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<span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Electric organ subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Electric_organ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anatomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Anatomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anatomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Physiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discharge_patterns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discharge_patterns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Discharge patterns</span> 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id="toc-Sexual_behaviour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antipredator_behaviour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antipredator_behaviour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Antipredator behaviour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antipredator_behaviour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jamming_avoidance_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jamming_avoidance_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Jamming avoidance response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jamming_avoidance_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peix_el%C3%A8ctric" title="Peix elèctric – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Peix elèctric" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pez_el%C3%A9ctrico" title="Pez eléctrico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pez eléctrico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="ماهی الکتریکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماهی الکتریکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson_%C3%A9lectrique" title="Poisson électrique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Poisson électrique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikan_listrik" title="Ikan listrik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ikan listrik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesci_elettrofori" title="Pesci elettrofori – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pesci elettrofori" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%92_%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%9C" title="דג חשמל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דג חשמל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ಮೀನುಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ಮೀನುಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrisk%C4%81s_zivis" title="Elektriskās zivis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Elektriskās zivis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromos_hal" title="Elektromos hal – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elektromos hal" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BE%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%AB%E1%80%B8" title="လျှပ်စစ်ငါး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လျှပ်စစ်ငါး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%B0%97%E9%AD%9A" title="電気魚 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電気魚" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryby_elektryczne" title="Ryby elektryczne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ryby elektryczne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peixe-el%C3%A9trico" title="Peixe-elétrico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Peixe-elétrico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C8%99te_electric" title="Pește electric – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pește electric" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Электрические рыбы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электрические рыбы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshku_elektrik" title="Peshku elektrik – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Peshku elektrik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fish" title="Electric fish – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Electric fish" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dna_riba" title="Električna riba – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Električna riba" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="மின்மீன்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மின்மீன்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="ปลาไฟฟ้า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปลาไฟฟ้า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n" title="Cá điện – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cá điện" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fish that can generate electric fields</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electric-eel_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Electric-eel_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Electric-eel_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Electric-eel_%28cropped%29.jpg/660px-Electric-eel_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Electric-eel_%28cropped%29.jpg/880px-Electric-eel_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2116" data-file-height="1258" /></a><figcaption>Among the electric fishes are <a href="/wiki/Electric_eel" title="Electric eel">electric eels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gymnotiformes" title="Gymnotiformes">knifefish</a> capable of generating an <a href="/wiki/Electric_field" title="Electric field">electric field</a>, both at low voltage for <a href="/wiki/Electrolocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrolocation">electrolocation</a> and at high voltage to stun their <a href="/wiki/Prey" class="mw-redirect" title="Prey">prey</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>electric fish</b> is any <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> that can <a href="/wiki/Bioelectrogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioelectrogenesis">generate electric fields</a>, whether to sense things around them, for defence, or to stun prey. Most fish able to produce shocks are also electroreceptive, meaning that they can sense electric fields. The only exception is the <a href="/wiki/Uranoscopidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranoscopidae">stargazer</a> family (Uranoscopidae). Electric fish, although a small minority of all fishes, include both oceanic and freshwater species, and both cartilaginous and bony fishes. </p><p>Electric fish produce their electrical fields from an <a href="/wiki/Electric_organ_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric organ (biology)">electric organ</a>. This is made up of electrocytes, modified <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">nerve</a> cells, specialized for producing strong electric fields, used to locate prey, for <a href="/wiki/Anti-predator_adaptation" title="Anti-predator adaptation">defence against predators</a>, and for <a href="/wiki/Signalling_theory" title="Signalling theory">signalling</a>, such as in courtship. Electric organ discharges are two types, pulse and wave, and vary both by species and by function. </p><p>Electric fish have evolved many specialised behaviours. The predatory <a href="/wiki/Clarias_gariepinus" title="Clarias gariepinus">African sharptooth catfish</a> eavesdrops on its weakly electric <a href="/wiki/Mormyrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormyrid">mormyrid</a> prey to locate it when hunting, driving the prey fish to develop electric signals that are harder to detect. <a href="/wiki/Hypopomidae" title="Hypopomidae">Bluntnose knifefishes</a> produce an electric discharge pattern similar to the <a href="/wiki/Electrolocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrolocation">electrolocation</a> pattern of the dangerous electric eel, probably a form of <a href="/wiki/Batesian_mimicry" title="Batesian mimicry">Batesian mimicry</a> to dissuade predators. <a href="/wiki/Glass_knifefish" title="Glass knifefish">Glass knifefish</a> that are using similar frequencies move their frequencies up or down in a <a href="/wiki/Jamming_avoidance_response" title="Jamming avoidance response">jamming avoidance response</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gymnarchus" title="Gymnarchus">African knifefish</a> have <a href="/wiki/Convergently_evolved" class="mw-redirect" title="Convergently evolved">convergently evolved</a> a nearly identical mechanism. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution_and_phylogeny">Evolution and phylogeny</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_fish&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Evolution and phylogeny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Electroreception_and_electrogenesis" title="Electroreception and electrogenesis">Electroreception and electrogenesis</a></div> <p>All fish, indeed all <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>, use <a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">electrical signals</a> in their nerves and muscles.<sup id="cite_ref-Belanger_2005_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belanger_2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cartilaginous fishes and some other basal groups use passive electrolocation with sensors that detect electric fields;<sup id="cite_ref-Bullock_Bodznick_Northcutt_1983_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bullock_Bodznick_Northcutt_1983-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the platypus and echidna have separately evolved this ability. The knifefishes and elephantfishes actively electrolocate, generating weak electric fields to find prey. Finally, fish in several groups have the ability to deliver electric shocks powerful enough to stun their prey or repel <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predators</a>. Among these, only the stargazers, a group of marine bony fish, do not also use electrolocation.<sup id="cite_ref-Alves-Gomes_2001_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alves-Gomes_2001-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berry_Anderson_1961_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berry_Anderson_1961-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>, electroreception is an <a href="/wiki/Primitive_(phylogenetics)" title="Primitive (phylogenetics)">ancestral trait</a>, meaning that it was present in their last common ancestor.<sup id="cite_ref-Bullock_Bodznick_Northcutt_1983_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bullock_Bodznick_Northcutt_1983-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This form of ancestral electroreception is called ampullary electroreception, from the name of the receptive organs involved, <a href="/wiki/Ampullae_of_Lorenzini" title="Ampullae of Lorenzini">ampullae of Lorenzini</a>. These evolved from the mechanical sensors of the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_line" title="Lateral line">lateral line</a>, and exist in <a href="/wiki/Cartilaginous_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartilaginous fish">cartilaginous fishes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Batoidea">rays</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chimaera" title="Chimaera">chimaeras</a>), <a href="/wiki/Lungfish" title="Lungfish">lungfishes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bichir" title="Bichir">bichirs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coelacanth" title="Coelacanth">coelacanths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sturgeon" title="Sturgeon">sturgeons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paddlefish" title="Paddlefish">paddlefish</a>, aquatic <a href="/wiki/Salamander" title="Salamander">salamanders</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caecilian" title="Caecilian">caecilians</a>. Ampullae of Lorenzini were lost early in the <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> of bony fishes and <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapods</a>. Where electroreception does occur in these groups, it has secondarily been acquired in evolution, using organs other than and not <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homologous</a> with ampullae of Lorenzini.<sup id="cite_ref-Bullock_Bodznick_Northcutt_1983_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bullock_Bodznick_Northcutt_1983-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-King_Hu_Long_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King_Hu_Long-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most common <a href="/wiki/Teleost" title="Teleost">bony fish</a> are non-electric. There are some 350 species of electric fish.<sup id="cite_ref-Rubega_478–479_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rubega_478–479-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Electric_organ_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric organ (biology)">Electric organs</a> have evolved eight times, four of these being organs powerful enough to deliver an electric shock. Each such group is a <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirschbaum_2019_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirschbaum_2019-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bullock_Bodznick_Northcutt_1983_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bullock_Bodznick_Northcutt_1983-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most electric organs evolved from myogenic tissue (which forms muscle), however, one group of <a href="/wiki/Gymnotiformes" title="Gymnotiformes">Gymnotiformes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ghost_knifefish" title="Ghost knifefish">Apteronotidae</a>, derived their electric organ from neurogenic tissue (which forms nerves).<sup id="cite_ref-Bullock_Hopkins_2005_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bullock_Hopkins_2005-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Gymnarchus niloticus</i> (the African knifefish), the tail, trunk, hypobranchial, and eye muscles are incorporated into the organ, most likely to provide rigid fixation for the electrodes while swimming. In some other species, the tail fin is lost or reduced. This may reduce lateral bending while swimming, allowing the electric field to remain stable for electrolocation. There has been <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergent evolution</a> in these features among the mormyrids and gymnotids. Electric fish species that live in habitats with few obstructions, such as some bottom-living fish, display these features less prominently. This implies that convergence for electrolocation is indeed what has driven the evolution of the electric organs in the two groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Lissmann_1958_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lissmann_1958-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lavoué_Miya_2012_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lavoué_Miya_2012-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Actively electrolocating fish are marked on the <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogenetic tree</a> with a small yellow lightning flash <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Farm-Fresh_lightning.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Farm-Fresh_lightning.png/15px-Farm-Fresh_lightning.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Farm-Fresh_lightning.png/23px-Farm-Fresh_lightning.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Farm-Fresh_lightning.png/30px-Farm-Fresh_lightning.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a></span>. Fish able to deliver electric shocks are marked with a red lightning flash <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lightning_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Lightning_Symbol.svg/12px-Lightning_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Lightning_Symbol.svg/18px-Lightning_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Lightning_Symbol.svg/24px-Lightning_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="70" data-file-height="172" /></a></span>. Non-electric and purely <a href="/wiki/Passive_electrolocation_in_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Passive electrolocation in fish">passively electrolocating species</a> are not shown.<sup id="cite_ref-Bullock_Bodznick_Northcutt_1983_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bullock_Bodznick_Northcutt_1983-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lavoué_Miya_Arnegard_2012_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lavoué_Miya_Arnegard_2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lavoué_Miya_2012_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lavoué_Miya_2012-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">Vertebrates</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">Chondrichthyes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Torpediniformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Torpediniformes">Torpediniformes</a> (electric rays) (69 spp) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Farm-Fresh_lightning.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Farm-Fresh_lightning.png/15px-Farm-Fresh_lightning.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Farm-Fresh_lightning.png/23px-Farm-Fresh_lightning.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Farm-Fresh_lightning.png/30px-Farm-Fresh_lightning.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lightning_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Lightning_Symbol.svg/12px-Lightning_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Lightning_Symbol.svg/18px-Lightning_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Lightning_Symbol.svg/24px-Lightning_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="70" data-file-height="172" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish4345_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Fish4345_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library_%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Fish4345_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Fish4345_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Fish4345_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Fish4345_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library_%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Fish4345_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2364" data-file-height="1375" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Rajiformes" title="Rajiformes">Rajiformes</a> (skates) (~200 spp) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Farm-Fresh_lightning.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Farm-Fresh_lightning.png/15px-Farm-Fresh_lightning.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Farm-Fresh_lightning.png/23px-Farm-Fresh_lightning.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Farm-Fresh_lightning.png/30px-Farm-Fresh_lightning.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Raja_montagui2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Raja_montagui2.jpg/60px-Raja_montagui2.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Raja_montagui2.jpg/90px-Raja_montagui2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Raja_montagui2.jpg/120px-Raja_montagui2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="816" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">430 <a href="/wiki/Myr" class="mw-redirect" title="Myr">mya</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes">Bony fishes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Osteoglossiformes" title="Osteoglossiformes">Osteogloss.</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> <br /><a href="/wiki/Mormyridae" title="Mormyridae">Mormyridae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Mormyridae" title="Mormyridae">elephantfishes</a> (~200 spp) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Farm-Fresh_lightning.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Farm-Fresh_lightning.png/15px-Farm-Fresh_lightning.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Farm-Fresh_lightning.png/23px-Farm-Fresh_lightning.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Farm-Fresh_lightning.png/30px-Farm-Fresh_lightning.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gnathonemus_petersii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Gnathonemus_petersii.jpg/80px-Gnathonemus_petersii.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Gnathonemus_petersii.jpg/120px-Gnathonemus_petersii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Gnathonemus_petersii.jpg/160px-Gnathonemus_petersii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="492" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"><i><b><a href="/wiki/Knollenorgan" title="Knollenorgan">knollenorgans</a>  <br /> (pulses)</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> <br /><a href="/wiki/Gymnarchidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymnarchidae">Gymnarchidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Gymnarchus" title="Gymnarchus">African knifefish</a> (1 sp) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Farm-Fresh_lightning.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Farm-Fresh_lightning.png/15px-Farm-Fresh_lightning.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Farm-Fresh_lightning.png/23px-Farm-Fresh_lightning.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Farm-Fresh_lightning.png/30px-Farm-Fresh_lightning.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gymnarchus_niloticus005_(white_background).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Gymnarchus_niloticus005_%28white_background%29.JPG/100px-Gymnarchus_niloticus005_%28white_background%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Gymnarchus_niloticus005_%28white_background%29.JPG/150px-Gymnarchus_niloticus005_%28white_background%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Gymnarchus_niloticus005_%28white_background%29.JPG/200px-Gymnarchus_niloticus005_%28white_background%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1195" data-file-height="216" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><i><b><a href="/wiki/Knollenorgan" title="Knollenorgan">knollenorgans</a>  <br /> (waves)</b></i> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">110 mya </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> <br /><a href="/wiki/Gymnotiformes" title="Gymnotiformes">Gymnotiformes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">S. Amer. </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>(>100 spp) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Farm-Fresh_lightning.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Farm-Fresh_lightning.png/15px-Farm-Fresh_lightning.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Farm-Fresh_lightning.png/23px-Farm-Fresh_lightning.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Farm-Fresh_lightning.png/30px-Farm-Fresh_lightning.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Natterer_-_Itu%C3%AD-cavalo_(Apteronotus_albifrons).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Johann_Natterer_-_Itu%C3%AD-cavalo_%28Apteronotus_albifrons%29.jpg/70px-Johann_Natterer_-_Itu%C3%AD-cavalo_%28Apteronotus_albifrons%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Johann_Natterer_-_Itu%C3%AD-cavalo_%28Apteronotus_albifrons%29.jpg/105px-Johann_Natterer_-_Itu%C3%AD-cavalo_%28Apteronotus_albifrons%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Johann_Natterer_-_Itu%C3%AD-cavalo_%28Apteronotus_albifrons%29.jpg/140px-Johann_Natterer_-_Itu%C3%AD-cavalo_%28Apteronotus_albifrons%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2353" data-file-height="520" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">knifefishes </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Electric_eel" title="Electric eel">Electric eels</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>(3 spp) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Farm-Fresh_lightning.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Farm-Fresh_lightning.png/15px-Farm-Fresh_lightning.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Farm-Fresh_lightning.png/23px-Farm-Fresh_lightning.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Farm-Fresh_lightning.png/30px-Farm-Fresh_lightning.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lightning_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Lightning_Symbol.svg/12px-Lightning_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Lightning_Symbol.svg/18px-Lightning_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Lightning_Symbol.svg/24px-Lightning_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="70" data-file-height="172" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lateral_view_of_Electrophorus_electricus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Lateral_view_of_Electrophorus_electricus.png/100px-Lateral_view_of_Electrophorus_electricus.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Lateral_view_of_Electrophorus_electricus.png/150px-Lateral_view_of_Electrophorus_electricus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Lateral_view_of_Electrophorus_electricus.png/200px-Lateral_view_of_Electrophorus_electricus.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="116" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">119 mya<br /><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ampullary_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampullary receptor">amp. recept.</a></b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Siluriformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Siluriformes">Siluriformes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Electric_catfish" title="Electric catfish">Electric catfishes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>(11 spp) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Farm-Fresh_lightning.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Farm-Fresh_lightning.png/15px-Farm-Fresh_lightning.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Farm-Fresh_lightning.png/23px-Farm-Fresh_lightning.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Farm-Fresh_lightning.png/30px-Farm-Fresh_lightning.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lightning_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Lightning_Symbol.svg/12px-Lightning_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Lightning_Symbol.svg/18px-Lightning_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Lightning_Symbol.svg/24px-Lightning_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="70" data-file-height="172" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FMIB_51852_Electric_Catfish,_Torpedo_electricus_(Gmelin)_Congo_River.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/FMIB_51852_Electric_Catfish%2C_Torpedo_electricus_%28Gmelin%29_Congo_River.jpeg/70px-FMIB_51852_Electric_Catfish%2C_Torpedo_electricus_%28Gmelin%29_Congo_River.jpeg" decoding="async" width="70" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/FMIB_51852_Electric_Catfish%2C_Torpedo_electricus_%28Gmelin%29_Congo_River.jpeg/105px-FMIB_51852_Electric_Catfish%2C_Torpedo_electricus_%28Gmelin%29_Congo_River.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/FMIB_51852_Electric_Catfish%2C_Torpedo_electricus_%28Gmelin%29_Congo_River.jpeg/140px-FMIB_51852_Electric_Catfish%2C_Torpedo_electricus_%28Gmelin%29_Congo_River.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="923" data-file-height="237" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> <br /><a href="/wiki/Uranoscopidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranoscopidae">Uranoscopidae</a>   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Stargazer_(fish)" title="Stargazer (fish)">Stargazers</a> (50 spp) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lightning_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Lightning_Symbol.svg/12px-Lightning_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Lightning_Symbol.svg/18px-Lightning_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Lightning_Symbol.svg/24px-Lightning_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="70" data-file-height="172" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uranoscopus_sulphureus_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Uranoscopus_sulphureus_%28white_background%29.jpg/60px-Uranoscopus_sulphureus_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Uranoscopus_sulphureus_%28white_background%29.jpg/90px-Uranoscopus_sulphureus_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Uranoscopus_sulphureus_%28white_background%29.jpg/120px-Uranoscopus_sulphureus_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="482" data-file-height="168" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><i><b>no electro‑<br />location </b></i> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">425 <a href="/wiki/Myr" class="mw-redirect" title="Myr">mya</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ampullae_of_Lorenzini" title="Ampullae of Lorenzini">Amp. of Lorenzini</a> </b></i> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weakly_electric_fish">Weakly electric fish</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_fish&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Weakly electric fish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electroreception_system_in_Elephantfish.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Electroreception_system_in_Elephantfish.svg/330px-Electroreception_system_in_Elephantfish.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Electroreception_system_in_Elephantfish.svg/495px-Electroreception_system_in_Elephantfish.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Electroreception_system_in_Elephantfish.svg/660px-Electroreception_system_in_Elephantfish.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="918" data-file-height="310" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Elephantnose_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Elephantnose fish">elephantnose fish</a> is a weakly electric fish which generates an electric field with its electric organ, detects small variations in the field with its <a href="/wiki/Electroreceptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroreceptor">electroreceptors</a>, and processes the detected signals in the brain to locate nearby objects.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Weakly electric fish generate a discharge that is typically less than one volt. These are too weak to stun prey and instead are used for <a href="/wiki/Animal_navigation" title="Animal navigation">navigation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrolocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrolocation">electrolocation</a> in conjunction with electroreceptors in their skin, and <a href="/wiki/Electrocommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrocommunication">electrocommunication</a> with other electric fish. The major groups of weakly electric fish are the <a href="/wiki/Osteoglossiformes" title="Osteoglossiformes">Osteoglossiformes</a>, which include the <a href="/wiki/Mormyridae" title="Mormyridae">Mormyridae</a> (elephantfishes) and the African knifefish <i><a href="/wiki/Gymnarchus" title="Gymnarchus">Gymnarchus</a></i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Gymnotiformes" title="Gymnotiformes">Gymnotiformes</a> (South American knifefishes). These two groups have <a href="/wiki/Evolved_convergently" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolved convergently">evolved convergently</a>, with similar behaviour and abilities but different types of electroreceptors and differently sited electric organs.<sup id="cite_ref-Bullock_Bodznick_Northcutt_1983_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bullock_Bodznick_Northcutt_1983-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lavoué_Miya_Arnegard_2012_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lavoué_Miya_Arnegard_2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strongly_electric_fish">Strongly electric fish</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_fish&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Strongly electric fish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Impedance_matching_in_electric_fishes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Impedance_matching_in_electric_fishes.svg/570px-Impedance_matching_in_electric_fishes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="570" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Impedance_matching_in_electric_fishes.svg/855px-Impedance_matching_in_electric_fishes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Impedance_matching_in_electric_fishes.svg/1140px-Impedance_matching_in_electric_fishes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Impedance_matching" title="Impedance matching">Impedance matching</a> in strongly electric fishes. Since seawater conducts far better than freshwater, marine fish operate at much higher currents but lower voltages.<sup id="cite_ref-Kramer_2008_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kramer_2008-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_bioelectricity" title="History of bioelectricity">History of bioelectricity</a></div> <p>Strongly electric fish, namely the <a href="/wiki/Electric_eel" title="Electric eel">electric eels</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Electric_catfish" title="Electric catfish">electric catfishes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Electric_ray" title="Electric ray">electric rays</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Stargazer_(fish)" title="Stargazer (fish)">stargazers</a>, have an electric organ discharge powerful enough <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">to stun prey</a> or be used <a href="/wiki/Anti-predator_adaptation" title="Anti-predator adaptation">for defence</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Macesic_Kajiura_2009_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macesic_Kajiura_2009-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Animal_navigation" title="Animal navigation">navigation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Traeger_Sabat_2017_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Traeger_Sabat_2017-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lissmann_1958_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lissmann_1958-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The electric eel, even when very small in size, can deliver substantial electric power, and enough current to exceed many species' <a href="/wiki/Nociceptor" title="Nociceptor">pain threshold</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Catania_2017_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catania_2017-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Electric eels sometimes leap out of the water to electrify possible predators directly, as has been tested with a human arm.<sup id="cite_ref-Catania_2017_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catania_2017-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Amplitude" title="Amplitude">amplitude</a> of the electrical output from these fish can range from 10 to 860 <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volts</a> with a current of up to 1 <a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">ampere</a>, according to the surroundings, for example different conductances of salt and freshwater. To maximize the power delivered to the surroundings, the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_impedance" title="Electrical impedance">impedances</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Electric_organ_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric organ (biology)">electric organ</a> and the water must be <a href="/wiki/Impedance_matching" title="Impedance matching">matched</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Kramer_2008_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kramer_2008-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Strongly electric marine fish give low voltage, high current electric discharges. In salt water, a small voltage can drive a large current limited by the internal resistance of the electric organ. Hence, the electric organ consists of many electrocytes in parallel.</li> <li>Freshwater fish have high voltage, low current discharges. In freshwater, the power is limited by the voltage needed to drive the current through the large resistance of the medium. Hence, these fish have numerous cells in series.<sup id="cite_ref-Kramer_2008_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kramer_2008-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electric_organ">Electric organ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_fish&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Electric organ"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electric_organ_(fish)" title="Electric organ (fish)">Electric organ (fish)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anatomy">Anatomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_fish&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Anatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electric_eel%27s_electric_organs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Electric_eel%27s_electric_organs.svg/550px-Electric_eel%27s_electric_organs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="550" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Electric_eel%27s_electric_organs.svg/825px-Electric_eel%27s_electric_organs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Electric_eel%27s_electric_organs.svg/1100px-Electric_eel%27s_electric_organs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="213" /></a><figcaption>Anatomy of a strongly electric freshwater fish: the electric eel's three <a href="/wiki/Electric_organ_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric organ (biology)">electric organs</a>. The main organ is long, with a stack of many electrocytes in series to provide a high voltage, matching the high impedance of freshwater.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Electric_organ_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric organ (biology)">Electric organs</a> vary widely among electric fish groups. They evolved from excitable, electrically active tissues that make use of action potentials for their function: most derive from muscle tissue, but in some groups the organ derives from nerve tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organ may lie along the body's axis, as in the electric eel and <i>Gymnarchus</i>; it may be in the tail, as in the elephantfishes; or it may be in the head, as in the electric rays and the stargazers.<sup id="cite_ref-Alves-Gomes_2001_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alves-Gomes_2001-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bullock_Hopkins_2005_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bullock_Hopkins_2005-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Crampton_2019_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crampton_2019-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physiology">Physiology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_fish&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Physiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elektroplax_Rochen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Elektroplax_Rochen.png/220px-Elektroplax_Rochen.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Elektroplax_Rochen.png/330px-Elektroplax_Rochen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Elektroplax_Rochen.png/440px-Elektroplax_Rochen.png 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Electric_ray" title="Electric ray">electric ray</a> (Torpediniformes) showing paired electric organs in the head, and electrocytes stacked vertically within it</figcaption></figure> <p>Electric organs are made up of electrocytes, large, flat cells that create and store electrical energy, awaiting discharge. The anterior ends of these cells react to stimuli from the nervous system and contain <a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel" title="Sodium channel">sodium channels</a>. The posterior ends contain <a href="/wiki/Sodium%E2%80%93potassium_pump" title="Sodium–potassium pump">sodium–potassium pumps</a>. Electrocytes become polar when triggered by a signal from the nervous system. Neurons release the neurotransmitter <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">acetylcholine</a>; this triggers <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine_receptor" title="Acetylcholine receptor">acetylcholine receptors</a> to open and <a href="/wiki/Sodium_ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium ion">sodium ions</a> to flow into the electrocytes.<sup id="cite_ref-Traeger_Sabat_2017_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Traeger_Sabat_2017-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The influx of positively charged sodium ions causes the <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membrane</a> to depolarize slightly. This in turn causes the gated sodium channels at the anterior end of the cell to open, and a flood of sodium ions enters the cell. Consequently, the anterior end of the electrocyte becomes highly positive, while the posterior end, which continues to pump out sodium ions, remains negative. This sets up a potential difference (a <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a>) between the ends of the cell. After the voltage is released, the cell membranes go back to their <a href="/wiki/Resting_potential" title="Resting potential">resting potentials</a> until they are triggered again.<sup id="cite_ref-Traeger_Sabat_2017_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Traeger_Sabat_2017-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discharge_patterns">Discharge patterns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_fish&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Discharge patterns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Electric_organ_discharge" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric organ discharge">Electric organ discharges</a> (EODs) need to vary with time for <a href="/wiki/Electroreception#Electrolocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroreception">electrolocation</a>, whether with pulses, as in the Mormyridae, or with waves, as in the Torpediniformes and <i><a href="/wiki/Gymnarchus" title="Gymnarchus">Gymnarchus</a></i>, the African knifefish.<sup id="cite_ref-Crampton_2019_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crampton_2019-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nagel_Kirschbaum_2018_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagel_Kirschbaum_2018-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kawasaki_2011_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kawasaki_2011-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many electric fishes also use EODs for communication, while strongly electric species use them for hunting or defence.<sup id="cite_ref-Nagel_Kirschbaum_2018_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagel_Kirschbaum_2018-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their electric signals are often simple and stereotyped, the same on every occasion.<sup id="cite_ref-Crampton_2019_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crampton_2019-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electrocommunication">Electrocommunication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_fish&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Electrocommunication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Weakly electric fish can communicate by modulating the electrical <a href="/wiki/Waveform" title="Waveform">waveform</a> they generate. They may use this to attract mates and in territorial displays.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_behaviour">Sexual behaviour</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_fish&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sexual behaviour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexually dimorphic</a> signalling, as in the <a href="/wiki/Brown_ghost_knifefish" title="Brown ghost knifefish">brown ghost knifefish</a> (<i>Apteronotus leptorhynchus</i>), the electric organ produces distinct signals to be received by individuals of the same or other species.<sup id="cite_ref-Fukutomi_Carlson_2020_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fukutomi_Carlson_2020-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The electric organ fires to produce a discharge with a certain <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a>, along with short modulations termed "chirps" and "gradual frequency rises", both varying widely between species and differing between the sexes.<sup id="cite_ref-Traeger_Sabat_20170_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Traeger_Sabat_20170-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nagel_Kirschbaum_2018_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagel_Kirschbaum_2018-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in the <a href="/wiki/Glass_knifefish" title="Glass knifefish">glass knifefish</a> genus <i><a href="/wiki/Eigenmannia" title="Eigenmannia">Eigenmannia</a></i>, females produce a nearly pure <a href="/wiki/Sine_wave" title="Sine wave">sine wave</a> with few harmonics, males produce a far sharper non-sinusoidal waveform with strong <a href="/wiki/Harmonic" title="Harmonic">harmonics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kramer_1999_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kramer_1999-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Male <a href="/wiki/Brachyhypopomus" title="Brachyhypopomus">bluntnose knifefishes</a> (<i>Brachyhypopomus</i>) produce a continuous electric "hum" to attract females; this consumes 11–22% of their total energy budget, whereas female electrocommunication consumes only 3%. Large males produced signals of larger amplitude, and these are preferred by the females. The cost to males is reduced by a <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">circadian rhythm</a>, with more activity coinciding with <a href="/wiki/Nocturnality" title="Nocturnality">night-time</a> courtship and spawning, and less at other times.<sup id="cite_ref-Salazar_Stoddard_2008_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salazar_Stoddard_2008-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antipredator_behaviour">Antipredator behaviour</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_fish&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Antipredator behaviour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Antipredator_adaptation" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipredator adaptation">Antipredator adaptation</a></div> <p>Electric catfish (<a href="/wiki/Malapteruridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Malapteruridae">Malapteruridae</a>) frequently use their electric discharges to ward off other species from their shelter sites, whereas with their own species they have ritualized fights with open-mouth displays and sometimes bites, but rarely use electric organ discharges.<sup id="cite_ref-Rankin_Moller_2010_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rankin_Moller_2010-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The electric discharge pattern of bluntnose knifefishes is similar to the low voltage electrolocative discharge of the <a href="/wiki/Electric_eel" title="Electric eel">electric eel</a>. This is thought to be a form of bluffing <a href="/wiki/Batesian_mimicry" title="Batesian mimicry">Batesian mimicry</a> of the powerfully protected electric eel.<sup id="cite_ref-Stoddard_1999_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stoddard_1999-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fish that prey on electrolocating fish may "eavesdrop"<sup id="cite_ref-Falk_2015_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Falk_2015-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the discharges of their prey to detect them. The electroreceptive African sharptooth catfish (<i><a href="/wiki/Clarias_gariepinus" title="Clarias gariepinus">Clarias gariepinus</a></i>) may hunt the weakly electric mormyrid, <i><a href="/wiki/Marcusenius" title="Marcusenius">Marcusenius</a> macrolepidotus</i> in this way.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has driven the prey, in an <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_arms_race" title="Evolutionary arms race">evolutionary arms race</a>, to develop more complex or higher frequency signals that are harder to detect.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jamming_avoidance_response">Jamming avoidance response</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_fish&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Jamming avoidance response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jamming_avoidance_response_in_glass_knifefish.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Jamming_avoidance_response_in_glass_knifefish.svg/420px-Jamming_avoidance_response_in_glass_knifefish.svg.png" decoding="async" width="420" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Jamming_avoidance_response_in_glass_knifefish.svg/630px-Jamming_avoidance_response_in_glass_knifefish.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Jamming_avoidance_response_in_glass_knifefish.svg/840px-Jamming_avoidance_response_in_glass_knifefish.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>When a <a href="/wiki/Glass_knifefish" title="Glass knifefish">glass knifefish</a> encounters a neighbour with a closely similar frequency, one fish shifts its frequency upward and the other downward in the <a href="/wiki/Jamming_avoidance_response" title="Jamming avoidance response">jamming avoidance response</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jamming_avoidance_response" title="Jamming avoidance response">Jamming avoidance response</a></div> <p>It had been theorized as early as the 1950s that electric fish near each other might experience some type of interference. In 1963, Akira Watanabe and Kimihisa Takeda discovered the <a href="/wiki/Jamming_avoidance_response" title="Jamming avoidance response">jamming avoidance response</a> in <i>Eigenmannia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bullock_Hanstra_Scheich_1972_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bullock_Hanstra_Scheich_1972-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When two fish are approaching one another, their electric fields interfere.<sup id="cite_ref-Traeger_Sabat_20171_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Traeger_Sabat_20171-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This sets up a <a href="/wiki/Beat_(acoustics)" title="Beat (acoustics)">beat</a> with a frequency equal to the difference between the discharge frequencies of the two fish.<sup id="cite_ref-Traeger_Sabat_20171_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Traeger_Sabat_20171-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The jamming avoidance response comes into play when fish are exposed to a slow beat. If the neighbour's frequency is higher, the fish lowers its frequency, and vice versa.<sup id="cite_ref-Bullock_Hanstra_Scheich_1972_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bullock_Hanstra_Scheich_1972-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kramer_1999_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kramer_1999-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar jamming avoidance response was discovered in the distantly related <i><a href="/wiki/Gymnarchus_niloticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymnarchus niloticus">Gymnarchus niloticus</a></i>, the African knifefish, by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Heiligenberg" title="Walter Heiligenberg">Walter Heiligenberg</a> in 1975, in a further example of convergent evolution between the electric fishes of Africa and South America.<sup id="cite_ref-Heiligenberg_1975_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heiligenberg_1975-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the neural computational mechanisms and the behavioural responses are nearly identical in the two groups.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_fish&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feature_detection_(nervous_system)" title="Feature detection (nervous system)">Feature detection (nervous system)</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_fish&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Belanger_2005-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Belanger_2005_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration 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.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBelanger2005" class="citation journal cs1">Belanger, J. 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electric_fish" title="Template:Electric fish"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electric_fish" title="Template talk:Electric fish"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electric_fish" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electric fish"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electric_fish" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Electric fish</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physiology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electroreception_and_electrogenesis" title="Electroreception and electrogenesis">Electroreception and electrogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamming_avoidance_response" title="Jamming avoidance response">Jamming avoidance response</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anatomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_organ_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric organ (biology)">Electric organ</a></li> <li>Electroreceptors <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ampullae_of_Lorenzini" title="Ampullae of Lorenzini">Ampullae of Lorenzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knollenorgan" title="Knollenorgan">Knollenorgan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gymnarchidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymnarchidae">Gymnarchidae</a> (African knifefish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnotiformes" title="Gymnotiformes">Gymnotiformes</a> (S. American knifefishes) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_eel" title="Electric eel"><i>Electrophorus</i></a> (electric eels)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormyridae" title="Mormyridae">Mormyridae</a> (elephantfishes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiformes" title="Rajiformes">Rajiformes</a> (skates)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_catfish" title="Electric catfish">Malapteruridae</a> (electric catfishes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpediniformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Torpediniformes">Torpediniformes</a> (electric rays)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargazer_(fish)" title="Stargazer (fish)">Uranoscopidae</a> (stargazers)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_bioelectricity" title="History of bioelectricity">History of bioelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_line" title="Lateral line">Lateral line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetoreception" title="Magnetoreception">Magnetoreception</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fish" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diversity_of_fish" title="Template:Diversity of fish"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diversity_of_fish" title="Template talk:Diversity of fish"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diversity_of_fish" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diversity of fish"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fish" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">Fish</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">About <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_of_fish" title="Diversity of fish">Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoichthyology" title="Ethnoichthyology">Ethnoichthyology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_fish" title="Evolution of fish">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Diseases and parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">Fishing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fishing" title="Environmental impact of fishing">Environmental impact of fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food">- as food</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_fish" title="Fear of fish">Fear of -</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_kill" title="Fish kill">Fish kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_in_fish" title="Hypoxia in fish">Hypoxia in -</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyology" title="Ichthyology">Ichthyology</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antennarius_striatus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Striated frogfish"><img alt="Striated frogfish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Antennarius_striatus.jpg/140px-Antennarius_striatus.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Antennarius_striatus.jpg/210px-Antennarius_striatus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Antennarius_striatus.jpg/280px-Antennarius_striatus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="209" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_anatomy" title="Fish anatomy">Anatomy</a><br /> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Fish_physiology" title="Fish physiology">physiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_determination_in_fish" title="Age determination in fish">Age determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguilliformity" title="Anguilliformity">Anguilliformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_bone" title="Fish bone">Bone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dermal_bone" title="Dermal bone">dermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intramembranous_ossification" title="Intramembranous ossification">intramembranous ossification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleithrum" title="Cleithrum">Cleithrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatophore" title="Chromatophore">Chromatophore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_fin" title="Fish fin">Fins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_fin" title="Dorsal fin">dorsal fin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_gill" title="Fish gill">Gill</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Branchial_arch" title="Branchial arch">branchial arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill_raker" title="Gill raker">gill raker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill_slit" title="Gill slit">gill slit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_arch" title="Pharyngeal arch">pharyngeal arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_slit" title="Pharyngeal slit">pharyngeal slit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudobranch" title="Pseudobranch">pseudobranch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossohyal" title="Glossohyal">Glossohyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_jaw" title="Fish jaw">Jaw</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyomandibula" title="Hyomandibula">hyomandibula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_jaw" title="Pharyngeal jaw">pharyngeal jaw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leydig%27s_organ" title="Leydig's organ">Leydig's organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauthner_cell" title="Mauthner cell">Mauthner cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meristics" title="Meristics">Meristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operculum_(fish)" title="Operculum (fish)">Operculum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operculum_papillare" title="Operculum papillare">papillare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papilla_(fish_anatomy)" title="Papilla (fish anatomy)">Papilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophore" title="Photophore">Photophore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_effect" title="Root effect">Root effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_cartilage" title="Shark cartilage">Shark cartilage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_scale" title="Fish scale">Scales</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganoine" title="Ganoine">ganoine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_valve" title="Spiral valve">Spiral valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suckermouth" title="Suckermouth">Suckermouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swim_bladder" title="Swim bladder">Swim bladder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physoclisti" title="Physoclisti">physoclisti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physostome" title="Physostome">physostome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeth">Teeth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_teeth" title="Pharyngeal teeth">pharyngeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_tooth" title="Shark tooth">shark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleost_leptins" title="Teleost leptins">Teleost leptins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Fish_Library" title="Digital Fish Library">Digital Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sensory_systems_in_fish" title="Sensory systems in fish">Sensory<br />systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ampullae_of_Lorenzini" title="Ampullae of Lorenzini">Ampullae of Lorenzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbel_(anatomy)" title="Barbel (anatomy)">Barbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrodynamic_reception" title="Hydrodynamic reception">Hydrodynamic reception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroreception_and_electrogenesis" title="Electroreception and electrogenesis">Electroreception and electrogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamming_avoidance_response" title="Jamming avoidance response">Jamming avoidance response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_line" title="Lateral line">Lateral line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otolith" title="Otolith">Otolith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_fish" title="Pain in fish">Capacity for pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schreckstoff" title="Schreckstoff">Schreckstoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_wave_detection_by_animals" title="Surface wave detection by animals">Surface wave detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_in_fishes" class="mw-redirect" title="Vision in fishes">Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weberian_apparatus" title="Weberian apparatus">Weberian apparatus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_reproduction" title="Fish reproduction">Reproduction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_nest" title="Bubble nest">Bubble nest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clasper" title="Clasper">Clasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_case_(Chondrichthyes)" title="Egg case (Chondrichthyes)">Egg case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_development" title="Fish development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyoplankton" title="Ichthyoplankton">Ichthyoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenile_fish" title="Juvenile fish">Juvenile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_history_theory" title="Life history theory">Life history theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milt" title="Milt">Milt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouthbrooder" title="Mouthbrooder">Mouthbrooder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_fish" title="Polyandry in fish">Polyandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_in_fish" title="Pregnancy in fish">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roe" title="Roe">Roe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequential_hermaphroditism" title="Sequential hermaphroditism">Sequential hermaphroditism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spawn_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spawn (biology)">Spawning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spawning_trigger" title="Spawning trigger">triggers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_locomotion" title="Fish locomotion">Locomotion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fin_and_flipper_locomotion" title="Fin and flipper locomotion">Fin and flipper locomotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_fish" title="Amphibious fish">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_fish" title="Walking fish">Walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_fish" title="Flying fish">Flying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undulatory_locomotion" title="Undulatory locomotion">Undulatory locomotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradeoffs_for_locomotion_in_air_and_water" title="Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water">Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RoboTuna" title="RoboTuna">RoboTuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />behaviour</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_predation" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic predation">Aquatic predation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_respiration" title="Aquatic respiration">Aquatic respiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bait_ball" title="Bait ball">Bait ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_feeder" title="Bottom feeder">Bottom feeders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaner_fish" title="Cleaner fish">Cleaner fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corallivore" title="Corallivore">Corallivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diel_vertical_migration" title="Diel vertical migration">Diel vertical migration</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Electric fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_feeder" title="Filter feeder">Filter feeders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_migration" title="Fish migration">Migratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paedophagy" title="Paedophagy">Paedophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_fish" title="Predatory fish">Predatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_run" title="Salmon run">Salmon run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardine_run" title="Sardine run">Sardine run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepidophagy" title="Lepidophagy">Scale eaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">Schooling fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_in_fish" title="Sleep in fish">Sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venomous_fish" title="Venomous fish">Venomous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_intelligence" title="Fish intelligence">Intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">habitat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavefish" title="Cavefish">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_fish" title="Coastal fish">Coastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coldwater_fish" title="Coldwater fish">Coldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef_fish" title="Coral reef fish">Coral reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-sea_fish" title="Deep-sea fish">Deep-sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euryhaline" title="Euryhaline">Euryhaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">Freshwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Groundfish">Groundfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">Pelagic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_fish" title="Tropical fish">Tropical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bait_fish" title="Bait fish">Bait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coarse_fishing" title="Coarse fishing">Coarse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_of_fish" title="Diversity of fish">Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_fish" title="Game fish">Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_fish" title="Genetically modified fish">Genetically modified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallucinogenic_fish" title="Hallucinogenic fish">Hallucinogenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oily_fish" title="Oily fish">Oily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poisonous_fish" title="Poisonous fish">Poisonous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rough_fish" title="Rough fish">Rough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitefish_(fisheries_term)" title="Whitefish (fisheries term)">Whitefish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercially_important_fish_species" title="List of commercially important fish species">Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp#Aquaculture" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_catfish" title="Aquaculture of catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_aquaculture" title="Octopus aquaculture">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_salmonids" title="Aquaculture of salmonids">Salmonids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_tilapia" title="Aquaculture of tilapia">Tilapia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild fisheries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_fish" title="Predatory fish">Predatory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billfish" title="Billfish">billfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel" title="Mackerel">mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovy" title="Anchovy">anchovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardine" title="Sardine">sardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprat" title="Sprat">sprats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatfish" title="Flatfish">flatfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollock" title="Pollock">pollock</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnatha" title="Agnatha">Jawless</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hagfish" title="Hagfish">hagfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperoartia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperoartia">lampreys</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">Cartilaginous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocephali" title="Holocephali">chimaeras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Batoidea">rays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes">Bony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">spiny-finned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">fleshy-finned</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_aquarium_life" title="Lists of aquarium life">Aquarium life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_fish" title="Blind fish">Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fish_common_names" title="List of fish common names">Fish common names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fish_families" title="List of fish families">Fish families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ichthyology" title="Glossary of ichthyology">Glossary of ichthyology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_fish" title="List of largest fish">Largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smallest_fish" title="List of smallest fish">Smallest</a></li> <li>Threatened <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_threatened_rays" title="List of threatened rays">rays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_threatened_sharks" title="List of threatened sharks">sharks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_prehistoric_fish" title="Lists of prehistoric fish">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_fishes" title="Category:Lists of fishes">more lists...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Fish" title="Category:Fish">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fishes" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fishes">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neuroethology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neuroethology" title="Template:Neuroethology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neuroethology" title="Template talk:Neuroethology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neuroethology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neuroethology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neuroethology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neuroethology" title="Neuroethology">Neuroethology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feed_forward_(control)" title="Feed forward (control)">Feedforward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coincidence_detection_in_neurobiology" title="Coincidence detection in neurobiology">Coincidence detector</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Umwelt" title="Umwelt">Umwelt</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instinct" title="Instinct">Instinct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_detection_(nervous_system)" title="Feature detection (nervous system)">Feature detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_pattern_generator" title="Central pattern generator">Central pattern generator (CPG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NMDA_receptor" title="NMDA receptor">NMDA receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_inhibition" title="Lateral inhibition">Lateral inhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_action_pattern" title="Fixed action pattern">Fixed action pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krogh%27s_Principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Krogh's Principle">Krogh's Principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebbian_theory" title="Hebbian theory">Hebbian theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hebbian_learning" title="Anti-Hebbian learning">Anti-Hebbian learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_localization" title="Sound localization">Sound localization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrasound_avoidance" title="Ultrasound avoidance">Ultrasound avoidance</a> in insects</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Holmes_Bullock" title="Theodore Holmes Bullock">Theodore Holmes Bullock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Heiligenberg" title="Walter Heiligenberg">Walter Heiligenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Niko Tinbergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Griffin" title="Donald Griffin">Donald Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Kennedy" title="Donald Kennedy">Donald Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Karl von Frisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Holst" title="Erich von Holst">Erich von Holst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg-Peter_Ewert" title="Jörg-Peter Ewert">Jörg-Peter Ewert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Huber" title="Franz Huber">Franz Huber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Hassenstein" title="Bernhard Hassenstein">Bernhard Hassenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_E._Reichardt" title="Werner E. Reichardt">Werner E. Reichardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Knudsen" title="Eric Knudsen">Eric Knudsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Eric Kandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobuo_Suga" title="Nobuo Suga">Nobuo Suga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masakazu_Konishi" title="Masakazu Konishi">Masakazu Konishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Nottebohm" title="Fernando Nottebohm">Fernando Nottebohm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patch_clamp" title="Patch clamp">Patch clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_preparation" title="Slice preparation">Slice preparation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_echolocation" title="Animal echolocation">Animal echolocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waggle_dance" title="Waggle dance">Waggle dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamming_avoidance_response" title="Jamming avoidance response">Jamming avoidance response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_in_toads" title="Vision in toads">Vision in toads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_hearing_and_communication" title="Frog hearing and communication">Frog hearing and communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_sensing_in_snakes" title="Infrared sensing in snakes">Infrared sensing in snakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caridoid_escape_reaction" title="Caridoid escape reaction">Caridoid escape reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_learning" title="Vocal learning">Vocal learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_wave_detection" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface wave detection">Surface wave detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroreception" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroreception">Electroreception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanoreception" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanoreception">Mechanoreception</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_line" title="Lateral line">Lateral line</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Neuroethology" title="Category:Neuroethology">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Neuroethology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Neuroethology">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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