Civilian Harm Mitigation

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We have led or contributed to every US assessment of civilian harm mitigation"> <meta property="twitter:image" content="https://www.cna.org/images/expertise/Civilian%20Harm/civilian-harm-ukraine.webp"> <title>Civilian Harm Mitigation | CNA</title> <base href="https://www.cna.org:443/" />  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/stylesheets/cna-bulma.css?v=433"> <link rel="icon" href="/favicon.ico">   <script defer src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-HSCTXEFLKV"></script> <script defer src="https://www.cna.org/javascript/bundled.min.js"></script>  <meta name="google-site-verification" content="HVTzEcHdDTdRL-PaKSKJro-fx6mXsH8KqyHcFhU0SLQ" /> </head> <body class="basicpage "> <header> <div id="skip-to-content"> <a href="https://www.cna.org/expertise/civilian-harm#main-content">skip to main content</a> </div>   <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="display: none;"> <symbol id="article" viewBox="0 0 50 50"><title>Article</title><path 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href="/contact/cna-contract-vehicles" class="navbar-item" title="CNA Contract Vehicles"> CNA Contract Vehicles </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav>  </header> <main id="main-content" class="viewport"> <section class="container"> <h1 class="page-title"> Civilian Harm Mitigation </h1> </section> <section class="content-rows">   <div class="fixed-image fixed" style="background-image:url('/images/expertise/Civilian%20Harm/civilian-harm-ukraine.webp');"> <div class="callout-container standard-style"> <div class="container left"> <div class="callout callout-small"> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="xhtml is-white padding-default "> <div class="container"> <p>CNA independent analysis has supported US government efforts to reduce civilian casualties for two decades. We bring unique operational expertise to this challenge—as a nonprofit organization of scientists that has collected data alongside US forces in every major conflict since World War II. CNA research reveals how civilian harm happens in practice and offers practical solutions. We have led or contributed to every US assessment of civilian harm mitigation, and our recommendations have informed practice and policy, including the <a href="https://media.defense.gov/2022/Aug/25/2003064740/-1/-1/1/CIVILIAN-HARM-MITIGATION-AND-RESPONSE-ACTION-PLAN.PDF" target="_blank" rel="noopener">DOD Civilian Harm Mitigation and Response Action Plan</a>. We also work with militaries in the field to help them protect civilians while maintaining or improving mission effectiveness. CNA engages with all stakeholders—civilian, military, and governmental—to develop data-informed solutions that advance both civilian protection<em> and</em> national security.</p> </div> </div>   <section class="slideshow is-orange "> <div class="container"> <h2>Featured Reports</h2> <div class="slides-container"> <div class="nav prev"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><polygon points="117.78 452 202.63 452 397.63 257 200.63 60 115.78 60 312.78 257 117.78 452"></polygon></svg> </div> <div class="all-slides"> <figure class="slide "> <a href="/reports/2024/08/preparing-for-civilian-harm-mitigation-and-response-in-large-scale-combat-operations" target="_blank"> <img src="/reports/2024/08/Preparing-for-Civilian-Harm-Mitigation-and-Response-in-Large-Scale-Combat-Operations_Cover.webp" alt="" /> <figcaption>Preparing for Civilian Harm Mitigation and Response in Large-Scale Combat Operations</figcaption> </a> </figure> <figure class="slide "> <a href="/reports/2022/02/leveraging-ai-to-mitigate-civilian-harm" target="_blank"> <img src="/reports/2022/02/Leveraging-AI-to-Mitigate-Civilian-HarmCover.jpg" alt="" /> <figcaption>Leveraging AI to Mitigate Civilian Harm</figcaption> </a> </figure> <figure class="slide "> <a href="/quick-looks/2023/EMERGING-TECHNOLOGIES-AND-CIVILIAN-HARM-MITIGATION.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/quick-looks/2023/EMERGING-TECHNOLOGIES-AND-CIVILIAN-HARM-MITIGATION.png" alt="" /> <figcaption>Emerging Technologies and Civilian Harm Mitigation (PDF)</figcaption> </a> </figure> <figure class="slide "> <a href="/reports/2014/drone-strikes-in-pakistan-reasons-to-assess-civilian-casualties" target="_blank"> <img src="/reports/2014/cop-2014-u-007345-final_Page_01.jpg" alt="" /> <figcaption>Drone Strikes in Pakistan Reasons to Assess Civilian Casualties</figcaption> </a> </figure> <figure class="slide "> <a href="/reports/2017/insights-for-the-third-offset" target="_blank"> <img src="/reports/2017/07/DRM-2017-U-016281-Final_Page_01.jpg" alt="" /> <figcaption>Insights for the Third Offset</figcaption> </a> </figure> <figure class="slide "> <a href="/reports/2022/03/improving-protection-of-humanitarian-organizations-in-armed-conflict" target="_blank"> <img src="/reports/2022/03/Improving-Protection-of-Humanitarian-Organizations-in-Armed-Conflict-Cover.jpg" alt="" /> <figcaption>Improving Protection of Humanitarian Organizations in Armed Conflict</figcaption> </a> </figure> <figure class="slide "> <a href="/reports/2018/03/redefining-human-control" target="_blank"> <img src="/reports/2018/03/DOP-2018-U-017258-Final_Page_01.jpg" alt="" /> <figcaption>Redefining Human Control</figcaption> </a> </figure> <figure class="slide "> <a href="/reports/2019/05/promoting-civilian-protection-during-security-assistance" target="_blank"> <img src="/reports/2019/05/IRM-2019-U-019749-Final.png" alt="" /> <figcaption>Promoting Civilian Protection during Security Assistance</figcaption> </a> </figure> <figure class="slide "> <a href="/reports/2017/decades-of-war-applying-past-lessons-to-the-counter-isis-campaign" target="_blank"> <img src="/reports/2017/Decade-of-War-Applying-Past-Lessons-to-the-Counter-ISIS-campaign_Page_01.jpg" alt="" /> <figcaption>Applying Past Lessons to the Counter-ISIS Campaign</figcaption> </a> </figure> <figure class="slide "> <a href="/reports/2014/improving-lethal-action-learning-and-adapting-in-u.s.-counterterrorism-operations" target="_blank"> <img src="/reports/2014/Improving-Lethal-Action-Learning-and-Adapting-in-US-Counterterrorism-Operations_Cover%20Page.jpg" alt="" /> <figcaption>Learning and Adapting in U.S. Counterterrorism Operations</figcaption> </a> </figure> <figure class="slide "> <a href="/quick-looks/2024/01/From-Aspiration-to-Action.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/quick-looks/2024/01/From-Aspiration-to-Action_Page_1.jpg" alt="" /> <figcaption>Lessons to Reduce Civilian Casualties</figcaption> </a> </figure> <figure class="slide "> <a href="/quick-looks/2024/01/Integrating-Civilian-Protection-into-Security-Assistance.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/quick-looks/2024/01/Integrating-Civilian-Protection-into-Security-Assistance-Page-1.webp" alt="" /> <figcaption>Civilian Protection in Yemen and U.S. Security Assistance</figcaption> </a> </figure> <figure class="slide "> <a href="/quick-looks/2024/01/Lessons-From-Mosul-and-Raqqa.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/quick-looks/2024/01/Lessons-From-Mosul-and-Raqqa_Page_1.jpg" alt="" /> <figcaption>Lessons from Mosul and Raqqa to Reduce Civilian Casualties</figcaption> </a> </figure> <figure class="slide "> <a href="/quick-looks/2024/01/Responsible-Arms-Sales.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/quick-looks/2024/01/Responsible-Arms-Sales_Page_1.jpg" alt="" /> <figcaption>Promoting Civilian Protection Through Responsible Arms Sales</figcaption> </a> </figure> </div> <div class="nav next"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><polygon points="117.78 452 202.63 452 397.63 257 200.63 60 115.78 60 312.78 257 117.78 452"></polygon></svg> </div> </div> </div> </section> <script> document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () { if (typeof (slideshows) == "undefined") { var slideshows = document.getElementsByClassName("slideshow"); function createSlideshow(el) { let slides = el.getElementsByClassName("slide"); let slideCount = slides.length; let maxShift = slideCount; let currentShift = 0; let scrollNextIncrement = 3; let scrollPrevIncrement = -3; function adjustForScreen() { var w = document.documentElement.clientWidth; var changedIncrement = false; if (w < 960 && scrollNextIncrement != 1) { setScrollIncrement(1); changedIncrement = true; } else if (w >= 960 && scrollNextIncrement != 3) { setScrollIncrement(3); changedIncrement = true; } if (changedIncrement) console.log("increment changed to " + scrollNextIncrement); } adjustForScreen(); function setScrollIncrement(x) { if (x > 0) { 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fnScroll(scrollNextIncrement); } function prev() { return fnScroll(scrollPrevIncrement); } //scroll back Array.prototype.forEach.call(el.querySelectorAll('.nav.prev'), function (nav) { nav.addEventListener('click', function (e) { var success = prev(); console.log("success: " + success); if (!success) { nav.classList.add("denied"); setTimeout(function () {nav.classList.remove("denied"); }, 1009) }; }); }); //scroll forward Array.prototype.forEach.call(el.querySelectorAll('.nav.next'), function (nav) { nav.addEventListener('click', function (e) { console.log(this); console.log(scrollNextIncrement); var success = next(); if (!success) { nav.classList.add("denied"); setTimeout(function () {nav.classList.remove("denied"); }, 1009) }; }); }); window.addEventListener("resize", function () { adjustForScreen(); }); return ({ getSlideCount: slideCount.toLocaleString() }); }; Array.prototype.forEach.call(slideshows, function (slideshow) { console.log("creating a slideshow"); slideshow.slideshow = createSlideshow(slideshow); console.log("finished creating a slideshow"); }); } }); </script>  <div class="xhtml is-orange padding-default "> <div class="container"> <h2>Examples of Current Work </h2> <ul> <li>Building institutional capacity for civilian harm mitigation with US allies and partners</li> <li>Analyzing best practices for civilian harm mitigation and response from recent operations</li> <li>Designing a tabletop exercise on civilian protection</li> <li>Evaluating emerging technologies that can be used to mitigate civilian harm</li> <li>Developing frameworks for civilian harm mitigation and response to assess allies and partners in support of security cooperation and assistance</li> </ul> </div> </div>  <div class="two-column-text is-white "> <div class="container"> <div class="title-column"> <h2>CNA Clients and Partners in Civilian Harm Mitigation </h2> </div> <div class="columns"> <div class="column text-column-1 xhtml padding-columns"> <h3>Department of Defense</h3> <ul> <li>Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations/Low-Intensity Conflict</li> <li>Office of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Global Partnerships</li> <li>Institute for Security Governance</li> <li>Chief Digital and Artificial Intelligence Office</li> <li>Defense Security Cooperation Agency</li> <li>Civilian Protection Center of Excellence</li> </ul> </div> <div class="column text-column-2 xhtml padding-columns"> <h3>Other</h3> <ul> <li>State Department Bureau of Political-Military Affairs</li> <li>USAID</li> <li>MIT Lincoln Laboratory</li> <li>United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="three-column-text is-gray "> <div class="container"> <div class="title-column"> <h2>Documents by Topic</h2> </div> <div class="columns"> <div class="column text-column-1 xhtml padding-columns"> <h3 style="text-align: left;">Emerging <br />Technologies</h3> <p><strong></strong></p> <p><a href="quick-looks/2023/EMERGING-TECHNOLOGIES-AND-CIVILIAN-HARM-MITIGATION.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Emerging Technologies and Civilian Harm Mitigation</a></p> <p><a href="/reports/2022/02/leveraging-ai-to-mitigate-civilian-harm">Leveraging AI to Mitigate Civilian Harm</a></p> <p><a href="/reports/2018/03/redefining-human-control">Redefining Human Control: Lessons from the Battlefield for Autonomous Weapons</a></p> <p><a href="/reports/2017/insights-for-the-third-offset" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Insights for the Third Offset: Addressing Challenges of Autonomy and Artificial Intelligence in Military Operations</a></p> </div> <div class="column text-column-2 xhtml padding-columns"> <h3 style="text-align: left;">Security <br />Cooperation</h3> <p><strong></strong></p> <p><a href="/reports/2019/05/promoting-civilian-protection-during-security-assistance">Promoting Civilian Protection During Security Assistance: Learning from Yemen</a></p> <p><a href="quick-looks/2024/01/Integrating-Civilian-Protection-into-Security-Assistance.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Integrating Civilian Protection into Security Assistance: Learning from Yemen</a></p> <p><a href="quick-looks/2024/01/Responsible-Arms-Sales.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Responsible Arms Sales: Promoting Civilian Protection with Partner Forces</a></p> <p><a href="/our-media/indepth/2023/10/protecting-civilians-in-gaza">Protecting Civilians in Gaza Requires Not Just a Will, but a Way</a></p> </div> <div class="column text-column-3 xhtml padding-columns"> <h3 style="text-align: left;">Operational <br />Lessons Learned</h3> <p><strong></strong></p> <p><a href="/reports/2014/improving-lethal-action-learning-and-adapting-in-u.s.-counterterrorism-operations">Improving Lethal Action: Learning and Adapting in U.S. Counterterrorism Operations</a></p> <p><a href="/reports/2017/decades-of-war-applying-past-lessons-to-the-counter-isis-campaign">Decade of War: Applying Past Lessons to the Counter-ISIS Campaign</a></p> <p><a href="/reports/2014/drone-strikes-in-pakistan-reasons-to-assess-civilian-casualties">Drone Strikes in Pakistan: Reasons to Assess Civilian Casualties</a></p> <p><a href="https://ndupress.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Documents/prism/prism_3-4/prism_3-4.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Operation Enduring Freedom-Philippines: Civilian Harm and the Indirect Approach</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.usmcu.edu/Portals/218/HD%20MCUP/MCUP%20Pubs/RethinkingTheDroneWar.pdf?ver=2018-10-11-094209-623" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rethinking the Drone War</a></p> <p><a href="quick-looks/2024/01/Lessons-From-Mosul-and-Raqqa.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Lesson from Mosul and Raqqa: Next Time, Do “Everything Possible” to Reduce Civilian Casualties</a></p> <p><a href="quick-looks/2024/01/From-Aspiration-to-Action.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">From Aspiration to Action: Lessons to Reduce Civilian Casualties</a></p> <p><a href="/reports/2022/03/improving-protection-of-humanitarian-organizations-in-armed-conflict">Improving Protection of Humanitarian Organizations in Armed Conflict</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div id="footer-breadcrumb"> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="footer-container" class="columns container"> <div id="logo-footer" class="column"> <a href="/"><img src="/images/layout/CNA_White.png" alt="CNA logo" width="173" height="61" /></a> </div> <div id="address" class="column">3003 Washington Boulevard Suite 200, Arlington Virginia 22201 | 703-824-2000</div> <div id="social-media" class="column"> <a href="https://twitter.com/CNA_org" aria-label="X (Twitter)">  <svg class="svg-icon"> <use xlink:href="#x-logo"></use> </svg> </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/CNA.org" aria-label="Facebook">  <svg class="svg-icon"> <use xlink:href="#facebook"></use> </svg> </a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/VisionCNA" aria-label="YouTube">  <svg class="svg-icon"> <use 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