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margin: 0 0 0.5em 0.5em; text-align:left; border: 1px solid #1E90FF; width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center; color:White; background-color:#1E90FF"><b>How an Empire ends</b><br /><a href="/wiki/U.K._Politics" class="mw-redirect" title="U.K. Politics"><font size="4" color="White"><b>U.K. Politics</b></font></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#97DEFF;" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:British_politics" title="Category:British politics"><img alt="Icon politics UK.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/1/1b/Icon_politics_UK.svg/100px-Icon_politics_UK.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" srcset="/w/images/thumb/1/1b/Icon_politics_UK.svg/150px-Icon_politics_UK.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/1/1b/Icon_politics_UK.svg/200px-Icon_politics_UK.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#1E90FF; text-align:center;"><b>God Save the King?</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#97DEFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Miliband" title="Ed Miliband">Ed Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Clegg" title="Nick Clegg">Nick Clegg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPetitions" title="EPetitions">EPetitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front" title="National Front">National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons" title="House of Commons">House of Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TaxPayers%27_Alliance" title="TaxPayers' Alliance">TaxPayers' Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Independence_Party" title="United Kingdom Independence Party">United Kingdom Independence Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Neather" title="Andrew Neather">Andrew Neather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arron_Banks" title="Arron Banks">Arron Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruges_Group" title="Bruges Group">Bruges Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_News" title="GB News">GB News</a></li></ul> <div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:UKpolitics" title="Template:UKpolitics">v</a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UKpolitics" title="Template talk:UKpolitics">t</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:UKpolitics&action=edit">e</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>Every line of serious work that I have written since <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">1936</a> has been written, directly or indirectly, <i>against</i> <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a> and <i>for</i> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Socialism">democratic Socialism</a>, as I understand it.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—"Why I Write" (1946)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Eric Arthur Blair</b>, better known by the <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">pseudonym</a> <b>George Orwell</b>, (1903–1950) was a <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Journalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Journalist">journalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a> campaigner and author who is best remembered now for his two anti-<a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> works — <i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm">Animal Farm</a></i> (1945) and <i><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a></i> (1949), helped along by the fact that these have become mainstays for school reading lists in the Anglosphere. Thus, lines like 'Big Brother is watching you' from <i>1984</i><sup id="cite_ref-Nineteen_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nineteen-2">[2]</a></sup> and 'Some animals are more equal than others' from <i>Animal Farm</i><sup id="cite_ref-AF_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AF-3">[3]</a></sup> have entered the English lexicon. As such, Orwell has become one of those figures, like <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, whom people invoke when they want to <a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_populum" title="Argumentum ad populum">win an argument without any effort</a>. </p><p>He is also remembered as an essayist on politics,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> His 'I tell it as I see it' journalism/memoir style is most obvious in <i>Down and Out in Paris and London</i> (1933) and made him one of the grandfathers of both pop-culture sociology and 'Gonzo Journalism' — influencing people such as <a href="/wiki/Louis_Theroux" title="Louis Theroux">Louis Theroux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hunter_S._Thompson" title="Hunter S. Thompson">Hunter S. Thompson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Politics"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Politics</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Works"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Works</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Down_and_Out_in_Paris_and_London_.281933.29"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Down and Out in Paris and London</i> (1933)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#The_Road_to_Wigan_Pier_.281937.29"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext"><i>The Road to Wigan Pier</i> (1937)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#The_Lion_and_the_Unicorn:_Socialism_and_the_English_Genius_.281941.29"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius (1941)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Notes_on_Nationalism_.281945.29"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Notes on Nationalism (1945)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Animal_Farm_.281945.29"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Animal Farm</i> (1945)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Politics_and_the_English_Language_.281946.29"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Politics and the English Language (1946)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Nineteen_Eighty-Four_.281949.29"><span class="tocnumber">2.7</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Nineteen Eighty-Four</i> (1949)</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Criticism"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Criticism</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Anti-Catholicism"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Anti-Catholicism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Antisemitism"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Antisemitism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Factual_accuracy"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Factual accuracy</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Homophobia"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Homophobia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Misogyny"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Misogyny</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#State_Informer"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">State Informer</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Politics">Politics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>It might be that this 'small reference pool' which leads some <a href="/wiki/Conservatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatives">conservatives</a> to try to claim Orwell as 'one of their own';<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[note 1]</a></sup> but this simply ignores all the other 'Orwells' — the anti-<a href="/wiki/Imperialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperialist">imperialist</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[note 2]</a></sup> the anti-<a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> agitator,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a></sup> the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POUM">POUM</a> militiaman fighting against <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">fascist</a> General <a href="/wiki/Franco" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco">Franco</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[note 3]</a></sup> the member of the Independent Labour Party,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a></sup> editor at the <a href="/wiki/Left-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing">left-wing</a> <i>Tribune</i> magazine<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a></sup> or the trenchant critic of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a></sup> The truth is simple enough; that while Orwell never toed any 'party line' he was consciously an advocate of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialism</a> by 1936<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[note 4]</a></sup> and was generally supportive of the Attlee <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party" title="Labour Party">Labour</a> Government<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[note 5]</a></sup> after the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. And as Orwell was a person who wrote many articles and essays on political subjects, he said these things outright. </p><p>Some cleverer advocates side-step this by stating that Orwell was a <i>social</i> conservative and conventionally 'bohemian'; that like his character 'Ravelston' in <i>Keep The Aspidistra Flying</i> (1936),<sup id="cite_ref-aspidistra_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aspidistra-25">[20]</a></sup> Orwell might show his disdain for 'convention' by turning up to parties and events in shabby tweed and minus a hat,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[note 6]</a></sup> but he was merely showing his disdain in a conventional manner — a modern parallel could be of an male office worker deliberately snubbing the traditional 'suit/tie/brogues' uniform and doing 'chinos/turtleneck/loafers' instead. In that he was 'conservative where it counted'; he was conventionally married, held traditional views on women's roles, desired children etc. Others go even further; calling him a 'Tory by temperament', based on the shaky argument (that Orwell himself noted) that it's assumed that any person who has an appreciation for tradition, a fondness for 'the past' and rural pursuits, a sense of aesthetic taste, finding value in '<a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christianity" title="Cultural Christianity">cultural Christianity</a>'<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[21]</a></sup> or being <a href="/wiki/Patriotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriotic">patriotic</a> would be instantly at odds with being a supporter of socialism. After all, what other situations would one find a British Conservative <a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Prime Minister</a> referencing Orwell in a speech?<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[22]</a></sup> </p><p>More convincingly, Orwell's works are littered with examples of dislike or even outright hostility to then-fashionable causes with the progressive left; latter chapters of <i>The Road To Wigan Pier</i> (1937)<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[23]</a></sup> has him complaining about the '<a href="/wiki/Crank_magnetism" title="Crank magnetism">crank magnetism</a>' in left-wing parties — and his list is both large and now somewhat dated, including (but not limited to) <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarian">vegetarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teetotalism" title="Teetotalism">teetotalers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feminists" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminists">feminists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a> practitioners, <a href="/wiki/Sex-positivity" title="Sex-positivity">sex-positivity</a> advocates, proponents of <a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">alternative medicine</a> and similar.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[24]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[25]</a></sup> It doesn't take the most active imagination to visualise an Orwell today sneering against '<a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> fanatics', 'militant vegans' or 'creeping Jesus <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a> campaigners' — right up to the point that one recalls that he was a staunch anti-imperialist and a 'fair in his day' anti-racist; two of the most proto-<a href="/wiki/Woke" title="Woke">woke</a> causes of his era. Which is perhaps the most important thing to remember; Orwell was a man born and raised in an England before and during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>; a land where <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a> has not yet been won, <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific racism">scientific racism</a> was mainstream, <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> was held to be a beneficial setup for the 'natives', rigid social <a href="/wiki/Class" class="mw-redirect" title="Class">class</a> was believed to be 'natural' and a strong sexual prudishness was '<a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a>'. An inhabitant forged in that most alien of lands — the past. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Works">Works</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Works">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>In a creative lifespan of eighteen years (1931-1949), Orwell produced six novels, three non-fiction books, <i>at least</i> fifty 'standalone' essays,<sup id="cite_ref-fifty_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fifty-32">[26]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[note 7]</a></sup> over a hundred pieces of 'serious' journalism (such as his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Letters" class="extiw" title="wp:London Letters" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: London Letters">London Letters</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_I_Please" class="extiw" title="wp:As I Please" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: As I Please">As I Please</span></a>,<sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> several hundred shorter pieces (such as book reviews), and an unknown number of radio scripts for the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> Eastern Service during the Second World War.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[27]</a></sup> Works <a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Mission" title="RationalWiki:Mission">missional to RationalWiki</a> are described below. </p> <h3><span id="Down_and_Out_in_Paris_and_London_(1933)"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Down_and_Out_in_Paris_and_London_.281933.29"><i>Down and Out in Paris and London</i> (1933)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Down and Out in Paris and London (1933)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>It is curious how people take it for granted that they have a right to <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">preach at you</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pray" class="mw-redirect" title="Pray">pray</a> over you as soon as your income falls below a certain level.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—<i>Down and Out in Paris and London</i><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[28]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Orwell's first major work focused on poverty; as experienced in the two named cities — at this point the capitals of the third-largest and largest empires in the world<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[note 8]</a></sup>. A mix of memoir, anecdote, travelogue, psycho-sociological musings and exposé; covering both the 'Down' (the lives of the wage-slave on the margins of society) and 'Out' (the existences of the truly destitute, such as the homeless). While generally believed to be a <i>true</i> account, there is debate to how <i>accurate</i> the account is, from the ordering of the events to the existence of the characters. Orwell himself admitted later in <i>The Road to Wigan Pier</i> that 'nearly all the incidents described there actually happened, though they have been re-arranged' and in the French introduction that the individual characters within were 'intended more as representative types' — leading to the inference that they did not in fact exist as persons, or at least were composite characters. </p> <h3><span id="The_Road_to_Wigan_Pier_(1937)"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Road_to_Wigan_Pier_.281937.29"><i>The Road to Wigan Pier</i> (1937)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Road to Wigan Pier (1937)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:167px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Road_to_Wigan_Pier.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/e/e3/The_Road_to_Wigan_Pier.jpg/165px-The_Road_to_Wigan_Pier.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="255" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/thumb/e/e3/The_Road_to_Wigan_Pier.jpg/248px-The_Road_to_Wigan_Pier.jpg 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/e/e3/The_Road_to_Wigan_Pier.jpg/330px-The_Road_to_Wigan_Pier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="1360" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Road_to_Wigan_Pier.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Front cover of a later edition of the book</div></div></div> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>It is only when you meet someone of a different culture from yourself that you begin to realise what your own beliefs really are.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—<i>The Road to Wigan Pier</i><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[29]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Orwell reprises his role as an chronicler of poverty at the behest of his publisher; this time of the <a href="/wiki/Working-class" class="mw-redirect" title="Working-class">working-class</a> in the North of England (at this point suffering from severe unemployment due to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>). This time, he was more systematic; the first part of this book is a fairly straight sociological study (mainly based on participant observation and in-depth interviews) with the occasional bit of secondary evidence thrown in (such as newspaper reports) while the second part is more akin to a series of tangentially-connected essays (including but not limited to) 'supplementary material' for <i>Down and Out</i>, autobiographical sketches, the mismatch between 'societal value' and 'pay/conditions' for many key workers,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[note 9]</a></sup> the obsession of the Communists worshipping the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[note 10]</a></sup> and left-wing movements having a tendency to contain too many middle-class '<a href="/wiki/Cranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranks">cranks</a>' and to be obsessed with <a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">technocratic</a> solutions and <a href="/wiki/Dialectical_materialism" title="Dialectical materialism">dialectical materialism</a> in particular. The numbers of 'pissed off' people included the very instigator of the work, who ended up shoving in a 'dissociation' forward which he questioned the second part and later on, re-printed <i>Wigan</i> minus it entirely. </p> <h3><span id="The_Lion_and_the_Unicorn:_Socialism_and_the_English_Genius_(1941)"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Lion_and_the_Unicorn:_Socialism_and_the_English_Genius_.281941.29">The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius (1941)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius (1941)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>England is the most class-ridden country under the sun. It is a land of snobbery and privilege, ruled by largely the old and silly.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—<i>The Lion and the Unicorn</i><sup id="cite_ref-fifty_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fifty-32">[26]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Standing at 23,000 words, it is either the longest essay Orwell wrote, a series of three related essays <i>or</i> a short work of nonfiction which continues some of the themes he earlier touched on in <i>Wigan</i> as well his thoughts on the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. Amongst other things, it is the clearest 'Orwell Manifesto' he produced (a kind of 'democratic socialism with British characteristics'), along with a indictment of both British ruling class <i>and</i> people for not spotting the threat of fascism until it was very <i>nearly</i> too late and that the whole <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> had stagnated for a decade due to political inertia, complacency and incompetence. </p><p>Perhaps backing up his main claim that 'England will always be England' is his bio-socio-psychological sketch of 'the English' themselves; tendencies which can be spotted in the modern English themselves during events such as the whole <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a> fiasco, which makes it more of simple historical interest (it was from this work that John Major quoted from in 1993).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[30]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span id="Notes_on_Nationalism_(1945)"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes_on_Nationalism_.281945.29">Notes on Nationalism (1945)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes on Nationalism (1945)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></div> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>All nationalists have the power of not seeing resemblances between similar sets of facts… Actions are held to be good or bad, not on their own merits, but according to who does them.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—<i>Notes on Nationalism</i><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[31]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>At the other end of this brutal war, and with the horrors of <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> now visible to all Orwell returns to the topic of patriotism - or more correctly, the unthinking, patently partisan variant (which he terms 'nationalism') which ignores scientific facts, logical arguments or simple common sense to produce a warped vision of reality. In a world of <a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">fake news</a>, <a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">identity politics</a> and '<a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_emotion" title="Appeal to emotion">feels over facts</a>', this is more relevant than ever - even more so than you'd think, as Orwell also talks about 'transferred nationalism' which fits perfectly groups like the <a href="/wiki/Religious_Right" title="Religious Right">Religious Right</a> and <a href="/wiki/MAGA" class="mw-redirect" title="MAGA">MAGA</a>. These tendencies were put more succinctly by professional 'gob on a stick' <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_O%27Brien_(broadcaster)" class="extiw" title="wp:James O'Brien (broadcaster)" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: James O'Brien (broadcaster)">James O'Brian</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> as 'the footballification of politics', in which the only thing which matters is 'winning' or 'losing',<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[32]</a></sup> which explains the more stupid end of the '<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/owning_the_libs" class="extiw" title="wp:owning the libs" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: owning the libs">owning the libs</span></a>!<sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>' mentality which involves the torching of stuff which hurts target, perpetrator <i>and</i> bystanders indiscriminately. </p> <h3><span id="Animal_Farm_(1945)"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Animal_Farm_.281945.29"><i>Animal Farm</i> (1945)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Animal Farm (1945)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm">Animal Farm</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pigs,_Perivale.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Pigs%2C_Perivale.jpg/220px-Pigs%2C_Perivale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Pigs%2C_Perivale.jpg/330px-Pigs%2C_Perivale.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Pigs%2C_Perivale.jpg/440px-Pigs%2C_Perivale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3096" data-file-height="2322" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Pigs,_Perivale.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>All pigs are <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinist</a>, but some pigs are more Stalinist than others...</div></div></div> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>The creatures outside looked from <a href="/wiki/Pig" class="mw-redirect" title="Pig">pig</a> to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man again; but already it was impossible to say which was which.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—<i>Animal Farm</i><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[33]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Having experienced both informal <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a> and a general disinclination of the wider public to read outright political tracts with his <i>Homage To Catalonia</i> (on the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>) a decade previous, Orwell decided to 'spill the beans' on the history of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> by using the 'beast tale' format (used by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesop%27s_fables" class="extiw" title="wp:Aesop's fables" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Aesop's fables">Aesop's fables</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>) and writing it as a satire to effectively smuggle in political debates under the nose of the readers (used by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels" class="extiw" title="wp:Gulliver's Travels" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Gulliver's Travels">Gulliver's Travels</span></a>).<sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> Half a million English-language copies printed in four years, enough white fivers<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[note 11]</a></sup> to allow Orwell to retire from 'hack work' <i>and</i> making him a household name rather proved his experiment was a success. </p> <h3><span id="Politics_and_the_English_Language_(1946)"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Politics_and_the_English_Language_.281946.29">Politics and the English Language (1946)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Politics and the English Language (1946)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>The great enemy of clear language is insincerity. When there is a gap between one's real and one's declared aims, one turns as it were instinctively to long words and exhausted idioms, like a cuttlefish spurting out ink.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—<i>Politics and the English Language</i><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[34]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Perhaps the most preachy of Orwell's essays; in which he criticised (then) current political writing for their 'pretentious' use of <a href="/wiki/Jargon" class="mw-redirect" title="Jargon">jargon</a> and foreign terms to infer greater weight, a lazy resorting to clichés and stale metaphors to slap together content quickly, the addition of 'meaningless words' to bamboozle the reader and lastly, the habitual hiding behind <a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">euphemisms</a> to avoid being truthful. He also notes that this has spread into other realms of human life; for example he states that 'in literary criticism it is normal to come across long passages which are almost completely lacking in meaning'. In this current world, anyone who has experience of government, academia or business knows that these flaws are more prevalent than ever – from turgid academics to buzzword laden business leaders, via the <a href="/wiki/Dogwhistling" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogwhistling">dogwhistling</a> politician or unintelligible encyclopedia entry. </p><p>His theory as to the <i>why</i> such things have arisen are threefold; that while some people have deliberately used this style in an attempt to deceive the audience (or at least allow them some 'plausible deniability' by for example, claiming to have taken the <a href="/wiki/Code_word" title="Code word">code</a> at face value) others have adopted this style because they believe (or have been taught) that this is the 'correct' manner to communicate – for example, in academia.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[35]</a></sup> His last option is the most simple; that a lot of it is mere filler, used to disguise the fact they have nothing to say at all (or worse, they are <i>unaware</i> of the fact they have nothing to say). </p><p>Part of his remedy – his 'Six Rules' for writing – are still cited today to help the production of clear, concise writing,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[36]</a></sup> which is something much more vital in a world of social media. </p> <h3><span id="Nineteen_Eighty-Four_(1949)"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Nineteen_Eighty-Four_.281949.29"><i>Nineteen Eighty-Four</i> (1949)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:102px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Future.gif" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/3/3e/Future.gif" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="75" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Future.gif" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The future…</div></div></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a></div> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>If you want a picture of the future, imagine a boot stamping on a human face — forever.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—O'Brien, <i>Nineteen Eighty-Four</i><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[37]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Nineteen-Eighty Four</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Dystopian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dystopian">dystopian</a> novel set in the year 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[note 12]</a></sup> It was <i>intended</i> as a satire/cautionary tale of what a future totalitarian state<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[note 13]</a></sup> burdened by a unwinnable 'forever war'<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[note 14]</a></sup> could look like, though the existence of <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> shows Orwell was at least correct on the theoretical possibility of such a society arising/sustaining itself.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[note 15]</a></sup> </p><p>The main character, 'Winston Smith' is a middle-class,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[note 16]</a></sup> middle-aged Everyman; who dislikes his life even though he lacks either 'points of reference' or an imagination that things <i>could</i> be different, attempting to retain his individuality and spirit against the monolithic 'Party' which demanded everything. One of the most famous novels of the last century and one which assured Orwell of immortality, even though the production of it undoubtedly drove him into an earlier grave (as he delayed getting treatment for his tuberculosis until he had finished it).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[38]</a></sup> The coiner of many a line, such as 'Big Brother', 'thoughtcrime' and 'doublespeak' and leading the term 'Orwellian' becoming associated with authoritarianism ways of thought and in particular, totalitarian systems (though <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a> read it as being about Communism alone, apparently<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[39]</a></sup>). </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Criticism">Criticism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Despite (or because of) his importance to the left and democratic socialism Orwell has been accused of several things over the decades; assisted by the fact that being dead meant he could neither answer back or (even better) sue anyone for libel. Due to his popularity (and presence on Anglopshere school reading lists), it can also be fairly safely assumed that a lot of the wider public know at least of him, which means he's fair game for the production of evergreen 'filler content' which can kept in reserve for slow news days. Some of these accusations have merit, others don't; some <i>do</i> impinge on the relationship we have with Orwell the writer, others don't. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Anti-Catholicism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The Orwell before the Second World War was a fairly strident <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">anti-Catholic</a>, and even afterwards still considered it a malign force (for example, in his <i>Notes on Nationalism</i> he lists it under 'tranferred loyalties'). He clearly considered the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> of the era to be generally 'opposed to modernity', noted its general 'anti-left' stance<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[40]</a></sup> and more critically, noted its support for Franco in the Spanish Civil War<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[41]</a></sup> and its 'accommodations' with both <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Fascist Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. However, his stance was mainly against the Catholic Church as an organisation, as well as the proponents of what he termed 'political Catholicism' which were often displaying variants of <a href="/wiki/Zeal_of_the_convert" title="Zeal of the convert">zeal of the convert</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[42]</a></sup> rather than the everyday believer (which he positively described as "[often] insufficiently under the thumb of their priests"). </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Antisemitism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Accusations of <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> rest on the reading of Orwell's earliest works; mainly <i>Down and Out in Paris and London</i>. These were mainly of a 'casual' nature; that if a negative character appears within who happens to be a <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jew</a> (or Orwell <i>assumes</i> to be), he shall mention it. More importantly, the much more virulent antisemitism said by a character ('Boris', the emigré White Russian officer) is not challenged, which gives the impression that Orwell (as the narrator) agreed or at least didn't disagree with the view. On the other hand, it needs to be also noted that there were at least two other disgusting characters within the work who <i>could</i> have ticked the negative Jewish tropes, but were not identified as such. </p><p>However, by the outbreak of the Second World War Orwell had at least expurgated his own comments, and by the end of it he was calling out the casual and habitual antisemitism in British society in an essay<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[43]</a></sup> and in his <i>Tribune</i> editorials. It could be said in the twelve years between <i>Down and Out</i> and 1945, Orwell became 'woke' to the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[44]</a></sup> This evolving didn't extend to <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>; of which he apparently considered to simply be another form of <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>, tinged with a racial angle. In this current era, whether this counts as 'antisemitism' is strongly related to one's own political position rather than Orwell's.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[45]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Factual_accuracy">Factual accuracy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Factual accuracy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Orwell had from the start been accused of inaccuracies, omissions and on occasion outright fabrications in his work. He 're-arranged' the story in <i>Down and Out In Paris and London</i> (giving the impression it was a solid series of events when in reality they were individual incidents) that he had 'shot the script' for <i>The Road To Wigan Pier</i> (looking for slums, unemployment and despair he clearly found it, ignoring those in decent employ or positive attributes of working-class life) and that he never 'shot an elephant' in <a href="/wiki/Burma" title="Burma">Burma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[46]</a></sup> Perhaps the worst offender was the essay 'Such, Such Were the Joys' (on his experiences at prep-school); which was judged 'too libellous' to print in Britain until 1968 and several contemporaries retorted that the narrative was somewhere between 'exaggerated' to 'complete pack of lies'<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[47]</a></sup> to the point it caused Orwell's literary executor to fall out with Orwell's widow over its inclusion in his <i>Collected Works</i>. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Homophobia">Homophobia</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Homophobia">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Less evolution occurred with his view on <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuals</a>. Or perhaps <i>nil</i> evolution. Epithets such as 'nancy' and 'pansy' litter his writings and disparaging remarks towards 'effeminate behaviours' turn up enough to be noted; most obviously in his novel <i>Keep the Aspidistra Flying</i><sup id="cite_ref-aspidistra_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aspidistra-25">[20]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:19-20,22,24,26,43,96,185</sup> in which one scene is quite obviously a personal tirade against an effeminate, monied customer who he'd encountered when working in a bookshop. His disgust of 'situational homosexuality' (such as in prison) is also clear; describing an alleged approach in a Casual Ward<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[note 17]</a></sup> as an assault and assuring us readers that 'it was common between tramps of long standing', or the surprise he had on meeting a fellow student of his prep school (expelled for early-teen sexual experimentation) and discovering he wasn't ashamed.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[note 18]</a></sup> Some have made the argument that Orwell was in fact in 'closeted denial' towards something which in this period was still firmly illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[note 19]</a></sup> - but <a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_Razor" class="mw-redirect" title="Occam's Razor">Occam's Razor</a> suggests that his homophobia was genuine.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[48]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Misogyny">Misogyny</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Misogyny">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></div> <p>This hatred of homosexuals didn't extend to lesbians, mainly on the basis that Orwell didn't appear to notice their existence. Nor any woman, really (at least not in a manner he would notice a man). It can be argued that most of his works are in a place of mild, casual misogyny; the main female characters, for example are fairly flat<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[note 20]</a></sup> who mainly exist for the purpose of the male main character to react to; be it the 'middle-aged nag' (Hilda, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_Up_For_Air" class="extiw" title="wp:Coming Up For Air" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Coming Up For Air">Coming Up For Air</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup></i>), the 'kind loyal girlfriend' (Rosemary, <i>Keep the Aspidistra Flying</i><sup id="cite_ref-aspidistra_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aspidistra-25">[20]</a></sup>) the 'young shallow snob' (Elizabeth, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_Days" class="extiw" title="wp:Burmese Days" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Burmese Days">Burmese Days</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup></i>) or the 'dull drudge' (Dorothy, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27%27A_Clergyman%27s_Daughter" class="extiw" title="wp:''A Clergyman's Daughter" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: ''A Clergyman's Daughter"><i>A Clergyman's Daughter</i></span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup></i>) — the last one managing to achieve this while being the <i>main</i> character. Even the most well-rounded character, that of Julia in <i>Ninteen-Eighty Four</i> — is fairly flat; she is a superficially-good 'bad girl', but there are more lines about her physical appearance than what she is actually <i>thinking</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[note 21]</a></sup> Tellingly, it is <i>Winston</i>, not Julia who is the instigator of their fall (though it may simply be that Oceania didn't regard her 'fleshy' Sexcrime and black-market dealings as a threat, but <i>did</i> regard his 'Thoughtcrime' as such).<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[49]</a></sup> </p><p>The accusations of 'misogyny' extended to Orwell the man; the consensus is he was a bit of a horny <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goat</a>. In fact, most of surviving evidence shows that if you'd been a remotely attractive female within his orbit he'd have tried to bed you (marital status being irrelevant), if applicable propose to <a href="/wiki/Marry" class="mw-redirect" title="Marry">marry</a> you and if rebuffed, have no shame.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[50]</a></sup> Other, much <i>stickier</i> mud<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[note 22]</a></sup> is flung at him; that he was a frequent visitor to <a href="/wiki/Prostitutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostitutes">prostitutes</a> (at least when younger), that he was an overbearing, selfish tyrant who treated his first wife like crap<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[51]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[52]</a></sup> and pursued women who were not interested<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[53]</a></sup> — for example, alleged in the biography <i>Eric & Us</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[54]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[55]</a></sup> It is difficult to refute the view that a man who in their private life appeared to treat women as either maids, nurses or sex objects probably didn't have a very high view of the female sex in general. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="State_Informer">State Informer</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: State Informer">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Red-baiting" title="Red-baiting">Red-baiting</a></div> <p>In 1949, Orwell produced and handed over <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orwell%27s_list" class="extiw" title="wp:Orwell's list" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Orwell's list">a list</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> of people he suspected of either being communists or <a href="/wiki/Fellow_traveller" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow traveller">fellow travellers</a><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[note 23]</a></sup> to an official at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Research_Department" class="extiw" title="wp:Information Research Department" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Information Research Department">Information Research Department</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> (IRD), a sub-section of the British Foreign Office which was tasked to produce <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> to aim against the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>. When this finally came to light in 2003 the reactions were mixed; some saw it as a betrayal from a man who himself had been under surveillance by the British state for years,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[56]</a></sup> while others wrote it off as the ravings of a dying man.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[57]</a></sup> </p><p>The truth shall never truly be known, but it could be argued that it was a simply an 'exchange of information' with a friend of persons Orwell believed would be unsuitable to employ at the IRD, perhaps with a hope that if <i>he</i> did it, said list would be a damn sight more accurate than the 'obtuse Special Branch officer' who stated Orwell was a communist partly on the strength of his 'bohemian attire'. Though if such actions were done to keep the existence of the IRD secret from the <a href="/wiki/Soviets" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviets">Soviets</a>, it was fairly pointless a task, as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Five" class="extiw" title="wp:Cambridge Five" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Cambridge Five">Cambridge Five</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> spy <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Burgess" class="extiw" title="wp:Guy Burgess" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Guy Burgess">Guy Burgess</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> had worked for it a year previously. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" class="extiw" title="wp:Margaret Atwood" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Margaret Atwood">Margaret Atwood</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> — writer of the dystopia <i><a href="/wiki/The_Handmaid%27s_Tale" title="The Handmaid's Tale">The Handmaid's Tale</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Bradbury" class="extiw" title="wp:Ray Bradbury" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Ray Bradbury">Ray Bradbury</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> — writer of the dystopia <i><a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit_451" title="Fahrenheit 451">Fahrenheit 451</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> / <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a> - Officer within, then first 'enemy'.</li> <li><s><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></s></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">Cognitive dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> - Orwell's final years overlapped with the opening moves of it.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> - Orwell's final 'enemy'.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> — His second 'enemy'.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a> — Wrote a book on Orwell<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[58]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a> — writer of the dystopia <i><a href="/wiki/Brave_New_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Brave New World">Brave New World</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a> — How to construct a nation using <i>Nineteen-Eighty Four</i> as a blueprint.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis" class="extiw" title="wp:Sinclair Lewis" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Sinclair Lewis">Sinclair Lewis</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> — writer of the dytopia <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Can%27t_Happen_Here" class="extiw" title="wp:It Can't Happen Here" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: It Can't Happen Here">It Can't Happen Here</span></a>.<sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup></i></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_London" class="extiw" title="wp:Jack London" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Jack London">Jack London</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> — writer of the dystopia <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Iron_Heel" class="extiw" title="wp:The Iron Heel" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: The Iron Heel">The Iron Heel</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup></i> and a chronicler of poverty in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_People_of_the_Abyss" class="extiw" title="wp:The People of the Abyss" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: The People of the Abyss">The People of the Abyss</span></a>.<sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup></i> One of Orwell's 'mentors', so to speak.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> — Not exactly an 'enemy', but something Orwell wasn't a fan of.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-truth" title="Post-truth">Post-truth</a> — Nothing new under the sun?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a> — writer of the dystopia <i><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlas Shrugged">Atlas Shrugged</a></i>. Could be described in many ways as the inverted mirror of Orwell. And a technically worse writer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> — The most important event in Orwell's adult life, professionally, politically and personally.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> — Perhaps the single pivotal event in Orwell's adult life.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.G._Wells" class="extiw" title="wp:H.G. Wells" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: H.G. Wells">H.G. Wells</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> — writer of the dystopia <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sleeper_Awakes" class="extiw" title="wp:The Sleeper Awakes" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: The Sleeper Awakes">The Sleeper Awakes</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup></i> and <i>much</i> more; Orwell's 'literary hero', which developed into a feud.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[59]</a></sup></li></ul></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orwellfoundation.com/">The Orwell Foundation</a> - Official 'tender of the flame', so to speak.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.george-orwell.org/">George Orwell.org</a> - Most complete (and well-organised) collection of his works.</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mainly by noting 'Orwell, the anti-Communist'.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">At a time where the possession of colonies was still widely viewed as 'acceptable'/'necessary' by whites.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">At a time where much of the British conservative press, establishment and business community were very sympathetic to Franco.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">As the quote from the top states</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Attlee government was perhaps the most revolutionary in British history.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[19]</a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Both serious social faux pas at the time.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">That is, not excerpts/deleted sections/book addendums etc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The second-largest being the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">In Orwell's example, coal miners.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">As <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> was coming into full force.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">A £5 note, a middle-class weekly wage in 1945</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Except the main character admits he's not sure of the date. This is one of the main 'running themes' of the work; Winston Smith is aware he doesn't really know for sure much at all, and the few things he <i>is</i> are psychologically assaulted later on.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Implied to have arisen after a nuclear war in the 1950s.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Again, if the war is real, and not simply a ruse done by the Oceanian state to justify the poor living standards and to keep them under control.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Which leads to the 'Oceania is a tiny hermit state comprising of Great Britain alone' fan-theory, as there is no reliable evidence within the novel that the described 'Oceania' — not to mention the book's other nations — actually existed beyond British shores.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">As in, a member of the Outer Party.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">What we would now call a homeless shelter.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Though this could have meant 'shame for failing to get into a 'proper <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)" class="extiw" title="wp:Public school (United Kingdom)" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Public_school_(United_Kingdom)">Public School</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>' due to being expelled', which was held to be the only way a boy could 'get on in life' at the school.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Though haphazardly enforced.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Flat characters are two-dimensional in that they are relatively uncomplicated and do not change throughout the course of a work</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Though this might be more 'deliberate indifference' than 'lack of intellect'; for example, what is the point in watching the <a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">news if you know in advance it is all lies</a>?</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Being a practitioner of '<a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">free love</a>' is hardly a bookable offence in this case, unless Orwell demanded strict monogamy from the women, in which you can get him on <a href="/wiki/Hypocrisy" title="Hypocrisy">hypocrisy</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Formally independent, but 'reliably' sympathetic to them.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:80%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.george-orwell.org/Why_I_Write/0.html">George-Orwell - Why I Write</a> <i>george-orwell.org</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nineteen-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Nineteen_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>1984</i> by George Orwell (1961 [1949]) Signet. ISBN 9780451524935.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AF-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-AF_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Animal Farm</i> by George Orwell (2021 [1945]) MacMillan Collector's Library. ISBN 9780008322052.}</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.george-orwell.org/James_Burnham_and_the_Managerial_Revolution/0.html">George Orwell - James Burnham and the Managerial Revolution</a> <i>george-orwell.org</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.george-orwell.org/Boys'_Weeklies_and_Frank_Richards's_Reply/0.html">George Orwell - Boys' Weeklies and Frank Richards's Reply</a> <i>george-orwell.org</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.george-orwell.org/Charles_Dickens/0.html">George Orwell - Charles Dickens</a> <i>george-orwell.org</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.popmatters.com/hunter-s-thompson-george-orwell">How George Orwell Inspired Hunter S. Thompson's Gonzo Journalism</a> by David S. Wills (10 November 2021) <i>PopMatters</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://harpers.org/archive/1983/01/if-orwell-were-alive-today/">If Orwell were alive today</a> by Norman Podhoretz (January 1983) <i>Harper's Magazine</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard32.html">George Orwell and the Cold War: A Reconsideration</a> by Murray N. Rothbard, <i>LewRockwell.com</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orwellfoundation.com/the-orwell-foundation/orwell/essays-and-other-works/shooting-an-elephant/">Shooting an Elephant by George Orwell</a> by George Orwell (originally published in 1936) <i>The Orwell Foundation</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prospect.org/culture/orwell-s-poor/">Orwell's Poor and Ours</a> by Robert Lieberman (19 November 2001) <i>The American Prospect</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orwellfoundation.com/the-orwell-foundation/orwell/essays-and-other-works/looking-back-on-the-spanish-war/">Looking Back on the Spanish War</a> by George Orwell (originally published in 1943) <i>The Orwell Foundation</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/sep/30/francos-friends-peter-day-review">Franco's Friends by Peter Day — review: A compelling account of Franco's British backers</a> by Francis Beckett (30 Sep 2011 17.55 EDT) <i>The Guardian</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Franco's Friends: How British Intelligence Helped Bring Franco to Power in Spain</i> by Peter Day (2011) Biteback Publishing. ISBN 9781849540988.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/orwell/1938/why-ilp.htm">Why I join the I.L.P.</a> by George Orwell (24 June 1938) <i>New Leader</i> via <i>Marxists Internet Archive</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orwell.ru/library/articles/As_I_Please/english/">As I Please: George Orwell</a> <i>orwell.ru</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribunemag.co.uk/about">About</a> <i>Tribune</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orwellsociety.com/the-dirtiest-ramp-of-modern-capitalism/">“The Dirtiest Ramp of Modern Capitalism”</a> by Richard Lance Keeble (14<sup>th</sup> April 2020) <i>The Orwell Society</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2001/mar/14/past.education">1945-51: Labour and the creation of the welfare state</a> by Derek Brown (14 Mar 2001 10.30 EST) <i>The Guardian</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aspidistra-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-aspidistra_25-0">20.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-aspidistra_25-1">20.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-aspidistra_25-2">20.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.475736/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Keep The Aspidistra Flying</i> by George Orwell (1954 [1936</a>) Secker and Warburg.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://covenant.livingchurch.org/2023/05/31/george-orwell-closet-anglican/">George Orwell: Closet Anglican?</a> by David Goodhew (31 May 2023) <i>Covenant</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://johnmajorarchive.org.uk/1993/04/22/mr-majors-speech-to-conservative-group-for-europe-22-april-1993/">Mr Major’s Speech to Conservative Group for Europe – 22 April 1993</a> by John Major (April 22, 1993) <i>John Major Archive</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Road To Wigan Pier</i> by George Orwell (1937) Victor Gollancz.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/timreuter/2018/05/24/why-socialists-are-despised-as-explained-by-george-orwell/">Why Socialists Are Despised, As Explained By George Orwell</a> by Tim Reuter (24 May 2018) <i>Forbes</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.george-orwell.org/The_Road_to_Wigan_Pier/10.html"><i>The Road to Wigan Pier</i>: Chapter 11</a> <i>The Complete Works of George-Orwell</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fifty-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-fifty_32-0">26.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-fifty_32-1">26.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks03/0300011h.html">Fifty Orwell Essays</a> <i>Project Gutenberg Australia</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orwellfoundation.com/the-orwell-foundation/orwell/articles/george-orwell-at-the-bbc-a-reflection/">George Orwell at the BBC: A Reflection</a> <i>The Orwell Foundation</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.george-orwell.org/Down_and_Out_in_Paris_and_London/32.html"><i>Down and Out in Paris and London</i>: Chapter 33</a> <i>The Complete Works of George Orwell.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.george-orwell.org/The_Road_to_Wigan_Pier/9.html"><i>The Road to Wigan Pier</i>: Chapter 10</a> <i>The Complete Works of George Orwell</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnmajorarchive.org.uk/1990-1997/mr-majors-speech-to-conservative-group-for-europe-22-april-1993/">Mr Major’s Speech to Conservative Group for Europe – 22 April 1993</a>. John Major Archive.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orwellfoundation.com/the-orwell-foundation/orwell/essays-and-other-works/notes-on-nationalism/">Notes On Nationalism</a>, Orwell Foundation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="archive_link"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/mrjamesob/status/1142684304742453248">James O'Brien on X</a><sup>[<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.is/https://twitter.com/mrjamesob/status/1142684304742453248">a</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://twitter.com/mrjamesob/status/1142684304742453248">w</a>]</sup></span> 23 June 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.george-orwell.org/Animal_Farm/9.html">Animal Farm</a>, chapter 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orwellfoundation.com/the-orwell-foundation/orwell/essays-and-other-works/politics-and-the-english-language/">Politics and the English Language</a> <i>The Orwell Foundation</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://davidlabaree.blog/2021/07/08/pinker-why-academics-stink-at-writing/">Pinker — Why Academics Stink at Writing</a> <i>David Labaree on Schooling, History, and Writing</i> 8 July 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openculture.com/2016/05/george-orwells-six-rules-for-writing-clear-and-tight-prose.html">George Orwell’s Six Rules for Writing Clear and Tight Prose</a> (20 May 2016) <i>Open Culture</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.george-orwell.org/1984/19.html">George-Orwell - 1984 - Part 3,Chapter 3</a> <i>george-orwell.org</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/may/10/1984-george-orwell">The masterpiece that killed George Orwell</a> <i>The Guardian</i> 10 May 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newworker.org/ncptrory/1984.htm">REVIEW OF 1984 By Isaac Asimov</a> <i>The New Communist Party of Britain</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholic.com/magazine/print-edition/why-socialism-is-immoral">Why Socialism Is Immoral</a> by Trent Horn (22 December 2019) <i>Catholic Answers Magazine</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europeanacademyofreligionandsociety.com/news/an-unresolved-past-the-spanish-catholic-church-and-francos-regime/">An unresolved past – the Spanish Catholic Church and Franco’s regime</a> (21 January 2022) <i>European Academy on Religion and Society</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Orwell+and+Catholicism.-a0151379349">Orwell and Catholicism.</a> (22 June 2006) <i>The Free Library</i>/</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orwellfoundation.com/the-orwell-foundation/orwell/essays-and-other-works/antisemitism-in-britain/">Antisemitism In Britain</a> by George Orwell (April 1945) <i>Contemporary Jewish Record</i> via <i>The Orwell Foundation</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejc.com/lets-talk/the-ever-present-antisemitism-of-george-orwell-mk2pu7e9">The ever-present antisemitism of George Orwell</a> by Ian Bloom (22 June 2023) <i>The Jewish Chronicle</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/world/antisemitism-zionism-nikki-haley/">For the People in the Back: Anti-Zionism Is Not Antisemitism</a> by Dave Zurin (31 October 2023) <i>The Nation</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/mar/18/did-george-orwell-shoot-an-elephant-his-1936-confession-and-what-it-might-mean">Did George Orwell shoot an elephant? His 1936 'confession' – and what it might mean</a> by George Orwell, introduced by Gerry Abbott (18 March 2017) <i>The Guardian</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/feb/08/george-orwell-such-such-schooldays">George Orwell's schooldays</a> by Sam Leith (8 February 2014) <i>The Guardian</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orwellfoundation.substack.com/p/orwell-and-the-nancy-boys">Orwell and the Nancy Boys</a> <i>The Orwell Foundation - Substack</i> 22 May 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/@Meia/it-was-always-the-women-misogyny-in-1984-5bb9228545da">‘It was always the women’: Misogyny in 1984.</a> Meia (22 September 2017) <i>Medium</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecritic.co.uk/issues/march-2020/brief-encounters-and-romps-in-the-park/">Brief encounters and romps in the park: George Orwell pursued women with enthusiasm and varying degrees of success</a> by D.J. Taylor (March 2020) <i>The Critic</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/mar/10/eileen-the-making-of-george-orwell-sylvia-topp-review">Eileen: The Making of George Orwell by Sylvia Topp – review</a> by Rachel Cooke (10 March 2020) <i>The Guardian</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Eileen: The Making of George Orwell</i> by Sylvia Topp (2020) Unbound. ISBN 1783527080.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/qLAUB">Was George Orwell just a dirty old man? Craig Brown explains why the novelist would probably have got himself in trouble in the current climate</a> by Craig Brown (14 February 2018) <i>The Daily Mail</i> (archived from 1 Jun 2023 19:05:07 UTC).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Eric & Us: A Remembrance of George Orwell</i> by Jacintha Buddicom (1974) Frewin. ISBN 0856320765.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-77">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_%26_Us" class="extiw" title="wp:Eric & Us" rel="nofollow"><i>Eric & Us</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-79">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/george-orwell-surveillance-and-the-state/">George Orwell: Surveillance and the State</a> by Mark Dunton (6 June 2019) <i>The National Archive blog</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/jun/24/highereducation.books">Blacklisted writer says illness clouded Orwell's judgement</a> by Fiachra Gibbons (24 June 2003) <i>The Guardian</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Why Orwell Matters</i> by Christopher Hitchens (2003) Basic Books. ISBN 0465030505.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kulturapress.com/2023/11/05/george-orwells-row-with-h-g-wells/">Orwell's row with Wells</a> <i>Kultura Press</i> 5 November 2023</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div></div><div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&oldid=2684542">https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&oldid=2684542</a>"</div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Silver-level_articles" title="Category:Silver-level articles">Silver-level articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_politics" title="Category:British politics">British 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