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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian History</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Today</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Production</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Distilling_and_filtering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distilling_and_filtering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Distilling and filtering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distilling_and_filtering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flavoring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flavoring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Flavoring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flavoring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union_regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union_regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>European Union regulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union_regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Eusi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Daftar Isi" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vodka</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 102 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-102" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">102 basa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wodka" title="Wodka – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wodka" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%A7" title="فودكا – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فودكا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%A7" title="فودكا – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فودكا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodca" title="Vodca – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vodca" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="भोड्का – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="भोड्का" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araq" title="Araq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Araq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varielka" title="Varielka – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Varielka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Гарэлка – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гарэлка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Гарэлка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гарэлка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Водка – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Водка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="ভদকা – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভদকা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BE%A5%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%85%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A8%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%82" title="ཧྥུ་ཐ་ཅ་ཨ་རག – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཧྥུ་ཐ་ཅ་ཨ་རག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votka" title="Votka – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Votka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Ceko" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Ceko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Шывкка – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шывкка" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fodca" title="Fodca – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Fodca" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wodka" title="Wodka – Jérman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wodka" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jérman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="भोड्का – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="भोड्का" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%BA%CE%B1" title="Βότκα – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βότκα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodko" title="Vodko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vodko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viin_(jook)" title="Viin (jook) – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Viin (jook)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="ودکا – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ودکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votka" title="Votka – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Votka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wodka" title="Wodka – Frisia Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wodka" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodca" title="Vodca – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Vodca" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A4%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="وؤدکا – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="وؤدکا" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE" title="વોડકા – Gujarat" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વોડકા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A7%D7%94" title="וודקה – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וודקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="वोदका – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वोदका" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votka" title="Votka – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Votka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B3dka" title="Wódka – Sorbia Hulu" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wódka" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Sorbia Hulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%B2%D5%AB" title="Օղի – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օղի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%AB" title="ウォッカ – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウォッカ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A7%E1%83%98" title="არაყი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არაყი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%9B" title="Арақ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Арақ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EB%93%9C%EC%B9%B4" title="보드카 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="보드카" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wodka" title="Wodka – Dialek Kolsch" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Wodka" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Dialek Kolsch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodca" title="Vodca – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vodca" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wodka" title="Wodka – Luksemburg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Wodka" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8C%D0%B8" title="Аьракьи – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Аьракьи" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degtin%C4%97" title="Degtinė – Lituania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Degtinė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degv%C4%ABns" title="Degvīns – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Degvīns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="भोड्का – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="भोड्का" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Вотка – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вотка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%92%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC" title="ဗော့ဒ်ကာ – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဗော့ဒ်ကာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="भोड्का – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भोड्का" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wodka" title="Wodka – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wodka" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B2dka" title="Vòdka – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vòdka" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="ਵੋਡਕਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵੋਡਕਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel petingan"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B3dka" title="Wódka – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wódka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%88%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="وڈکا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وڈکا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodca" title="Vodca – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vodca" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votc%C4%83" title="Votcă – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Votcă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Водка – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Водка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votka" title="Votka – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Votka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F" title="වොඩ්කා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වොඩ්කා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Вотка – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вотка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorzo%C5%82a" title="Gorzoła – Silesia" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Gorzoła" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE" title="வோட்கா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வோட்கா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="วอดก้า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วอดก้า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votka" title="Votka – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Votka" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8B" title="Аракы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Аракы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Водка – Tuvinia" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Водка" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Горілка – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Горілка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%88%DA%88%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="ووڈکا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ووڈکا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroq" title="Aroq – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Aroq" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodk" title="Vodk – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vodk" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E7%89%B9%E5%8A%A0" title="伏特加 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伏特加" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8F%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Əрк – Kalmuk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Əрк" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ონტკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ონტკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%93%D7%A7%D7%A2" title="וואדקע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וואדקע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E7%89%B9%E5%8A%A0" title="伏特加 – Tiongkok" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伏特加" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tiongkok" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E7%89%B9%E5%8A%A0" title="伏特加 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="伏特加" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" 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Pikeun kagunaan séjén mah, tempo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vodka_(disambiguasi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vodka (disambiguasi) (kaca can aya)">Vodka (disambiguasi)</a>. </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Gambar:04656_market_in_Sanok.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/04656_market_in_Sanok.JPG/300px-04656_market_in_Sanok.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/04656_market_in_Sanok.JPG/450px-04656_market_in_Sanok.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/04656_market_in_Sanok.JPG/600px-04656_market_in_Sanok.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Sababraha jenis Vodka</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Vodka</b> (<a href="/wiki/Basa_Rusia" title="Basa Rusia">Basa Rusia</a>: <span lang="ru">водка</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Citakan:Lang-be&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Citakan:Lang-be (kaca can aya)">Citakan:Lang-be</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basa_Ukraina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basa Ukraina (kaca can aya)">Basa Ukraina</a>: <span lang="uk">горілка</span>, <a href="/wiki/Basa_Polandia" title="Basa Polandia">basa Polandia</a>: <span lang="pl"><i>wódka</i></span>) nyaéta hiji inuman keras sulingan nu diwangun lulugna ku cai jeung etanol kalayan ngaleungitkeun rasa jeung sifat teu murnina. Vodka dijieun ku cara nyuling dahareun nu difermentasi. Nu sok dipaké biasana kacang-kacangan, hui kumeli (kentang), sakapeung mah sok ku bungbuahan atawa gula. </p><p>Saacan taun 40an mah, Vodka teu di kenal di Amerika Serikat teh.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bareto, kadar alkohol vodka biasana nyaéta 40%.<sup title="Needs citation">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cutat_rujukan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Cutat rujukan"><i>rujukan?</i></a>]</sup> Kiwari, vodka standar Belarusia, Polandia, Rusia jeung Lithuania nyaéta 40% alkohol tina volume (ABV=Alcohol By Volume) atawa 80 standar alkohol (Alcoholic Proof). Uni Eropa netepkeun aturan paling saeutik kadar alkohol 37,5 ABV keur hiji inuman bisa disebut vodka.<sup id="cite_ref-ginvodka1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ginvodka1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-europarl_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europarl-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sedengkeun di Amerika, kadar alkoholna minimal 30%.<sup id="cite_ref-cfra1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cfra1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologi">Etimologi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vodka&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Édit bab: Etimologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>édit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vodka&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Etimologi"><span>édit sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Gambar:VodkaBelt.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/VodkaBelt.png/300px-VodkaBelt.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/VodkaBelt.png/450px-VodkaBelt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/VodkaBelt.png/600px-VodkaBelt.png 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>The "vodka belt" countries of Northern, Central and Eastern Europe are the historic home of vodka, and also have the highest vodka consumption in the world</figcaption></figure> <p>Vodka asalna tina kecap voda tina basa Slavic nu hartina cai, voda artina ngaheureutan dina basa slavic jadi cai leutik.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ety_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ety-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kecap vodka mimiti kanyahoan aya dina "Akta Godzkie",<sup id="cite_ref-KRPS_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KRPS-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hiji dokumen pengadilan nu aya di Polandia.<sup id="cite_ref-KRPS_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KRPS-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harita, kecap vodka ("wodka") ngarujuk kana ramuan kimia jiga ubar atawa kosmetik paragi nghabersihan, sedegkeun ngaran inuman nu sohor mah nyaéta gorzalka.<sup id="cite_ref-KRPS_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KRPS-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vodka&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Édit bab: History" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>édit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vodka&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: History"><span>édit sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Para ahli teu sauyunan dina nentukan awal-awal perkembangan vodka,<sup id="cite_ref-smith_companion_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith_companion-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blocker_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blocker-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sabab saeutikna sumber-sumber sejarah nu nyebutkeun asal aslina inuman ieu.<sup id="cite_ref-Ermochkin_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ermochkin-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ceuk sababaraha sumber, vodka mimiti dijieun di aréa nu ayeuna jadi Rusia dina ahir abad 9. Ceuk Gin and Vodka Association (GVA),<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pabrik vodka kahiji kadokumentasikeun leuwih ti 200 taun kaliwat di Khlynovsk, saperti nu di laporkeun dina Vyatka Chronicle taun 1174. For many centuries, beverages differed significantly compared to the vodka of today, as the spirit at that time had a different flavor, color and smell, and was originally used as medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contained little alcohol, an estimated maximum of about 14%, as only this amount can be attained by natural fermentation. The still allowing for distillation – the "burning of wine" – was invented in the 8th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Briffault_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briffault-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vodka&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Édit bab: Poland" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>édit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vodka&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Poland"><span>édit sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Gambar:Vodka_Sobieski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Vodka_Sobieski.jpg/250px-Vodka_Sobieski.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Vodka_Sobieski.jpg/330px-Vodka_Sobieski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Vodka_Sobieski.jpg/500px-Vodka_Sobieski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption>Sobieski Vodka, named after Polish King <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_III_Sobieski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan III Sobieski (kaca can aya)">Jan III Sobieski</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In Poland, vodka (<a href="/wiki/Basa_Polandia" title="Basa Polandia">basa Polandia</a>: <span lang="pl"><i>wódka</i></span>; obsolete: <i>gorzałka</i>) has been produced since the éarly <a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_Ages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middle Ages (kaca can aya)">Middle Ages</a>. The world's first written mention of the drink and the word "vodka" was in 1405 from <i>Akta Grodzkie</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-KRPS_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KRPS-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the court documents from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandomierz_Voivodship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sandomierz Voivodship (kaca can aya)">Palatinate of Sandomierz</a> in Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-KRPS_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KRPS-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, the word <i>wódka</i> referred to chemical compounds such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Medicine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medicine (kaca can aya)">medicines</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmetics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosmetics (kaca can aya)">cosmetics</a>' cléansers, while the popular beverage was called <i>gorzałka</i> (from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Polish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Old Polish (kaca can aya)">Old Polish</a> <i>gorzeć</i> méaning "to burn"), which is also the source of Ukrainian <i>horilka</i> (горілка). The word written in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyrillic script (kaca can aya)">Cyrillic</a> appéared first in 1533, in relation to a medicinal drink brought from Poland to Russia by the merchants of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kievan_Rus%27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kievan Rus' (kaca can aya)">Kievan Rus'</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KRPS_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KRPS-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these éarly days, the spirits were used mostly as medicines. Stefan Falimierz asserted in his 1534 works on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbs (kaca can aya)">herbs</a> that vodka could serve "to increase fertility and awaken lust". Around 1400, it became also a popular drink in Poland. <i>Wódka lub gorzała</i> (1614), by Jerzy Potański, contains valuable information on the production of vodka. Jakub Kazimierz Haur, in his book <i>Skład albo skarbiec znakomitych sekretów ekonomii ziemiańskiej</i> (<i>A Treasury of Excellent Secrets about Landed Gentry's Economy</i>, Kraków, 1693), gave detailed recipes for making vodka from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rye (kaca can aya)">rye</a>. </p><p>Some Polish vodka <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blend&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blend (kaca can aya)">blends</a> go back centuries. Most notable are <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%BBubr%C3%B3wka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Żubrówka (kaca can aya)">Żubrówka</a></i>, from about the 16th century; <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goldwasser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goldwasser (kaca can aya)">Goldwasser</a></i>, from the éarly 17th; and aged <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Starka (kaca can aya)">Starka</a></i> vodka, from the 16th. In the mid-17th century, the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Szlachta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Szlachta (kaca can aya)">szlachta</a></i> (nobility) were granted a monopoly on producing and selling vodka in their territories. This privilege was a source of substantial profits. One of the most famous distilleries of the aristocracy was established by Princess <a href="/w/index.php?title=El%C5%BCbieta_Czartoryska_(1736%E2%80%931816)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elżbieta Czartoryska (1736–1816) (kaca can aya)">Lubomirska</a> and later operated by her grandson, Count <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Wojciech_Potocki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Wojciech Potocki (kaca can aya)">Alfred Wojciech Potocki</a>. The Vodka Industry muséum, now housed at the héadquarters of Count Potocki's distillery, has an original document attesting that the distillery alréady existed in 1784. Today it operates as "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polmos_%C5%81a%C5%84cut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polmos Łańcut (kaca can aya)">Polmos Łańcut</a>". </p><p>Large-scale vodka production began in Poland at the end of the 16th century, initially at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%B3w&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kraków (kaca can aya)">Kraków</a>, whence spirits were exported to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silesia (kaca can aya)">Silesia</a> before 1550. Silesian cities also bought vodka from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poznań (kaca can aya)">Poznań</a>, a city that in 1580 had 498 working spirits distilleries. Soon, however, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gda%C5%84sk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gdańsk (kaca can aya)">Gdańsk</a> outpaced both these cities. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Polish vodka was known in the Netherlands, Denmark, England, Russia, Germany, Austria, Hungary, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ukraine (kaca can aya)">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Black Sea (kaca can aya)">Black Sea</a> basin. </p><p>éarly production methods were primitive. The beverage was usually low-proof, and the distillation process had to be repéated several times (a three-stage distillation process was common). The first distillate was called <i>brantówka</i>, the second was <i>szumówka</i>, and the third ws <i>okowita</i> (from <i>aqua vitae</i>), which generally contained 70–80% ABV. Then the beverage was watered down, yielding a simple vodka (30–35% ABV), or a stronger one if the watering was done using an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alembic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alembic (kaca can aya)">alembic</a>. The exact production methods were described in 1768 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Pawe%C5%82_Biretowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Paweł Biretowski (kaca can aya)">Jan Paweł Biretowski</a> and in 1774 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Chryzostom_Pasek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Chryzostom Pasek (kaca can aya)">Jan Chryzostom Pasek</a>. The beginning of the 19th century inaugurated the production of potato vodka, which immediately revolutionized the market.<sup title="Needs citation">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cutat_rujukan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Cutat rujukan"><i>rujukan?</i></a>]</sup> </p><p>The end of the 18th century marked the start of the vodka industry in Poland (éastern part of Poland was part of Russian empire at that time). Vodkas produced by the nobility and clergy became a mass product. The first industrial distillery was opened in 1782 in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lw%C3%B3w&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lwów (kaca can aya)">Lwów</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._A._Baczewski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. A. Baczewski (kaca can aya)">J. A. Baczewski</a>. He was soon followed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jakub_Haberfeld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jakub Haberfeld (kaca can aya)">Jakub Haberfeld</a>, who in 1804 established a factory at <a href="/w/index.php?title=O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oświęcim (kaca can aya)">Oświęcim</a>, and by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hartwig_Kantorowicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hartwig Kantorowicz (kaca can aya)">Hartwig Kantorowicz</a>, who started producing <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wyborowa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wyborowa (kaca can aya)">Wyborowa</a> in 1823 at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poznań (kaca can aya)">Poznań</a>. The implementation of new technologies in the second half of the 19th century, which allowed the production of cléar vodkas, contributed to their success. The first rectification distillery was established in 1871. In 1925, the production of cléar vodkas was made a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polish government (kaca can aya)">Polish government</a> monopoly. </p><p>After World War II, all vodka distilleries were taken over by Poland's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communist (kaca can aya)">communist</a> government. During the 1980s, the sale of vodka was rationed. After the victory of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union) (kaca can aya)">Solidarity</a> movement, all distilleries were privatized, léading to an explosion of brands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vodka&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Édit bab: Russia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>édit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vodka&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Russia"><span>édit sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A type of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Distillation (kaca can aya)">distilled</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liquor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liquor (kaca can aya)">liquor</a> close to the one that would later become generally designated by the Russian word <i>vodka</i> came to Russia in the late 14th century. In 1386, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genoa (kaca can aya)">Genoese</a> ambassadors brought the first <i>aqua vitae</i> ("the water of life") to Moscow and presented it to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow (kaca can aya)">Grand Duke</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dmitry_Donskoy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dmitry Donskoy (kaca can aya)">Dmitry Donskoy</a>. The liquid obtained by distillation of grape <a href="/w/index.php?title=Must&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Must (kaca can aya)">must</a> was thought to be a concentrate and a "spirit" of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wine (kaca can aya)">wine</a> (<i>spiritus vini</i> in Latin), from where came the name of this substance in many Européan languages (like English <a href="/w/index.php?title=Distilled_beverage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Distilled beverage (kaca can aya)">spirit</a>, or Russian <span lang="ru">спирт, <i>spirt</i></span>). However, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopædia Britannica (kaca can aya)">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> states the first Russian vodka was made in 14th century, brewed by Sydnayaska Krueger of the Krueger family, which later evolved into the company now known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Smirnoff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smirnoff (kaca can aya)">Smirnoff</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a legend, around 1430, a monk called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isidore_(inventor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isidore (inventor) (kaca can aya)">Isidore</a> from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chudov_Monastery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chudov Monastery (kaca can aya)">Chudov Monastery</a> inside the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moscow_Kremlin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moscow Kremlin (kaca can aya)">Moscow Kremlin</a> made a recipe of the first Russian vodka.<sup id="cite_ref-pohlebkin_history_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pohlebkin_history-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having a special knowledge and distillation devices, he became an author of the new type of alcoholic beverage of a new, higher quality. This "bread wine" as it was initially known, was produced for a long time exclusively in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow (kaca can aya)">Grand Duchy of Moscow</a> and in no other principality of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rus%27_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rus' people (kaca can aya)">Rus'</a> (this situation persisted until the éra of industrial production). Thus, this beverage was closely associated with Moscow. </p><p>Until the mid-18th century, the drink remained relatively low on alcohol content, not exceeding 40% abv. Multiple terms for the drink are recorded, sometimes reflecting different levels of quality, alcohol concentration, filtering, and the number of distillations; most commonly, it was referred to as "burning wine", "bread wine", or simply "wine". ("Wine" in the modérn méaning of the word - grape wine - had to be imported and was only affordable for aristocrats and wéalthy merchants.) Burning wine was usually diluted with water to 24% ABV or less before drinking. It was mostly sold in taverns and was quite expensive. At the same time, the word <i>vodka</i> was alréady in use, but it described herbal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tincture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tincture (kaca can aya)">tinctures</a> (similar to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Absinthe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Absinthe (kaca can aya)">absinthe</a>), containing up to 75% by volume alcohol, and made for medicinal purposes. </p><p>The first written usage of the word <i>vodka</i> in an official Russian document in its modérn méaning is dated by the decree of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Empress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Empress (kaca can aya)">Empress</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_of_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elizabeth of Russia (kaca can aya)">Elizabeth</a> of June 8, 1751, which regulated the ownership of vodka distilleries. The taxes on vodka became a key element of government finances in Tsarist Russia, providing at times up to 40% of state revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1860s, due to the government policy of promoting consumption of state-manufactured vodka, it became the drink of choice for many Russians. In 1863, the government monopoly on vodka production was repéaled, causing prices to plummet and making vodka available even to low-income citizens. By 1911, vodka comprised 89% of all alcohol consumed in Russia. This level has fluctuated somewhat during the 20th century, but remained quite high at all times. The most recent estimates put it at 70% (2001). Today, some popular Russian vodka producers or brands are (amongst others) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stolichnaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stolichnaya (kaca can aya)">Stolichnaya</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Standard_Vodka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian Standard Vodka (kaca can aya)">Russian Standard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vodka&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Édit bab: Sweden" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>édit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vodka&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sweden"><span>édit sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Up until the 1950s, vodka was not used as a designation for Swedish distilled beverages, which were instéad called <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Br%C3%A4nnvin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brännvin (kaca can aya)">brännvin</a></i> ("burn-wine").<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This beverage has been produced in Sweden since the late 15th century, although the total production was still small in the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the éarly 18th century, production expanded, although production was prohibited several times in times of grain shortage. Although initially a grain product, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Potato&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Potato (kaca can aya)">potatoes</a> started to be used in the production the late 18th century, and became dominant from the éarly 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the éarly 1870s, distillery equipment was improved. </p><p>Progressively from the 1960s, unflavoured Swedish <i>brännvin</i> also came to be called vodka. The first Swedish product to use this term was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Explorer_Vodka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Explorer Vodka (kaca can aya)">Explorer Vodka</a>, which was créated in 1958 and initially was intended for the American export market.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1979, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Absolut_Vodka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Absolut Vodka (kaca can aya)">Absolut Vodka</a> was launched, reusing the name of the old <i>Absolut Rent Brännvin</i> ("absolutely pure <i>brännvin</i>") créated in 1879. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Today">Today</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vodka&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Édit bab: Today" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>édit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vodka&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Today"><span>édit sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Gambar:C0681-Fedyakovo-Auchan-vodka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/C0681-Fedyakovo-Auchan-vodka.jpg/230px-C0681-Fedyakovo-Auchan-vodka.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/C0681-Fedyakovo-Auchan-vodka.jpg/345px-C0681-Fedyakovo-Auchan-vodka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/C0681-Fedyakovo-Auchan-vodka.jpg/460px-C0681-Fedyakovo-Auchan-vodka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="1480" /></a><figcaption>A large selection of vodkas at an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Auchan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Auchan (kaca can aya)">Auchan</a> hypermarket near <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nizhny Novgorod (kaca can aya)">Nizhny Novgorod</a></figcaption></figure> <p>By 1975, vodka sales in the United States overtook those of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bourbon_whiskey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bourbon whiskey (kaca can aya)">bourbon</a>, previously the most popular hard liquor of the country.<sup title="Needs citation">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cutat_rujukan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Cutat rujukan"><i>rujukan?</i></a>]</sup> In the second half of the 20th century, vodka owed<a href="/w/index.php?title=Citakan:By_whom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Citakan:By whom (kaca can aya)">Citakan:By whom</a> its popularity in part to its reputation as an alcoholic beverage that "leaves you breathless", as one ad<sup title="Needs citation">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cutat_rujukan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Cutat rujukan"><i>rujukan?</i></a>]</sup> put it — claiming no smell of liquor remains detectable on the bréath, and its overall neutral flavor allows it to be mixed into a wide variety of drinks, often replacing other liquors (particularly <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gin (kaca can aya)">gin</a>) in traditional drinks, such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martini_(cocktail)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martini (cocktail) (kaca can aya)">martini</a>. </p><p>Currently, there are many different brands and flavours of vodka that one can find in the liquor store in North America. Some of the most common brands include Grey Goose, Three Olives Vodka, Smirnoff, and Absolut Vodka. There are a wide variety of flavors which include raspberry, green apple, mango, vanilla, coconut, birthday cake, blueberry, and many more. </p><p>According to <i>The Penguin Book of Spirits and Liqueurs</i>, "Its low level of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fusel_oil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fusel oil (kaca can aya)">fusel oils</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Congeners&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Congeners (kaca can aya)">congeners</a> — impurities that flavour spirits but that can contribute to the after-effects of heavy consumption — led to its being considered among the 'safer' spirits, though not in terms of its powers of intoxication, which, depending on strength, may be considerable."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russian culinary author <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pokhlebkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Pokhlebkin (kaca can aya)">William Pokhlebkin</a> compiled a history of the production of vodka in Russia during the late 1970s as part of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet Union (kaca can aya)">Soviet</a> case in a trade dispute; this was later published as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_History_of_Vodka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A History of Vodka (kaca can aya)">A History of Vodka</a></i>. Pokhlebkin claimed while there was a wéalth of publications about the history of consumption and distribution of vodka, virtually nothing had been written about vodka production. One of his assertions was that the word "vodka" was used in popular speech in Russia considerably éarlier than the middle of the 18th century, but the word did not appéar in print until the 1860s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vodka&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Édit bab: Production" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>édit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vodka&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Production"><span>édit sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Gambar:UkrainianVodkaStill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/UkrainianVodkaStill.jpg/230px-UkrainianVodkaStill.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/UkrainianVodkaStill.jpg/345px-UkrainianVodkaStill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/UkrainianVodkaStill.jpg/460px-UkrainianVodkaStill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4768" data-file-height="1816" /></a><figcaption>An old Ukrainian vodka still.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Gambar:Vodka_bottling_machine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Vodka_bottling_machine.jpg/230px-Vodka_bottling_machine.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Vodka_bottling_machine.jpg/345px-Vodka_bottling_machine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Vodka_bottling_machine.jpg/460px-Vodka_bottling_machine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Vodka bottling machine, Shatskaya Vodka (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shatsk,_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shatsk, Russia (kaca can aya)">Shatsk, Russia</a>) </figcaption></figure> <p>Vodka may be distilled from any <a href="/w/index.php?title=Starch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Starch (kaca can aya)">starch</a>- or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sugar (kaca can aya)">sugar</a>-rich plant matter; most vodka today is produced from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cereal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cereal (kaca can aya)">grains</a> such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sorghum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sorghum (kaca can aya)">sorghum</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maize (kaca can aya)">corn</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rye (kaca can aya)">rye</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wheat (kaca can aya)">wheat</a>. Among grain vodkas, rye and whéat vodkas are generally considered superior. Some vodkas are made from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Potato&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Potato (kaca can aya)">potatoes</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molasses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molasses (kaca can aya)">molasses</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soybean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soybean (kaca can aya)">soybeans</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grape&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grape (kaca can aya)">grapes</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rice (kaca can aya)">rice</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar_beet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sugar beet (kaca can aya)">sugar beets</a> and sometimes even byproducts of oil refining or wood pulp processing. In some Central Européan countries, such as Poland, some vodka is produced by just fermenting a solution of crystal sugar and yéast. In the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union">European Union</a> there are talks about the standardization of vodka, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vodka_Belt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vodka Belt (kaca can aya)">Vodka Belt</a> countries insist that only spirits produced from grains, potato and sugar beet molasses be allowed to be branded as "vodka", following the traditional methods of production.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stubb_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stubb-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, many vodkas are made from 95% ethanol produced in large quantities by agricultural-industrial giants <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archer_Daniels_Midland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archer Daniels Midland (kaca can aya)">Archer Daniels Midland</a> and Midwest Grain Processors. Bottlers purchase the base spirits in bulk, then filter, dilute, distribute and market the end product under a variety of vodka brand names.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distilling_and_filtering">Distilling and filtering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vodka&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Édit bab: Distilling and filtering" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>édit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vodka&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Distilling and filtering"><span>édit sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A common property of vodkas produced in the United States and Europe is the extensive use of filtration prior to any additional processing including the addition of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flavor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flavor (kaca can aya)">flavorants</a>. Filtering is sometimes done in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Still&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Still (kaca can aya)">still</a> during <a href="/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Distillation (kaca can aya)">distillation</a>, as well as afterwards, where the distilled vodka is filtered through <a href="/w/index.php?title=Activated_charcoal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Activated charcoal (kaca can aya)">activated charcoal</a> and other media to absorb trace amounts of substances that alter or impart off-flavors to the vodka. However, this is not the case in the traditional vodka-producing nations, so many distillers from these countries prefer to use very accurate distillation but minimal filtering, thus preserving the unique flavors and characteristics of their products. </p><p>The master distiller is in charge of distilling the vodka and directing its filtration, which includes the removal of the "fore-shots", "heads" and "tails". These components of the distillate contain flavor compounds such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethyl_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethyl acetate (kaca can aya)">ethyl acetate</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethyl_lactate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethyl lactate (kaca can aya)">ethyl lactate</a> (héads) as well as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fusel_oil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fusel oil (kaca can aya)">fusel oils</a> (tails) that impact the usually desired cléan taste of vodka. Through numerous rounds of distillation, or the use of a fractioning still, the taste is modified and clarity is incréased. In contrast, distillery process for liquors such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Whiskey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Whiskey (kaca can aya)">whiskey</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rum (kaca can aya)">rum</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baijiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baijiu (kaca can aya)">baijiu</a> allow portions of the "heads" and "tails" to remain, giving them their unique flavors. </p><p>Repéated distillation of vodka will maké its ethanol level much higher than is acceptable to most end users, whether legislation determines strength limits or not. Depending on the distillation method and the technique of the stillmaster, the final filtered and distilled vodka may have as much as 95-96% ethanol. As such, most vodka is diluted with water prior to bottling. </p><p>Polish distilleries maké a very pure (96%, 192 proof) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rectified_spirit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rectified spirit (kaca can aya)">rectified spirit</a> (Polish language: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirytus_rektyfikowany&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spirytus rektyfikowany (kaca can aya)">spirytus rektyfikowany</a></i>). Technically a form of vodka, it is sold in liquor stores rather than pharmacies. Similarly, the German market often carries German, Hungarian, Polish, and Ukrainian-made varieties of vodka of 90 to 95% ABV. A <a href="/wiki/Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbia">Serbian</a> vodka, <i>Balkan 176°</i>, has a 88% alcohol content. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Everclear_(alcohol)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Everclear (alcohol) (kaca can aya)">Everclear</a>, an American brand, is also sold at 95% ABV. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flavoring">Flavoring</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vodka&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Édit bab: Flavoring" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>édit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vodka&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Flavoring"><span>édit sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citakan:Refimprove_section&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Citakan:Refimprove section (kaca can aya)">Citakan:Refimprove section</a> </p> <div class="noprint" style="margin-bottom:0.7em; font-style:italic; text-align:center; font-size:100%; padding:1x 0 1px 24px; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:middle; line-height:1em; background:#ffffff;"> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left; padding:0.5px; vertical-align:middle; width:1em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Gambar:Emoji_u1f50d.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Emoji_u1f50d.svg/15px-Emoji_u1f50d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Emoji_u1f50d.svg/23px-Emoji_u1f50d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Emoji_u1f50d.svg/30px-Emoji_u1f50d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td> <span style="font-size:103%;"><i>Artikel utama</i>:</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vodka_infusion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vodka infusion (kaca can aya)">Vodka infusion</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Apart from the alcoholic content, vodkas may be classified into two main groups: cléar vodkas and flavored vodkas. Some examples of the latter are separate bitter tinctures, such as Russian <i>yubileynaya</i> (anniversary vodka) and <i>pertsovka</i> (pepper vodka). </p><p>While most vodkas are unflavored, many flavored vodkas have been produced in traditional vodka-drinking aréas, often as home-made recipes to improve vodka's taste or for medicinal purposes. Flavorings include red pepper, ginger, fruit flavors, vanilla, chocolate (without sweetener), and cinnamon. In Russia, vodka flavored with honey and pepper (<i>pertsovka</i>, in Russian) is also very popular. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poles (kaca can aya)">Poles</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Belarusians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belarusians (kaca can aya)">Belarusians</a> add the léaves of the local <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bison_grass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bison grass (kaca can aya)">bison grass</a> to produce <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zubr%C3%B3wka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zubrówka (kaca can aya)">zubrówka</a></i> (Polish) and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zubrovka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zubrovka (kaca can aya)">zubrovka</a></i> (Belarusian) vodka, with slightly sweet flavors and light amber colors. In <i><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></i>, a famous vodka containing honey is called <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krupnik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krupnik (kaca can aya)">krupnik</a></i>. In the United States, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacon_vodka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bacon vodka (kaca can aya)">bacon vodka</a> has been introduced to critical acclaim.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This tradition of flavoring is also prevalent in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordic_countries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nordic countries (kaca can aya)">Nordic countries</a>, where vodka séasoned with herbs, fruits and spices is the appropriate strong drink for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Midsummer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Midsummer (kaca can aya)">midsummer</a> séasonal festivities. Sweden has forty-odd common varieties of herb-flavored vodka (<i>kryddat brännvin</i>). In Poland and Ukraine, a separate category (<i>nalyvka</i> in Ukraine and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nalewka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nalewka (kaca can aya)">nalewka</a></i> in Poland) is used for vodka-based spirits with fruit, root, flower, or herb extracts, which are often home-made or produced by small commercial distilleries. Their alcohol contents vary between 15 and 75%. In Estonia, vodkas are spiced with barbaris, blackcurrant, cherry, green apple, lemon, vanilla and watermelon flavors.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_Union_regulation">European Union regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vodka&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Édit bab: European Union regulation" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>édit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vodka&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: European Union regulation"><span>édit sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The recent success of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grape&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grape (kaca can aya)">grape</a>-based vodka in the United States has prompted traditional vodka producers in the Vodka Belt countries of Poland, Finland, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, and Sweden to campaign for <a href="/w/index.php?title=EU_legislation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EU legislation (kaca can aya)">EU legislation</a> that will categorize only spirits made from grain or potatoes as "vodka".<sup id="cite_ref-reuters_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stubb_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stubb-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This proposition has provoked héavy criticism from south Européan countries, which often distill used <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mashing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mashing (kaca can aya)">mash</a> from wine-making into spirits; although higher quality mash is usually distilled into some variety of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomace_brandy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomace brandy (kaca can aya)">pomace brandy</a>, lower-quality mash is better turned into neutral-flavored spirits instéad. Any vodka then not made from either grain or potatoes would have to display the products used in its production. This regulation was adopted by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Parliament&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Parliament (kaca can aya)">European Parliament</a> on June 19, 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-europarl_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europarl-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health">Health</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vodka&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Édit bab: Health" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>édit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vodka&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Health"><span>édit sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Gambar:Spirytus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Spirytus.jpg/80px-Spirytus.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Spirytus.jpg/120px-Spirytus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Spirytus.jpg/160px-Spirytus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1328" data-file-height="3788" /></a><figcaption><i>Spirytus</i> product of Poland</figcaption></figure> <div class="noprint" style="margin-bottom:0.7em; font-style:italic; text-align:center; font-size:100%; padding:1x 0 1px 24px; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:middle; line-height:1em; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; background:#ffffff;"> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left; padding:0.5px; vertical-align:middle; width:1em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Gambar:Emoji_u1f50d.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Emoji_u1f50d.svg/30px-Emoji_u1f50d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Emoji_u1f50d.svg/45px-Emoji_u1f50d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Emoji_u1f50d.svg/60px-Emoji_u1f50d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td> <span style="font-size:100%;"><b>Tempo ogé</b>:</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_and_health&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol and health (kaca can aya)">Alcohol and health</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>In some countries, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_market&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Black market (kaca can aya)">black-market</a> or "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bathtub_gin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bathtub gin (kaca can aya)">bathtub</a>" vodka is widespréad because it can be produced éasily and avoid taxation. However, severe poisoning, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blindness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blindness (kaca can aya)">blindness</a>, or déath can occur as a result of dangerous industrial ethanol substitutes being added by black-market producers.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2007 in a documentary, <a href="/w/index.php?title=BBC_News&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BBC News (kaca can aya)">BBC News</a> UK sought to find the cause of severe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaundice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaundice (kaca can aya)">jaundice</a> among imbibers of a "bathtub" vodka in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cause was suspected to be an industrial disinfectant (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Extrasept&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Extrasept (kaca can aya)">Extrasept</a>) - 95% ethanol but also containing a highly toxic chemical - added to the vodka by the illegal traders because of its high alcohol content and low price. Déath toll estimates list at léast 120 déad and more than 1,000 poisoned. The déath toll is expected to rise due to the chronic nature of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cirrhosis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cirrhosis (kaca can aya)">cirrhosis</a> that is causing the jaundice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vodka&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Édit bab: See also" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>édit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vodka&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: See also"><span>édit sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="float:right"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Gambar:P_blank.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/P_blank.svg/40px-P_blank.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/P_blank.svg/60px-P_blank.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/P_blank.svg/80px-P_blank.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></td> <td><i><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal_Portal_Portal_Portal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portal Portal Portal Portal (kaca can aya)">Portal Portal Portal Portal</a></b></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="noprint tright portal" style="border:solid #aaa 1px;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0.5em;"> <table style="background:#f9f9f9; font-size:85%; line-height:110%; max-width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Gambar:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ikon portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/32px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/47px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/63px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> </td> <td style="padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align: middle"><i><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:Drink&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portal:Drink (kaca can aya)">Portal Drink </a></b></i> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> </div> <div class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_vodkas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of vodkas (kaca can aya)">List of vodkas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flavored_liquor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flavored liquor (kaca can aya)">Flavored liquor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horilka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horilka (kaca can aya)">Horilka</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_cocktails_with_vodka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of cocktails with vodka (kaca can aya)">List of cocktails with vodka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Vodka_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian Vodka Museum (kaca can aya)">Russian Vodka Museum</a>, St. Petersburg, Russia</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vodka_infusion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vodka infusion (kaca can aya)">Vodka infusion</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Flavored_liquor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flavored liquor (kaca can aya)">flavored liquor</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vodka_war&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vodka war (kaca can aya)">Vodka war</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Parliament&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Parliament (kaca can aya)">European Parliament</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_History_of_Vodka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A History of Vodka (kaca can aya)">A History of Vodka</a></i> (1991) by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pokhlebkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pokhlebkin (kaca can aya)">Pokhlebkin</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vodka&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Édit bab: Notes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>édit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vodka&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Notes"><span>édit sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://athens.patch.com/articles/cocktails-anyone">http://athens.patch.com/articles/cocktails-anyone</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" ti November 2024" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Tumbu_luar_nonaktip&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:Tumbu luar nonaktip (kaca can aya)">tumbu nonaktif</a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ginvodka1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ginvodka1_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080122091206/http://www.ginvodka.org/history/vodkaproduction.html">Production of vodka by Gin and Vodka Association</a>, The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internet Archive (kaca can aya)">Internet Archive</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-europarl-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-europarl_3-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-europarl_3-1"><sup>b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&reference=P6-TA-2007-0259&language=EN">"European Parliament legislative resolution of 19 June 2007 on the proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the definition, description, presentation and labelling of spirit drinks"</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsu.wikipedia.org%3AVodka&rft.btitle=European+Parliament+legislative+resolution+of+19+June+2007+on+the+proposal+for+a+regulation+of+the+European+Parliament+and+of+the+Council+on+the+definition%2C+description%2C+presentation+and+labelling+of+spirit+drinks&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Fsides%2FgetDoc.do%3Ftype%3DTA%26reference%3DP6-TA-2007-0259%26language%3DEN&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cfra1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-cfra1_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr;sid=a405a5761091de13308884c6cc36ee89;rgn=div6;view=text;node=27%3A1.0.1.1.3.3;idno=27;cc=ecfr">"United States Code of Federal Regulations Title 27, Section 5.22(a)(1)"</a>. United States Government Printing Office<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2011-05-31</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsu.wikipedia.org%3AVodka&rft.btitle=United+States+Code+of+Federal+Regulations+Title+27%2C+Section+5.22%28a%29%281%29&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecfr.gpoaccess.gov%2Fcgi%2Ft%2Ftext%2Ftext-idx%3Fc%3Decfr%3Bsid%3Da405a5761091de13308884c6cc36ee89%3Brgn%3Ddiv6%3Bview%3Dtext%3Bnode%3D27%253A1.0.1.1.3.3%3Bidno%3D27%3Bcc%3Decfr&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eb-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-eb_5-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_5-1"><sup>b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/631781/vodka">"Vodka (distilled liquer)"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</i>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsu.wikipedia.org%3AVodka&rft.atitle=Vodka+%28distilled+liquer%29&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F631781%2Fvodka&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ety-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ety_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citakan:Cite_dictionary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Citakan:Cite dictionary (kaca can aya)">Citakan:Cite dictionary</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Etymology of the word "vodka" in Черных П. Я.: Историко-этимологический словарь современного русского языка. Москва, Русский язык-Медиа, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KRPS-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-KRPS_8-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KRPS_8-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KRPS_8-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KRPS_8-3"><sup>d</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KRPS_8-4"><sup>e</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KRPS_8-5"><sup>f</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070930131416/http://krps.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17&Itemid=27">"History of vodka production, at the official page of Polish Spirit Industry Association (KRPS), 2007"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://krps.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17&Itemid=27">versi asli</a> tanggal September 30, 2007.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsu.wikipedia.org%3AVodka&rft.btitle=History+of+vodka+production%2C+at+the+official+page+of+Polish+Spirit+Industry+Association+%28KRPS%29%2C+2007&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkrps.pl%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D17%26Itemid%3D27&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930131416/http://krps.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17&Itemid=27">Archived</a> Séptémber 30, 2007, di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smith_companion-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-smith_companion_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span id="http://www.nukat.edu.pl/cgi-bin/nukat_nr?000971358" class="citation book">Smith, A. F. (2007). <i>The Oxford companion to American food and drink</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, cop. 2007. p. 693. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Husus:SumberPustaka/978-0-19-530796-2" title="Husus:SumberPustaka/978-0-19-530796-2">978-0-19-530796-2</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsu.wikipedia.org%3AVodka&rft.au=Smith%2C+A.+F.&rft.aulast=Smith%2C+A.+F.&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+companion+to+American+food+and+drink&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530796-2&rft.pages=693&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+cop.+2007.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blocker-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Blocker_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jack S Blocker; David M Fahey; Ian R Tyrrell (2003). <i>Alcohol and temperance in modern history : an international encyclopedia 1 A - L</i>, p. 389.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ermochkin-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Ermochkin_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholas Ermochkine; Peter Iglikowski (2003). <i>40 degrees east : an anatomy of vodka</i>, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080105095200/http://www.ginvodka.org/history/originvodka.html">The Gin and Vodka Association (GVA)</a>, Cross Keys House, Queen St., Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK. Page stored at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internet Archive (kaca can aya)">Internet Archive</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080105095200/http://www.ginvodka.org/history/originvodka.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20080105095200/http://www.ginvodka.org/history/originvodka.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Briffault-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Briffault_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Briffault&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Briffault (kaca can aya)">Robert Briffault</a> (1938). <i>The Making of Humanity</i>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pohlebkin_history-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pohlebkin_history_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span id="http://vkus.narod.ru/vodka/vodka_00.htm" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pokhlebkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pokhlebkin (kaca can aya)">Pokhlebkin V. V.</a> / Похлёбкин В. В. (2007). <i>The history of vodka / История водки</i>. Moscow: Tsentrpoligraph / Центрполиграф. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Husus:SumberPustaka/5-9524-1895-3" title="Husus:SumberPustaka/5-9524-1895-3">5-9524-1895-3</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsu.wikipedia.org%3AVodka&rft.au=Pokhlebkin+V.+V.+%2F+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%92.+%D0%92.&rft.aulast=Pokhlebkin+V.+V.+%2F+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%92.+%D0%92.&rft.btitle=The+history+of+vodka+%2F+%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=5-9524-1895-3&rft.pages=272&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Tsentrpoligraph+%2F+%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Bromley, Jonathan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?visbn=0435327186&id=vuFjmDQPG7kC&pg=PA40&lpg=PA40&dq=russia+vodka+1914"><i>Russia, 1848-1914</i></a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsu.wikipedia.org%3AVodka&rft.au=Bromley%2C+Jonathan&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.aulast=Bromley&rft.btitle=Russia%2C+1848-1914&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fvisbn%3D0435327186%26id%3DvuFjmDQPG7kC%26pg%3DPA40%26lpg%3DPA40%26dq%3Drussia%2Bvodka%2B1914&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onlinevodka.net/vodka-manufacturers">"Some vodka manufacturers"</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsu.wikipedia.org%3AVodka&rft.btitle=Some+vodka+manufacturers&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.onlinevodka.net%2Fvodka-manufacturers&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090413034541/http://www.onlinevodka.net/vodka-manufacturers">Archived</a> 2009-04-13 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medlem.spray.se/svalbardifast/spritskola/vodka.html">Spritskola: Vodka och okryddat brännvin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055332/http://medlem.spray.se/svalbardifast/spritskola/vodka.html">Archived</a> 2013-09-21 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed 2012-12-16 <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;">(basa Swédia)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://runeberg.org/nfbd/0235.html">Brännvinslagstiftning</a> in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordisk_familjebok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nordisk familjebok (kaca can aya)">Nordisk familjebok</a></i>, volume 4 (1905)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://runeberg.org/nfbd/0233.html">Brännvinsbränning</a> in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordisk_familjebok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nordisk familjebok (kaca can aya)">Nordisk familjebok</a></i>, volume 4 (1905)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cocktailguiden.com/artiklar/explorer-vodka">Cocktailguiden: Explorer Vodka</a>, accessed 2012-12-16 <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;">(basa Swédia)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pamela Vandyke Price, Harmondsworth & New York: Penguin Books, 1980, pp. 196ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reuters-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-reuters_23-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reuters_23-1"><sup>b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flexnews.com/pages/5412/European_Union/Spirits/eu_farm_chief_warns_legal_action_vodka_row.html">"EU Farm Chief Warns of Legal Action in Vodka Row"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070310191503/http://www.flexnews.com/pages/5412/European_Union/Spirits/eu_farm_chief_warns_legal_action_vodka_row.html">Archived</a> 2007-03-10 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> a 25 October 2006 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reuters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reuters (kaca can aya)">Reuters</a> article</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stubb-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-stubb_24-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stubb_24-1"><sup>b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Stubb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Stubb (kaca can aya)">Alexander Stubb</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070808013139/http://www.alexstubb.com/artikkelit/bw_vodka.pdf">The European Vodka Wars</a>, a December 2006 <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_Wings_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blue Wings (magazine) (kaca can aya)">Blue Wings</a></i> article</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Nasaw, Daniel (<span class="bday dtstart updated">2012-06-07</span>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18360315">"Why are there so many brands of vodka on sale?"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18360315">http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18360315</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses pada 14 July 2012</span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+are+there+so+many+brands+of+vodka+on+sale%3F&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.aulast=Nasaw&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Nasaw%2C%26%2332%3BDaniel&rft.date=%3Cspan+class%3D%22bday+dtstart+updated%22%3E2012-06-07%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-18360315&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Vodka"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.tastings.com/scout_spirits.lasso?id=193201">http://www.tastings.com/scout_spirits.lasso?id=193201</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121102012831/http://www.tastings.com/scout_spirits.lasso?id=193201">Archived</a> 2012-11-02 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.therealculture.com/estonian-culture/estonian-vodka-2/">"Estonian Vodka flavors"</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsu.wikipedia.org%3AVodka&rft.btitle=Estonian+Vodka+flavors&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.therealculture.com%2Festonian-culture%2Festonian-vodka-2%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100401100638/http://www.therealculture.com/estonian-culture/estonian-vodka-2/">Archived</a> 2010-04-01 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Eke, Steven (<span class="bday dtstart updated">2006-11-29</span>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6157015.stm">"'People's vodka' urged for Russia"</a>. BBC News<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6157015.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6157015.stm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses pada 2008-11-22</span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%27People%27s+vodka%27+urged+for+Russia&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Eke&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Eke%2C%26%2332%3BSteven&rft.date=%3Cspan+class%3D%22bday+dtstart+updated%22%3E2006-11-29%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F6157015.stm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Vodka"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Sweeney, John (<span class="bday dtstart updated">2007-03-10</span>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/6434789.stm">"When vodka is your poison"</a>. BBC News<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/6434789.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/6434789.stm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses pada 2008-11-22</span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=When+vodka+is+your+poison&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Sweeney&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Sweeney%2C%26%2332%3BJohn&rft.date=%3Cspan+class%3D%22bday+dtstart+updated%22%3E2007-03-10%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fprogrammes%2Ffrom_our_own_correspondent%2F6434789.stm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Vodka"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vodka&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Édit bab: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>édit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vodka&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: References"><span>édit sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation book">Begg, Desmond (1997). <i>The Vodka Companion: A Connoisseur's Guide</i>. Running. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Husus:SumberPustaka/0-7624-0252-0." title="Husus:SumberPustaka/0-7624-0252-0.">0-7624-0252-0.</a><span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"> Check <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|isbn=</code> value (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pitulung:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pitulung:CS1 errors (kaca can aya)">bantuan</a>)</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsu.wikipedia.org%3AVodka&rft.au=Begg%2C+Desmond&rft.aufirst=Desmond&rft.aulast=Begg&rft.btitle=The+Vodka+Companion%3A+A+Connoisseur%27s+Guide&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7624-0252-0&rft.pub=Running&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Broom, Dave (1998). <i>Complete Book of Spirits and Cocktails</i>. Italy: Carlton Books Ltd. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Husus:SumberPustaka/1-85868-485-4" title="Husus:SumberPustaka/1-85868-485-4">1-85868-485-4</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsu.wikipedia.org%3AVodka&rft.au=Broom%2C+Dave&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft.aulast=Broom&rft.btitle=Complete+Book+of+Spirits+and+Cocktails&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-85868-485-4&rft.place=Italy&rft.pub=Carlton+Books+Ltd.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Delos, Gilbert (1998). <i>Vodkas of the World</i>. Edison, New Jersey: Wellfleet Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Husus:SumberPustaka/0-7858-1018-8" title="Husus:SumberPustaka/0-7858-1018-8">0-7858-1018-8</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsu.wikipedia.org%3AVodka&rft.au=Delos%2C+Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rft.aulast=Delos&rft.btitle=Vodkas+of+the+World&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7858-1018-8&rft.place=Edison%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Wellfleet+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Faith, Nicholas; Ian Wisniewski (1977). <i>Classic Vodka</i>. London: Prion Books Ltd. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Husus:SumberPustaka/1-85375-234-7" title="Husus:SumberPustaka/1-85375-234-7">1-85375-234-7</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsu.wikipedia.org%3AVodka&rft.au=Faith%2C+Nicholas&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.aulast=Faith&rft.btitle=Classic+Vodka&rft.date=1977&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-85375-234-7&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Prion+Books+Ltd&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Cite uses deprecated parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pitulung:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pitulung:CS1 errors (kaca can aya)">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Lingwood, William; Ian Wisniewski (2003). <i>Vodka: Discovering, Exploring, Enjoying</i>. New York: Ryland Peters & Small. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Husus:SumberPustaka/1-84172-506-4" title="Husus:SumberPustaka/1-84172-506-4">1-84172-506-4</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsu.wikipedia.org%3AVodka&rft.au=Lingwood%2C+William&rft.aufirst=William&rft.aulast=Lingwood&rft.btitle=Vodka%3A+Discovering%2C+Exploring%2C+Enjoying&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-84172-506-4&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ryland+Peters+%26+Small&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Cite uses deprecated parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pitulung:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pitulung:CS1 errors (kaca can aya)">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Price, Pamela Vandyke (1980). <i>The Penguin Book of Spirits and Liqueurs</i>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Husus:SumberPustaka/0-14-046335-6" title="Husus:SumberPustaka/0-14-046335-6">0-14-046335-6</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsu.wikipedia.org%3AVodka&rft.au=Price%2C+Pamela+Vandyke&rft.aufirst=Pamela+Vandyke&rft.aulast=Price&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+Book+of+Spirits+and+Liqueurs&rft.date=1980&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-14-046335-6&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> Chapter 8 is devoted to vodka.</li> <li><span class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pokhlebkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Pokhlebkin (kaca can aya)">Pokhlebkin, William</a>; Renfrey Clarke (translator). (1992). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_History_of_Vodka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A History of Vodka (kaca can aya)">A History of Vodka</a></i>. Verso. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Husus:SumberPustaka/0-86091-359-7" title="Husus:SumberPustaka/0-86091-359-7">0-86091-359-7</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsu.wikipedia.org%3AVodka&rft.au=Pokhlebkin%2C+William&rft.aufirst=William&rft.aulast=Pokhlebkin&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Vodka&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-86091-359-7&rft.pub=Verso&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Cite uses deprecated parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pitulung:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pitulung:CS1 errors (kaca can aya)">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Rogala, Jan (2004). <i>Gorzałka czyli historia i zasady wypalania mocnych trunków</i>. Baobab. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Husus:SumberPustaka/83-89642-70-0" title="Husus:SumberPustaka/83-89642-70-0">83-89642-70-0</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsu.wikipedia.org%3AVodka&rft.au=Rogala%2C+Jan&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.aulast=Rogala&rft.btitle=Gorza%C5%82ka+czyli+historia+i+zasady+wypalania+mocnych+trunk%C3%B3w&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=83-89642-70-0&rft.pub=Baobab&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vodka&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Édit bab: External links" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>édit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vodka&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: External links"><span>édit sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" style="clear: right; 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