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class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Levant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art_and_Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Art and Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Markets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Markets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Markets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Markets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Births" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Births"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Births</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Births-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Deaths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 135 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-135" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">135 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285_%E1%8A%A5.%E1%8A%A4.%E1%8A%A0." title="1285 እ.ኤ.አ. – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="1285 እ.ኤ.አ." data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B2%DB%B8%DB%B5_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="۱۲۸۵ (میلادی) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="۱۲۸۵ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AE%E0%A7%AB" title="১২৮৫ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="১২৮৫" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285_n%C3%AE" title="1285 nî – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="1285 nî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285." title="1285. – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="1285." data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B2%DB%B8%DB%B5_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="۱۲۸۵ (میلادی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="۱۲۸۵ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285%E5%B9%B4" title="1285年 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="1285年" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285%EB%85%84" title="1285년 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1285년" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AB" title="१२८५ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="१२८५" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285." title="1285. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="1285." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AE%E0%A7%AB" title="মারি ১২৮৫ – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="মারি ১২৮৫" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285-%C3%A6%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="1285-æм аз – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="1285-æм аз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1285 жыл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="1285 жыл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285_(almanak_jilyen)" title="1285 (almanak jilyen) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="1285 (almanak jilyen)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285_%D0%B8" title="1285 и – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="1285 и" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285._gads" title="1285. gads – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="1285. gads" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285_m." title="1285 m. – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="1285 m." data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8._%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AB" title="इ.स. १२८५ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स. १२८५" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B2%DB%B8%DB%B5" title="۱۲۸۵ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="۱۲۸۵" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285_ni%C3%A8ng" title="1285 nièng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="1285 nièng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%81%E1%81%82%E1%81%88%E1%81%85" title="၁၂၈၅ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="၁၂၈၅" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AB" title="सन् १२८५ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सन् १२८५" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285%E5%B9%B4" title="1285年 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1285年" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AD%A7%E0%AD%A8%E0%AD%AE%E0%AD%AB" title="୧୨୮୫ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="୧୨୮୫" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AB" title="१२८५ – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="१२८५" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="1285 год – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="1285 год" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AB" title="१२८५ – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="१२८५" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285%D8%B9" title="1285ع – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="1285ع" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%A1%D9%A2%D9%A8%D9%A5" title="١٢٨٥ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="١٢٨٥" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285." title="1285. – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="1285." data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285_%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="1285 ел – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="1285 ел" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>တႆး</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._1828" title="พ.ศ. 1828 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พ.ศ. 1828" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8_1285" title="Соли 1285 – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Соли 1285" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285%D8%A1" title="1285ء – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="1285ء" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285%E5%B9%B4" title="1285年 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="1285年" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285%E5%B9%B4" title="1285年 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="1285年" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285%E5%B9%B4" title="1285年 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="1285年" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285" title="1285 – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="1285" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5546#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/1285" title="Special:EditPage/1285">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%221285%22">"1285"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%221285%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%221285%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%221285%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%221285%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%221285%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Calendar year</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Years</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Millennium</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Centuries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/12th_century" title="12th century">12th century</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/13th_century" title="13th century">13th century</a> </b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_century" title="14th century">14th century</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Decades</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1260s" title="1260s">1260s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1270s" title="1270s">1270s</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1280s" title="1280s">1280s</a> </b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1290s" title="1290s">1290s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1300s_(decade)" title="1300s (decade)">1300s</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_years" title="List of years">Years</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1282" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1282">1282</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1283" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1283">1283</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1284" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1284">1284</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/AD_1285" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1285">1285</a> </b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1286" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1286">1286</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1287" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1287">1287</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1288" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1288">1288</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Year_nav" title="Template:Year nav"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Year_nav" title="Template talk:Year nav"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Year_nav" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Year nav"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Category:1285" title="Category:1285">1285 by topic</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Leaders</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_sovereign_states_in_1285&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of sovereign states in 1285 (page does not exist)">Political entities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_1285" class="mw-redirect" title="List of state leaders in 1285">State leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_13th-century_religious_leaders" title="List of 13th-century religious leaders">Religious leaders</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Birth and death categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/Category:1285_births" title="Category:1285 births">Births</a> – <a href="/wiki/Category:1285_deaths" title="Category:1285 deaths">Deaths</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Establishments and disestablishments categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/Category:1285_establishments" title="Category:1285 establishments">Establishments</a> – <a href="/wiki/Category:1285_disestablishments" title="Category:1285 disestablishments">Disestablishments</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Art and literature</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/1285_in_poetry" title="1285 in poetry">1285 in poetry</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:C11%E2%80%9317_year_in_topic" title="Template:C11–17 year in topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:C11%E2%80%9317_year_in_topic" title="Template talk:C11–17 year in topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:C11%E2%80%9317_year_in_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:C11–17 year in topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox vevent" style="width:22em"><caption style="font-size:125%"><span class="summary dtstart">1285 in various <a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">calendars</a></span></caption><tbody><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a></td><td>1285<br /><span style="font-family: serif;"><i>MCCLXXXV</i></span></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></td><td>2038</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Armenian_calendar" title="Armenian calendar">Armenian calendar</a></td><td>734<br />ԹՎ ՉԼԴ</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_calendar" title="Assyrian calendar">Assyrian calendar</a></td><td>6035</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Balinese_saka_calendar" title="Balinese saka calendar">Balinese saka calendar</a></td><td>1206–1207</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendar" title="Bengali calendar">Bengali calendar</a></td><td>691–692</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Berber_calendar" title="Berber calendar">Berber calendar</a></td><td>2235</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_and_British_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English and British monarchs">English Regnal year</a></td><td>13 <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edw. 1</a> – 14 <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edw. 1</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Buddhist calendar</a></td><td>1829</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Burmese_calendar" title="Burmese calendar">Burmese calendar</a></td><td>647</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine calendar</a></td><td>6793–6794</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese calendar</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">甲申</a>年 (Wood <a href="/wiki/Monkey_(zodiac)" title="Monkey (zodiac)">Monkey</a>)<br />3982 or 3775<br />    <i>— to —</i><br />乙酉年 (Wood <a href="/wiki/Rooster_(zodiac)" title="Rooster (zodiac)">Rooster</a>)<br />3983 or 3776</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic calendar</a></td><td>1001–1002</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Discordian_calendar" title="Discordian calendar">Discordian calendar</a></td><td>2451</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian calendar</a></td><td>1277–1278</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a></td><td>5045–5046</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendars</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></i></td><td>1341–1342</td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Indian_national_calendar" title="Indian national calendar">Shaka Samvat</a></i></td><td>1206–1207</td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></i></td><td>4385–4386</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Holocene calendar</a></td><td>11285</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Igbo_calendar" title="Igbo calendar">Igbo calendar</a></td><td>285–286</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian calendar</a></td><td>663–664</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></td><td>683–684</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_calendar" title="Japanese calendar">Japanese calendar</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dan_(Kamakura_period)" title="Kōan (Kamakura period)">Kōan</a> 8<br />(弘安８年)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Javanese_calendar" title="Javanese calendar">Javanese calendar</a></td><td>1195–1196</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a></td><td>1285<br /><span style="font-family: serif;"><i>MCCLXXXV</i></span></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Korean_calendar" title="Korean calendar">Korean calendar</a></td><td>3618</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Minguo_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Minguo calendar">Minguo calendar</a></td><td>627 before <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">ROC</a><br />民前627年</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></td><td>−183</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">Thai solar calendar</a></td><td>1827–1828</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calendar" title="Tibetan calendar">Tibetan calendar</a></td><td>阳木猴年<br />(male Wood-<a href="/wiki/Monkey_(zodiac)" title="Monkey (zodiac)">Monkey</a>)<br />1411 or 1030 or 258<br />    <i>— to —</i><br />阴木鸡年<br />(female Wood-<a href="/wiki/Rooster_(zodiac)" title="Rooster (zodiac)">Rooster</a>)<br />1412 or 1031 or 259</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedro_III_el_Grande_en_el_collado_de_las_Panizas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Pedro_III_el_Grande_en_el_collado_de_las_Panizas.jpg/300px-Pedro_III_el_Grande_en_el_collado_de_las_Panizas.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Pedro_III_el_Grande_en_el_collado_de_las_Panizas.jpg/450px-Pedro_III_el_Grande_en_el_collado_de_las_Panizas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Pedro_III_el_Grande_en_el_collado_de_las_Panizas.jpg/600px-Pedro_III_el_Grande_en_el_collado_de_las_Panizas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Aragon" title="Peter III of Aragon">Peter III</a> overlooking the Panissar Pass</figcaption></figure> <p>Year <b>1285</b> (<b><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">MCCLXXXV</a></b>) was a <a href="/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Monday" title="Common year starting on Monday">common year starting on Monday</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1285&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_place">By place</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1285&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1285&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_Crusade" title="Aragonese Crusade">Aragonese Crusade</a>: French forces led by King <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_France" title="Philip III of France">Philip III</a> (<b>the Bold</b>) entrench before <a href="/wiki/Girona" title="Girona">Girona</a>, in an attempt to besiege the city. Despite strong resistance, the city is eventually taken on <a href="/wiki/September_7" title="September 7">September 7</a>. Philip's son, the 15-year-old <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Count_of_Valois" title="Charles, Count of Valois">Charles of Valois</a>, is crowned as king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a> (under the vassalage of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>) but without an actual crown. Shortly after, the French camp is racked by an epidemic of <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a> and Philip is forced to retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>April – Marinid forces under Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yusuf_Yaqub_ibn_Abd_al-Haqq" title="Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq">Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq</a> cross the straits from <a href="/wiki/Ksar_es-Seghir" title="Ksar es-Seghir">Alcácer Seguir</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tarifa" title="Tarifa">Tarifa</a>. From there they advance to <a href="/wiki/Jerez_de_la_Frontera" title="Jerez de la Frontera">Jerez de la Frontera</a>, where they besiege the city. Marinids detachments are dispatched to devastate a broad area from <a href="/wiki/Medina-Sidonia" title="Medina-Sidonia">Medina-Sidonia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Carmona,_Spain" title="Carmona, Spain">Carmona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vejer_de_la_Frontera" title="Vejer de la Frontera">Vejer de la Frontera</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cija" title="Écija">Écija</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, cutting down trees, orchards, and vineyards, destroying villages, and killing or capturing many inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>May – King <a href="/wiki/Sancho_IV_of_Castile" title="Sancho IV of Castile">Sancho IV</a> (<b>the Brave</b>) assembles his army at Seville and sends the Castilian fleet (some 100 ships) led by Admiral <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_I_Zaccaria" title="Benedetto I Zaccaria">Benedetto I Zaccaria</a> to blockade the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Guadalquivir" title="Guadalquivir">Guadalquivir River</a>. Meanwhile, a Marinid detachment of 1,000 cavalry moves against Seville, routing the Castilians send out to oppose them. Turning eastward against Carmona and <a href="/wiki/Alcal%C3%A1_de_Guada%C3%ADra" title="Alcalá de Guadaíra">Alcalá de Guadaíra</a>, the Marinids burn the suburbs, harvest and ruin orchards.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_22" title="May 22">May 22</a> – Marinid forces under Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq prolong their siege at Jerez de la Frontera. He sends his son <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yaqub_Yusuf_an-Nasr" title="Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr">Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr</a> with 5,000 regulars, 2,000 cavalry, some 13,000 infantry and 2,000 archers to raid Seville and its environs on <a href="/wiki/June_1" title="June 1">June 1</a>. During June and early July, the Marinids assault daily Jerez while raiding parties pillage the countryside at Carmona, <a href="/wiki/Niebla,_Spain" title="Niebla, Spain">Niebla</a>, Écija, Seville and <a href="/wiki/Sanl%C3%BAcar_de_Barrameda" title="Sanlúcar de Barrameda">Sanlúcar de Barrameda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>August – Castilian forces led by Sancho IV (<b>the Brave</b>) march against the Marinids at Jerez de la Frontera. Meanwhile, Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq with his army of 18,000 cavalry and faced with dwindling supplies, decides to lift the siege after five months, on <a href="/wiki/August_2" title="August 2">August 2</a>. He withdraws his army to the safety of <a href="/wiki/Algeciras" title="Algeciras">Algeciras</a> and opens negotiations with Sancho while the Castilian fleet arrives at <a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Maria" class="mw-redirect" title="El Puerto de Santa Maria">El Puerto de Santa Maria</a> (or "The port of <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Saint Mary</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_4" title="September 4">September 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Les_Formigues" title="Battle of Les Formigues">Battle of Les Formigues</a>: An Aragonese-Sicilian fleet (some 40 galleys) under Admiral <a href="/wiki/Roger_of_Lauria" title="Roger of Lauria">Roger of Lauria</a> defeats French and Genoese ships near the <a href="/wiki/Formigues_Islands" title="Formigues Islands">Formigues Islands</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Johan_Esteve_de_Bezers" title="Johan Esteve de Bezers">Johan Esteve de Bezers</a>, a French <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadour</a>, all prisoners but one have their eyes gouged out, and that one is left with one eye to guide the others. After the battle, Roger captures about 15 to 20 French galleys, and others are sunk or burnt.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_1" title="October 1">October 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Col_de_Panissars" title="Battle of the Col de Panissars">Battle of the Col de Panissars</a>: Aragonese forces under King <a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Aragon" title="Peter III of Aragon">Peter III</a> (<b>the Great</b>) ambush and defeat a French expeditionary army while it was retreating over the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>. The French troops are massacred by the Aragonese vanguard at the Panissar Pass, but spared the royal family. Philip III (<b>the Bold</b>) arrives with his fatigued remnants in <a href="/wiki/Perpignan" title="Perpignan">Perpignan</a>, where he dies of dysentery on <a href="/wiki/October_5" title="October 5">October 5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2" title="November 2">November 2</a> – Peter III (<b>the Great</b>) dies after a 9-year reign at <a href="/wiki/Vilafranca_del_Pened%C3%A8s" title="Vilafranca del Penedès">Vilafranca del Penedès</a>. He is succeeded by his 20-year-old son <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_III_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso III of Aragon">Alfonso III</a> (<b>the Liberal</b>), who becomes king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a>. Peter's other son <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Aragon" title="James II of Aragon">James II</a> (<b>the Just</b>), is crowned ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a>. His third son, the 13-year-old <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III_of_Sicily" title="Frederick III of Sicily">Frederick</a>, becomes co-ruler and <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> of Sicily.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Winter – The Mongol <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Nogai_Khan" title="Nogai Khan">Nogai Khan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Talabuga" title="Talabuga">Talabuga</a> attacks <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">Hungary</a> for the second time. They successfully subdue <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> and sack territory north of the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="England">England</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1285&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1285" title="Statute of Westminster 1285">Second Statute of Westminster</a> is accepted in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">parliament</a>, reforming various laws; it includes the clause <i><a href="/wiki/De_donis_conditionalibus" title="De donis conditionalibus">de donis conditionalibus</a></i>, considered one of the fundamental institutes of medieval law.</li> <li>The writ <i><a href="/wiki/Circumspecte_Agatis" title="Circumspecte Agatis">Circumspecte Agatis</a></i>, issued by King <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a> (<b>Longshanks</b>), defines the jurisdictions of church and state, thereby limiting the church's judicial powers to ecclesiastical cases only.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Levant">Levant</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1285&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Levant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_17" title="April 17">April 17</a> – Mamluk forces under Sultan <a href="/wiki/Qalawun" title="Qalawun">Qalawun</a> (<b>the Victorious</b>) appear with specially built war engines before the Crusader fortress of <a href="/wiki/Margat" title="Margat">Margat</a> and begin a siege. For a month, the Mamluks can make no progress and the assaults on the stronghold are repelled. Qalawun then invites a delegation of <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a> to come and see the damage his engineers have done to the 'impregnable' fortifications. They understood they have no real choice and are forced to surrender on <a href="/wiki/May_25" title="May 25">May 25</a>. The Hospitallers are allowed to retire with all their possessions, on horseback and fully armed. The rest of the garrison is promised a safe-conduct to <a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(West_Syriac_diocese)" title="Tarsus (West Syriac diocese)">Tortosa</a> – while Qalawun establishes a Mamluk garrison which he uses as a basis for further campaigns against the <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asia">Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1285&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_24" title="June 24">June 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ch%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Battle of Chương Dương">Battle of Chương Dương</a>: Joint forces of <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Đại Việt</a> defeat the Mongol-led Yuan fleet on the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_(Asia)" title="Red River (Asia)">Red River</a>. Most of the Yuan warships are burned during the battle, and the Mongol army retreats to <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> in late June. The Vietnamese royal court returns to the capital in <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Thang Long</a> following a six-month conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_topic">By topic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1285&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Art_and_Culture">Art and Culture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1285&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Art and Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The English romantic poem <i><a href="/wiki/Havelok_the_Dane" title="Havelok the Dane">The Lay of Havelok the Dane</a></i> is written (approximate date).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Markets">Markets</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1285&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Markets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The first record is made of an emission of <a href="/wiki/Life_annuity" title="Life annuity">life annuities</a>, by the city of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a>. It is the first instance of issue of public debt in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Germany</a>, and it confirms a trend of consolidation of local public debt over north-western <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (see <a href="/wiki/1228" title="1228">1228</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/County_of_Champagne" title="County of Champagne">County of Champagne</a> is integrated into the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/France_during_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="France during the Middle Ages">France</a>; the region loses its haven characteristics for foreign merchants, and the <a href="/wiki/Fairs_of_Champagne" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairs of Champagne">Fairs of Troyes</a> quickly dwindle into economic insignificance.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religion">Religion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1285&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_6" title="January 6">January 6</a> – Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Jakub_%C5%9Awinka" title="Jakub Świnka">Jakub Świnka</a> organizes a synod in <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C4%99czyca" title="Łęczyca">Łęczyca</a>. During the meeting, he orders all priests who are subject to his bishopric to deliver their sermons in Polish rather than German. This further unifies the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and fosters a national identity.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_25" title="March 25">March 25</a> – Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_IV" title="Pope Martin IV">Martin IV</a> dies after a 4-year <a href="/wiki/Pontificate" title="Pontificate">pontificate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Perugia" title="Perugia">Perugia</a>. He is succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_IV" title="Pope Honorius IV">Honorius IV</a>, who becomes the 190th pope of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Blachernae_(1285)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Blachernae (1285)">Council of Blachernae</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> repudiates the Union with the Catholic Church, declared in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Mor_Bar_Sauma_Monastery" title="Mor Bar Sauma Monastery">Mor Bar Sauma Monastery</a>, one of the most important monasteries of the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a>, is destroyed. Though a monastic community remains, the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Antioch_and_All_the_East" title="Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East">patriarchal seat</a> is moved to <a href="/wiki/Sis_(ancient_city)" title="Sis (ancient city)">Sis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Births">Births</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1285&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Births"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_9" title="March 9">March 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Nij%C5%8D" title="Emperor Go-Nijō">Go-Nijō</a> (or <b>Nijō II</b>), Japanese emperor (d. <a href="/wiki/1308" title="1308">1308</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_23" title="March 23">March 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Al-Mustakfi_I_(Cairo)" title="Al-Mustakfi I (Cairo)">Al-Mustakfi I</a>, Mamluk ruler (<i><a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a></i>) of <a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Egypt</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1340" title="1340">1340</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_24" title="March 24">March 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Al-Nasr_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Nasr Muhammad">Al-Nasr Muhammad</a>, Mamluk ruler of Egypt (d. <a href="/wiki/1341" title="1341">1341</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9" title="April 9">April 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ayurbarwada_Buyantu_Khan" title="Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan">Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan</a>, Mongol emperor (d. <a href="/wiki/1320" title="1320">1320</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1" title="May 1">May 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Fitzalan,_2nd_Earl_of_Arundel" title="Edmund Fitzalan, 2nd Earl of Arundel">Edmund Fitzalan</a>, English <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1326" title="1326">1326</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_6" title="December 6">December 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_IV_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand IV of Castile">Ferdinand IV</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">León</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1312" title="1312">1312</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_de_Brus" title="Alexander de Brus">Alexander de Bruce</a>, Scottish nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1307" title="1307">1307</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemia_of_Pomerania" title="Euphemia of Pomerania">Euphemia of Pomerania</a>, queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1330" title="1330">1330</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_I_Ventimiglia" title="Francesco I Ventimiglia">Francesco I Ventimiglia</a>, Italian nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1338" title="1338">1338</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerardus_Odonis" title="Gerardus Odonis">Gerardus Odonis</a>, French cardinal and theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1349" title="1349">1349</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Jandun" title="John of Jandun">John of Jandun</a>, French philosopher and theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1328" title="1328">1328</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Alonso_P%C3%A9rez_de_Guzm%C3%A1n_y_Coronel" title="Juan Alonso Pérez de Guzmán y Coronel">Juan Alonso Pérez de Guzán</a>, Spanish nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1351" title="1351">1351</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Artois" title="Margaret of Artois">Margaret of Artois</a>, French noblewoman and <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1311" title="1311">1311</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_V,_Earl_of_Dunbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick V, Earl of Dunbar">Patrick V de Dunbar</a>, Scottish nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1369" title="1369">1369</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richeza_Magnusdotter_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Richeza Magnusdotter of Sweden">Richeza Magnusdotter</a>, Swedish princess and <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">abbess</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1348" title="1348">1348</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a>, English monk and theologian ( d. <a href="/wiki/1347" title="1347">1347</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziauddin_Barani" title="Ziauddin Barani">Ziauddin Barani</a>, Indian historian and philosopher (d. <a href="/wiki/1358" title="1358">1358</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deaths">Deaths</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1285&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Deaths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_7" title="January 7">January 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Anjou" title="Charles I of Anjou">Charles I</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> (<a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">House of Anjou</a>) (b. <a href="/wiki/1227" title="1227">1227</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_8" title="February 8">February 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Theodoric_of_Landsberg" title="Theodoric of Landsberg">Theodoric of Landsberg</a>, German nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1242" title="1242">1242</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_28" title="March 28">March 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_IV" title="Pope Martin IV">Martin IV</a>, pope of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> (approximate date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_13" title="May 13">May 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Ros_(died_1285)" title="Robert de Ros (died 1285)">Robert de Ros</a>, English nobleman and knight (b. <a href="/wiki/1235" title="1235">1235</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_20" title="May 20">May 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Cyprus" title="John I of Cyprus">John I</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Lusignan" title="House of Lusignan">House of Lusignan</a>) (b. <a href="/wiki/1268" title="1268">1268</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_3" title="June 3">June 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_I_van_Brederode" title="William I van Brederode">William I van Brederode</a>, Dutch nobleman and knight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_19" title="June 19">June 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Yekuno_Amlak" title="Yekuno Amlak">Yekuno Amlak</a>, Ethiopian ruler (<a href="/wiki/Solomonic_dynasty" title="Solomonic dynasty">House of Solomon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_3" title="July 3">July 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Flanders,_Duchess_of_Brabant" title="Margaret of Flanders, Duchess of Brabant">Margaret of Flanders</a>, French noblewoman (b. <a href="/wiki/1251" title="1251">1251</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_7" title="July 7">July 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tile_Kolup" title="Tile Kolup">Tile Kolup</a>, German impostor claiming to be <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_28" title="July 28">July 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Keran,_Queen_of_Armenia" title="Keran, Queen of Armenia">Keran of Lampron</a>, queen of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician Armenia</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1260" title="1260">1260</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_30" title="July 30">July 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_I,_Duke_of_Saxony" title="John I, Duke of Saxony">John I</a>, German nobleman (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Ascania" title="House of Ascania">House of Ascania</a>) (b. <a href="/wiki/1249" title="1249">1249</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_16" title="August 16">August 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philip_I,_Count_of_Savoy" title="Philip I, Count of Savoy">Philip I</a>, French nobleman (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a>) (b. <a href="/wiki/1207" title="1207">1207</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_18" title="August 18">August 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Reade_(bishop)" title="William Reade (bishop)">William Reade</a>, English bishop and theologian (b. <a href="/wiki/1183" title="1183">1183</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_22" title="August 22">August 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philip_Benizi_de_Damiani" title="Philip Benizi de Damiani">Philip Benizi</a>, Italian monk and religious leader (b. <a href="/wiki/1233" title="1233">1233</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_27" title="August 27">August 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_de_Wickwane" title="William de Wickwane">William de Wickwane</a>, English cleric and archbishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_9" title="September 9">September 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kunigunda_of_Halych" title="Kunigunda of Halych">Kunigunda of Halych</a>, queen of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemia</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1245" title="1245">1245</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_26" title="September 26">September 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Theobald_Butler,_4th_Chief_Butler_of_Ireland" title="Theobald Butler, 4th Chief Butler of Ireland">Theobald Butler</a>, Norman chief governor (b. 1242)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_5" title="October 5">October 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_France" title="Philip III of France">Philip III</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">France</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Capet" title="House of Capet">House of Capet</a>) (b. 1245)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2" title="November 2">November 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Aragon" title="Peter III of Aragon">Peter III</a> (<b>the Great</b>), king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1239" title="1239">1239</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_21" title="November 21">November 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fulke_Lovell" title="Fulke Lovell">Fulke Lovell</a>, English archdeacon and bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_21" title="December 21">December 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ordo%C3%B1o_%C3%81lvarez" title="Ordoño Álvarez">Ordoño Álvarez</a>, archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Braga" title="Braga">Braga</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1198" title="1198">1198</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Baqa_ar-Rundi" title="Abu al-Baqa ar-Rundi">Abu al-Baqa al-Rundi</a>, Andalusian poet and literary critic (b. <a href="/wiki/1204" title="1204">1204</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_III,_Count_of_Oldenburg" title="Christian III, Count of Oldenburg">Christian III</a>, German nobleman and knight (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg" title="House of Oldenburg">House of Oldenburg</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_of_Buxhoeveden,_Bishop_of_%C3%96sel-Wiek" title="Hermann of Buxhoeveden, Bishop of Ösel-Wiek">Hermann of Buxhoeveden</a>, German cleric and bishop (b. <a href="/wiki/1230" title="1230">1230</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izz_al-Din_ibn_Shaddad" title="Izz al-Din ibn Shaddad">Izz al-Din ibn Shaddad</a>, Syrian scholar and historian (b. <a href="/wiki/1217" title="1217">1217</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Lobeira" title="João de Lobeira">João de Lobeira</a>, Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadour</a> and writer (b. 1233)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Lorgne" title="Nicolas Lorgne">Nicolas Lorgne</a>, French nobleman, knight and Grand Master</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_III,_Count_of_Weimar-Orlam%C3%BCnde" title="Otto III, Count of Weimar-Orlamünde">Otto III</a> (or <b>IV</b>), German nobleman (House of Ascania) (b. <a href="/wiki/1244" title="1244">1244</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Malatesta" title="Paolo Malatesta">Paolo Malatesta</a> (<b>the Beautiful</b>), Italian nobleman and knight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Segni" title="Paul of Segni">Paul of Segni</a>, Italian nobleman, friar, bishop and <a href="/wiki/Papal_legate" title="Papal legate">papal legate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Philippe_De_Carteret,_3rd_Seigneur_of_Saint_Ouen" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Philippe De Carteret, 3rd Seigneur of Saint Ouen">Philippe de Carteret</a>, Norman nobleman and knight (b. <a href="/wiki/1205" title="1205">1205</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_al-Din_al-Qarafi" title="Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi">Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi</a>, Egyptian scholar and jurist (b. <a href="/wiki/1228" title="1228">1228</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1285&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hallam, Elizabeth M. (1980). <i>Capetian France: 987–1328</i>, p. 356. Longman. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-40428-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-40428-1">978-0-582-40428-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). <i>The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait</i>, p. 90. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6">978-0-8122-2302-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). <i>The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait</i>, pp. 90–91. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6">978-0-8122-2302-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). <i>The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait</i>, p. 91. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6">978-0-8122-2302-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, Hywel (2005). <i>Cassell's Chronology of World History</i>, p. 150. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8">0-304-35730-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre</i>, pp. 330–31. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0">978-0-241-29877-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stone, Zofia (2017). <i>Genghis Khan: A Biography</i>, p. 76. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-86367-11-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-86367-11-2">978-93-86367-11-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZuijderduijn2009" class="citation book cs1">Zuijderduijn, Jaco (2009). <i>Medieval Capital Markets. Markets for renten, state formation and private investment in Holland (1300-1550)</i>. Leiden/Boston: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17565-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17565-5"><bdi>978-90-04-17565-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Capital+Markets.+Markets+for+renten%2C+state+formation+and+private+investment+in+Holland+%281300-1550%29&rft.place=Leiden%2FBoston&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17565-5&rft.aulast=Zuijderduijn&rft.aufirst=Jaco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1285" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbu-Lughod1991" class="citation book cs1">Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beforeeuropeanhe00abul_1"><i>Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250-1350</i></a></span>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-506774-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-506774-6"><bdi>0-19-506774-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+European+Hegemony%3A+The+World+System+A.D.+1250-1350&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-19-506774-6&rft.aulast=Abu-Lughod&rft.aufirst=Janet+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeforeeuropeanhe00abul_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1285" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaufhold2000" class="citation journal cs1">Kaufhold, Hubert (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hugoye.bethmardutho.org/article/hv3n2kaufhold">"Notizen zur Späten Geschichte des Barsaumo-Klosters"</a>. <i>Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 227<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hugoye%3A+Journal+of+Syriac+Studies&rft.atitle=Notizen+zur+Sp%C3%A4ten+Geschichte+des+Barsaumo-Klosters&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=227&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Kaufhold&rft.aufirst=Hubert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhugoye.bethmardutho.org%2Farticle%2Fhv3n2kaufhold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1285" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ferdinand-IV-king-of-Castile-and-Leon">"Ferdinand IV | king of Castile and Leon"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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