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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#史實"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>史實</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-史實-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-引咗" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引咗"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>引咗</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引咗-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目錄" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="開/收內容一覽" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">開/收內容一覽</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">荷馬</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="去睇另一種語文嘅文章。有192種語言版本。" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-192" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">192種語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeros" title="Homeros – 南非荷蘭文" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Homeros" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – 德文（瑞士）" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="德文（瑞士）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%86%E1%88%9C%E1%88%AD" title="ሆሜር – 阿姆哈拉文" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሆሜር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homero" title="Homero – 阿拉貢文" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Homero" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉貢文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cm%C3%A0" title="Ọmà – 奧博洛文" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Ọmà" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="奧博洛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0" title="होमर – 昂加文" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="होमर" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="هوميروس – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هوميروس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="هوميروس – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هوميروس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0" title="হোমাৰ – 阿薩姆文" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="হোমাৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿薩姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homero" title="Homero – 阿斯圖里亞文" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Homero" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯圖里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гьомер – 阿瓦爾文" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Гьомер" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="阿瓦爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omeros" title="Omeros – 科塔瓦文" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Omeros" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="科塔瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0" title="होमर – 阿瓦文" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="होमर" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="阿瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – 亞塞拜然文" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="亞塞拜然文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1" title="هومر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هومر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="好文"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гомер – 巴什客爾文" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Гомер" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什客爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huomers" title="Huomers – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Huomers" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homero" title="Homero – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Homero" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гамер – 白俄羅斯文" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гамер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄羅斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Гамэр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гамэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Омир – 保加利亞文" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Омир" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0" title="होमर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="होमर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – 比斯拉馬文" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="比斯拉馬文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="হোমার – 孟加拉文" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হোমার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཧོ་མུར། – 藏文" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཧོ་མུར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeros" title="Homeros – 布列塔尼文" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Homeros" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – 波士尼亞文" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波士尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Һомер – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Һомер" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – 加泰羅尼亞文" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰羅尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гомер – 車臣文" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Гомер" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="車臣文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%86%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%B3" title="ھۆمیرۆس – 索拉尼庫爾德文" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھۆمیرۆس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="索拉尼庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omeru" title="Omeru – 科西嘉文" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Omeru" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="科西嘉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – 克里米亞半島的土耳其文；克里米亞半島的塔塔爾文" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亞半島的土耳其文；克里米亞半島的塔塔爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hom%C3%A9r" title="Homér – 捷克文" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Homér" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гомер – 楚瓦什文" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гомер" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeros" title="Homeros – 威爾斯文" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Homeros" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威爾斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – 丹麥文" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麥文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – 德文" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeros" title="Homeros – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Homeros" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0" title="होमर – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="होमर" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8C%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Όμηρος – 希臘文" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Όμηρος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homero" title="Homero – 世界文" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Homero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homero" title="Homero – 西班牙文" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Homero" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeros" title="Homeros – 愛沙尼亞文" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Homeros" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="愛沙尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homero" title="Homero – 巴斯克文" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Homero" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omeru" title="Omeru – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Omeru" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1" title="هومر – 波斯文" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هومر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeros" title="Homeros – 芬蘭文" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Homeros" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeros" title="Homeros – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Homeros" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – 法羅文" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="好文"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hom%C3%A8re" title="Homère – 法文" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Homère" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer_(Dachter)" title="Homer (Dachter) – 北弗里西亞文" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Homer (Dachter)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om%C3%AAr" title="Omêr – 弗留利文" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Omêr" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="弗留利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hom%C3%AAros" title="Homêros – 西弗里西亞文" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Homêros" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3im%C3%A9ar" title="Hóiméar – 愛爾蘭文" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hóiméar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="愛爾蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E9%A6%AC" title="荷馬 – 贛語" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="荷馬" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="贛語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om%C3%A8r" title="Omèr – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Omèr" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B2mair" title="Hòmair – 蘇格蘭蓋爾文" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Hòmair" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭蓋爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homero" title="Homero – 加里西亞文" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Homero" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hom%C3%A9ro" title="Homéro – 瓜拉尼文" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Homéro" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – 曼島文" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="曼島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – 豪撒文" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪撒文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeros" title="Homeros – 客家話" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Homeros" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家話" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – 夏威夷文" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="夏威夷文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1" title="הומרוס – 希伯來文" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הומרוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0" title="होमर – 北印度文" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="होमर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="北印度文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – 克羅埃西亞文" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hom%C3%A8re" title="Homère – 海地文" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Homère" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hom%C3%A9rosz" title="Homérosz – 匈牙利文" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Homérosz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Հոմերոս – 亞美尼亞文" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հոմերոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亞美尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Հոմերոս – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հոմերոս" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homero" title="Homero – 國際文" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Homero" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="國際文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeros" title="Homeros – 印尼文" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Homeros" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeros" title="Homeros – 國際文（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Homeros" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="國際文（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homero" title="Homero – 伊洛闊文" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Homero" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛闊文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homero" title="Homero – 伊多文" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Homero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3mer" title="Hómer – 冰島文" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hómer" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omero" title="Omero – 義大利文" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Omero" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="義大利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B9" title="ホメーロス – 日文" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ホメーロス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uoma" title="Uoma – 牙買加克裏奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Uoma" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克裏奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeros" title="Homeros – 爪哇文" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Homeros" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ჰომეროსი – 喬治亞文" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰომეროსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="喬治亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – 卡拉卡爾帕克文" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡爾帕克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – 卡比爾文" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡比爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гомер – 卡巴爾達文" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Гомер" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="卡巴爾達文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hom%C3%A8re" title="Homère – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Homère" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гомер – 哈薩克文" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гомер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈薩克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%9A" title="ហូម័រ – 高棉文" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ហូម័រ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಹೋಮರ್ – 坎那達文" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹೋಮರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="坎那達文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%B8%EB%A9%94%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="호메로스 – 韓文" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="호메로스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1" title="ہومر – 喀什米爾文" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ہومر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="喀什米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hom%C3%AAros" title="Homêros – 庫爾德文" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Homêros" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – 康瓦耳文" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康瓦耳文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гомер – 吉爾吉斯文" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гомер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="吉爾吉斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homerus" title="Homerus – 拉丁文" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Homerus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – 盧森堡文" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="盧森堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homero" title="Homero – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Homero" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeros" title="Homeros – 林堡文" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Homeros" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omero" title="Omero – 利古里亞文" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Omero" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omer" title="Omer – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Omer" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umer" title="Umer – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Umer" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%AE%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%A1" title="ໂຮແມ – 寮文" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໂຮແມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="寮文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeras" title="Homeras – 立陶宛文" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Homeras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hom%C4%93rs" title="Homērs – 拉脫維亞文" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Homērs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脫維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0" title="होमर – 邁蒂利文" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="होमर" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="邁蒂利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – 馬拉加什文" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="馬拉加什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гомер – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Гомер" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homerus" title="Homerus – 米南卡堡文" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Homerus" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南卡堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Хомер – 馬其頓文" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хомер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="馬其頓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BC" title="ഹോമർ – 馬來亞拉姆文" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹോമർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="馬來亞拉姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Хомер – 蒙古文" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хомер" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0" title="होमर – 馬拉地文" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="होमर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="馬拉地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeros" title="Homeros – 馬來文" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Homeros" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="馬來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omeru" title="Omeru – 馬爾他文" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Omeru" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="馬爾他文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houmero" title="Houmero – 米蘭德斯文" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Houmero" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米蘭德斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဟိုးမား – 緬甸文" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟိုးမား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="緬甸文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гомер – 厄爾茲亞文" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Гомер" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="厄爾茲亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1" title="هومر – 馬贊德蘭文" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هومر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="馬贊德蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer_(Dichter)" title="Homer (Dichter) – 低地德文" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Homer (Dichter)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0" title="होमर – 尼泊爾文" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="होमर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0" title="होमर – 尼瓦爾文" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="होमर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homerus" title="Homerus – 荷蘭文" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Homerus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – 耐諾斯克挪威文" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="耐諾斯克挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – 巴克摩挪威文" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="巴克摩挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3meros" title="Hómeros – 諾維亞文" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Hómeros" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="諾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houm%C3%A8re" title="Houmère – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Houmère" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om%C3%A8r" title="Omèr – 奧克西坦文" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Omèr" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奧克西坦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B9%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%B0" title="ହୋମର – 歐利亞文" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ହୋମର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="歐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гомер – 奧塞提文" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Гомер" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奧塞提文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਹੋਮਰ – 旁遮普文" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹੋਮਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omeru" title="Omeru – 潘帕嘉文" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Omeru" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="潘帕嘉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homero" title="Homero – 帕皮阿門托文" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Homero" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿門托文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om%C3%A8re" title="Omère – 庇卡底文" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Omère" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="庇卡底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – 普法爾茨德文" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="普法爾茨德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – 波蘭文" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omer" title="Omer – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Omer" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1" title="ہومر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہومر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1" title="هومر – 普什圖文" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هومر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什圖文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homero" title="Homero – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Homero" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omiros" title="Omiros – 蓋楚瓦文" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Omiros" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="蓋楚瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – 羅馬尼亞文" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeru" title="Homeru – 羅馬尼亞語系" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Homeru" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞語系" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гомер – 俄文" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гомер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гомер – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Гомер" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Хомер – 雅庫特文" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Хомер" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="雅庫特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A8" title="ᱦᱚᱢᱤᱨ – 散塔利文" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱦᱚᱢᱤᱨ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="散塔利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omero" title="Omero – 撒丁文" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Omero" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="撒丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omeru" title="Omeru – 西西里文" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Omeru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1" title="هومر – 信德文" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="هومر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – 塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="好文"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hom%C3%A9r" title="Homér – 斯洛伐克文" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Homér" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – 斯洛維尼亞文" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛維尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeri" title="Homeri – 阿爾巴尼亞文" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Homeri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿爾巴尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Хомер – 塞爾維亞文" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хомер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3m%C4%93ros" title="Hómēros – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Hómēros" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeros" title="Homeros – 瑞典文" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Homeros" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – 史瓦希里文" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="史瓦希里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%AFmer" title="Hůmer – 西利西亞文" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Hůmer" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="西利西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/He-ma" title="He-ma – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="He-ma" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%93%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="ஓமர் – 坦米爾文" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஓமர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="坦米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="హోమర్ – 泰盧固文" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హోమర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰盧固文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ҳомер – 塔吉克文" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳомер" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="โฮเมอร์ – 泰文" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โฮเมอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomer" title="Gomer – 土庫曼文" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Gomer" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土庫曼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – 塔加路族文" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="塔加路族文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeros" title="Homeros – 土耳其文" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Homeros" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Һомер – 韃靼文" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Һомер" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="韃靼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – 圖姆布卡文" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="圖姆布卡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гомер – 土凡文" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Гомер" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="土凡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гомер – 沃蒂艾克文" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Гомер" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="沃蒂艾克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гомер – 烏克蘭文" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гомер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="烏克蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1" title="ہومر – 烏都文" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہومر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="烏都文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – 烏茲別克文" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="烏茲別克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omero" title="Omero – 威尼斯文" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Omero" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomer" title="Gomer – 維普森文" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Gomer" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="維普森文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeros" title="Homeros – 越南文" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Homeros" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeros" title="Homeros – 沃拉普克文" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Homeros" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="沃拉普克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homere" title="Homere – 瓦隆文" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Homere" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeros" title="Homeros – 瓦瑞文" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Homeros" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E9%A6%AC" title="荷馬 – 吳語" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="荷馬" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吳語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ჰომეროსი – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰომეროსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A1" title="האמעראס – 意第緒文" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="האמעראס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第緒文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer – 約魯巴文" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Homer" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="約魯巴文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hozmaj" title="Hozmaj – 壯文" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Hozmaj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E9%A9%AC" title="荷马 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="荷马" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E9%A6%AC" title="荷馬 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="荷馬" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeros" title="Homeros – 閩南語" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Homeros" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="閩南語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6691#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="改跨語言拎" class="wbc-editpage">改拎</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="空間名"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E9%A6%AC" 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<li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Homer" hreflang="en"><span>維基同享</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6691" title="連到接住資料儲存庫嘅項目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>維基數據項</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="閱讀設定"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">閱讀設定</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">收埋</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="yue" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Homer_British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Homer_British_Museum.jpg/300px-Homer_British_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="378" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Homer_British_Museum.jpg/450px-Homer_British_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Homer_British_Museum.jpg/600px-Homer_British_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>荷馬像</figcaption></figure> <p><b>荷馬</b>（古希臘文Ὅμηρος，拼做Homēros）係<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" title="古希臘">古希臘</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%A9%E4%BA%BA" title="詩人">詩人</a>，寫過<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%A9%A9" title="史詩">史詩</a><a href="/wiki/Iliad" class="mw-redirect" title="Iliad">Iliad</a>同<a href="/wiki/Odyssey" class="mw-redirect" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a>。不過荷馬係咪真有其人，就各有各講，未有定論。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="作品"><span id=".E4.BD.9C.E5.93.81"></span>作品</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8D%B7%E9%A6%AC&action=edit&section=1" title="編輯小節: 作品"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%BE%B7" title="伊利亞德">伊利亞德</a> Iliad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%BE%B7%E4%BF%AE%E8%A8%98" title="奧德修記">奧德修記</a> Odyssey</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="荷馬研究史"><span id=".E8.8D.B7.E9.A6.AC.E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6.E5.8F.B2"></span>荷馬研究史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8D%B7%E9%A6%AC&action=edit&section=2" title="編輯小節: 荷馬研究史"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">想知多啲：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8D%B7%E9%A6%AC%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="荷馬研究 (無呢版)">荷馬研究</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8D%B7%E9%A6%AC%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="荷馬問題 (無呢版)">荷馬問題</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="古代"><span id=".E5.8F.A4.E4.BB.A3"></span>古代</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8D%B7%E9%A6%AC&action=edit&section=3" title="編輯小節: 古代"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Townley_Homer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Townley_Homer.jpg/220px-Townley_Homer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Townley_Homer.jpg/330px-Townley_Homer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Townley_Homer.jpg/440px-Townley_Homer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1171" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>11世紀手稿「湯利荷馬」嘅一部分。上邊同右邊嘅文字係<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%BB%E9%87%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="註釋">註釋</a>。</figcaption></figure> <p>荷馬研究係最古老嘅學術課題之一，可以追溯到古代。<sup id="cite_ref-Dickey2012_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickey2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-West2011_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lamberton2010_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamberton2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 不過，荷馬研究嘅目標喺過去幾千年都有所改變。<sup id="cite_ref-Dickey2012_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickey2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 最早保存落嚟嘅荷馬評論，主要係關於佢對神嘅描述，好似<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%AF%E6%B4%9B%E8%8A%AC%E5%98%85%E8%89%B2%E8%AB%BE%E8%8A%AC%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="柯洛芬嘅色諾芬尼 (無呢版)">柯洛芬嘅色諾芬尼</a>咁嘅敵對批評者就譴責呢啲描述係不道德嘅。<sup id="cite_ref-Lamberton2010_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamberton2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 據講，寓言學者<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%B7%E5%90%89%E7%BF%81%E5%98%85%E5%BF%92%E4%BA%9E%E6%A0%B9%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雷吉翁嘅忒亞根尼 (無呢版)">雷吉翁嘅忒亞根尼</a>為荷馬辯護，認為荷馬詩係<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%93%E8%A8%80" title="寓言">寓言</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-Lamberton2010_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamberton2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 《伊利亞特》同《奧德賽》喺古希臘同希臘化文化入面被廣泛用作教科書。<sup id="cite_ref-Dickey2012_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickey2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lamberton2010_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamberton2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hunter2018_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter2018-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 佢哋係第一批教畀所有學生嘅文學作品。<sup id="cite_ref-Hunter2018_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter2018-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 喺希臘化同羅馬時期，《伊利亞特》，特別係前幾卷，比《奧德賽》受到更多關注。<sup id="cite_ref-Hunter2018_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter2018-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>由於呢啲詩喺<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古典希臘 (無呢版)">古典希臘</a>教育中嘅重要地位，為解釋文化或語言上難以理解嘅部分，發展出大量註釋。<sup id="cite_ref-Dickey2012_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickey2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lamberton2010_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamberton2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%8C%96%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘化時期">希臘化</a>同羅馬時期，好多詮釋者，特別係相信荷馬詩傳達咗斯多葛學說嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E5%99%B6%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯多噶學派 (無呢版)">斯多噶學派</a>，將佢哋視為寓言，包含隱藏嘅智慧。<sup id="cite_ref-Lamberton2010_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamberton2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 可能部分因為荷馬詩喺教育中嘅廣泛使用，好多作者都認為荷馬嘅原本目的係教育。<sup id="cite_ref-Lamberton2010_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamberton2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 荷馬嘅智慧受到如此廣泛嘅讚揚，以至於佢開始獲得幾乎係原型哲學家嘅形象。<sup id="cite_ref-Lamberton2010_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamberton2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拜占庭希臘人 (無呢版)">拜占庭</a>學者好似<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%96%E6%92%92%E7%BE%85%E5%B0%BC%E5%9F%BA%E5%98%85%E5%B0%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E6%8F%90%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="帖撒羅尼基嘅尤斯塔提烏斯 (無呢版)">帖撒羅尼基嘅尤斯塔提烏斯</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%A5%E6%9C%9B%E6%BE%A4%E7%AD%96%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="若望澤策斯 (無呢版)">若望澤策斯</a>喺十二世紀為荷馬作品製作咗註釋、擴展同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%BB%E9%87%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="註釋">註釋</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lamberton2010_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamberton2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 單係尤斯塔提烏斯對《伊利亞特》嘅註釋就已經好龐大，喺21世紀嘅印刷版本中佔據咗差唔多4,000頁特大紙，而佢對《奧德賽》嘅註釋仲要額外增加咗差唔多2,000頁。<sup id="cite_ref-Lamberton2010_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamberton2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="現代"><span id=".E7.8F.BE.E4.BB.A3"></span>現代</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8D%B7%E9%A6%AC&action=edit&section=4" title="編輯小節: 現代"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Page_from_the_first_printed_edition_(editio_princeps)_of_collected_works_by_Homer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Page_from_the_first_printed_edition_%28editio_princeps%29_of_collected_works_by_Homer.jpg/220px-Page_from_the_first_printed_edition_%28editio_princeps%29_of_collected_works_by_Homer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Page_from_the_first_printed_edition_%28editio_princeps%29_of_collected_works_by_Homer.jpg/330px-Page_from_the_first_printed_edition_%28editio_princeps%29_of_collected_works_by_Homer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Page_from_the_first_printed_edition_%28editio_princeps%29_of_collected_works_by_Homer.jpg/440px-Page_from_the_first_printed_edition_%28editio_princeps%29_of_collected_works_by_Homer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2846" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E7%B1%B3%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E7%88%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%94%E8%BF%AA%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德米特里奧斯·哈爾科孔迪勒斯 (無呢版)">德米特里奧斯·哈爾科孔迪勒斯</a>編輯嘅荷馬作品首次印刷版本（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Editio_princeps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Editio princeps (無呢版)">editio princeps</a>）嘅一頁。佛羅倫斯，1489年。 <span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;" title="法文文字"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8" title="法國國家圖書館">法國國家圖書館</a></span></figcaption></figure> <p>1488年，希臘學者<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E7%B1%B3%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E7%88%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%94%E8%BF%AA%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德米特里奧斯·哈爾科孔迪勒斯 (無呢版)">德米特里奧斯·哈爾科孔迪勒斯</a>喺<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%BE%85%E5%80%AB%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="佛羅倫斯">佛羅倫斯</a>出版咗荷馬詩嘅<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Editio_princeps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Editio princeps (無呢版)">editio princeps</a></i>（首版）。<sup id="cite_ref-Lamberton2010_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamberton2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 最早嘅現代荷馬學者對荷馬詩嘅基本研究方法同古代學者一樣。<sup id="cite_ref-Lamberton2010_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamberton2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-West2011_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dickey2012_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickey2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 喺古代非常盛行嘅荷馬詩寓言解釋重新成為<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88" title="文藝復興">文藝復興</a>時期嘅主流觀點。<sup id="cite_ref-Lamberton2010_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamberton2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 文藝復興時期嘅人文主義者讚美荷馬係典型嘅智慧詩人，佢嘅作品包含隱藏嘅智慧，通過寓言呈現。<sup id="cite_ref-Lamberton2010_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamberton2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 喺文藝復興時期嘅西歐，<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%90%89%E7%88%BE" title="維吉爾">維吉爾</a>比荷馬更廣泛地被閱讀，而荷馬經常通過維吉爾嘅視角被理解。<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1664年，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E7%B4%A2%E7%93%A6%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E8%98%AD%EF%BC%8C%E5%A5%A7%E6%AF%94%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%8B%E4%BF%AE%E9%81%93%E9%99%A2%E9%99%A2%E9%95%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗朗索瓦·埃德蘭，奧比尼亞克修道院院長 (無呢版)">弗朗索瓦·埃德蘭，奧比尼亞克修道院院長</a>同廣泛讚美荷馬係智慧典範嘅觀點相反，對荷馬詩作出咗嚴厲批評，宣稱佢哋係不連貫、不道德、無品味同冇風格嘅，荷馬根本冇存在過，呢啲詩係由無能嘅編輯匆忙將無關嘅口頭歌曲拼湊埋一齊。<sup id="cite_ref-West2011_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 五十年之後，英國學者<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="理查德·本特利 (無呢版)">理查德·本特利</a>得出結論話荷馬的確存在過，但佢只係一個默默無聞嘅史前口頭詩人，佢嘅作品同流傳落嚟嘅《伊利亞特》同《奧德賽》冇乜關係。<sup id="cite_ref-West2011_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 根據本特利嘅說法，荷馬「寫咗一系列歌曲同說唱詩，喺節日同其他歡樂日子自己唱嚟賺啲少少錢同搵食；佢為男人寫《伊利亞特》，為另一個性別寫《奧德賽》。呢啲零散嘅歌曲直到<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%87%E8%A5%BF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%96%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="庇西特拉圖斯 (無呢版)">庇西特拉圖斯</a>嘅時代，即大約500年之後，先被收集埋一齊成為史詩形式。」<sup id="cite_ref-West2011_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E7%88%BE%E5%A4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗里德里希·奧古斯特·沃爾夫 (無呢版)">弗里德里希·奧古斯特·沃爾夫</a>1795年出版嘅《荷馬序論》認為，後來被收入《伊利亞特》同《奧德賽》嘅大部分材料原本係公元前十世紀以短小、獨立嘅口頭歌曲形式創作嘅，<sup id="cite_ref-Heiden18thcenturyscholarship_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heiden18thcenturyscholarship-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heidennineteenth_century_scholarship_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heidennineteenth_century_scholarship-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-West2011_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 喺口頭傳統中流傳咗大約四百年之後，喺公元前六世紀由識字嘅作者組合成為《伊利亞特》同《奧德賽》嘅原型版本。<sup id="cite_ref-Heiden18thcenturyscholarship_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heiden18thcenturyscholarship-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heidennineteenth_century_scholarship_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heidennineteenth_century_scholarship-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-West2011_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 沃爾夫認為，喺被記錄落嚟之後，呢兩首詩經過廣泛嘅編輯、現代化處理，最終形成咗佢哋目前藝術統一嘅狀態。<sup id="cite_ref-Heiden18thcenturyscholarship_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heiden18thcenturyscholarship-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heidennineteenth_century_scholarship_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heidennineteenth_century_scholarship-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-West2011_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 沃爾夫同「分析派」學派喺十九世紀領導咗呢個領域，佢哋試圖恢復原始、真實嘅詩歌，認為呢啲詩歌被後來嘅增生所掩蓋。<sup id="cite_ref-Heiden18thcenturyscholarship_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heiden18thcenturyscholarship-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heidennineteenth_century_scholarship_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heidennineteenth_century_scholarship-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-West2011_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Taplin1986_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taplin1986-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>分析派學校入面有兩個陣營：一個係支持「歌謠理論」，認為《伊利亞特》同《奧德賽》係由大量短小、獨立嘅歌曲組成嘅；<sup id="cite_ref-West2011_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 另一個係支持「核心理論」，認為荷馬原本作咗《伊利亞特》同《奧德賽》嘅較短版本，之後被後世詩人擴展同修訂。<sup id="cite_ref-West2011_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 一小撮反對分析派嘅學者，被稱為「統一派」，佢哋認為後來嘅增添更優秀，係單一有靈感嘅詩人嘅作品。<sup id="cite_ref-Heiden18thcenturyscholarship_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heiden18thcenturyscholarship-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heidennineteenth_century_scholarship_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heidennineteenth_century_scholarship-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-West2011_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 到咗1830年左右，荷馬學者嘅中心關注點，即係荷馬係咪真係存在過、荷馬詩係幾時同點樣產生嘅、佢哋點樣流傳、幾時同點樣被記錄落嚟，以及佢哋嘅整體統一性，被稱為「荷馬問題」。<sup id="cite_ref-West2011_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" title="第一次世界大戰">第一次世界大戰</a>之後，分析派學校開始喺荷馬學者中失去支持。<sup id="cite_ref-West2011_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 佢冇完全消失，但越嚟越多人覺得佢係一條已經被否定咗嘅死胡同。<sup id="cite_ref-West2011_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 大約喺1928年開始，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E9%87%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="米爾曼·帕里 (無呢版)">米爾曼·帕里</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BE%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%B4%9B%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="艾伯特·洛德 (無呢版)">艾伯特·洛德</a>喺巴爾幹半島研究民間吟遊詩人之後，發展出咗「口頭程式理論」，認為荷馬詩原本係通過即興口頭表演創作嘅，依賴傳統嘅修飾語同詩歌程式。<sup id="cite_ref-Foley1988_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foley1988-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Taplin1986_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taplin1986-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-West2011_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 呢個理論獲得咗好廣泛嘅學術認可，<sup id="cite_ref-Foley1988_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foley1988-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Taplin1986_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taplin1986-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-West2011_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 解釋咗荷馬詩中之前令人費解嘅好多特徵，包括佢哋異常古老嘅語言、大量使用固定修飾語，以及其他「重複」特徵。<sup id="cite_ref-Taplin1986_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taplin1986-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 好多學者得出結論話「荷馬問題」終於得到咗解答。<sup id="cite_ref-West2011_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>同時，「新分析派」試圖彌合「分析派」同「統一派」之間嘅鴻溝。<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 新分析派試圖追溯荷馬詩同其他而家已經失傳但現代學者仍有一啲零碎認識嘅史詩之間嘅關係。<sup id="cite_ref-West2011_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 新分析派認為，通過分析現存嘅《伊利亞特》同《奧德賽》喺結構同細節上嘅異常之處，可以推斷出早期版本嘅史詩嘅情況。呢啲異常之處指向《伊利亞特》嘅早期版本，喺嗰度阿賈克斯扮演咗更重要嘅角色，阿開亞人派去見阿基里斯嘅使團由唔同嘅人物組成，帕特羅克洛斯真係被特洛伊人誤認為係阿基里斯。佢哋仲指向《奧德賽》嘅早期版本，喺嗰度忒勒馬科斯去搵佢老豆嘅消息唔係去斯巴達搵墨涅拉奧斯，而係去克里特搵伊多墨涅烏斯，忒勒馬科斯喺克里特同佢老豆相遇，並同佢串謀喬裝成預言家忒奧克呂美諾斯返回伊薩卡，佩涅洛佩喺故事早期就認出奧德修斯，並同佢串謀消滅求婚者。<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="當代"><span id=".E7.95.B6.E4.BB.A3"></span>當代</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8D%B7%E9%A6%AC&action=edit&section=5" title="編輯小節: 當代"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>大多數當代學者雖然喺詩歌起源嘅其他問題上有分歧，但都同意《伊利亞特》同《奧德賽》唔係由同一個作者創作嘅，呢個判斷係基於「喺敘事方式、神學、倫理、詞彙、地理視角上嘅好多分別，以及《奧德賽》某啲段落相對於《伊利亞特》明顯模仿嘅特徵。」<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-West2011_2-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 差唔多所有學者都同意《伊利亞特》同《奧德賽》係統一嘅詩，即係每首詩都顯示出清晰嘅整體設計，唔係單單將無關嘅歌曲串埋一齊。<sup id="cite_ref-West2011_2-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 大家仲普遍同意每首詩主要係由一個作者創作嘅，呢個作者可能好大程度上依賴較早嘅口頭傳統。<sup id="cite_ref-West2011_2-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 差唔多所有學者都同意《伊利亞特》第十卷嘅《多隆篇》唔係原詩嘅一部分，而係由另一個詩人後來插入嘅。<sup id="cite_ref-West2011_2-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>有啲古代學者相信荷馬係<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%8A%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="特洛伊戰爭">特洛伊戰爭</a>嘅目擊證人；有啲則認為佢可能喺戰爭之後500年先出現。<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 當代學者仲係喺辯論呢啲詩嘅寫作日期。<sup id="cite_ref-Graziosi2002_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graziosi2002-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fowler2004_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-West2011_2-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 喺呢啲詩嘅創作背後有好長嘅口頭傳播歷史，呢個令準確日期嘅搵尋變得更加複雜。<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 喺一個極端，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%A9%B9%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="理查德·詹科 (無呢版)">理查德·詹科</a>根據語言分析同統計，提出兩首詩都係喺公元前八世紀寫成嘅。<sup id="cite_ref-Graziosi2002_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graziosi2002-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fowler2004_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E9%87%8C%C2%B7B%C2%B7%E9%AE%91%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴里·B·鮑威爾 (無呢版)">巴里·B·鮑威爾</a>將《伊利亞特》同《奧德賽》嘅創作時間定喺公元前800年到750年之間，呢個係基於生活喺公元前五世紀末嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E7%BE%85%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="希羅多德">希羅多德</a>嘅陳述，話荷馬喺佢自己嘅時代之前四百年「而唔係更早」（<span lang="grc" title="古希臘文 (1453年或者之前)文字">καὶ οὐ πλέοσι</span>）出現，仲有呢啲詩冇提到<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8D%E8%A3%9D%E6%AD%A5%E5%85%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="重裝步兵 (無呢版)">重裝步兵</a>嘅戰術、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%91%AC" title="土葬">土葬</a>，或者識字呢啲事實。<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%87%E8%8F%B2%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%9F%8B%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬丁·利奇菲爾德·韋斯特 (無呢版)">馬丁·利奇菲爾德·韋斯特</a>認為《伊利亞特》呼應咗<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E8%A5%BF%E4%BF%84%E5%BE%B7" title="赫西俄德">赫西俄德</a>嘅詩歌，所以最早都係喺公元前660-650年左右先創作嘅，而《奧德賽》可能係一代人之後嘅作品。<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-West2011_2-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 佢仲解釋《伊利亞特》入面有啲段落反映咗對公元前七世紀中期喺古代近東發生嘅歷史事件嘅認知，包括公元前689年<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%9B%E9%82%A3%E8%B5%AB%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="辛那赫里布 (無呢版)">辛那赫里布</a>摧毀<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E5%80%AB" title="巴比倫">巴比倫</a>，同公元前663/4年<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E8%BF%B0%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E5%B8%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亞述巴尼帕 (無呢版)">亞述巴尼帕</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BB%E9%99%B7%E5%BA%95%E6%AF%94%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="攻陷底比斯 (無呢版)">攻陷底比斯</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-West2011_2-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 喺另一個極端，有啲美國學者好似<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7%E6%88%88%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E7%B4%8D%E5%90%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格雷戈里·納吉 (無呢版)">格雷戈里·納吉</a>就將「荷馬」視為一個不斷演變嘅傳統，隨住傳統嘅發展變得越嚟越穩定，但一直到公元前二世紀中期先停止變化同演變。<sup id="cite_ref-Graziosi2002_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graziosi2002-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fowler2004_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-West2011_2-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>「荷馬」係一個詞源不明嘅名字，喺古代圍繞住佢建立咗好多理論。其中一個聯繫係同希臘文<span lang="grc" title="古希臘文 (1453年或者之前)文字">ὅμηρος</span>（<span lang="grc-Latn" title="transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">hómēros</span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">人質</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>或<span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">保證</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>）有關。現代學者提出嘅解釋傾向於反映佢哋喺整體荷馬問題上嘅立場。納吉將佢解釋為「將（歌曲）組合埋一齊嘅人」。韋斯特提出咗可能嘅希臘同腓尼基詞源。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraziosi2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvCHsh9QWzLYCpgPA51_51–89]_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraziosi2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvCHsh9QWzLYCpgPA51_51–89]-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-east_face_622_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-east_face_622-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="史實"><span id=".E5.8F.B2.E5.AF.A6"></span>史實</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8D%B7%E9%A6%AC&action=edit&section=6" title="編輯小節: 史實"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>就算到咗廿一世紀初，仲有唔少人質疑荷馬係咪真係<a href="/wiki/Iliad" class="mw-redirect" title="Iliad">Iliad</a>同<a href="/wiki/Odyssey" class="mw-redirect" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a>呢兩首史詩嘅作者：事實表明，當代（同荷馬同期）嘅文獻好少可提到荷馬呢個人；對於荷馬喺邊度出世或者做過啲乜，學界所知甚少；有唔少人懷疑，<a href="/wiki/Iliad" class="mw-redirect" title="Iliad">Iliad</a>同<a href="/wiki/Odyssey" class="mw-redirect" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a>各部份查實係由唔同人作嘅，每部份都畀聽到嘅人<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E5%82%B3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="口傳文學">口耳相傳</a>，期間因為流傳而走咗樣，傳咗一排後先畀人攞文字紀錄低—而荷馬做嘅只不過係集結前人嘅創作，編成兩首史詩；甚至有啲人懷疑，荷馬呢個人根本就唔存在，啲希臘人之所以會話「首史詩係荷馬作嘅」純粹係因為佢哋想搵一個單一作者，嚟做呢兩首偉大史詩嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E8%A8%AD%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="創設神話">創設神話</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="引咗"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E5.92.97"></span>引咗</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8D%B7%E9%A6%AC&action=edit&section=7" title="編輯小節: 引咗"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2020813">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dickey2012-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dickey2012_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dickey2012_1-1">1.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dickey2012_1-2">1.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dickey2012_1-3">1.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dickey2012_1-4">1.4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Harvc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Harvc (無呢版)">Template:Harvc</a> <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%A2%BC%E7%89%A9%E4%BB%B6%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E8%99%9F" title="數碼物件識別號">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444350302.wbhe1307">10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe1307</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-West2011-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-West2011_2-0">2.00</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-West2011_2-1">2.01</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-West2011_2-2">2.02</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-West2011_2-3">2.03</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-West2011_2-4">2.04</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-West2011_2-5">2.05</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-West2011_2-6">2.06</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-West2011_2-7">2.07</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-West2011_2-8">2.08</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-West2011_2-9">2.09</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-West2011_2-10">2.10</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-West2011_2-11">2.11</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-West2011_2-12">2.12</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-West2011_2-13">2.13</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-West2011_2-14">2.14</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-West2011_2-15">2.15</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-West2011_2-16">2.16</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-West2011_2-17">2.17</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-West2011_2-18">2.18</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-West2011_2-19">2.19</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-West2011_2-20">2.20</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-West2011_2-21">2.21</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-West2011_2-22">2.22</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-West2011_2-23">2.23</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-West2011_2-24">2.24</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-West2011_2-25">2.25</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-West2011_2-26">2.26</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2190673">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription 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.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.5em)}.mw-parser-output .fan1gaak3+.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0.1em)}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{position:absolute;align-self:baseline;margin-left:-1em}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after{padding-top:1em;content:"﹋"}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after{content:"︳";transform-origin:bottom left;transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.35em)}.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{padding-top:0.6em;content:"·";width:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .koen1zo2,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .hoi1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .hoi1-adj{margin-left:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .koen1jau6,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .saan1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .saan1-adj{margin-right:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b{white-space:nowrap;border-bottom:0.05em solid currentColor}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+link+.zyun1ming4-b,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+.zyun1ming4-b{margin-left:0.083em}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul>li{margin-left:3em;text-indent:-3em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFWest2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Litchfield_West&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Litchfield West (無呢版)">West, M. L.</a> (December 2011). "The Homeric Question Today". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proceedings_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society (無呢版)">Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</a></i>. <b>155</b> (4): 383–393. <a href="/w/index.php?title=JSTOR_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JSTOR (identifier) (無呢版)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/23208780">23208780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=The+Homeric+Question+Today&rft.volume=155&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=383-393&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23208780%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=M.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8D%B7%E9%A6%AC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lamberton2010-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Lamberton2010_3-0">3.00</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Lamberton2010_3-1">3.01</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Lamberton2010_3-2">3.02</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Lamberton2010_3-3">3.03</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Lamberton2010_3-4">3.04</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Lamberton2010_3-5">3.05</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Lamberton2010_3-6">3.06</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Lamberton2010_3-7">3.07</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Lamberton2010_3-8">3.08</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Lamberton2010_3-9">3.09</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Lamberton2010_3-10">3.10</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Lamberton2010_3-11">3.11</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Lamberton2010_3-12">3.12</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Lamberton2010_3-13">3.13</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFLamberton2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_D._Lamberton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert D. Lamberton (無呢版)">Lamberton, Robert</a> (2010). "Homer". 出自 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Grafton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony Grafton (無呢版)">Grafton, Anthony</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glenn_W._Most&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glenn W. Most (無呢版)">Most, Glenn W.</a>; Settis, Salvatore (編). <i>The Classical Tradition</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 449–452. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-0-674-03572-0" title="Special:書本來源/978-0-674-03572-0"><bdi>978-0-674-03572-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Homer&rft.btitle=The+Classical+Tradition&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts+and+London%2C+England&rft.pages=449-452&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03572-0&rft.aulast=Lamberton&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8D%B7%E9%A6%AC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hunter2018-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Hunter2018_4-0">4.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Hunter2018_4-1">4.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Hunter2018_4-2">4.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFHunter2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_L._Hunter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard L. Hunter (無呢版)">Hunter, Richard L.</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OxNSDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Measure of Homer: The Ancient Reception of the </i>Iliad<i> and the </i>Odyssey<i><span></span></i></a>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 4–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-1-108-42831-6" title="Special:書本來源/978-1-108-42831-6"><bdi>978-1-108-42831-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Measure+of+Homer%3A+The+Ancient+Reception+of+the+Iliad+and+the+Odyssey&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=4-7&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-108-42831-6&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOxNSDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8D%B7%E9%A6%AC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Harvc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Harvc (無呢版)">Template:Harvc</a> <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%A2%BC%E7%89%A9%E4%BB%B6%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E8%99%9F" title="數碼物件識別號">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444350302.wbhe1308">10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe1308</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.chethams.com/collections/101-treasures-of-chethams/homer-editio-princeps/">"Homer Editio Princeps"</a>. <i>Chetham's Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2021搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chetham%27s+Library&rft.atitle=Homer+Editio+Princeps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.chethams.com%2Fcollections%2F101-treasures-of-chethams%2Fhomer-editio-princeps%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8D%B7%E9%A6%AC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Harvc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Harvc (無呢版)">Template:Harvc</a> <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%A2%BC%E7%89%A9%E4%BB%B6%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E8%99%9F" title="數碼物件識別號">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444350302.wbhe1310">10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe1310</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heiden18thcenturyscholarship-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Heiden18thcenturyscholarship_8-0">8.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Heiden18thcenturyscholarship_8-1">8.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Heiden18thcenturyscholarship_8-2">8.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Heiden18thcenturyscholarship_8-3">8.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Heiden18thcenturyscholarship_8-4">8.4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Harvc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Harvc (無呢版)">Template:Harvc</a> <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%A2%BC%E7%89%A9%E4%BB%B6%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E8%99%9F" title="數碼物件識別號">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444350302.wbhe1311">10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe1311</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heidennineteenth_century_scholarship-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Heidennineteenth_century_scholarship_9-0">9.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Heidennineteenth_century_scholarship_9-1">9.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Heidennineteenth_century_scholarship_9-2">9.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Heidennineteenth_century_scholarship_9-3">9.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Heidennineteenth_century_scholarship_9-4">9.4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Harvc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Harvc (無呢版)">Template:Harvc</a> <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%A2%BC%E7%89%A9%E4%BB%B6%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E8%99%9F" title="數碼物件識別號">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444350302.wbhe1312">10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe1312</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taplin1986-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Taplin1986_10-0">10.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Taplin1986_10-1">10.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Taplin1986_10-2">10.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Taplin1986_10-3">10.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFTaplin1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Taplin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oliver Taplin (無呢版)">Taplin, Oliver</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7EloAAAAMAAJ&q=Homer">"2: Homer"</a>. 出自 Boardman, John; Griffin, Jasper; Murray, Oswyn (編). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofc00john/page/50"><i>The Oxford History of the Classical World</i></a>. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofc00john/page/50">50–77</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-0198721123" title="Special:書本來源/978-0198721123"><bdi>978-0198721123</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2%3A+Homer&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Classical+World&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=50-77&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0198721123&rft.aulast=Taplin&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7EloAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DHomer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8D%B7%E9%A6%AC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foley1988-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Foley1988_11-0">11.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Foley1988_11-1">11.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFFoley1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Foley, John Miles (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo-665SEuqsC"><i>The Theory of Oral Composition: History and Methodology</i></a> (英文). Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-0253342607" title="Special:書本來源/978-0253342607"><bdi>978-0253342607</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theory+of+Oral+Composition%3A+History+and+Methodology&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0253342607&rft.aulast=Foley&rft.aufirst=John+Miles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZo-665SEuqsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8D%B7%E9%A6%AC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Harvc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Harvc (無呢版)">Template:Harvc</a> <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%A2%BC%E7%89%A9%E4%BB%B6%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E8%99%9F" title="數碼物件識別號">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444350302.wbhe1313">10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe1313</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Harvc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Harvc (無呢版)">Template:Harvc</a> <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%A2%BC%E7%89%A9%E4%BB%B6%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E8%99%9F" title="數碼物件識別號">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444350302.wbhe0968">10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe0968</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Reece, Steve. "The Cretan Odyssey: A Lie Truer than Truth". <i>American Journal of Philology</i> 115 (1994) 157–173. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/30641542/The_Cretan_Odyssey_A_Lie_Truer_Than_Truth">The_Cretan_Odyssey</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFWest1999" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Litchfield_West&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Litchfield West (無呢版)">West, M. L.</a> (1999). "The Invention of Homer". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_Quarterly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Classical Quarterly (無呢版)">Classical Quarterly</a></i>. <b>49</b> (2): 364–382. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcq%2F49.2.364">10.1093/cq/49.2.364</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-8388">0009-8388</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=JSTOR_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JSTOR (identifier) (無呢版)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/639863">639863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Invention+of+Homer&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=364-382&rft.date=1999&rft.issn=0009-8388&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F639863%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fcq%2F49.2.364&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=M.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8D%B7%E9%A6%AC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Harvc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Harvc (無呢版)">Template:Harvc</a> <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%A2%BC%E7%89%A9%E4%BB%B6%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E8%99%9F" title="數碼物件識別號">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444350302.wbhe0605">10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe0605</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFLataczBierlOlson2015" class="citation book cs1">Latacz, Joachim; Bierl, Anton; Olson, S. Douglas (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OIXeoQEACAAJ"><i>"New Trends in Homeric Scholarship" in Homer's Iliad: The Basel Commentary</i></a>. De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-1614517375" title="Special:書本來源/978-1614517375"><bdi>978-1614517375</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22New+Trends+in+Homeric+Scholarship%22+in+Homer%27s+Iliad%3A+The+Basel+Commentary&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1614517375&rft.aulast=Latacz&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft.au=Bierl%2C+Anton&rft.au=Olson%2C+S.+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOIXeoQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8D%B7%E9%A6%AC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFSaïd2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Saïd, Suzanne (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=78--kADZigAC&pg=PA14"><i>Homer and the Odyssey</i></a> (英文). OUP Oxford. pp. 14–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-0199542840" title="Special:書本來源/978-0199542840"><bdi>978-0199542840</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homer+and+the+Odyssey&rft.pages=14-17&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0199542840&rft.aulast=Sa%C3%AFd&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D78--kADZigAC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8D%B7%E9%A6%AC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graziosi2002-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Graziosi2002_19-0">19.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Graziosi2002_19-1">19.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Graziosi2002_19-2">19.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraziosi2002">Graziosi 2002</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vCHsh9QWzLYC&pg=PA90">90–92</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fowler2004-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Fowler2004_20-0">20.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Fowler2004_20-1">20.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Fowler2004_20-2">20.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFowler2004">Fowler 2004</a>, pp. 220–232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFBurgess2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Burgess, Jonathan S. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bEYXqRmYkx0C&pg=PA49"><i>The Tradition of the Trojan War in Homer and the Epic Cycle</i></a> (英文). JHU Press. pp. 49–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-0801874819" title="Special:書本來源/978-0801874819"><bdi>978-0801874819</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tradition+of+the+Trojan+War+in+Homer+and+the+Epic+Cycle&rft.pages=49-53&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0801874819&rft.aulast=Burgess&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbEYXqRmYkx0C%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8D%B7%E9%A6%AC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barry_B._Powell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barry B. Powell (無呢版)">Powell, Barry B.</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eZGXGR-S_BQC"><i>Homer and the Origins of the Greek Alphabet</i></a>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 217–222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-0-521-58907-9" title="Special:書本來源/978-0-521-58907-9"><bdi>978-0-521-58907-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homer+and+the+Origins+of+the+Greek+Alphabet&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=217-222&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-58907-9&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Barry+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeZGXGR-S_BQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8D%B7%E9%A6%AC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFHall2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hall, Jonathan M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jJBh7BjUlAMC&pg=PA235"><i>Hellenicity: Between Ethnicity and Culture</i></a> (英文). University of Chicago Press. pp. 235–236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-0226313290" title="Special:書本來源/978-0226313290"><bdi>978-0226313290</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hellenicity%3A+Between+Ethnicity+and+Culture&rft.pages=235-236&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0226313290&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjJBh7BjUlAMC%26pg%3DPA235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8D%B7%E9%A6%AC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Harvc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Harvc (無呢版)">Template:Harvc</a> <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%A2%BC%E7%89%A9%E4%BB%B6%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E8%99%9F" title="數碼物件識別號">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444350302.wbhe0330">10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe0330</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraziosi2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvCHsh9QWzLYCpgPA51_51–89]-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraziosi2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvCHsh9QWzLYCpgPA51_51–89]_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraziosi2002">Graziosi 2002</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vCHsh9QWzLYC&pg=PA51">51–89</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFGraziosi2002 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (無呢版)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-east_face_622-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-east_face_622_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFWest1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Litchfield_West&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Litchfield West (無呢版)">West, M. L.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eastfaceofhelico0000west"><i>The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth</i></a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eastfaceofhelico0000west/page/622">622</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+East+Face+of+Helicon%3A+West+Asiatic+Elements+in+Greek+Poetry+and+Myth&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=622&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=M.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feastfaceofhelico0000west&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8D%B7%E9%A6%AC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2015/01/06/more-reasons-why-the-greek-poet-homer-may-never-have-existed/">More reasons why the Greek poet Homer may never have existed</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>.</span> </li> 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