yB1WwURwBUQC&pg=PA60"><i>Masterminds of Programming: Conversations with the Creators of Major Programming Languages</i></a>. "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780596555504" title="Special:BookSources/9780596555504"><bdi>9780596555504</bdi></a>. <q>Forth is a computer language with minimal syntax</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masterminds+of+Programming%3A+Conversations+with+the+Creators+of+Major+Programming+Languages&rft.pub=%22O%27Reilly+Media%2C+Inc.%22&rft.date=2009-03-21&rft.isbn=9780596555504&rft.aulast=Biancuzzi&rft.aufirst=Federico&rft.au=Chromatic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyB1WwURwBUQC%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimalism+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://golang.org/">"Go"</a>. <q>Go is an open source programming language that makes it easy to build simple, reliable, and efficient software.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Go&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgolang.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimalism+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drdobbs.com/open-source/interview-with-ken-thompson/229502480">"Interview with Ken Thompson"</a>. <i>Dr. Dobb's</i>. <q>...we started off with the idea that all three of us had to be talked into every feature in the language, so there was no extraneous garbage put into the language for any reason.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dr.+Dobb%27s&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Ken+Thompson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drdobbs.com%2Fopen-source%2Finterview-with-ken-thompson%2F229502480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimalism+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikWiki">"Wik Wiki A Wiki in 1287 characters of PHP"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wik+Wiki+A+Wiki+in+1287+characters+of+PHP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fc2.com%2Fcgi%2Fwiki%3FWikWiki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimalism+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Millar_Carroll1998" class="citation book cs1">John Millar Carroll (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LvXiZJEUJjAC&q=minimalism+atm+machines&pg=PA400"><i>Minimalism Beyond the Nurnberg Funnel</i></a>. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-03249-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-03249-X"><bdi>0-262-03249-X</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minimalism+Beyond+the+Nurnberg+Funnel&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-262-03249-X&rft.au=John+Millar+Carroll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLvXiZJEUJjAC%26q%3Dminimalism%2Batm%2Bmachines%26pg%3DPA400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimalism+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWrenReynolds2004" class="citation journal cs1">Wren, C.; Reynolds, C. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://affect.media.mit.edu/pdfs/04.wren-reynolds.pdf">"Minimalism in Ubiquitous Interface Design"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Personal and Ubiquitous Computing</i>. <b>8</b> (5). Springer: <span class="nowrap">370–</span>373. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00779-004-0299-2">10.1007/s00779-004-0299-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14851897">14851897</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Personal+and+Ubiquitous+Computing&rft.atitle=Minimalism+in+Ubiquitous+Interface+Design&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E370-%3C%2Fspan%3E373&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00779-004-0299-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14851897%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wren&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faffect.media.mit.edu%2Fpdfs%2F04.wren-reynolds.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimalism+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uzbl.org/readme.php">"Uzbl - web interface tools which adhere to the unix philosophy"</a>. <q>The general idea is that Uzbl by default is very bare bones.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uzbl+-+web+interface+tools+which+adhere+to+the+unix+philosophy.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uzbl.org%2Freadme.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimalism+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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