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id="toc-Earth_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Orbital_eccentricity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbital_eccentricity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Orbital eccentricity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orbital_eccentricity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effect_on_temperature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_on_temperature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Effect on temperature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_on_temperature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_on_lengths_of_seasons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_on_lengths_of_seasons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Effect on lengths of seasons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_on_lengths_of_seasons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Axial_tilt_(obliquity)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Axial_tilt_(obliquity)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Axial tilt (obliquity)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Axial_tilt_(obliquity)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Axial_precession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Axial_precession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Axial precession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Axial_precession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apsidal_precession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apsidal_precession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Apsidal precession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apsidal_precession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orbital_inclination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbital_inclination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Orbital inclination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orbital_inclination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theory_constraints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theory_constraints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Theory constraints</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theory_constraints-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theory constraints subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theory_constraints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-100,000-year_issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#100,000-year_issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>100,000-year issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-100,000-year_issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transition_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Transition changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interpretation_of_unsplit_peak_variances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretation_of_unsplit_peak_variances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Interpretation of unsplit peak variances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpretation_of_unsplit_peak_variances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unsynced_stage_five_observation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unsynced_stage_five_observation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Unsynced stage five observation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unsynced_stage_five_observation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present_and_future_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_and_future_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Present and future conditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present_and_future_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_celestial_bodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_celestial_bodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other celestial bodies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_celestial_bodies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other celestial bodies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_celestial_bodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Mars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outer_Solar_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outer_Solar_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Outer Solar system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outer_Solar_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exoplanets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exoplanets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Exoplanets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exoplanets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Milankovitch cycles</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milankovi%C4%87-teorie" title="Milanković-teorie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Milanković-teorie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4" title="دورات ميلانكوفيتش – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دورات ميلانكوفيتش" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="মিলানকোভিচ চক্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মিলানকোভিচ চক্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Цыклы Міланкавіча – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цыклы Міланкавіча" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Цикли на Миланкович – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Цикли на Миланкович" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milankovi%C4%87evi_ciklusi" title="Milankovićevi ciklusi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Milankovićevi ciklusi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoria_de_Milankovi%C4%87" title="Teoria de Milanković – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Teoria de Milanković" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milankovi%C4%8Dovy_cykly" title="Milankovičovy cykly – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Milankovičovy cykly" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milankovi%C4%87-cykler" title="Milanković-cykler – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Milanković-cykler" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milankovi%C4%87-Zyklen" title="Milanković-Zyklen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Milanković-Zyklen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milankovi%C4%87i_ts%C3%BCklid" title="Milankovići tsüklid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Milankovići tsüklid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variaciones_orbitales" title="Variaciones orbitales – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Variaciones orbitales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milankovi%C4%89-cikloj" title="Milankoviĉ-cikloj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Milankoviĉ-cikloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%86" title="چرخه‌های میلانکوویچ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چرخه‌های میلانکوویچ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycles_de_Milankovitch" title="Cycles de Milankovitch – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cycles de Milankovitch" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variaci%C3%B3ns_orbitais" title="Variacións orbitais – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Variacións orbitais" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%80%EB%9E%80%EC%BD%94%EB%B9%84%EC%B9%98_%EC%A3%BC%EA%B8%B0" title="밀란코비치 주기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="밀란코비치 주기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%B9%D5%AB_%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%AC%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Միլանկովիչի ցիկլներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միլանկովիչի ցիկլներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milankovi%C4%87evi_ciklusi" title="Milankovićevi ciklusi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Milankovićevi ciklusi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siklus_Milankovitch" title="Siklus Milankovitch – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Siklus Milankovitch" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicli_di_Milankovi%C4%87" title="Cicli di Milanković – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cicli di Milanković" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A5%27" title="מחזורי מילנקוביץ' – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מחזורי מילנקוביץ'" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="მილანკოვიჩის ციკლები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მილანკოვიჩის ციკლები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milankovi%C4%8Diaus_ciklai" title="Milankovičiaus ciklai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Milankovičiaus ciklai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milankovi%C4%87-elm%C3%A9let" title="Milanković-elmélet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Milanković-elmélet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitaran_Milankovitch" title="Kitaran Milankovitch – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kitaran Milankovitch" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milankovi%C4%87-parameters" title="Milanković-parameters – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Milanković-parameters" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Global climate cycles</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MilankovitchCyclesOrbitandCores.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/MilankovitchCyclesOrbitandCores.png/440px-MilankovitchCyclesOrbitandCores.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="459" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/MilankovitchCyclesOrbitandCores.png/660px-MilankovitchCyclesOrbitandCores.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/MilankovitchCyclesOrbitandCores.png/880px-MilankovitchCyclesOrbitandCores.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1044" /></a><figcaption>Past and future Milankovitch cycles via <a href="/wiki/VSOP_(planets)" class="mw-redirect" title="VSOP (planets)">VSOP</a> model<div><ul><li>Graphic shows variations in five orbital elements: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #00289E;background-color:#4848FF; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">Axial tilt</a> or obliquity (ε).</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #00289E;background-color:#229122; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">Eccentricity</a> (<i>e</i>).</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #00289E;background-color:#922392; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Longitude_of_the_periapsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Longitude of the periapsis">Longitude of perihelion</a> (sin(ϖ)).</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #00289E;background-color:#FF3232; color:black;"> </span> Precession index (<i>e</i> sin(ϖ))</div></li><li>Precession index and obliquity control <a href="/wiki/Insolation" class="mw-redirect" title="Insolation">insolation</a> at each latitude: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #00289E;background-color:#323232; color:white;"> </span> Daily-average insolation at top of atmosphere on summer solstice (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle {\overline {Q}}^{\mathrm {day} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>Q</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">y</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle {\overline {Q}}^{\mathrm {day} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/257bf31f629daf7e490021222b4bd92553d96a37" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.789ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\textstyle {\overline {Q}}^{\mathrm {day} }}"></span>) at 65° N </div></li><li>Ocean sediment and Antarctic ice strata <a href="/wiki/Proxy_(climate)" title="Proxy (climate)">record</a> ancient sea levels and temperatures: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #00289E;background-color:#AE3E3E; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera">Benthic forams</a> (57 widespread locations)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #00289E;background-color:#026602; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Vostok_Station#Ice_core_drilling" title="Vostok Station">Vostok ice core (Antarctica)</a></span></li><li>Vertical gray line shows present (2000 CE)</li></ul></div></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Milankovitch cycles</b> describe the collective effects of changes in the Earth's movements on its <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> over thousands of years. The term was coined and named after the Serbian <a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">geophysicist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a> <a href="/wiki/Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87" title="Milutin Milanković">Milutin Milanković</a>. In the 1920s, he hypothesized that variations in <a href="/wiki/Eccentricity_(orbit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eccentricity (orbit)">eccentricity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">axial tilt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Precession" title="Precession">precession</a> combined to result in cyclical variations in the intra-annual and latitudinal distribution of <a href="/wiki/Solar_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar radiation">solar radiation</a> at the Earth's surface, and that this <a href="/wiki/Orbital_forcing" title="Orbital forcing">orbital forcing</a> strongly influenced the Earth's climatic patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Earth_movements">Earth movements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milankovitch_cycles&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Earth movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">Earth's rotation</a> around its <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">axis</a>, and revolution around the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, evolve over time due to <a href="/wiki/Perturbation_(astronomy)" title="Perturbation (astronomy)">gravitational interactions</a> with other bodies in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>. The variations are complex, but a few cycles are dominant.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eccentricity_zero.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Eccentricity_zero.svg/200px-Eccentricity_zero.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Eccentricity_zero.svg/300px-Eccentricity_zero.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Eccentricity_zero.svg/400px-Eccentricity_zero.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="582" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Circular orbit, no eccentricity</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eccentricity_half.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Eccentricity_half.svg/200px-Eccentricity_half.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Eccentricity_half.svg/300px-Eccentricity_half.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Eccentricity_half.svg/400px-Eccentricity_half.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="717" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Example orbit with 0.5 eccentricity. Earth's orbit is much less eccentric.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_orbit" title="Earth's orbit">Earth's orbit</a> varies between nearly circular and mildly <a href="/wiki/Ellipse" title="Ellipse">elliptical</a> (its eccentricity varies). When the orbit is more elongated, there is more variation in the distance between the Earth and the Sun, and in the amount of <a href="/wiki/Solar_Radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar Radiation">solar radiation</a>, at different times in the year. In addition, the rotational tilt of the Earth (its <a href="/wiki/Obliquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Obliquity">obliquity</a>) changes slightly. A greater tilt makes the seasons more extreme. Finally, the direction in the <a href="/wiki/Fixed_stars" title="Fixed stars">fixed stars</a> pointed to by the Earth's axis changes (<a href="/wiki/Axial_precession" title="Axial precession">axial precession</a>), while the Earth's elliptical orbit around the Sun rotates (<a href="/wiki/Apsidal_precession" title="Apsidal precession">apsidal precession</a>). The combined effect of precession with eccentricity is that proximity to the Sun occurs during different <a href="/wiki/Season#Astronomical" title="Season">astronomical seasons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Milankovitch studied changes in these movements of the Earth, which alter the amount and location of solar radiation reaching the Earth. This is known as <i>solar forcing</i> (an example of <a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">radiative forcing</a>). Milankovitch emphasized the changes experienced at 65° north due to the great amount of land at that latitude. Land masses change temperature more quickly than oceans, because of the mixing of surface and deep water and the fact that soil has a lower <a href="/wiki/Volumetric_heat_capacity" title="Volumetric heat capacity">volumetric heat capacity</a> than water.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orbital_eccentricity">Orbital eccentricity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milankovitch_cycles&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Orbital eccentricity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">Orbital eccentricity</a></div> <p>The Earth's orbit approximates an <a href="/wiki/Ellipse" title="Ellipse">ellipse</a>. Eccentricity measures the departure of this ellipse from circularity. The shape of the Earth's orbit varies between nearly circular (theoretically the eccentricity can hit zero) and mildly elliptical (highest eccentricity was 0.0679 in the last 250 million years).<sup id="cite_ref-Laskar2010_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laskar2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its <a href="/wiki/Geometric_mean" title="Geometric mean">geometric</a> or <a href="/wiki/Logarithmic_mean" title="Logarithmic mean">logarithmic mean</a> is 0.0019. The major component of these variations occurs with a period of 405,000 years<sup id="cite_ref-auto_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (eccentricity variation of ±0.012). Other components have 95,000-year and 124,000-year cycles<sup id="cite_ref-auto_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (with a beat period of 400,000 years). They loosely combine into a 100,000-year cycle (variation of −0.03 to +0.02). The present eccentricity is 0.0167<sup id="cite_ref-auto_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and decreasing. </p><p>Eccentricity varies primarily due to the gravitational pull of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Semi-major_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-major axis">semi-major axis</a> of the orbital ellipse, however, remains unchanged; according to <a href="/wiki/Perturbation_(astronomy)" title="Perturbation (astronomy)">perturbation theory</a>, which computes the evolution of the orbit, the semi-major axis is <a href="/wiki/Adiabatic_invariant" title="Adiabatic invariant">invariant</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">orbital period</a> (the length of a <a href="/wiki/Sidereal_year" title="Sidereal year">sidereal year</a>) is also invariant, because according to <a href="/wiki/Kepler%27s_laws_of_planetary_motion#Third_law" title="Kepler's laws of planetary motion">Kepler's third law</a>, it is determined by the semi-major axis.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Longer-term variations are caused by interactions involving the perihelia and nodes of the planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, and Jupiter.<sup id="cite_ref-Laskar2010_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laskar2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Effect_on_temperature">Effect on temperature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milankovitch_cycles&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Effect on temperature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The semi-major axis is a constant. Therefore, when Earth's orbit becomes more eccentric, the <a href="/wiki/Semi-minor_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-minor axis">semi-minor axis</a> shortens. This increases the magnitude of seasonal changes.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relative increase in <a href="/wiki/Solar_irradiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar irradiation">solar irradiation</a> at closest approach to the Sun (<a href="/wiki/Perihelion_and_aphelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion and aphelion">perihelion</a>) compared to the irradiation at the furthest distance (<a href="/wiki/Perihelion_and_aphelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion and aphelion">aphelion</a>) is slightly larger than four times the eccentricity. For Earth's current orbital eccentricity, incoming solar radiation varies by about 6.8%, while the distance from the Sun currently varies by only 3.4% (5.1 million km or 3.2 million mi or 0.034 au).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perihelion presently occurs around 3 January, while aphelion is around 4 July. When the orbit is at its most eccentric, the amount of solar radiation at perihelion will be about 23% more than at aphelion. However, the Earth's eccentricity is so small (at least at present) that the variation in solar irradiation is a minor factor in <a href="/wiki/Seasonal_variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasonal variation">seasonal climate variation</a>, compared to axial tilt and even compared to the relative ease of heating the larger land masses of the northern hemisphere.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Effect_on_lengths_of_seasons">Effect on lengths of seasons</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milankovitch_cycles&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Effect on lengths of seasons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em"> <caption>Season durations<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Northern<br />hemisphere </th> <th>Southern<br />hemisphere </th> <th>Date (<a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a>) </th> <th>Season<br />duration </th></tr> <tr> <td>2005 </td> <td>Winter <a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">solstice</a> </td> <td>Summer solstice </td> <td style="text-align:right">21 December 2005 18:35 </td> <td style="text-align:right">88.99 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006 </td> <td>Spring <a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">equinox</a> </td> <td>Autumn equinox </td> <td style="text-align:right">20 March 2006 18:26 </td> <td style="text-align:right">92.75 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006 </td> <td>Summer solstice </td> <td>Winter solstice </td> <td style="text-align:right">21 June 2006 12:26 </td> <td align="right">93.65 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006 </td> <td>Autumn equinox </td> <td>Spring equinox </td> <td style="text-align:right">23 September 2006 4:03 </td> <td style="text-align:right">89.85 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006 </td> <td>Winter solstice </td> <td>Summer solstice </td> <td style="text-align:right">22 December 2006 0:22 </td> <td style="text-align:right">88.99 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007 </td> <td>Spring equinox </td> <td>Autumn equinox </td> <td style="text-align:right">21 March 2007 0:07 </td> <td style="text-align:right">92.75 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007 </td> <td>Summer solstice </td> <td>Winter solstice </td> <td style="text-align:right">21 June 2007 18:06 </td> <td style="text-align:right">93.66 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007 </td> <td>Autumn equinox </td> <td>Spring equinox </td> <td style="text-align:right">23 September 2007 9:51 </td> <td style="text-align:right">89.85 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007 </td> <td>Winter solstice </td> <td>Summer solstice </td> <td style="text-align:right">22 December 2007 06:08 </td> <td>  </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The seasons are quadrants of the Earth's orbit, marked by the two solstices and the two equinoxes. <a href="/wiki/Kepler%27s_laws_of_planetary_motion#Second_law" title="Kepler's laws of planetary motion">Kepler's second law</a> states that a body in orbit traces equal areas over equal times; its orbital velocity is highest around perihelion and lowest around aphelion.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfram2nd_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfram2nd-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Earth spends less time near perihelion and more time near aphelion. This means that the lengths of the seasons vary.<sup id="cite_ref-NASABBuis2021_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASABBuis2021-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perihelion currently occurs around 3 January, so the Earth's greater velocity shortens winter and autumn in the northern hemisphere, and summer and spring in the southern hemisphere. Summer in the northern hemisphere is 4.66 days longer than winter, and spring is 2.9 days longer than autumn.<sup id="cite_ref-NASABBuis2021_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASABBuis2021-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the southern hemisphere this is the reverse, 4.66 days longer than summer, and autumn is 2.9 days longer than spring. Greater eccentricity increases the variation in the Earth's orbital velocity. Currently, however, the Earth's orbit is becoming less eccentric (more nearly circular). This will make the seasons in the immediate future more similar in length.<sup id="cite_ref-NASABBuis2021_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASABBuis2021-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Axial_tilt_(obliquity)"><span id="Axial_tilt_.28obliquity.29"></span>Axial tilt (obliquity)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milankovitch_cycles&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Axial tilt (obliquity)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">Axial tilt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth_obliquity_range.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Earth_obliquity_range.svg/220px-Earth_obliquity_range.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Earth_obliquity_range.svg/330px-Earth_obliquity_range.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Earth_obliquity_range.svg/440px-Earth_obliquity_range.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="523" /></a><figcaption>22.1–24.5° range of Earth's obliquity.</figcaption></figure> <p>The angle of the Earth's axial tilt with respect to the orbital plane (the obliquity of the <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a>) varies between 22.1° and 24.5°, over a cycle of about 41,000 years. The current tilt is 23.44°, roughly halfway between its extreme values. The tilt last reached its maximum in 8,700 <a href="/wiki/Before_Common_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Before Common Era">BCE</a>, which correlates with the beginning of the Holocene, the current geological epoch. It is now in the decreasing phase of its cycle, and will reach its minimum around the year 11,800 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NASABBuis2021_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASABBuis2021-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increased tilt increases the amplitude of the seasonal cycle in <a href="/wiki/Insolation" class="mw-redirect" title="Insolation">insolation</a>, providing more solar radiation in each hemisphere's summer and less in winter. However, these effects are not uniform everywhere on the Earth's surface. Increased tilt increases the total annual solar radiation at higher latitudes, and decreases the total closer to the equator.<sup id="cite_ref-NASABBuis2021_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASABBuis2021-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The current trend of decreasing tilt, by itself, will promote milder seasons (warmer winters and colder summers), as well as an overall cooling trend.<sup id="cite_ref-NASABBuis2021_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASABBuis2021-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because most of the planet's snow and ice lies at high latitude, <i>decreasing</i> tilt may encourage the termination of an <a href="/wiki/Interglacial" title="Interglacial">interglacial</a> period and the onset of a <a href="/wiki/Glacial_period" title="Glacial period">glacial period</a> for two reasons: 1) there is less overall summer insolation, and 2) there is less insolation at higher latitudes (which melts less of the previous winter's snow and ice).<sup id="cite_ref-NASABBuis2021_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASABBuis2021-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Axial_precession">Axial precession</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milankovitch_cycles&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Axial precession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Axial_precession" title="Axial precession">Axial precession</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth_precession.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Earth_precession.svg/220px-Earth_precession.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Earth_precession.svg/330px-Earth_precession.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Earth_precession.svg/440px-Earth_precession.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="764" /></a><figcaption>Axial precessional movement.</figcaption></figure> <p>Axial precession is the trend in the direction of the Earth's axis of rotation relative to the fixed stars, with a period of about 25,700 years. Also known as the precession of the equinoxes, this motion means that eventually <a href="/wiki/Polaris" title="Polaris">Polaris</a> will no longer be the north <a href="/wiki/Pole_star#Precession_of_the_equinoxes" title="Pole star">pole star</a>. This precession is <a href="/wiki/Axial_precession#Cause" title="Axial precession">caused by the tidal forces</a> exerted by the Sun and the Moon on the rotating Earth; both contribute roughly equally to this effect.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Currently, perihelion occurs during the southern hemisphere's summer. This means that solar radiation due to both the axial tilt inclining the southern hemisphere toward the Sun, and the Earth's proximity to the Sun, will reach maximum during the southern summer and reach minimum during the southern winter. These effects on heating are thus additive, which means that seasonal variation in irradiation of the southern hemisphere is more extreme. In the northern hemisphere, these two factors reach maximum at opposite times of the year: the north is tilted toward the Sun when the Earth is furthest from the Sun. The two effects work in opposite directions, resulting in less extreme variations in insolation. </p><p>In about 10,000 years, the north pole will be tilted toward the Sun when the Earth is at perihelion. Axial tilt and orbital eccentricity will both contribute their maximum increase in solar radiation during the northern hemisphere's summer. Axial precession will promote more extreme variation in irradiation of the northern hemisphere and less extreme variation in the south. When the Earth's axis is aligned such that aphelion and perihelion occur near the equinoxes, axial tilt will not be aligned with or against eccentricity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apsidal_precession">Apsidal precession</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milankovitch_cycles&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Apsidal precession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Apsidal_precession" title="Apsidal precession">Apsidal precession</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Precessing_Kepler_orbit_280frames_e0.6_smaller.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Precessing_Kepler_orbit_280frames_e0.6_smaller.gif/220px-Precessing_Kepler_orbit_280frames_e0.6_smaller.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Precessing_Kepler_orbit_280frames_e0.6_smaller.gif/330px-Precessing_Kepler_orbit_280frames_e0.6_smaller.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Precessing_Kepler_orbit_280frames_e0.6_smaller.gif 2x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Planets orbiting the Sun follow elliptical (oval) orbits that rotate gradually over time (apsidal precession). The eccentricity of this ellipse, as well as the rate of precession, are exaggerated for visualization.</figcaption></figure> <p>The orbital ellipse itself precesses in space, in an irregular fashion, completing a full cycle in about 112,000 years relative to the fixed stars.<sup id="cite_ref-Heuvel_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heuvel-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apsidal precession occurs in the plane of the ecliptic and alters the orientation of the Earth's orbit relative to the ecliptic. This happens primarily as a result of interactions with Jupiter and Saturn. Smaller contributions are also made by the sun's oblateness and by the effects of <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a> that are well known for Mercury.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apsidal precession combines with the 25,700-year cycle of axial precession (see <a href="#Axial_precession">above</a>) to vary the position in the year that the Earth reaches perihelion. Apsidal precession shortens this period to about 21,000 years, at present. According to a relatively old source (1965), the average value over the last 300,000 years was 23,000 years, varying between 20,800 and 29,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Heuvel_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heuvel-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Precession_and_seasons.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Precession_and_seasons.svg/330px-Precession_and_seasons.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Precession_and_seasons.svg/495px-Precession_and_seasons.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Precession_and_seasons.svg/660px-Precession_and_seasons.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption>Effects of precession on the seasons (using the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a> terms)</figcaption></figure> <p>As the orientation of Earth's orbit changes, each season will gradually start earlier in the year. Precession means the Earth's nonuniform motion (see <a href="#Orbital_shape_and_temperature">above</a>) will affect different seasons. Winter, for instance, will be in a different section of the orbit. When the Earth's apsides (extremes of distance from the sun) are aligned with the equinoxes, the length of spring and summer combined will equal that of autumn and winter. When they are aligned with the solstices, the difference in the length of these seasons will be greatest.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orbital_inclination">Orbital inclination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milankovitch_cycles&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Orbital inclination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="100,000-year_problem"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">Orbital inclination</a></div> <p>The inclination of Earth's orbit drifts up and down relative to its present orbit. This three-dimensional movement is known as "precession of the ecliptic" or "planetary precession". Earth's current inclination relative to the <a href="/wiki/Invariable_plane" title="Invariable plane">invariable plane</a> (the plane that represents the <a href="/wiki/Angular_momentum" title="Angular momentum">angular momentum</a> of the Solar System—approximately the orbital plane of Jupiter) is 1.57°.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Milankovitch did not study planetary precession. It was discovered more recently and measured, relative to Earth's orbit, to have a period of about 70,000 years. When measured independently of Earth's orbit, but relative to the invariable plane, however, precession has a period of about 100,000 years. This period is very similar to the 100,000-year eccentricity period. Both periods closely match the 100,000-year pattern of glacial events.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11607741_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11607741-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theory_constraints">Theory constraints</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milankovitch_cycles&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Theory constraints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyclic_deposits.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Cyclic_deposits.jpg/170px-Cyclic_deposits.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Cyclic_deposits.jpg/255px-Cyclic_deposits.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Cyclic_deposits.jpg/340px-Cyclic_deposits.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tabernas_Desert" title="Tabernas Desert">Tabernas Desert</a>, Spain: Cycles can be observed in the colouration and resistance of different sediment strata</figcaption></figure> <p>Materials taken from the Earth have been studied to infer the cycles of past climate. Antarctic ice cores contain trapped air bubbles whose ratios of different oxygen isotopes are a reliable <a href="/wiki/Proxy_(climate)#Proxy" title="Proxy (climate)">proxy</a> for global temperatures around the time the ice was formed. Study of this data concluded that the climatic response documented in the ice cores was driven by northern hemisphere insolation as proposed by the Milankovitch hypothesis.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar astronomical hypotheses had been advanced in the 19th century by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Adhemar" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Adhemar">Joseph Adhemar</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Croll" title="James Croll">James Croll</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-Imbrie_Imbrie_1979_p._19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Imbrie_Imbrie_1979_p.-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Analysis of deep-ocean cores and of lake depths,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a seminal paper by <a href="/wiki/James_D._Hays" title="James D. Hays">Hays</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Imbrie" title="John Imbrie">Imbrie</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Shackleton" title="Nicholas Shackleton">Shackleton</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hays1976_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hays1976-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provide additional validation through physical evidence. Climate records contained in a 1,700 ft (520 m) core of rock drilled in Arizona show a pattern synchronized with Earth's eccentricity, and cores drilled in New England match it, going back 215 million years.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="100,000-year_issue"><span id="100.2C000-year_issue"></span>100,000-year issue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milankovitch_cycles&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 100,000-year issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/100,000-year_problem" title="100,000-year problem">100,000-year problem</a></div> <p>Of all the orbital cycles, Milankovitch believed that obliquity had the greatest effect on climate, and that it did so by varying the summer insolation in northern high latitudes. Therefore, he deduced a 41,000-year period for ice ages.<sup id="cite_ref-Milankovitch_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milankovitch-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, subsequent research<sup id="cite_ref-Hays1976_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hays1976-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has shown that <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice age</a> cycles of the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">Quaternary glaciation</a> over the last million years have been at a period of 100,000 years, which matches the eccentricity cycle. Various explanations for this discrepancy have been proposed, including <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">frequency modulation</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or various feedbacks (from <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">carbon dioxide</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet_dynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice sheet dynamics">ice sheet dynamics</a>). Some models can reproduce the 100,000-year cycles as a result of non-linear interactions between small changes in the Earth's orbit and internal oscillations of the climate system.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghil1994_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghil1994-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gildor2000_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gildor2000-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, the mechanism of the <a href="/wiki/Stochastic_resonance" title="Stochastic resonance">stochastic resonance</a> was originally proposed in order to describe this interaction.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jung-Eun Lee of Brown University proposes that precession changes the amount of energy that Earth absorbs, because the southern hemisphere's greater ability to grow sea ice reflects more energy away from Earth. Moreover, Lee says, "Precession only matters when eccentricity is large. That's why we see a stronger 100,000-year pace than a 21,000-year pace."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some others have argued that the length of the climate record is insufficient to establish a statistically significant relationship between climate and eccentricity variations.<sup id="cite_ref-Wunsch2004_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wunsch2004-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transition_changes">Transition changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milankovitch_cycles&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Transition changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mid-Pleistocene_Transition" title="Mid-Pleistocene Transition">Mid-Pleistocene Transition</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Five_Myr_Climate_Change.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Five_Myr_Climate_Change.svg/300px-Five_Myr_Climate_Change.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Five_Myr_Climate_Change.svg/450px-Five_Myr_Climate_Change.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Five_Myr_Climate_Change.svg/600px-Five_Myr_Climate_Change.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="372" /></a><figcaption>Variations of cycle times, curves determined from ocean sediments.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vostok_420ky_4curves_insolation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Vostok_420ky_4curves_insolation.jpg/300px-Vostok_420ky_4curves_insolation.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Vostok_420ky_4curves_insolation.jpg/450px-Vostok_420ky_4curves_insolation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Vostok_420ky_4curves_insolation.jpg/600px-Vostok_420ky_4curves_insolation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1092" /></a><figcaption>420,000 years of ice core data from <a href="/wiki/Vostok,_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="Vostok, Antarctica">Vostok, Antarctica</a> research station, with more recent times on the left.</figcaption></figure> </div></div> <p>From 1–3 million years ago, climate cycles matched the 41,000-year cycle in obliquity. After one million years ago, the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Pleistocene_Transition" title="Mid-Pleistocene Transition">Mid-Pleistocene Transition</a> (MPT) occurred with a switch to the 100,000-year cycle matching eccentricity. The <i>transition problem</i> refers to the need to explain what changed one million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MPT can now be reproduced in numerical simulations that include a decreasing trend in <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and glacially induced removal of <a href="/wiki/Regolith" title="Regolith">regolith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Willeit_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willeit-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interpretation_of_unsplit_peak_variances">Interpretation of unsplit peak variances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milankovitch_cycles&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Interpretation of unsplit peak variances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Even the well-dated climate records of the last million years do not exactly match the shape of the eccentricity curve. Eccentricity has component cycles of 95,000 and 125,000 years. Some researchers, however, say the records do not show these peaks, but only indicate a single cycle of 100,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The split between the two eccentricity components, however, is observed at least once in a drill core from the 500-million year-old Scandinavian Alum Shale.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unsynced_stage_five_observation">Unsynced stage five observation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milankovitch_cycles&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Unsynced stage five observation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Deep-sea core samples show that the interglacial interval known as <a href="/wiki/Marine_isotope_stage#Stages" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine isotope stage">marine isotope stage 5</a> began 130,000 years ago. This is 10,000 years before the solar forcing that the Milankovitch hypothesis predicts. (This is also known as the causality problem because the effect precedes the putative cause.)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Present_and_future_conditions">Present and future conditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milankovitch_cycles&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Present and future conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:InsolationSummerSolstice65N.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/InsolationSummerSolstice65N.png/390px-InsolationSummerSolstice65N.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/InsolationSummerSolstice65N.png/585px-InsolationSummerSolstice65N.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/InsolationSummerSolstice65N.png/780px-InsolationSummerSolstice65N.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="245" /></a><figcaption>Past and future estimations of daily average insolation at top of the atmosphere on the day of the summer solstice, at 65° N latitude. The green curve is with eccentricity <i>e</i> hypothetically set to 0. The red curve uses the actual (predicted) value of <i>e</i>; the blue dot indicates current conditions (2000 CE).</figcaption></figure> <p>Since orbital variations are predictable,<sup id="cite_ref-Varadi2003_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varadi2003-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> any model that relates orbital variations to climate can be run forward to predict future climate, with two caveats: the mechanism by which <a href="/wiki/Orbital_forcing" title="Orbital forcing">orbital forcing</a> influences climate is not definitive; and non-orbital effects can be important (for example, the <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">human impact on the environment</a> principally increases <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> resulting in <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">a warmer climate</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p>An often-cited 1980 orbital model by <a href="/wiki/John_Imbrie" title="John Imbrie">Imbrie</a> predicted "the long-term cooling trend that began some 6,000 years ago will continue for the next 23,000 years."<sup id="cite_ref-Imbriel1980_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Imbriel1980-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another work<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggests that <a href="/wiki/Solar_irradiance" title="Solar irradiance">solar insolation</a> at 65° N will reach a peak of 460 W·m<sup>−2</sup> in around 6,500 years, before decreasing back to current levels (450 W·m<sup>−2</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in around 16,000 years. Earth's orbit will become less eccentric for about the next 100,000 years, so changes in this insolation will be dominated by changes in obliquity, and should not decline enough to permit a <a href="/wiki/Next_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Next glacial period">new glacial period</a> in the next 50,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Berger2002_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berger2002-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_celestial_bodies">Other celestial bodies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milankovitch_cycles&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other celestial bodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mars">Mars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milankovitch_cycles&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1972, speculation sought a relationship between the formation of Mars' alternating bright and dark layers in the polar layered deposits, and the planet's orbital climate forcing. In 2002, Laska, Levard, and Mustard showed ice-layer radiance, as a function of depth, correlate with the insolation variations in summer at the Martian north pole, similar to palaeoclimate variations on Earth. They also showed Mars' precession had a period of about 51 <a href="/wiki/Kyr" title="Kyr">kyr</a>, obliquity had a period of about 120 kyr, and eccentricity had a period ranging between 95 and 99 kyr. In 2003, Head, Mustard, Kreslavsky, Milliken, and Marchant proposed Mars was in an interglacial period for the past 400 kyr, and in a glacial period between 400 and 2100 kyr, due to Mars' obliquity exceeding 30°. At this extreme obliquity, insolation is dominated by the regular periodicity of Mars' obliquity variation.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12353029_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12353029-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid14685228_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14685228-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fourier_analysis" title="Fourier analysis">Fourier analysis</a> of Mars' orbital elements, show an obliquity period of 128 kyr, and a precession index period of 73 kyr.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> has no moon large enough to stabilize its obliquity, which has varied from 10 to 70 degrees. This would explain recent observations of its surface compared to evidence of different conditions in its past, such as the extent of its <a href="/wiki/Martian_polar_ice_caps" title="Martian polar ice caps">polar caps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outer_Solar_system">Outer Solar system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milankovitch_cycles&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Outer Solar system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saturn's moon <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a> has a cycle of approximately 60,000 years that could change the location of the <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> lakes.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neptune's moon <a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a> has a variation similar to Titan's, which could cause its solid <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> deposits to migrate over long time scales.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exoplanets">Exoplanets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milankovitch_cycles&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Exoplanets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scientists using computer models to study extreme axial tilts have concluded that high obliquity could cause extreme climate variations, and while that would probably not render a planet uninhabitable, it could pose difficulty for land-based life in affected areas. Most such planets would nevertheless allow development of both simple and more complex lifeforms.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the obliquity they studied is more extreme than Earth ever experiences, there are scenarios 1.5 to 4.5 billion years from now, as the Moon's stabilizing effect lessens, where obliquity could leave its current range and the poles could eventually point almost directly at the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milankovitch_cycles&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cenomanian-Turonian_boundary_event#Milankovic_cycles" title="Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event">Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event § Milankovic cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercontinent#Milankovitch_cycles" title="Supercontinent">Supercontinent § Milankovitch cycles</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milankovitch_cycles&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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.citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKerr1978" class="citation journal cs1">Kerr, Richard A. (14 July 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1746691">"Climate Control: How Large a Role for Orbital Variations?"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>201</b> (4351): 144–146. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978Sci...201..144K">1978Sci...201..144K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.201.4351.144">10.1126/science.201.4351.144</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1746691">1746691</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17801827">17801827</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Milankovitch+%28Orbital%29+Cycles+Can%27t+Explain+Earth%27s+Current+Warming&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2020-02-27&rft.aulast=Buis&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclimate.nasa.gov%2Fask-nasa-climate%2F2949%2Fwhy-milankovitch-orbital-cycles-cant-explain-earths-current-warming%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilankovitch+cycles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGirkin2005" class="citation thesis cs1">Girkin AM (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140930142332/https://etd.ohiolink.edu/ap/10?6433295551748::NO:10:P10_ETD_SUBID:56397"><i>A Computational Study on the Evolution of the Dynamics of the Obliquity of the Earth</i></a> (Master of Science thesis). Miami University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etd.ohiolink.edu/ap/10?6433295551748::NO:10:P10_ETD_SUBID:56397">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=A+Computational+Study+on+the+Evolution+of+the+Dynamics+of+the+Obliquity+of+the+Earth&rft.degree=Master+of+Science&rft.inst=Miami+University&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Girkin&rft.aufirst=AM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetd.ohiolink.edu%2Fap%2F10%3F6433295551748%3A%3ANO%3A10%3AP10_ETD_SUBID%3A56397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilankovitch+cycles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._K._Gilbert1895" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Grove_Karl_Gilbert" title="Grove Karl Gilbert">G. K. Gilbert</a> (February–March 1895). "Sedimentary Measurement of Cretaceous Time". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Geology" title="The Journal of Geology">The Journal of Geology</a></i>. <b>3</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>: 121–127. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1895JG......3..121G">1895JG......3..121G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F607150">10.1086/607150</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30054556">30054556</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129629329">129629329</a>. <q>As the earth's axis slowly describes its circle on the celestial sphere the relation of the seasons to perihelion is steadily shifted.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Geology&rft.atitle=Sedimentary+Measurement+of+Cretaceous+Time&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=121-127&rft.date=1895-02%2F1895-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F607150&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129629329%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30054556%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1895JG......3..121G&rft.au=G.+K.+Gilbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilankovitch+cycles" class="Z3988"></span> Note: It is intuitive that if equinoxes and solstices occur in shifting positions on an eccentric orbit, then these astronomical seasons must occur at shifting proximities; and as either eccentricity and tilt vary, the intensities of the effects of these shifts also vary.'l</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu-Hamdeh2020" class="citation journal cs1">Abu-Hamdeh (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europepmc.org/article/agr/ind44648959">"Thermal Properties of Soils as affected by Density and Water Content"</a>. <i>Biosystems Engineering</i>. <b>86</b> (1): 97–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1537-5110%2803%2900112-0">10.1016/S1537-5110(03)00112-0</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2021</span>. <q>Volumetric heat capacity ranged from 1.48 to 3.54 MJ/m<sup>3</sup>/°C for clay and from 1.09 to 3.04 MJ/m<sup>3</sup>/°C for sand at moisture contents from 0 to 0·25 (kg/kg) [etc.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biosystems+Engineering&rft.atitle=Thermal+Properties+of+Soils+as+affected+by+Density+and+Water+Content&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=97-102&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1537-5110%2803%2900112-0&rft.au=Abu-Hamdeh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuropepmc.org%2Farticle%2Fagr%2Find44648959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilankovitch+cycles" class="Z3988"></span> Note: See <a href="/wiki/Table_of_specific_heat_capacities" title="Table of specific heat capacities">Table of specific heat capacities</a>; water is about 4.2 MJ/m<sup>3</sup>/°C.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laskar2010-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Laskar2010_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laskar2010_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaskarFiengaGastineauManche2011" class="citation journal cs1">Laskar J, Fienga A, Gastineau M, Manche H (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf/2011/08/aa16836-11.pdf">"La2010: A New Orbital Solution for the Long-term Motion of the Earth"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Astronomy & Astrophysics</i>. <b>532</b> (A889): A89. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1103.1084">1103.1084</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011A&A...532A..89L">2011A&A...532A..89L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201116836">10.1051/0004-6361/201116836</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10990456">10990456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+%26+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=La2010%3A+A+New+Orbital+Solution+for+the+Long-term+Motion+of+the+Earth&rft.volume=532&rft.issue=A889&rft.pages=A89&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1103.1084&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10990456%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201116836&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011A%26A...532A..89L&rft.aulast=Laskar&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Fienga%2C+A&rft.au=Gastineau%2C+M&rft.au=Manche%2C+H&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aanda.org%2Farticles%2Faa%2Fpdf%2F2011%2F08%2Faa16836-11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilankovitch+cycles" class="Z3988"></span> See specifically <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vo.imcce.fr/insola/earth/online/earth/La2010/La2010d_ecc3.dat">the downloadable data file</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Laskar2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVijaya2019" class="citation journal cs1">Vijaya, G. K. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6395789">"Original form of Kepler's Third Law and its misapplication in Propositions XXXII-XXXVII in Newton's Principia (Book I)"</a>. <i>Heliyon</i>. <b>5</b> (2): e01274. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Heliy...501274V">2019Heliy...501274V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.heliyon.2019.e01274">10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01274</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6395789">6395789</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30886926">30886926</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Heliyon&rft.atitle=Original+form+of+Kepler%27s+Third+Law+and+its+misapplication+in+Propositions+XXXII-XXXVII+in+Newton%27s+Principia+%28Book+I%29&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=e01274&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6395789%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30886926&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.heliyon.2019.e01274&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019Heliy...501274V&rft.aulast=Vijaya&rft.aufirst=G.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6395789&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilankovitch+cycles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergerLoutreMélice2006" class="citation journal cs1">Berger A, Loutre MF, Mélice JL (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00298053/file/cp-2-131-2006.pdf">"Equatorial insolation: from precession harmonics to eccentricity frequencies"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Climate of the Past Discussions</i>. <b>2</b> (4): 519–533. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fcpd-2-519-2006">10.5194/cpd-2-519-2006</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climate+of+the+Past+Discussions&rft.atitle=Equatorial+insolation%3A+from+precession+harmonics+to+eccentricity+frequencies&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=519-533&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fcpd-2-519-2006&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Loutre%2C+MF&rft.au=M%C3%A9lice%2C+JL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-00298053%2Ffile%2Fcp-2-131-2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilankovitch+cycles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuis2020" class="citation web cs1">Buis, Alan (27 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2948/milankovitch-orbital-cycles-and-their-role-in-earths-climate/">"Milankovitch (Orbital) Cycles and Their Role in Earth's Climate"</a>. <i>NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA%27s+Jet+Propulsion+Laboratory&rft.atitle=Milankovitch+%28Orbital%29+Cycles+and+Their+Role+in+Earth%27s+Climate&rft.date=2020-02-27&rft.aulast=Buis&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclimate.nasa.gov%2Fnews%2F2948%2Fmilankovitch-orbital-cycles-and-their-role-in-earths-climate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilankovitch+cycles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuis2020" class="citation web cs1">Buis, Alan (27 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2948/milankovitch-orbital-cycles-and-their-role-in-earths-climate/">"Milankovitch (Orbital) Cycles and Their Role in Earth's Climate"</a>. <i>NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA%27s+Jet+Propulsion+Laboratory&rft.atitle=Milankovitch+%28Orbital%29+Cycles+and+Their+Role+in+Earth%27s+Climate&rft.date=2020-02-27&rft.aulast=Buis&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclimate.nasa.gov%2Fnews%2F2948%2Fmilankovitch-orbital-cycles-and-their-role-in-earths-climate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilankovitch+cycles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Data from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/EarthSeasons.php">United States Naval Observatory</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013000301/http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/EarthSeasons.php">Archived</a> 13 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolfram2nd-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wolfram2nd_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bryant, Jeff; Pavlyk, Oleksandr. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/KeplersSecondLaw/">Kepler's Second Law</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Demonstrations_Project" title="Wolfram Demonstrations Project">Wolfram Demonstrations Project</a></i>. Retrieved December 27, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASABBuis2021-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NASABBuis2021_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASABBuis2021_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASABBuis2021_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASABBuis2021_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASABBuis2021_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASABBuis2021_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASABBuis2021_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuisJet_Propulsion_Laboratory2020" class="citation web cs1">Buis, Alan; <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> (27 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2948/milankovitch-orbital-cycles-and-their-role-in-earths-climate/">"Milankovitch (Orbital) Cycles and Their Role in Earth's Climate"</a>. <i>climate.nasa.gov</i>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2021</span>. <q>Over the last million years, it has varied between 22.1 and 24.5 degrees. ... The greater Earth's axial tilt angle, the more extreme our seasons are .... Larger tilt angles favor periods of deglaciation (the melting and retreat of glaciers and ice sheets). These effects aren't uniform globally – higher latitudes receive a larger change in total solar radiation than areas closer to the equator. ... Earth's axis is currently tilted 23.4 degrees, ... As ice cover increases, it reflects more of the Sun's energy back into space, promoting even further cooling.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=climate.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Milankovitch+%28Orbital%29+Cycles+and+Their+Role+in+Earth%27s+Climate&rft.date=2020-02-27&rft.aulast=Buis&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Jet+Propulsion+Laboratory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclimate.nasa.gov%2Fnews%2F2948%2Fmilankovitch-orbital-cycles-and-their-role-in-earths-climate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilankovitch+cycles" class="Z3988"></span> Note: See <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">Axial tilt</a>. Zero obliquity results in minimum (zero) continuous insolation at the poles and maximum continuous insolation at the equator. Any increase of obliquity (to 90 degrees) causes seasonal increase of insolation at the poles and causes decrease of insolation at the equator on any day of the year except an <a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">equinox</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heuvel-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heuvel_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heuvel_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_den_Heuvel1966" class="citation journal cs1">van den Heuvel EP (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-246X.1966.tb03086.x">"On the Precession as a Cause of Pleistocene Variations of the Atlantic Ocean Water Temperatures"</a>. <i>Geophysical Journal International</i>. <b>11</b> (3): 323–336. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1966GeoJ...11..323V">1966GeoJ...11..323V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-246X.1966.tb03086.x">10.1111/j.1365-246X.1966.tb03086.x</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Journal+International&rft.atitle=On+the+Precession+as+a+Cause+of+Pleistocene+Variations+of+the+Atlantic+Ocean+Water+Temperatures&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=323-336&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-246X.1966.tb03086.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1966GeoJ...11..323V&rft.aulast=van+den+Heuvel&rft.aufirst=EP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-246X.1966.tb03086.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilankovitch+cycles" class="Z3988"></span> Note: The reader may question the number and precision of the periods which the author reports in this early paper.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbieriTalamucci2018" class="citation journal cs1">Barbieri, L.; Talamucci, F. 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href="/w/index.php?title=Milankovitch_cycles&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdvardssonKarlssonEngholm2002" class="citation journal cs1">Edvardsson S, Karlsson KG, Engholm M (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20020029">"Accurate spin axes and solar system dynamics: Climatic variations for the Earth and Mars"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_and_Astrophysics" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomy and Astrophysics">Astronomy and Astrophysics</a></i>. <b>384</b> (2): 689–701. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002A&A...384..689E">2002A&A...384..689E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20020029">10.1051/0004-6361:20020029</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=Accurate+spin+axes+and+solar+system+dynamics%3A+Climatic+variations+for+the+Earth+and+Mars&rft.volume=384&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=689-701&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20020029&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002A%26A...384..689E&rft.aulast=Edvardsson&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Karlsson%2C+KG&rft.au=Engholm%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1051%252F0004-6361%253A20020029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilankovitch+cycles" class="Z3988"></span> <i>This is the first work that investigated the derivative of the ice volume in relation to insolation (page 698).</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2018/05/07/milankovitch-cycles-deep-time">In Ancient Rocks Scientists See a Climate Cycle Working Across Deep Time (Columbia Climate School, Kevin Krajick, May 7, 2018)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufmannJuselius2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kaufmann RK, Juselius K (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2014PA002767">"Testing competing forms of the Milankovitch hypothesis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Paleoceanography_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleoceanography (journal)">Paleoceanography</a></i>. <b>31</b> (2): 286–297. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PalOc..31..286K">2016PalOc..31..286K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2014PA002767">10.1002/2014PA002767</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paleoceanography&rft.atitle=Testing+competing+forms+of+the+Milankovitch+hypothesis&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=286-297&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F2014PA002767&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PalOc..31..286K&rft.aulast=Kaufmann&rft.aufirst=RK&rft.au=Juselius%2C+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252F2014PA002767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilankovitch+cycles" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPälikeNorrisHerrleWilson2006" class="citation journal cs1">Pälike H, Norris RD, Herrle JO, Wilson PA, Coxall HK, Lear CH, et al. (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/42935/2/Paelike_etal_Science2006_supplMat.pdf">"The heartbeat of the Oligocene climate system"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Science</i>. <b>314</b> (5807): 1894–8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Sci...314.1894P">2006Sci...314.1894P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1133822">10.1126/science.1133822</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17185595">17185595</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32334205">32334205</a>. <q>A 13-million-year continuous record of <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a> climate from the equatorial Pacific reveals a pronounced "heartbeat" in the global carbon cycle and periodicity of glaciations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+heartbeat+of+the+Oligocene+climate+system&rft.volume=314&rft.issue=5807&rft.pages=1894-8&rft.date=2006-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1133822&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32334205%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17185595&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Sci...314.1894P&rft.aulast=P%C3%A4like&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Norris%2C+RD&rft.au=Herrle%2C+JO&rft.au=Wilson%2C+PA&rft.au=Coxall%2C+HK&rft.au=Lear%2C+CH&rft.au=Shackleton%2C+NJ&rft.au=Tripati%2C+AK&rft.au=Wade%2C+BS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.soton.ac.uk%2F42935%2F2%2FPaelike_etal_Science2006_supplMat.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilankovitch+cycles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoe2006" class="citation journal cs1">Roe G (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2006GL027817">"In defense of Milankovitch"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Geophysical_Research_Letters" title="Geophysical Research Letters">Geophysical Research Letters</a></i>. <b>33</b> (24): L24703. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006GeoRL..3324703R">2006GeoRL..3324703R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2006GL027817">10.1029/2006GL027817</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13230658">13230658</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=In+defense+of+Milankovitch&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=L24703&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13230658%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2006GL027817&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006GeoRL..3324703R&rft.aulast=Roe&rft.aufirst=G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2006GL027817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilankovitch+cycles" class="Z3988"></span> <i>This shows that Milankovitch theory fits the data extremely well, over the past million years, provided that we consider derivatives.</i></li> <li>The oldest reference for Milankovitch cycles is: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilankovitch1930" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Milankovitch M (1930). <i>Mathematische Klimalehre und Astronomische Theorie der Klimaschwankungen</i>. Handbuch der Klimatologie. Vol. 1 Teil A. von Gebrüder Borntraeger. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/490063906">490063906</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mathematische+Klimalehre+und+Astronomische+Theorie+der+Klimaschwankungen&rft.series=Handbuch+der+Klimatologie&rft.pub=von+Gebr%C3%BCder+Borntraeger&rft.date=1930&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F490063906&rft.aulast=Milankovitch&rft.aufirst=M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilankovitch+cycles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/PT.3.4474">Tying celestial mechanics to Earth's ice age (Physics Today 73 (5), Maslin M. A. 01 May 2020)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZachosPaganiSloanThomas2001" class="citation journal cs1">Zachos J, Pagani M, Sloan L, Thomas E, Billups K (April 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doc.rero.ch/record/13508/files/PAL_E304.pdf">"Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Science</i>. <b>292</b> (5517): 686–93. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Sci...292..686Z">2001Sci...292..686Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1059412">10.1126/science.1059412</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11326091">11326091</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2365991">2365991</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Trends%2C+rhythms%2C+and+aberrations+in+global+climate+65+Ma+to+present&rft.volume=292&rft.issue=5517&rft.pages=686-93&rft.date=2001-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1059412&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2365991%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11326091&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Sci...292..686Z&rft.aulast=Zachos&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Pagani%2C+M&rft.au=Sloan%2C+L&rft.au=Thomas%2C+E&rft.au=Billups%2C+K&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rero.ch%2Frecord%2F13508%2Ffiles%2FPAL_E304.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilankovitch+cycles" class="Z3988"></span><br /><i>This review article discusses cycles and great-scale changes in the global climate during the <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a> Era.</i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milankovitch_cycles&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Milankovitch_cycles" class="extiw" title="commons:Milankovitch cycles">Milankovitch cycles</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p><p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Historical_Geology/Milankovitch_cycles" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Historical Geology/Milankovitch cycles">Milankovitch cycles</a> at Wikibooks </p> <ul><li>Campisano, C. J. (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/milankovitch-cycles-paleoclimatic-change-and-hominin-evolution-68244581">Milankovitch Cycles, Paleoclimatic Change, and Hominin Evolution</a>. Nature Education Knowledge 4(3):5</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121011002043/http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/channel/videos/ice-age-cycles/">Ice Age – Milankovitch Cycles – National Geographic Channel</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080729060933/http://www.agu.org/revgeophys/overpe00/node6.html">The Milankovitch band</a>, Internet Archive of <a href="/wiki/American_Geophysical_Union" title="American Geophysical Union">American Geophysical Union</a> lecture</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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Caesar (Iberia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Before_present" class="mw-redirect" title="Before present">Before present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_chronology" title="Egyptian chronology">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sothic_cycle" title="Sothic cycle">Sothic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">Yuga</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_calendars" title="Mesoamerican calendars">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar" title="Mesoamerican Long Count calendar">Long Count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar#Short_Count" title="Maya calendar">Short Count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzolk%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzolk'in">Tzolk'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haab%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Haab'">Haab'</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anka_year" title="Anka year">Anka year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_of_Kings" title="Canon of Kings">Canon of Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_and_British_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English and British monarchs">English and British regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regnal_lists" title="Category:Regnal lists">Lists of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limmu" title="Limmu">Limmu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Era names</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_era_name" title="Korean era name">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_era_name" title="Vietnamese era name">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Pre-Julian / Julian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Pre-Julian Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Original Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Julian_calendar" title="Proleptic Julian calendar">Proleptic Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Julian_calendar" title="Revised Julian calendar">Revised Julian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Gregorian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar" title="Proleptic Gregorian calendar">Proleptic Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">Old Style and New Style dates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Gregorian_calendar" title="Adoption of the Gregorian calendar">Adoption of the Gregorian calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_dating" title="Dual dating">Dual dating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Astronomical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">Astronomical year numbering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">Chinese sexagenary cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_Calendar" title="Geologic Calendar">Geologic Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_week_date" title="ISO week date">ISO week date</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_calendars" title="Mesoamerican calendars">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_calendar" title="Aztec calendar">Aztec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_count" title="Winter count">Winter count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Earth_Time" title="New Earth Time">New Earth Time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_chronology" title="Astronomical chronology">Astronomic time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#fff;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Calendar" title="Cosmic Calendar">Cosmic Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephemeris" title="Ephemeris">Ephemeris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_year" title="Galactic year">Galactic year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metonic_cycle" title="Metonic cycle">Metonic cycle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Milankovitch cycles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_time" title="Deep time">Deep time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale#Terminology" title="Geologic time scale">Geological time units</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Standard_Stratigraphic_Age" title="Global Standard Stratigraphic Age">Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Boundary_Stratotype_Section_and_Point" title="Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point">Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronostratigraphy" title="Chronostratigraphy">Chronostratigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">Geochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotope_geochemistry" title="Isotope geochemistry">Isotope geochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_superposition" title="Law of superposition">Law of superposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminescence_dating" title="Luminescence dating">Luminescence dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium%E2%80%93neodymium_dating" title="Samarium–neodymium dating">Samarium–neodymium dating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">Chronological<br />dating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_dating" title="Absolute dating">Absolute dating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid_dating" title="Amino acid dating">Amino acid racemisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeomagnetic_dating" title="Archaeomagnetic dating">Archaeomagnetic dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrochronology" title="Dendrochronology">Dendrochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_core" title="Ice core">Ice core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_dating" title="Incremental dating">Incremental dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichenometry" title="Lichenometry">Lichenometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleomagnetism" title="Paleomagnetism">Paleomagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">Radiometric dating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93lead_dating" title="Lead–lead dating">Lead–lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%93Ar_dating" title="K–Ar dating">Potassium–argon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">Radiocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium%E2%80%93lead_dating" title="Uranium–lead dating">Uranium–lead</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephrochronology" title="Tephrochronology">Tephrochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminescence_dating" title="Luminescence dating">Luminescence dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoluminescence_dating" title="Thermoluminescence dating">Thermoluminescence dating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Relative_dating" title="Relative dating">Relative dating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine_absorption_dating" title="Fluorine absorption dating">Fluorine absorption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dating" title="Nitrogen dating">Nitrogen dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian_hydration_dating" title="Obsidian hydration dating">Obsidian hydration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seriation_(archaeology)" title="Seriation (archaeology)">Seriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy_(archaeology)" title="Stratigraphy (archaeology)">Stratigraphy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Genetic methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_clock" title="Molecular clock">Molecular clock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Linguistic methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glottochronology" title="Glottochronology">Glottochronology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">Chronicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Chronology_(Fomenko)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Chronology (Fomenko)">New Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronoptic_view" title="Synchronoptic view">Synchronoptic view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline" title="Timeline">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_zero" title="Year zero">Year zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floruit" title="Floruit">Floruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminus_post_quem" title="Terminus post quem">Terminus post quem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASPRO_chronology" title="ASPRO chronology">ASPRO chronology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Climate_change" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change" title="Template:Climate change"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Climate_change" title="Template talk:Climate change"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Climate_change" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Climate change"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Climate_change" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Overview" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overview</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Climate change adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change_regions" title="Template:Climate change regions">By country and region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Causes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">Climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">Greenhouse effect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change" title="Scientific consensus on climate change">Scientific consensus on climate change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and climate change">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">Greenhouse gases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_accounting" title="Carbon accounting">Carbon accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_leakage" title="Carbon leakage">Carbon leakage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture">from agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands">from wetlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_energy_supply_and_consumption" title="World energy supply and consumption">World energy supply and consumption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_policy_and_politics" title="History of climate change policy and politics">History of climate change policy and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_science" title="History of climate change science">History of climate change science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen">James Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_David_Keeling" title="Charles David Keeling">Charles David Keeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Climate_Change_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Climate Change conference">United Nations Climate Change conferences</a></li> <li>Years in climate change <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_climate_change" title="2019 in climate change">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_climate_change" title="2020 in climate change">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_climate_change" title="2021 in climate change">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_climate_change" title="2022 in climate change">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_climate_change" title="2023 in climate change">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_climate_change" title="2024 in climate change">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Effects_and_issues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects and issues</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrupt_climate_change" title="Abrupt climate change">Abrupt climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_methane_emissions" title="Arctic methane emissions">Arctic methane emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">Arctic sea ice decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation" title="Atlantic meridional overturning circulation">Atlantic meridional overturning circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">Drought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">Extreme weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Flood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_flooding" title="Coastal flooding">Coastal flooding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">Heat wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_heatwave" title="Marine heatwave">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans" title="Effects of climate change on oceans">Oceans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_deoxygenation" title="Ocean deoxygenation">deoxygenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_heat_content" title="Ocean heat content">heat content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">temperature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost#Impacts_of_climate_change" title="Permafrost">Permafrost thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">Retreat of glaciers since 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Season_creep" title="Season creep">Season creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points in the climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change" title="Tropical cyclones and climate change">Tropical cyclones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle" title="Effects of climate change on the water cycle">Water cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_wildfires" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and wildfires">Wildfires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Flora and fauna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_biomes" title="Effects of climate change on biomes">Biomes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">Mass mortality event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_birds" title="Climate change and birds">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_invasive_species" title="Climate change and invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life#Climate_change" title="Human impact on marine life">Marine life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_plant_biodiversity" title="Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity">Plant biodiversity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Social and economic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock" title="Effects of climate change on livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and agriculture in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_children" title="Climate change and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_cities" title="Climate change and cities">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_civilizational_collapse" title="Climate change and civilizational collapse">Civilizational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_crime" title="Climate change and crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_depopulated_due_to_climate_change" title="List of areas depopulated due to climate change">Depopulation of settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmarks_destroyed_or_damaged_by_climate_change" title="List of landmarks destroyed or damaged by climate change">Destruction of cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_climate_change" title="Disability and climate change">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economic impacts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and insurance in the United States">U.S. insurance industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_gender" title="Climate change and gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health" title="Effects of climate change on human health">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health" title="Effects of climate change on mental health">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_and_climate_change" title="Human rights and climate change">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_infectious_diseases" title="Climate change and infectious diseases">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_migration" title="Climate migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_poverty" title="Climate change and poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_impact_of_climate_change" title="Psychological impact of climate change">Psychological impacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_security" title="Climate security">Security and conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_flooding" title="Urban flooding">Urban flooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Water security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change_regions" title="Template:Climate change regions">By country and region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Africa" title="Climate change in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Americas" title="Climate change in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Antarctica" title="Climate change in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Asia" title="Climate change in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Caribbean" title="Climate change in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe" title="Climate change in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_small_island_countries" title="Effects of climate change on small island countries">Small island countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change_by_country" title="Category:Climate change by country">by individual country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mitigation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Mitigation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economics and finance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_budget" title="Carbon budget">Carbon budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_emission_trading" title="Carbon emission trading">Carbon emission trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_offsets_and_credits" title="Carbon offsets and credits">Carbon offsets and credits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Standard_(carbon_offset_standard)" title="Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)">Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_price" title="Carbon price">Carbon price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">Carbon tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_debt" title="Climate debt">Climate debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk_insurance" title="Climate risk insurance">Climate risk insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-benefits_of_climate_change_mitigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-benefits of climate change mitigation">Co-benefits of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_climate_change_mitigation" title="Economics of climate change mitigation">Economics of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_divestment" title="Fossil fuel divestment">Fossil fuel divestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Climate_Fund" title="Green Climate Fund">Green Climate Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">Low-carbon economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_zero_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero emissions">Net zero emissions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Energy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">Carbon capture and storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">Energy transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Preserving and enhancing<br /> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sinks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_carbon" title="Blue carbon">Blue carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal" title="Carbon dioxide removal">Carbon dioxide removal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_air_capture" title="Direct air capture">Direct air capture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_farming" title="Carbon farming">Carbon farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></li> <li>Forest management <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration#Forestry" title="Carbon sequestration">forestry for carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REDD_and_REDD%2B" title="REDD and REDD+">REDD and REDD+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use,_land-use_change,_and_forestry" title="Land use, land-use change, and forestry">Land use, land-use change, and forestry</a> (LULUCF and AFOLU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Personal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individual_action_on_climate_change" title="Individual action on climate change">Individual action on climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_adaptation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Society and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adaptation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_action_on_climate_change" title="Business action on climate change">Business action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_action" title="Climate action">Climate action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_emergency_declaration" title="Climate emergency declaration">Climate emergency declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_movement" title="Climate movement">Climate movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_Strike_for_Climate" class="mw-redirect" title="School Strike for Climate">School Strike for Climate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_grief" title="Ecological grief">Ecological grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_governance" title="Climate governance">Governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_litigation" title="Climate change litigation">Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_climate_change" title="Politics of climate change">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_on_climate_change" title="Public opinion on climate change">Public opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_climate_change" title="Women in climate change">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Adaptation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast" title="Climate change adaptation strategies on the German coast">Adaptation strategies on the German coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_capacity" title="Adaptive capacity">Adaptive capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_risk_reduction" title="Disaster risk reduction">Disaster risk reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem-based_adaptation" title="Ecosystem-based adaptation">Ecosystem-based adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">Flood control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_and_damage_(climate_change)" title="Loss and damage (climate change)">Loss and damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_retreat" title="Managed retreat">Managed retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_resilience" title="Climate resilience">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk" title="Climate risk">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">Vulnerability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Adaptation_Fund" title="The Adaptation Fund">The Adaptation Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Adaptation_Programme_of_Action" title="National Adaptation Programme of Action">National Adaptation Programme of Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_communication" title="Climate communication">Communication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Performance_Index" title="Climate Change Performance Index">Climate Change Performance Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_crisis" title="Climate crisis">Climate crisis (term)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_spiral" title="Climate spiral">Climate spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_education" title="Climate change education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_climate_change" title="Media coverage of climate change">Media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_popular_culture" title="Climate change in popular culture">Popular culture depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_art" title="Climate change art">art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_climate_change_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="List of climate change video games">video games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warming_stripes" title="Warming stripes">Warming stripes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">International agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Climate_Pact" title="Glasgow Climate Pact">Glasgow Climate Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Mechanisms_under_Article_6_of_the_Paris_Agreement" title="Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement">Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationally_determined_contribution" title="Nationally determined contribution">Nationally determined contributions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_13" title="Sustainable Development Goal 13">Sustainable Development Goal 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Background_and_theory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Background and theory</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Measurements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_surface_temperature" title="Global surface temperature">Global surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_temperature_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental temperature record">Instrumental temperature record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_(climate)" title="Proxy (climate)">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_temperature_measurement" title="Satellite temperature measurement">Satellite temperature measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">Albedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">Carbon cycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_carbon_cycle" title="Atmospheric carbon cycle">atmospheric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pump" title="Biological pump">biologic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_carbon_cycle" title="Oceanic carbon cycle">oceanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost_carbon_cycle" title="Permafrost carbon cycle">permafrost</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">Carbon sink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_sensitivity" title="Climate sensitivity">Climate sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate variability and change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_feedback" title="Cloud feedback">Cloud feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_forcing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloud forcing">Cloud forcing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_anvil_temperature_hypothesis" title="Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis">Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryosphere" title="Cryosphere">Cryosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Earth's energy budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_event_attribution" title="Extreme event attribution">Extreme event attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_feedbacks" title="Climate change feedbacks">Feedbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">Global warming potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustrative_model_of_greenhouse_effect_on_climate_change" title="Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change">Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_forcing" title="Orbital forcing">Orbital forcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">Radiative forcing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Research and modelling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_scenario" title="Climate change scenario">Climate change scenario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_model" title="Climate model">Climate model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupled_Model_Intercomparison_Project" title="Coupled Model Intercomparison Project">Coupled Model Intercomparison Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">IPCC Sixth Assessment Report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_Concentration_Pathway" title="Representative Concentration Pathway">Representative Concentration Pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Socioeconomic_Pathways" title="Shared Socioeconomic Pathways">Shared Socioeconomic Pathways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" 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