CINXE.COM

Just a moment...

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '913522b30caa406a',cH: 'gwFoih6EGtR2003nV7GZDh.G5DExMfs44ZWGVtCFZYg-1739788577-1.2.1.1-gwnACuNzHv9KX9zXdVSoojvuyY75WdoYbQ1RO0xuVy_NV8D.TxyJA5QQd_GW2njO',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=divalent%20cation%20salts&__cf_chl_tk=UDecIOnpc49MnZ09NxEpgdULRLkL132ULb99e3y4.wk-1739788577-1.0.1.1-RFpo21uBpFMo.fqHc1WfGDu4SGw6TWGNErkYV6JVmes",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1739788577',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=divalent%20cation%20salts&__cf_chl_f_tk=UDecIOnpc49MnZ09NxEpgdULRLkL132ULb99e3y4.wk-1739788577-1.0.1.1-RFpo21uBpFMo.fqHc1WfGDu4SGw6TWGNErkYV6JVmes",md: "gn7e9rFJcYIqH2E5PpxuJtYyl88z0Udb_IP1rb96hjk-1739788577-1.2.1.1-mACRFWSozvNJqloJJ9XxBSdnAfr.YIBEX8HwjWdN3FsLJ3AnBAYKgeTEuEGtoe4Tr9Zhrkj93yuXvuFFlBSdei3ufTnqO6QIn9EEA69ssXuzj0BSfRFt_aNnCg3tPU.aL9Kvh6psYY5R6A9hjXT0KaZesdNpi84xds4vGir_VdCewBzRwKdVOVKBH1UUxOaHNhw.tOJKytU4cVf_5KM3Ly.3QcaKnxdAZdNxoDhQQzvaZ8G6BE_3DFRgAjKoW4ZKgkjWd2BU.WJtzG4iDU7DBSSaPgKQm2Uwmd1nvs1aBpWV_hg7tYPVGaNqGow9wU.b5dNQK_dMpZ7nmyFe9YldFDj7E.1srqRyCXNqTuiYRkAELtAOb9WVC1vk5t.WJuD.1ILZCkRmRXILPZVOVcCXxThkDyFitotTx0lk4XiFAPKWEsSQDtKp8BE_7ZdwUQwIK7jwhWQHrwang9.0QQj3GxbxQOQPk6YZiIs39yO0NRvPUWQzWFhYte56_W1bCnGiXIdWEiGDAb1FnMOHmgt1p22XoGFkAxs3raiwV3YvfoFSbaU2N5flmuPih4SxzXIYcXVHu2XhjKhfhrC8ivWhsA2rZWHNWGx89k_8MBt4zBQfpAAw.7u08oFNuSyJslA0k9u6EjXUl3Ooq8fnjwwPaK96Yagjlx1HLpDbujNXIkPZk1UFseO8f.Q4XrFE2USfTCrJLuOo19mQXvey3wuV2FX6QV5HOOkEMwhGPQWPYIi3Bops9ZztpQCEqKqRVWiMZWk_Ssr7s4muTHhiFZhtz.mXZ.Uq5jWPxukkmbfzLAxu1dvoKOkWiNbwVggcSJprBE4O_S9CghUvP8CcdoKF5s_tv3LnuQDUigKXSHtQ4oa1J6PGNGrxKt9hZsHgK64mOudO5W7W8qrmHG8Nr0WdGhSuRJiXmNxoHJLdjt1kFamMem_9Bhuu4tIanbYUvmqPrZL.EajZvLvFwNh19NFXUovQoTzeWNpEto94u9zwicwE_m3SeH_gD69MMtARZ30PlUjZoNOGJiGPDVwovhhIoSkB3qyC3zMw6XrP0wNvxfnJk.60A.882JzZIJR4dnqFxHXV7TOjyNtjs41Kuf_c.CNLdLJ3nc.TK47xpYdLhE72nWssw2dZztcvz8fbGoAHoOaFNrEedzdlYu632.hXZRfa.uaA6FiNDq9h71Ts1epx9IrvJxrJdV.72o5Vn8hHQvZPNXxhIOQKJvlIK3x8D6xPDIGhWZ.xTljwLCA.lMml650PbSo8wZ1kZkbtnnEw7rMOuLbFA19EipiXmVnZ1UmUNQCpYGVehbjeb1LSbbpQ3.mrmAitGPjwyveigeDmDDeyiugOhORCQx7vtSMNXEKysBv7tzKz2bREpER5r4cm1I64MwP6CouAsPdfVfgRG.YRtxOIMzfZPhRx2OGtcspy2AgTXUyePhGZSsLKzb3bGNkxeKJ32_wDZ7mNE9M0wXrObjbXXCPQ0DVK2AJbivXRMYVMoh.3.rWGntrwrHXZZO.UitCYJkSDjAVBYi6sFx29GwEEMVo28ZuuQFsyG2rd5flMWp5lIw3gQQ4wrIcjG2U.7LkdB6KlVHgpNI81WLyjiKBTFmiPW2qpKEFtfUoTnwua7PFCxwz0IWxAN4Hi_ugwcq.UjxkqMKkCXSfJxDAMEynpOb3soGis6wynE1yIGevHYcy.7YBsT02NJSMhTPuRNkAt2_eAPEqpuXa6ccOGPIrAv8zCtJaim94R5D4SljbZnCd7sk3Udqaspt3Bw_r1znVNPnwH1jD9ZTNNJsD3eznVVDQF4srOm9b1PxRmAVMgXNqEIYPGKCQEJbrb1DibeHzccn8FZsyE5lf1acY3IAVy7cZyU.qQgYd6TvU6CUdmpZIqrTmAr1jguAlElqndYR_Muf9ghgdXto3_SKi_2Tk8NbmNXXXDlm947pGN3k3NAco1yi72oLHWOddjaFHqqc9MaLkRzqOayAM6",mdrd: "AzK3HyZyCI81amHaXO2CS10kyvU1a.I_RUjfVT6GlE4-1739788577-1.2.1.1-pOommKBrl.tInzQgz7pEE2WiCsILjPV3a6YLrcXBStKVw8uXM3T1WXH37U8gtBz79Ncd23haN0QYi8xFqCKz6HxBQVIxK4Lsd0b750QVQApkJbTfmm7cOEZE4fOCzAk_wZ8m27MIJOZrIlwnTmvqqKAvVOGyo9wZrxD5a0mAV14vG1shr0MEduCwA_OM7sRJyv1qT4MCN84gNSLtr3NQHi4i5WbZhBIs3eA4gTm85M9KZcstSgUSWKtj9xzvWk._cxZu.VtQzvh9xerDcjc3_KnMbt._mgnPtV5GGjN2VX_UdlwOFyueY0A7LqoNscNGkRLB2DooC39mj5DTrzJyjXECPR5kn9akRll2Od5GZG4Ehr2SA03FBCkbFg2kY9_r.3qR.JIpahEOV7o4OUtQduvnhUr1P0eea8nK.C8e6FT89D3WedbUAFmGeR_DYsWpG5wPKNrFaBCI0l08sqtchVMO5H5mNndIooogpVjHfXWsK7F__reaOQ3.HcLnVAVnzT9EmH4mtIJL26IXdnAOlneFxy7AY9DgTt2fGkuaFQvtYQrLDy5OydzMder09gMd0l2J4H1h4IzqTB0ehwkXOa17zXfd899t340puF.5jbaVxlpjYpYu4qaxKcAO45FLQ4TQatTr0tf_G7nggn3h47ELdr0LzJ7p1UukvX6uUD5Kx0grYCvGq4JyF_MS2ROmwVgKsUfV7kHAIvWJgM3ghDEw4yOIReq8baURwiuQVuBXdVAiBYl3KV9I__SsMBJ1gox3LB._cqwO.ObWyYxagMz2k7NzBfyUQd1V.ZcSUqawqdnBoNhh9t1YDCOsv8nGopI1Cz3meUNqZLUc48VknhGrPMa.SFLQz2CrmesMcTZu7CXx8r9_g5QPutH1lV9pEfNtOuNkgVKWEFFvRFqo7xIKROumPgE.yGFu7JpHebXKMm9onctTFPUYtaXXfeL2QnXYtTG8clFl7vDlaV6YXlNwFUhJk.bO1XlKwZ64LEHHw2r8EbouXjD7I6l4L889A5MKzrdw3BNes2lz4anL4KECceCRn9pRaxba9g9FApMOPUwhYMU_H9V3aeuEOURDgcCkNAd.xdeLBiQhrBrOqvEWk9G3c_TVvBiZfHMtXBiP1YFIkfiG0ofQiILfQiCCRMmmR7TdneXiAz7wXPyER26z2rOLvi_EO3wFtB03VQadSQbst4WDBkyjFDtTuuDLFAme.HLnSGeVsPirtVXlEKAgbHQd4BULWAwAyNGGqqUPLIXzsa3bxCvxZh.elf_EdIisy8M6GOlsBSzT8bGVq0hj38jVa8Drdj6UJ7GWlwUs6RwlSqGC0XLK5VnhoRh73.UuM9nJhFPSFPw8I3cE54LhQKCb9fwZYeu6vXf87Cu4EzcoI9fprOiQv5F45vZh5hdo0BIsB6XKbJt9WqYj7QEAzQy.53L_032ua9R_bGDn7GlLA5KVvwx3h3deVHyTELqhUy4sRGZzFDPUEKdkEEbhkAixrMOJd4IYnMux_S6cf45K8Ioz6aJluM.t_1z_Ns9r5gCpfl9rsyEpid3cdCssyH0P9xfveCq..zoBQuP6zpALNiB6ESq7DgthaIFmwIYm5WNIRZ4tsIpMsqnlpX8SSaLQ3vjhMKACult_oaPWNRhECOCZxxjYgb0qMaGaufH_sa1b2lXbil5Hc8iM_qwb1GuZKC9ku9nDcDTvhZx3hpax0v5v29TfLxGhhsTIwMD.AT29k.7YDANVP.862UEk4OsE2MtNjXI7JNzBdS8nMJmT9KzriOWnXeILdAgbW0_OhCZxwpdPQM.cMqcRLCHW3qy32wk9trK0cwzA5Gu4n5FKyf3_IwGYSmnkCYXwJh03QlysKd6YVOCFfPcEM2L8SntpnKZ6KGzXZfw3Sjr7lGmTCiLNZa2IkxrGCl7tL9ot25x5ES_vxe9WJo0B1e0uKJNBM_txWxj0cVAXgK8ZtIvvYJbqKiLDxwRbQN3."};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=913522b30caa406a';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=divalent%20cation%20salts&__cf_chl_rt_tk=UDecIOnpc49MnZ09NxEpgdULRLkL132ULb99e3y4.wk-1739788577-1.0.1.1-RFpo21uBpFMo.fqHc1WfGDu4SGw6TWGNErkYV6JVmes" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>