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Martin R. West - Google Scholar
<!doctype html><html><head><title>Martin R. West - Google Scholar</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="referrer" content="always"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=2"><meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"><link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico"><link rel="canonical" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=DXx-rGIAAAAJ&hl=en"><meta name="description" content="Academic Dean and Henry Lee Shattuck Professor of Education - Cited by 10,791 - education policy - politics of education"><meta property="og:description" content="Academic Dean and Henry Lee Shattuck Professor of Education - Cited by 10,791 - education policy - politics of education"><meta property="og:title" content="Martin R. 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id="gs_md_err" style="display:none">The system can't perform the operation now. Try again later.</div><div id="gs_md_s"></div><div data-h="0" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds"><div id="gsc_md_hist" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gsc_md_hist-t" data-wfc="gsc_md_hist-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gsc_md_hist-x" role="button" aria-label="Cancel" data-mdx="gsc_md_hist" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gsc_md_hist-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t">Citations per year</h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"></div></div><div id="gsc_md_hist-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"><style>#gsc_md_hist{width:80%;max-width:386px;}#gsc_md_hist_c{position:relative;width:100%;}</style><div id="gsc_md_hist_c"></div></div></div></div><div data-h="600" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw"><div id="gsc_md_cbyd" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gsc_md_cbyd-t" data-cid="gsc_md_cbyd_l" data-wfc="gsc_md_cbyd-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gsc_md_cbyd-x" role="button" aria-label="Cancel" data-mdx="gsc_md_cbyd" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gsc_md_cbyd-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t">Duplicate citations</h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"></div></div><div id="gsc_md_cbyd-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"><form id="gsc_md_cbyd_f" action="/citations?hl=en&user=DXx-rGIAAAAJ&view_op=list_works" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="s" value=""><div class="gs_md_lbl">The following articles are merged in Scholar. Their <a id="gsc_md_cbyd_c" href="javascript:void(0)">combined citations</a> are counted only for the first article.</div><div id="gsc_md_cbyd_l"></div></form></div></div></div><div data-h="600" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw"><div id="gsc_md_cbym" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gsc_md_cbym-t" data-cid="gsc_md_cbym_l" data-wfc="gsc_md_cbym-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gsc_md_cbym-x" role="button" aria-label="Cancel" data-mdx="gsc_md_cbym" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gsc_md_cbym-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t">Merged citations</h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"></div></div><div id="gsc_md_cbym-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"><div class="gs_md_lbl">This "Cited by" count includes citations to the following articles in Scholar. The ones marked <span id="gsc_md_cbym_s">*</span> may be different from the article in the profile.</div><div id="gsc_md_cbym_l" data-act="/citations?hl=en&user=DXx-rGIAAAAJ&view_op=list_works"></div></div></div></div><div data-h="900" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw"><div id="gsc_md_cod" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi gsc_cod_lc" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gsc_md_cod-t" data-cid="gsc_cods_res" data-wfc="gsc_md_cod-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gsc_md_cod-x" role="button" aria-label="Cancel" data-mdx="gsc_md_cod" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gsc_md_cod-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t"><span id="gsc_cod_t"><span id="gsc_cod_tadd">Add co-authors</span><span id="gsc_cod_tedit">Co-authors</span><a id="gsc_cod_trev" href="javascript:void(0)" data-txt="Review" data-lim="Limit reached"></a></span></h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"><button type="button" id="gsc_cod_done" aria-label="Add co-authors" disabled class="gs_btnDNW gs_in_ib gs_btn_act gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></span></button></div></div><div id="gsc_md_cod-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"><div id="gsc_cods_urls" class="gsc_cods_hide" data-ls="" data-lc="/citations?view_op=list_colleagues&hl=en&json=&user=DXx-rGIAAAAJ" data-sa=""></div><form id="gsc_cods_save" action="" method="POST"><input type="hidden" name="colleague_add"><input type="hidden" name="colleague_del"></form><div id="gsc_cods_res"></div></div></div></div><div data-h="800" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw"><div id="gs_md_cita-d" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gs_md_cita-d-t" data-cid="gs_md_cita-l" data-wfc="gs_md_cita-d-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_md_cita-d-x" role="button" aria-label="Cancel" data-mdx="gs_md_cita-d" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gs_md_cita-d-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t"></h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"><button type="button" id="gs_md_cita-b-save" aria-label="Save" class="gs_btnDNW gs_in_ib gs_btn_act gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></span></button></div></div><div id="gs_md_cita-d-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"><style>#gs_md_cita-d{width:90%;max-width:1000px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_md_cita-d{width:100%;max-width:none;}#gs_md_cita-d .gs_md_prg{min-height:600px;}</style><div id="gs_md_cita-l" aria-live="assertive"></div></div></div></div><div data-h="0" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw"><div id="gsc_md_fol" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gsc_md_fol-t" data-wfc="gsc_md_fol-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gsc_md_fol-x" role="button" aria-label="Cancel" data-mdx="gsc_md_fol" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gsc_md_fol-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t">Follow</h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"></div></div><div id="gsc_md_fol-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"><form method="post" id="gsc_fol_f" action="/citations?hl=en&user=DXx-rGIAAAAJ&view_op=list_works"><input type="hidden" name="xsrf" value="ADIE8skAAAAAZ0ycC7oKDYaUmsVMDWjhca8dSRA"><input type="hidden" name="user" value="DXx-rGIAAAAJ"><div id="gsc_fol_inp"></div><div id="gsc_fol_cb"><div class="gsc_fol_cr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gsc_fol_a" role="checkbox" aria-checked="false" data-s="0" class="gs_cb_gen gs_in_cb"><span class="gs_lbl">New articles by this author</span><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></a></div><div class="gsc_fol_cr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gsc_fol_c" role="checkbox" aria-checked="false" data-s="0" 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class="gs_lbl">My profile</span></a><a href="/scholar?scilib=1&hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnL gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">My library</span></a><a href="/citations?view_op=metrics_intro&hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnJ gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Metrics</span></a><a href="/scholar_alerts?view_op=list_alerts&hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnM gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Alerts</span></a></div><div class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="/scholar_settings?hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnP gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Settings</span></a></div></div><div id="gs_hdr_drw_bot" class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a 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id="gsc_rsb_cit" role="region" aria-labelledby="gsc_prf_t-cit"><h3 class="gsc_rsb_header"><span class="gsc_rsb_title">Cited by</span><button type="button" id="gsc_hist_opn" class=" gs_btn_flat gs_btn_flact gs_btn_lrge gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsu gsc_rsb_action"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl">View all</span></span></button></h3><table id="gsc_rsb_st"><thead><tr><th class="gsc_rsb_sth"></th><th class="gsc_rsb_sth">All</th><th class="gsc_rsb_sth">Since 2019</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class="gsc_rsb_sc1"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_rsb_f gs_ibl" title="This is the number of citations to all publications. The second column has the "recent" version of this metric which is the number of new citations in the last 5 years to all publications.">Citations</a></td><td class="gsc_rsb_std">10791</td><td class="gsc_rsb_std">5914</td></tr><tr><td class="gsc_rsb_sc1"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_rsb_f gs_ibl" title="h-index is the largest number h such that h publications have at least h citations. The second column has the "recent" version of this metric which is the largest number h such that h publications have at least h new citations in the last 5 years.">h-index</a></td><td class="gsc_rsb_std">52</td><td class="gsc_rsb_std">38</td></tr><tr><td class="gsc_rsb_sc1"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_rsb_f gs_ibl" title="i10-index is the number of publications with at least 10 citations. The second column has the "recent" version of this metric which is the number of publications that have received at least 10 new citations in the last 5 years.">i10-index</a></td><td class="gsc_rsb_std">98</td><td class="gsc_rsb_std">71</td></tr></tbody></table><style>.gsc_g_t{position:absolute;bottom:0;color:#777;font-size:11px;}.gsc_g_a{position:absolute;bottom:13px;width:15px;background:#777;}.gsc_g_a:hover,.gsc_g_a:focus,.gsc_g_a:active{text-decoration:none;cursor:default;}.gsc_g_al{position:absolute;bottom:15px;left:7px;color:#222;background:white;font-size:11px;padding:1px;border:1px solid #777;border-radius:1px;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s .218s;}.gsc_g_a:hover .gsc_g_al,.gsc_g_a:focus .gsc_g_al,.gsc_g_a:active .gsc_g_al{visibility:visible;opacity:1;transition:all 0s;}#gsc_md_hist{max-width:742px;}.gsc_md_hist_w{position:relative;overflow:hidden;margin-right:43px;}.gs_md_bdy .gsc_md_hist_w,.gs_el_ph .gsc_md_hist_w,.gs_el_ta .gsc_md_hist_w{overflow-x:auto;padding-bottom:16px;}.gsc_md_hist_b{position:relative;height:174px;width:100%;}.gsc_md_hist_b .gsc_g_a{bottom:auto;}.gsc_md_hist_b .gsc_g_t{bottom:auto;top:161px;}.gsc_md_hist_b:after{position:absolute;right:696px;content:"\00A0";}.gsc_g_hist_x{position:relative;margin-right:45px;}.gsc_g_hist_xl{position:absolute;right:8px;width:35px;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_g_hist_xl,.gs_el_ph .gsc_g_hist_xl{right:16px;}.gsc_g_hist_wrp{padding-top:32px;position:relative;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_g_hist_wrp,.gs_el_ph .gsc_g_hist_wrp{padding-right:8px;}.gs_md_bdy .gsc_g_hist_wrp{border-top:0;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_bdy .gsc_g_hist_wrp:after,.gs_el_tc.gs_el_ph .gsc_g_hist_wrp:after,.gs_el_tc.gs_el_ta .gsc_g_hist_wrp:after{display:block;content:"";position:absolute;z-index:100;top:0;left:0;width:20px;height:100%;background-image:linear-gradient(to left,rgba(255,255,255,0),rgba(255,255,255,1) 80%);}.gsc_g_x,.gsc_g_xt{position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:1px solid #eee;width:100%;text-align:right;}.gsc_g_x{border-bottom:1px solid #eee;}.gsc_g_xtl{position:absolute;color:#777;}.gsc_g_gtr{position:absolute;}.gsc_g_a:last-child .gsc_g_al{right:0;left:auto;}</style><div class="gsc_g_hist_wrp" dir="rtl"><div class="gsc_g_hist_x"><div class="gsc_g_x" style="top:160px;"></div><div class="gsc_g_xt" style="top:0px;"></div><div class="gsc_g_xt" style="top:80px;"></div><div class="gsc_g_xt" style="top:120px;"></div><div class="gsc_g_xt" style="top:40px;"></div></div><div class="gsc_g_hist_xl"><div class="gsc_g_xtl" style="top:153px;">0</div><div class="gsc_g_xtl" style="top:-7px;">1100</div><div class="gsc_g_xtl" style="top:73px;">550</div><div class="gsc_g_xtl" style="top:113px;">275</div><div class="gsc_g_xtl" style="top:33px;">825</div></div><div class="gsc_md_hist_w"><div class="gsc_md_hist_b"><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:643px">2004</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:611px">2005</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:579px">2006</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:547px">2007</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:515px">2008</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:483px">2009</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:451px">2010</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:419px">2011</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:387px">2012</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:355px">2013</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:323px">2014</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:291px">2015</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:259px">2016</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:227px">2017</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:195px">2018</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:163px">2019</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:131px">2020</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:99px">2021</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:67px">2022</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:35px">2023</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:3px">2024</span><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:648px;top:156px;height:4px;z-index:21"><span class="gsc_g_al">32</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:616px;top:148px;height:12px;z-index:20"><span class="gsc_g_al">89</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:584px;top:146px;height:14px;z-index:19"><span class="gsc_g_al">101</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:552px;top:138px;height:22px;z-index:18"><span class="gsc_g_al">152</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:520px;top:134px;height:26px;z-index:17"><span class="gsc_g_al">182</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:488px;top:130px;height:30px;z-index:16"><span class="gsc_g_al">212</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:456px;top:127px;height:33px;z-index:15"><span class="gsc_g_al">232</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:424px;top:124px;height:36px;z-index:14"><span class="gsc_g_al">253</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:392px;top:118px;height:42px;z-index:13"><span class="gsc_g_al">295</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:360px;top:107px;height:53px;z-index:12"><span class="gsc_g_al">367</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:328px;top:101px;height:59px;z-index:11"><span class="gsc_g_al">409</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:296px;top:97px;height:63px;z-index:10"><span class="gsc_g_al">437</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:264px;top:69px;height:91px;z-index:9"><span class="gsc_g_al">631</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:232px;top:76px;height:84px;z-index:8"><span class="gsc_g_al">581</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:200px;top:59px;height:101px;z-index:7"><span class="gsc_g_al">698</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:168px;top:43px;height:117px;z-index:6"><span class="gsc_g_al">807</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:136px;top:24px;height:136px;z-index:5"><span class="gsc_g_al">938</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:104px;top:12px;height:148px;z-index:4"><span class="gsc_g_al">1024</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:72px;top:8px;height:152px;z-index:3"><span class="gsc_g_al">1049</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:40px;top:6px;height:154px;z-index:2"><span class="gsc_g_al">1061</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:8px;top:12px;height:148px;z-index:1"><span class="gsc_g_al">1019</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="gsc_rsb_s gsc_prf_pnl" id="gsc_rsb_mnd" role="region" aria-labelledby="gsc_prf_t-mnd"><div class="gsc_rsb_header gsc_rsb_m_header"><div class="gsc_rsb_m_title">Public access</div><a href="/citations?view_op=list_mandates&hl=en&user=DXx-rGIAAAAJ" id="gsc_lwp_mndt_lnk">View all</a></div><div class="gsc_rsb_hm gs_ota gs_oph"><button type="button" onclick="window.location='/citations?view_op\x3dlist_mandates\x26hl\x3den\x26user\x3dDXx-rGIAAAAJ'" class=" gs_btn_flat gs_btn_flact gs_btn_lrge gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsu"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl">View all</span></span></button></div><div class="gsc_rsb_m"><div class="gsc_rsb_m_a"><span>21 articles</span></div><div class="gsc_rsb_m_na"><div>1 article</div></div><div class="gsc_rsb_m_bar"><div class="gsc_rsb_m_bar_na" style="width:5%"></div></div><div class="gsc_rsb_m_a"><span>available</span></div><div class="gsc_rsb_m_na"><span>not available</span></div><div class="gsc_rsb_m_desc">Based on funding mandates</div></div></div><div class="gsc_rsb_s gsc_prf_pnl" id="gsc_rsb_co" role="region" aria-labelledby="gsc_prf_t-ath"><h3 class="gsc_rsb_header"><span class="gsc_rsb_title">Co-authors</span><button type="button" id="gsc_coauth_opn" class=" gs_btn_flat gs_btn_flact gs_btn_lrge gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsu gsc_rsb_action"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl">View all</span></span></button></h3><ul class="gsc_rsb_a"><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-MjF1h7IAAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-MjF1h7IAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-MjF1h7IAAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-MjF1h7IAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="John Gabrieli" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-MjF1h7IAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png" data-srcset="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_32.png 32w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png 56w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_128.png 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=MjF1h7IAAAAJ&hl=en">John Gabrieli</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">MIT</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at mit.edu</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-cPvC7T8AAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-cPvC7T8AAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-cPvC7T8AAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-cPvC7T8AAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Ludger Woessmann" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-cPvC7T8AAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=cPvC7T8AAAAJ&citpid=7" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=cPvC7T8AAAAJ&citpid=7 32w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=cPvC7T8AAAAJ&citpid=7 56w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=cPvC7T8AAAAJ&citpid=7 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=cPvC7T8AAAAJ&hl=en">Ludger Woessmann</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Professor of Economics, University of Munich; Ifo Institute</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at lmu.de</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-yb1fwgMAAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:31px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-yb1fwgMAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-yb1fwgMAAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:54px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-yb1fwgMAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Julia A Leonard" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-yb1fwgMAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=yb1fwgMAAAAJ&citpid=7" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=yb1fwgMAAAAJ&citpid=7 32w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=yb1fwgMAAAAJ&citpid=7 56w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=yb1fwgMAAAAJ&citpid=7 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=yb1fwgMAAAAJ&hl=en">Julia A Leonard</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Yale University</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at yale.edu</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-geBw3LcAAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-geBw3LcAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-geBw3LcAAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-geBw3LcAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Matthew M. Chingos" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-geBw3LcAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=geBw3LcAAAAJ&citpid=8" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=geBw3LcAAAAJ&citpid=8 32w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=geBw3LcAAAAJ&citpid=8 56w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=geBw3LcAAAAJ&citpid=8 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=geBw3LcAAAAJ&hl=en">Matthew M. Chingos</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Urban Institute</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at urban.org</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-0bBdBuUAAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:31px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-0bBdBuUAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-0bBdBuUAAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:55px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-0bBdBuUAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Allyson Mackey" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-0bBdBuUAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=0bBdBuUAAAAJ&citpid=4" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=0bBdBuUAAAAJ&citpid=4 32w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=0bBdBuUAAAAJ&citpid=4 56w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=0bBdBuUAAAAJ&citpid=4 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=0bBdBuUAAAAJ&hl=en">Allyson Mackey</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Associate Professor, University of Pennsylvania</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at upenn.edu</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-ydbqxxYAAAAJ-img{width:24px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-ydbqxxYAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-ydbqxxYAAAAJ-img{width:42px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-ydbqxxYAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Guido Schwerdt" sizes="(max-width:981px) 42px,24px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-ydbqxxYAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=ydbqxxYAAAAJ&citpid=1" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=ydbqxxYAAAAJ&citpid=1 24w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=ydbqxxYAAAAJ&citpid=1 42w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=ydbqxxYAAAAJ&citpid=1 96w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=ydbqxxYAAAAJ&hl=en">Guido Schwerdt</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Professor for Public Economics, University of Konstanz</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at uni-konstanz.de</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-3shkywEAAAAJ-img{width:21px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-3shkywEAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-3shkywEAAAAJ-img{width:37px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-3shkywEAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Rachel Romeo" sizes="(max-width:981px) 37px,21px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-3shkywEAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=3shkywEAAAAJ&citpid=4" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=3shkywEAAAAJ&citpid=4 21w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=3shkywEAAAAJ&citpid=4 37w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=3shkywEAAAAJ&citpid=4 85w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=3shkywEAAAAJ&hl=en">Rachel Romeo</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">University of Maryland College Park</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at umd.edu</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-uXrLsMoAAAAJ-img{width:31px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-uXrLsMoAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-uXrLsMoAAAAJ-img{width:54px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-uXrLsMoAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Amy S Finn" sizes="(max-width:981px) 54px,31px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-uXrLsMoAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=uXrLsMoAAAAJ&citpid=2" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=uXrLsMoAAAAJ&citpid=2 31w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=uXrLsMoAAAAJ&citpid=2 54w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=uXrLsMoAAAAJ&citpid=2 123w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=uXrLsMoAAAAJ&hl=en">Amy S Finn</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">University of Toronto</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at psych.utoronto.ca</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-v4hwJooAAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-v4hwJooAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-v4hwJooAAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-v4hwJooAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Meredith L. Rowe" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-v4hwJooAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png" data-srcset="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_32.png 32w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png 56w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_128.png 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=v4hwJooAAAAJ&hl=en">Meredith L. Rowe</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Professor of Education, Harvard University Graduate School of Education</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at gse.harvard.edu</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-0eh9TLEAAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-0eh9TLEAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-0eh9TLEAAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-0eh9TLEAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Samuel Barrows" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-0eh9TLEAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png" data-srcset="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_32.png 32w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png 56w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_128.png 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=0eh9TLEAAAAJ&hl=en">Samuel Barrows</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Harvard University</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at fas.harvard.edu</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-tIV18r0AAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:31px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-tIV18r0AAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-tIV18r0AAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:54px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-tIV18r0AAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Matthew A. Kraft" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-tIV18r0AAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=tIV18r0AAAAJ&citpid=3" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=tIV18r0AAAAJ&citpid=3 32w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=tIV18r0AAAAJ&citpid=3 56w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=tIV18r0AAAAJ&citpid=3 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=tIV18r0AAAAJ&hl=en">Matthew A. Kraft</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Associate Professor of Education and Economics, Brown University</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at brown.edu</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-bLIVwPsAAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:25px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-bLIVwPsAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-bLIVwPsAAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:44px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-bLIVwPsAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Rebecca E. Martin" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-bLIVwPsAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=bLIVwPsAAAAJ&citpid=3" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=bLIVwPsAAAAJ&citpid=3 32w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=bLIVwPsAAAAJ&citpid=3 56w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=bLIVwPsAAAAJ&citpid=3 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=bLIVwPsAAAAJ&hl=en">Rebecca E. Martin</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Senior Research Fellow, Consumer Financial Protection Bureau</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at nyu.edu</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-1_JJXXUAAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:31px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-1_JJXXUAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-1_JJXXUAAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:55px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-1_JJXXUAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Hans Fricke" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-1_JJXXUAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=1_JJXXUAAAAJ&citpid=1" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=1_JJXXUAAAAJ&citpid=1 32w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=1_JJXXUAAAAJ&citpid=1 56w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=1_JJXXUAAAAJ&citpid=1 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=1_JJXXUAAAAJ&hl=en">Hans Fricke</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Stanford University</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at stanford.edu</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-gxcDN1IAAAAJ-img{width:26px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-gxcDN1IAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-gxcDN1IAAAAJ-img{width:45px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-gxcDN1IAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="David E. Campbell" sizes="(max-width:981px) 45px,26px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-gxcDN1IAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=gxcDN1IAAAAJ&citpid=2" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=gxcDN1IAAAAJ&citpid=2 26w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=gxcDN1IAAAAJ&citpid=2 45w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=gxcDN1IAAAAJ&citpid=2 102w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=gxcDN1IAAAAJ&hl=en">David E. Campbell</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">University of Notre Dame</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at nd.edu</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-RLau5Z0AAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-RLau5Z0AAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-RLau5Z0AAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-RLau5Z0AAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Christopher Berry" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-RLau5Z0AAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png" data-srcset="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_32.png 32w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png 56w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_128.png 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=RLau5Z0AAAAJ&hl=en">Christopher Berry</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Harris School of Public Policy, The University of Chicago</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at uchicago.edu</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb--Jfkau4AAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb--Jfkau4AAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb--Jfkau4AAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb--Jfkau4AAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Albert A Cheng" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb--Jfkau4AAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png" data-srcset="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_32.png 32w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png 56w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_128.png 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=-Jfkau4AAAAJ&hl=en">Albert A Cheng</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">University of Arkansas</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at uark.edu</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-wvbCeDkAAAAJ-img{width:21px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-wvbCeDkAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-wvbCeDkAAAAJ-img{width:37px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-wvbCeDkAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Markus Nagler" sizes="(max-width:981px) 37px,21px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-wvbCeDkAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=wvbCeDkAAAAJ&citpid=1" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=wvbCeDkAAAAJ&citpid=1 21w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=wvbCeDkAAAAJ&citpid=1 37w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=wvbCeDkAAAAJ&citpid=1 85w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=wvbCeDkAAAAJ&hl=en">Markus Nagler</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">FAU Erlangen-Nuremberg</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at fau.de</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-eCjeIlIAAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:21px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-eCjeIlIAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-eCjeIlIAAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:37px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-eCjeIlIAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Philipp Lergetporer" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-eCjeIlIAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=eCjeIlIAAAAJ&citpid=2" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=eCjeIlIAAAAJ&citpid=2 32w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=eCjeIlIAAAAJ&citpid=2 56w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=eCjeIlIAAAAJ&citpid=2 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=eCjeIlIAAAAJ&hl=en">Philipp Lergetporer</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Professor of Economics, Technical University of Munich, School of Management</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at lergetporer.at</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-BDqIRPkAAAAJ-img{width:28px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-BDqIRPkAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-BDqIRPkAAAAJ-img{width:50px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-BDqIRPkAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Thomas S. Dee" sizes="(max-width:981px) 50px,28px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-BDqIRPkAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=BDqIRPkAAAAJ&citpid=3" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=BDqIRPkAAAAJ&citpid=3 28w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=BDqIRPkAAAAJ&citpid=3 50w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=BDqIRPkAAAAJ&citpid=3 114w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=BDqIRPkAAAAJ&hl=en">Thomas S. 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class="gsc_a_a">Year</a></span></th></tr></thead><tbody id="gsc_a_b"><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=DXx-rGIAAAAJ&citation_for_view=DXx-rGIAAAAJ:k8Z6L05lTy4C" class="gsc_a_at">Beyond the 30-million-word gap: Children’s conversational exposure is associated with language-related brain function</a><div class="gs_gray">RR Romeo, JA Leonard, ST Robinson, MR West, AP Mackey, ML Rowe, ...</div><div class="gs_gray">Psychological science 29 (5), 700-710<span class="gs_oph">, 2018</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=1254453366097037216,17492086885550366827" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">864</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2018</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=DXx-rGIAAAAJ&citation_for_view=DXx-rGIAAAAJ:geHnlv5EZngC" class="gsc_a_at">Promise and paradox: Measuring students’ non-cognitive skills and the impact of schooling</a><div class="gs_gray">MR West, MA Kraft, AS Finn, RE Martin, AL Duckworth, CFO Gabrieli, ...</div><div class="gs_gray">Educational evaluation and policy analysis 38 (1), 148-170<span class="gs_oph">, 2016</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=3386461506693155179,1411816677954681178" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">636</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2016</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=DXx-rGIAAAAJ&citation_for_view=DXx-rGIAAAAJ:u-x6o8ySG0sC" class="gsc_a_at">Class-size effects in school systems around the world: Evidence from between-grade variation in TIMSS</a><div class="gs_gray">L Wößmann, M West</div><div class="gs_gray">European Economic Review 50 (3), 695-736<span class="gs_oph">, 2006</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=13262410394545912925,8358225409508221054,3820318252147445947,7710674376725502193" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">599</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2006</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=DXx-rGIAAAAJ&citation_for_view=DXx-rGIAAAAJ:35N4QoGY0k4C" class="gsc_a_at">School accountability, autonomy and choice around the world</a><div class="gs_gray">L Woessmann, G Schutz, E Luedemann, MR West</div><div class="gs_gray">Edward Elgar<span class="gs_oph">, 2009</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=9794561672041602807,18022947416399497706,2796555483391844280,10323522692431331206,8238496033277868047" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">566</a><span class="gsc_a_m"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_a_am" data-eid="DXx-rGIAAAAJ:35N4QoGY0k4C">*</a></span></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2009</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=DXx-rGIAAAAJ&citation_for_view=DXx-rGIAAAAJ:u5HHmVD_uO8C" class="gsc_a_at">No child left behind?: The politics and practice of school accountability</a><div class="gs_gray">PE Peterson, MR West</div><div class="gs_gray">Brookings Institution Press<span class="gs_oph">, 2003</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=6926596590509920209,3068238446724205128" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">542</a><span class="gsc_a_m"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_a_am" data-eid="DXx-rGIAAAAJ:u5HHmVD_uO8C">*</a></span></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2003</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=DXx-rGIAAAAJ&citation_for_view=DXx-rGIAAAAJ:d1gkVwhDpl0C" class="gsc_a_at">Self‐interest, social beliefs, and attitudes to redistribution. Re‐addressing the issue of cross‐national variation</a><div class="gs_gray">K Linos, M West</div><div class="gs_gray">European Sociological Review 19 (4), 393-409<span class="gs_oph">, 2003</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=9243173078628483047" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">516</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2003</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=DXx-rGIAAAAJ&citation_for_view=DXx-rGIAAAAJ:vV6vV6tmYwMC" class="gsc_a_at">The Non-Cognitive Returns to Class Size</a><div class="gs_gray">TS Dee, MR West</div><div class="gs_gray">Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 33 (1), 23-46<span class="gs_oph">, 2011</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=17759963304121817811" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">312</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2011</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=DXx-rGIAAAAJ&citation_for_view=DXx-rGIAAAAJ:RGFaLdJalmkC" class="gsc_a_at">Does an Urban Teacher Residency Increase Student Achievement? Early Evidence From Boston</a><div class="gs_gray">JP Papay, MR West, JB Fullerton, TJ Kane</div><div class="gs_gray">Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis<span class="gs_oph">, 2012</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=15521881316391182623,17585546318005953576" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">261</a><span class="gsc_a_m"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_a_am" data-eid="DXx-rGIAAAAJ:RGFaLdJalmkC">*</a></span></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2012</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=DXx-rGIAAAAJ&citation_for_view=DXx-rGIAAAAJ:FPJr55Dyh1AC" class="gsc_a_at">Language exposure relates to structural neural connectivity in childhood</a><div class="gs_gray">RR Romeo, J Segaran, JA Leonard, ST Robinson, MR West, AP Mackey, ...</div><div class="gs_gray">Journal of Neuroscience 38 (36), 7870-7877<span class="gs_oph">, 2018</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=9724932194597403639" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">259</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2018</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=DXx-rGIAAAAJ&citation_for_view=DXx-rGIAAAAJ:l7t_Zn2s7bgC" class="gsc_a_at">Endogenous stratification in randomized experiments</a><div class="gs_gray">A Abadie, MM Chingos, MR West</div><div class="gs_gray">Review of Economics and Statistics 100 (4), 567-580<span class="gs_oph">, 2018</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=8105140687636029979" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">257</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2018</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=DXx-rGIAAAAJ&citation_for_view=DXx-rGIAAAAJ:W7OEmFMy1HYC" class="gsc_a_at">‘Every Catholic Child in a Catholic School’: Historical Resistance to State Schooling, Contemporary Private Competition and Student Achievement across Countries*</a><div class="gs_gray">MR West, L Woessmann</div><div class="gs_gray">The Economic Journal 120 (546), F229-F255<span class="gs_oph">, 2010</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=18436150076608617097,4800760054355422165" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">256</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2010</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=DXx-rGIAAAAJ&citation_for_view=DXx-rGIAAAAJ:9yKSN-GCB0IC" class="gsc_a_at">The efficacy of choice threats within school accountability systems: Results from legislatively induced experiments</a><div class="gs_gray">MR West, PE Peterson</div><div class="gs_gray">The Economic Journal 116 (510), C46-C62<span class="gs_oph">, 2006</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=14604651086394476104,11738678167678972981" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">248</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2006</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=DXx-rGIAAAAJ&citation_for_view=DXx-rGIAAAAJ:fPk4N6BV_jEC" class="gsc_a_at">The effects of test-based retention on student outcomes over time: Regression discontinuity evidence from Florida</a><div class="gs_gray">G Schwerdt, MR West, MA Winters</div><div class="gs_gray">Journal of Public Economics 152, 154-169<span class="gs_oph">, 2017</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=4306181103553512590,12010420455510527113" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">242</a><span class="gsc_a_m"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_a_am" data-eid="DXx-rGIAAAAJ:fPk4N6BV_jEC">*</a></span></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2017</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=DXx-rGIAAAAJ&citation_for_view=DXx-rGIAAAAJ:AXPGKjj_ei8C" class="gsc_a_at">Neuroanatomical correlates of the income-achievement gap</a><div class="gs_gray">AP Mackey, AS Finn, JA Leonard, DS Jacoby-Senghor, MR West, ...</div><div class="gs_gray">Psychological science 26 (6), 925-933<span class="gs_oph">, 2015</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=3481110244835318017" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">222</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2015</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=DXx-rGIAAAAJ&citation_for_view=DXx-rGIAAAAJ:K3LRdlH-MEoC" class="gsc_a_at">Cognitive skills, student achievement tests, and schools</a><div class="gs_gray">AS Finn, MA Kraft, MR West, JA Leonard, CE Bish, RE Martin, ...</div><div class="gs_gray">Psychological science 25 (3), 736-744<span class="gs_oph">, 2014</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=3872436587380671398" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">199</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2014</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=DXx-rGIAAAAJ&citation_for_view=DXx-rGIAAAAJ:1sJd4Hv_s6UC" class="gsc_a_at">The impact of alternative grade configurations on student outcomes through middle and high school</a><div class="gs_gray">G Schwerdt, MR West</div><div class="gs_gray">Journal of Public Economics 97, 308-326<span class="gs_oph">, 2012</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=2931192831132162390,10016829884715297018" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">191</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2012</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=DXx-rGIAAAAJ&citation_for_view=DXx-rGIAAAAJ:WF5omc3nYNoC" class="gsc_a_at">Growing pains: The school consolidation movement and student outcomes</a><div class="gs_gray">CR Berry, MR West</div><div class="gs_gray">The Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization 26 (1), 1-29<span class="gs_oph">, 2010</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=13064730184787882949" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">182</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2010</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=DXx-rGIAAAAJ&citation_for_view=DXx-rGIAAAAJ:ZzlSgRqYykMC" class="gsc_a_at">Trends in student social-emotional learning: Evidence from the first large-scale panel student survey</a><div class="gs_gray">MR West, L Pier, H Fricke, H Hough, S Loeb, RH Meyer, AB Rice</div><div class="gs_gray">Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 42 (2), 279-303<span class="gs_oph">, 2020</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=15218985637747188046,12932135860514717868" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">166</a><span class="gsc_a_m"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_a_am" data-eid="DXx-rGIAAAAJ:ZzlSgRqYykMC">*</a></span></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2020</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=DXx-rGIAAAAJ&citation_for_view=DXx-rGIAAAAJ:gKiMpY-AVTkC" class="gsc_a_at">Weak markets, strong teachers: Recession at career start and teacher effectiveness</a><div class="gs_gray">M Nagler, M Piopiunik, MR West</div><div class="gs_gray">Journal of Labor Economics 38 (2), 453-500<span class="gs_oph">, 2020</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=12626902274614521833,16509297178219166754,12396237930552706510" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">150</a><span class="gsc_a_m"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_a_am" data-eid="DXx-rGIAAAAJ:gKiMpY-AVTkC">*</a></span></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2020</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=DXx-rGIAAAAJ&citation_for_view=DXx-rGIAAAAJ:tuHXwOkdijsC" class="gsc_a_at">Development and implementation of student social-emotional surveys in the CORE Districts</a><div class="gs_gray">MR West, K Buckley, SB Krachman, N Bookman</div><div class="gs_gray">Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 55, 119-129<span class="gs_oph">, 2018</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=11648464652029482140" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">148</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2018</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div id="gsc_a_sp"></div><div id="gsc_a_err" class="gs_alrt">The system can't perform the operation now. 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