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<span>Toggle Definitions and variable geometry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Definitions_and_variable_geometry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Core_Anglosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Core_Anglosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Core Anglosphere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Core_Anglosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Culture and economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proponents_and_critics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proponents_and_critics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Proponents and critics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Proponents_and_critics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Proponents and critics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Proponents_and_critics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proponents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proponents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Proponents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proponents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-CANZUK" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CANZUK"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>CANZUK</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CANZUK-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Criticisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="أنجلوسفير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أنجلوسفير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angloesfera" title="Angloesfera – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Angloesfera" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglosf%C3%A6ren" title="Anglosfæren – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Anglosfæren" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglosph%C3%A4re" title="Anglosphäre – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anglosphäre" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Αγγλόσφαιρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αγγλόσφαιρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angloesfera" title="Angloesfera – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Angloesfera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angloesfera" title="Angloesfera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Angloesfera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="فضای انگلیسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فضای انگلیسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pays_anglophones" title="Pays anglophones – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pays anglophones" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%BD%D6%86%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Անգլոսֆերա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անգլոսֆերա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglosfero" title="Anglosfero – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Anglosfero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglosfer" title="Anglosfer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Anglosfer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paesi_anglosassoni" title="Paesi anglosassoni – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paesi anglosassoni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94" title="אנגלוספירה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנגלוספירה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D" title="ანგლოსფერო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ანგლოსფერო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolsz%C3%A1sz_orsz%C3%A1gok" title="Angolszász országok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Angolszász országok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Англосфера – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Англосфера" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglosfera" title="Anglosfera – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Anglosfera" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelsaksische_landen" title="Angelsaksische landen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Angelsaksische landen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglosf%C3%A8ra" title="Anglosfèra – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Anglosfèra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%90%D8%B1" title="انګلوسفېر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="انګلوسفېر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraje_anglosaskie" title="Kraje anglosaskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kraje anglosaskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Англосфера – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Англосфера" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Anglosphere" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Англосфера – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Англосфера" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglosf%C3%A4%C3%A4ri" title="Anglosfääri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Anglosfääri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglosf%C3%A4ren" title="Anglosfären – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Anglosfären" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_bansang_Ingles" title="Mga bansang Ingles – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga bansang Ingles" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglosfer" title="Anglosfer – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Anglosfer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Англосфера – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Англосфера" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B9ng_v%C4%83n_h%C3%B3a_ti%E1%BA%BFng_Anh" title="Vùng văn hóa tiếng Anh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vùng văn hóa tiếng Anh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87%E5%9C%88" title="英文圈 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="英文圈" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%E5%9C%88" title="英语圈 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="英语圈" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q541576#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about group of English-speaking nations with close political and military ties and their sphere of influence. For usage of English worldwide, see <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anglosphere_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Anglosphere_Geometry.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Anglosphere_Map.svg/400px-Anglosphere_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Anglosphere_Map.svg/600px-Anglosphere_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Anglosphere_Map.svg/800px-Anglosphere_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>The Anglosphere, according to James Bennett (<i>The Anglosphere Challenge</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#333366; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Core Anglosphere</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0083D7; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Middle Anglosphere (states where English is one of several official languages, but not necessarily widely spoken by the native population)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0099FF; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Outer sphere (English-using states of other civilisations)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#bdd3f9; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Periphery (states where English is widely used but is not an official governmental language)</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Anglosphere</b>, also known as the <b>Anglo-American world</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Anglo</a>-<a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">sphere of influence</a>, with a core group of nations that today maintain close political, diplomatic and military co-operation. While the nations included in different sources vary, the Anglosphere is usually not considered to include all countries where <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> is an official language, so it is not synonymous with the sphere of <a href="/wiki/Anglophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglophone">anglophones</a>, though commonly included nations are those that were formerly part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and retained the English language and English <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>. </p><p>The five core countries of the Anglosphere are usually taken to be <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. These countries enjoy close cultural and diplomatic links with one another and are aligned under military and security programmes such as <a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">Five Eyes</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions_and_variable_geometry">Definitions and variable geometry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglosphere&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions and variable geometry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Anglosphere is the Anglo-American <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">sphere of influence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term was first coined by the science fiction writer <a href="/wiki/Neal_Stephenson" title="Neal Stephenson">Neal Stephenson</a> in his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Diamond_Age" title="The Diamond Age">The Diamond Age</a></i>, published in 1995. <a href="/wiki/John_Lloyd_(journalist)" title="John Lloyd (journalist)">John Lloyd</a> adopted the term in 2000 and defined it as including English-speaking countries like the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">British West Indies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloyd2000_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELloyd2000-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/James_C._Bennett" title="James C. Bennett">James C. Bennett</a> defines <i>anglosphere</i> as "the English-speaking Common Law-based nations of the world",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett,_2004b3,_67_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett,_2004b3,_67-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> arguing that former British colonies that retained English common law and the English language have done significantly better than counterparts colonised by other European powers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett200742–43_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett200742–43-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Webster%27s_Dictionary" title="Webster's Dictionary">Merriam-Webster</a> dictionary defines the Anglosphere as "the countries of the world in which the English language and cultural values predominate".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the Anglosphere is usually not considered to include all countries where English is an official language, so it is not synonymous with <a href="/wiki/Anglophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglophone">anglophone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (July 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Core_Anglosphere">Core Anglosphere</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglosphere&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Core Anglosphere"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The definition is usually taken to include Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a grouping of <a href="/wiki/Developed_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed countries">developed countries</a> called the <i>core Anglosphere</i>. The term Anglosphere can also more widely encompass <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Caribbean" title="Commonwealth Caribbean">Commonwealth Caribbean</a> countries.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloyd2000_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELloyd2000-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim has too many footnotes for reading to be smooth. (July 2024)">excessive citations</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The five core countries in the Anglosphere are <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed countries</a> that maintain close cultural and diplomatic links with one another. They are aligned under such military and security programmes as:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett,_2004b80_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett,_2004b80-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloyd2000_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELloyd2000-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELegrand2015_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELegrand2015-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELegrand2016_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELegrand2016-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABCANZ_Armies" title="ABCANZ Armies">ABCANZ Armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_and_Space_Interoperability_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Air and Space Interoperability Council">Air and Space Interoperability Council</a> (air forces)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AUKUS" title="AUKUS">AUKUS</a>, a 2021 trilateral security partnership between Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States focused on Australia acquiring nuclear-powered attack submarines</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AUSCANNZUKUS" title="AUSCANNZUKUS">AUSCANNZUKUS</a> (navies)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Five" title="Border Five">Border Five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Communications_Electronics_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined Communications Electronics Board">Combined Communications Electronics Board</a> (communications electronics)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">Five Eyes</a> (intelligence)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Nations_Passport_Group" title="Five Nations Passport Group">Five Nations Passport Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_5" title="Migration 5">Migration 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Technical_Cooperation_Program" title="The Technical Cooperation Program">The Technical Cooperation Program</a> (technology and science)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/UKUSA_Agreement" title="UKUSA Agreement">UKUSA Agreement</a> (signals intelligence).</li></ul> <p>Relations have traditionally been warm between Anglosphere countries, with bilateral partnerships such as those between <a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" title="Australia–New Zealand relations">Australia and New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Canada_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States–Canada relations">the United States and Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States–United Kingdom relations">the United States and the United Kingdom</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">Special Relationship</a>) constituting the most successful partnerships in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of political systems, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom have <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a> as <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>, form part of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> and use the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster parliamentary system</a> of government. Most of the core countries have <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post" class="mw-redirect" title="First-past-the-post">first-past-the-post</a> electoral systems, though <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Australia" title="Electoral system of Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_New_Zealand" title="Electoral system of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> have reformed their systems and there are other systems used in some <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">elections in the UK</a>. As a consequence, most core Anglosphere countries have politics <a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">dominated by two major parties</a>. </p><p>Below is a table comparing the five core countries of the Anglosphere (data for 2022/2023): </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Population </th> <th>Land area<br />(km<sup>2</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>GDP Nominal<br />(USD bn)<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>GDP PPP<br />(USD bn)<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>GDP PPP per capita<br />(USD)<sup id="cite_ref-:3_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>National wealth PPP (USD bn)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Military spending PPP<br />(USD bn)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson2022_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson2022-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </td> <td>26,009,249<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7006769202000000000♠">7,692,020</span> </td> <td>1,707 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span data-sort-value="7003171800000000000♠">1,718</span> </td> <td>65,366 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003766100000000000♠">7,661</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001220000000000000♠">22.0</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td>38,708,793<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7006998467000000000♠">9,984,670</span> </td> <td>2,089 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span data-sort-value="7003238500000000000♠">2,385</span> </td> <td>60,177 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003997100000000000♠">9,971</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001233000000000000♠">23.3</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> </td> <td>5,130,623<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7005262443000000000♠">262,443</span> </td> <td>251 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span data-sort-value="7002278000000000000♠">278</span> </td> <td>54,046 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003122900000000000♠">1,229</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000310000000000000♠">3.1</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td>67,081,234<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7005241930000000000♠">241,930</span> </td> <td>3,158 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span data-sort-value="7003384600000000000♠">3,846</span> </td> <td>56,471 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7004162080000000000♠">16,208</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001702000000000000♠">70.2</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>332,718,707<sup id="cite_ref-auto_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7006983352000000000♠">9,833,520</span> </td> <td>26,854 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span data-sort-value="7004268540000000000♠">26,854</span> </td> <td>80,035 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7005114932000000000♠">114,932</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002734300000000000♠">734.3</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="left">Core Anglosphere </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7008469648606000000♠">469,648,606</span> </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7007273293500000000♠">27,329,350</span> </th> <th>34,059 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7004281150000000000♠">28,115</span> </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7004657000000000000♠">65,700</span> </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7005150001000000000♠">150,001</span> </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002852900000000000♠">852.9</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th>... as % of World </th> <th>5.9% </th> <th>18.4% </th> <th>32.3% </th> <th>20% </th> <th>3.3× </th> <th>24.9% </th> <th>32.9% </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_economics">Culture and economics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglosphere&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Culture and economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to their historic links, the Anglosphere countries share many cultural traits that still persist today. Most countries in the Anglosphere follow the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> through <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a>, and favour <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> with <a href="/wiki/Legislative_chamber" title="Legislative chamber">legislative chambers</a> above other political systems.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Private property is protected by law or constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (January 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Market_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Market freedom">Market freedom</a> is high in the five core Anglosphere countries, as all five share the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon capitalism">Anglo-Saxon economic model</a> – a <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalist</a> model that emerged in the 1970s based on the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school of economics</a> with origins from the 18th century United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shared sense of <a href="/wiki/Globalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Globalisation">globalisation</a> led cities such as <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> to have considerable impacts on the international markets and the <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">global economy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Global <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a> has been highly influenced by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (January 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proponents_and_critics">Proponents and critics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglosphere&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Proponents and critics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proponents of the Anglosphere concept typically come from the <a href="/wiki/Political_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Political right">political right</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Roberts (historian)">Andrew Roberts</a> of the <a href="/wiki/UK_Conservative_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Conservative Party">UK Conservative Party</a>), and critics from the <a href="/wiki/Centre-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-left">centre-left</a> (for example <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff">Michael Ignatieff</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party of Canada</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proponents">Proponents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglosphere&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Proponents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As early as 1897, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Venn_Dicey" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Venn Dicey">Albert Venn Dicey</a> proposed an Anglo-Saxon "intercitizenship" during an address to the Fellows of <a href="/wiki/All_Souls_College,_Oxford" title="All Souls College, Oxford">All Souls</a> at Oxford.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/19th-century_Anglo-Saxonism" class="mw-redirect" title="19th-century Anglo-Saxonism">19th-century Anglo-Saxonism</a></div> <p>The American businessman <a href="/wiki/James_C._Bennett" title="James C. Bennett">James C. Bennett</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2004_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2004-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a proponent of the idea that there is something special about the cultural and legal (<a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>) traditions of English-speaking nations, writes in his 2004 book <i>The Anglosphere Challenge</i>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Anglosphere, as a network civilization without a corresponding political form, has necessarily imprecise boundaries. Geographically, the densest nodes of the Anglosphere are found in the United States and the United Kingdom. English-speaking Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland and English-speaking South Africa (who constitute a very small minority in that country) are also significant populations. The English-speaking Caribbean, English-speaking <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> and the English-speaking educated populations in Africa and India constitute other important nodes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett,_2004b80_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett,_2004b80-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Bennett argues that there are two challenges confronting his concept of the Anglosphere. The first is finding ways to cope with rapid technological advancement and the second is the geopolitical challenges created by what he assumes will be an increasing gap between anglophone prosperity and economic struggles elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British historian <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Roberts (historian)">Andrew Roberts</a> claims that the Anglosphere has been central in the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. He goes on to contend that anglophone unity is necessary for the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2003 profile in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, historian <a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Robert Conquest</a> favoured a <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">British withdrawal</a> from the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> in favour of creating "a much looser association of English-speaking nations, known as the 'Anglosphere<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2003_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2003-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellingsBaxendale2015_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellingsBaxendale2015-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="CANZUK">CANZUK</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglosphere&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: CANZUK"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/CANZUK" title="CANZUK">CANZUK</a></div> <p>Favourability ratings tend to be overwhelmingly positive between countries within a subset of the core Anglosphere known as <a href="/wiki/CANZUK" title="CANZUK">CANZUK</a> (consisting of Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom),<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (April 2023)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> whose members form part of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> and retain Charles III as head of state. In the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">United Kingdom's decision to leave the European Union</a> (Brexit) as a result of a <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">referendum held in 2016</a>, there has been mounting political and popular support for a loose free travel and common market area to be formed among the CANZUK countries.<sup id="cite_ref-ipol2_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipol2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglosphere&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2000, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff">Michael Ignatieff</a> wrote in an exchange with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Robert Conquest</a>, published by the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Review_of_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Review of Books">New York Review of Books</a></i>, that the term neglects the evolution of fundamental legal and cultural differences between the US and the UK, and the ways in which UK and European norms drew closer together during Britain's membership in the EU through <a href="/wiki/Harmonisation_of_law" title="Harmonisation of law">regulatory harmonisation</a>. Of Conquest's view of the Anglosphere, Ignatieff writes: "He seems to believe that Britain should either <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">withdraw from Europe</a> or refuse all further measures of cooperation, which would jeopardize Europe's real achievements. He wants Britain to throw in its lot with a union of English-speaking peoples, and I believe this to be a romantic illusion".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConquestReply_by_Ignatieff2000_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConquestReply_by_Ignatieff2000-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, <a href="/wiki/Nick_Cohen" title="Nick Cohen">Nick Cohen</a> wrote in an article titled "It's a Eurosceptic fantasy that the 'Anglosphere' wants Brexit" for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a>'</i>s Coffee House blog: <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'Anglosphere' is just the right's <a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">PC</a> replacement for what we used to call in blunter times 'the <a href="/wiki/White_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="White Commonwealth">white Commonwealth</a>'."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He repeated this criticism in another article for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar criticism was presented by other critics such as Canadian academic Srđan Vučetić.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, amidst the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Brexit_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="Brexit referendum">Brexit referendum</a>, two British professors of public policy <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kenny_(political_scientist)" title="Michael Kenny (political scientist)">Michael Kenny</a> and Nick Pearce published a critical scholarly monograph titled <i>Shadows of Empire: The Anglosphere in British Politics</i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1509516612" title="Special:BookSources/978-1509516612">978-1509516612</a>). In one of a series of accompanying opinion pieces, they questioned:<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The tragedy of the different national orientations that have emerged in British politics after empire—whether pro-European, Anglo-American, Anglospheric or some combination of these—is that none of them has yet been the compelling, coherent and popular answer to the country's most important question: How should Britain find its way in the wider, modern world?</p></blockquote> <p>They stated in another article:<sup id="cite_ref-ukandeu_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ukandeu-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Meanwhile, the other core English-speaking countries to which the Anglosphere refers, show no serious inclination to join the UK in forging new political and economic alliances. They will, most likely, continue to work within existing regional and international institutions and remain indifferent to – or simply perplexed by – calls for some kind of formalised Anglosphere alliance.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglosphere&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglophile" title="Anglophile">Anglophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Americans" title="Anglo-Americans">Anglo-Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AUKUS" title="AUKUS">AUKUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_diaspora" title="British diaspora">British diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Red_Ensign" title="Canadian Red Ensign">Canadian Red Ensign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_diaspora" title="Commonwealth diaspora">Commonwealth diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurosphere" title="Eurosphere">Eurosphere</a>; <a href="/wiki/Francosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Francosphere">Francosphere</a> (French), <a href="/wiki/Hispanosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanosphere">Hispanosphere</a> (Spanish), <a href="/wiki/Lusosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusosphere">Lusosphere</a> (Portuguese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Power_Defence_Arrangements" title="Five Power Defence Arrangements">Five Power Defence Arrangements</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English-Speaking_Peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the English-Speaking Peoples">History of the English-Speaking Peoples</a></i> (Winston Churchill)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JUSCANZ" title="JUSCANZ">JUSCANZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_English_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where English is an official language">List of countries and territories where English is an official language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_English-speaking_population" title="List of countries by English-speaking population">List of countries by English-speaking population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestant">White Anglo-Saxon Protestant</a> (WASP)</li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/21px-British_Empire_1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/32px-British_Empire_1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/42px-British_Empire_1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="849" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">British Empire</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglosphere&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Anglosphere – shorthand for the Anglo-American sphere of influence – established the concept and structure of the modern transnational community.... The Anglosphere (in the narrow sense of the former British Empire, including Canada, Australia and New Zealand, and the US) has been the architect and a staunch proponent of international norms."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies_et_al._2013_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies_et_al._2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The group of countries where <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> is the main native language." (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i><a href="/wiki/Shorter_Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Shorter Oxford English Dictionary">Shorter Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (6th ed.), Oxford University Press, 2007, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920687-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920687-2"><bdi>978-0-19-920687-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shorter+Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-920687-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span> ).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglosphere&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglosphere&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning, Christopher S. and Tonra, Ben (2010) "Beyond the West and towards the Anglosphere?" In: Browning, Christopher S. and Lehti, Marko, (eds.) <i>The struggle for the West: a divided and contested legacy</i>. Abingdon, Oxfordshire; New York: Routledge, pp. 161–181. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415476836" title="Special:BookSources/9780415476836">9780415476836</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.academia.edu/341929/Beyond_the_West_and_Towards_the_Anglosphere">https://www.academia.edu/341929/Beyond_the_West_and_Towards_the_Anglosphere</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230103143856/https://www.academia.edu/341929/Beyond_the_West_and_Towards_the_Anglosphere">Archived</a> 3 January 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaylisSmithOwens2014" class="citation book cs1">Baylis, John; Smith, Steve; Owens, Patricia (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books?id=kH0oAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA92"><i>The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations</i></a>. OUP Oxford. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965617-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965617-2"><bdi>978-0-19-965617-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Globalization+of+World+Politics%3A+An+Introduction+to+International+Relations&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-965617-2&rft.aulast=Baylis&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Smith%2C+Steve&rft.au=Owens%2C+Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkH0oAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies_et_al._2013-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies_et_al._2013_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies_et_al._2013">Davies et al. 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELloyd2000-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloyd2000_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloyd2000_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloyd2000_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLloyd2000">Lloyd 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett,_2004b3,_67-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett,_2004b3,_67_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennett,_2004b">Bennett, 2004b</a>, pp. 3, 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett200742–43-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett200742–43_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennett2007">Bennett 2007</a>, pp. 42–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerriam-Webster_Staff2010" class="citation book cs1">Merriam-Webster Staff (2010). "Anglosphere". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/anglosphere"><i>Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111200838/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Anglosphere">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anglosphere&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster+Online+Dictionary&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Merriam-Webster+Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fanglosphere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:7_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britac.ac.uk/events/anglosphere-and-its-others-english-speaking-peoples-changing-world-order">"The Anglosphere and its Others: The 'English-speaking Peoples' in a Changing World Order – British Academy"</a>. <i>British Academy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170422231724/https://www.britac.ac.uk/events/anglosphere-and-its-others-english-speaking-peoples-changing-world-order">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Academy&rft.atitle=The+Anglosphere+and+its+Others%3A+The+%27English-speaking+Peoples%27+in+a+Changing+World+Order+%E2%80%93+British+Academy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britac.ac.uk%2Fevents%2Fanglosphere-and-its-others-english-speaking-peoples-changing-world-order&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/anglosphere-past-present-and-future">"The Anglosphere: Past, present and future"</a>. <i>The British Academy</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+British+Academy&rft.atitle=The+Anglosphere%3A+Past%2C+present+and+future&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebritishacademy.ac.uk%2Fanglosphere-past-present-and-future&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurn-Murdoch2023" class="citation web cs1">Burn-Murdoch, John (17 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/dca3f034-bfe8-4f21-bcdc-2b274053f0b5">"The Anglosphere needs to learn to love apartment living"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. <q>Forty years ago, the UK, US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Ireland had roughly 400 homes per 1,000 residents, level with developed continental European countries. Since then the two groups have diverged, the Anglosphere standing still while western Europe has pulled clear to 560 per 1,000.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=The+Anglosphere+needs+to+learn+to+love+apartment+living&rft.date=2023-03-17&rft.aulast=Burn-Murdoch&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fdca3f034-bfe8-4f21-bcdc-2b274053f0b5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurn-Murdoch2024" class="citation web cs1">Burn-Murdoch, John (25 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/c6bb7307-484c-4076-a0f3-fc2aeb0b6112">"The Anglosphere has an advantage on immigration"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. <q>But a striking pattern emerges when you look at where these different impacts are clustered: almost everything looks better in Anglophone countries. Immigrants and their offspring in the UK, US and so on tend to be more skilled, have better jobs and often out-earn the native-born, while those in continental Europe fare worse. In terms of the fiscal impact, immigrants pay more in than they get out in the US, UK, Australia and Ireland, but are net recipients in Belgium, France, Sweden and the Netherlands.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=The+Anglosphere+has+an+advantage+on+immigration&rft.date=2024-04-25&rft.aulast=Burn-Murdoch&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fc6bb7307-484c-4076-a0f3-fc2aeb0b6112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShashi_Parulekar_and_Joel_Kotkin2012" class="citation web cs1">Shashi Parulekar and Joel Kotkin (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.city-journal.org/article/the-state-of-the-anglosphere">"The State of the Anglosphere"</a>. <i>City Journal</i>. <q>Particularly citizens of what some call the Anglosphere: the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+Journal&rft.atitle=The+State+of+the+Anglosphere&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Shashi+Parulekar+and+Joel+Kotkin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.city-journal.org%2Farticle%2Fthe-state-of-the-anglosphere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReed2017" class="citation web cs1">Reed, Betsy (3 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/nov/03/the-guardian-view-on-languages-and-the-british-brexit-and-an-anglosphere-prison">"The Guardian view on languages and the British: Brexit and an Anglosphere prison"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <q>an Anglosphere of Britain, Ireland (sometimes), the British Commonwealth and above all the United States.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Guardian+view+on+languages+and+the+British%3A+Brexit+and+an+Anglosphere+prison&rft.date=2017-11-03&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=Betsy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2017%2Fnov%2F03%2Fthe-guardian-view-on-languages-and-the-british-brexit-and-an-anglosphere-prison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuper2014" class="citation news cs1">Kuper, Simon (21 November 2014). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/f30b22d0-703f-11e4-bc6a-00144feabdc0">"Which way is Ireland going?"</a></span>. <i>Financial Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/f30b22d0-703f-11e4-bc6a-00144feabdc0">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Which+way+is+Ireland+going%3F&rft.date=2014-11-21&rft.aulast=Kuper&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Ff30b22d0-703f-11e4-bc6a-00144feabdc0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett,_2004b80-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett,_2004b80_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett,_2004b80_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennett,_2004b">Bennett, 2004b</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELegrand2015-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELegrand2015_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLegrand2015">Legrand 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELegrand2016-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELegrand2016_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLegrand2016">Legrand 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.australianreview.net/journal/v2/n1/goff.pdf">"The Trans-Tasman Relationship: A New Zealand Perspective"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060821235330/http://www.australianreview.net/journal/v2/n1/goff.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 August 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Trans-Tasman+Relationship%3A+A+New+Zealand+Perspective&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.australianreview.net%2Fjournal%2Fv2%2Fn1%2Fgoff.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2016/03/09/us_and_canada_the_worlds_most_successful_bilateral_relationship_111753.html">"U.S. and Canada: The World's Most Successful Bilateral Relationship"</a>. <i>RealClearWorld</i>. 9 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171228060417/https://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2016/03/09/us_and_canada_the_worlds_most_successful_bilateral_relationship_111753.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RealClearWorld&rft.atitle=U.S.+and+Canada%3A+The+World%27s+Most+Successful+Bilateral+Relationship&rft.date=2016-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.realclearworld.com%2Farticles%2F2016%2F03%2F09%2Fus_and_canada_the_worlds_most_successful_bilateral_relationship_111753.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsh2012" class="citation journal cs1">Marsh, Steve (1 June 2012). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Global Security: US–UK relations': lessons for the special relationship?". <i>Journal of Transatlantic Studies</i>. <b>10</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">182–</span>199. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14794012.2012.678119">10.1080/14794012.2012.678119</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145271477">145271477</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Transatlantic+Studies&rft.atitle=%27Global+Security%3A+US%E2%80%93UK+relations%27%3A+lessons+for+the+special+relationship%3F&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E182-%3C%2Fspan%3E199&rft.date=2012-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14794012.2012.678119&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145271477%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data">"FAOSTAT"</a>. <i>www.fao.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fao.org&rft.atitle=FAOSTAT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffaostat%2Fen%2F%23data&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report">"Report for Selected Countries and Subjects"</a>. <i>IMF</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF&rft.atitle=Report+for+Selected+Countries+and+Subjects&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2023%2FApril%2Fweo-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October">"World Economic Outlook Database: October 2021"</a>. <i>IMF</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211012183649/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%3A+October+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2021%2FOctober&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.credit-suisse.com/media/assets/corporate/docs/about-us/research/publications/global-wealth-databook-2021.pdf">"Credit Suisse Global Wealth Databook 2021"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623101415/https://www.credit-suisse.com/media/assets/corporate/docs/about-us/research/publications/global-wealth-databook-2021.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Credit+Suisse+Global+Wealth+Databook+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.credit-suisse.com%2Fmedia%2Fassets%2Fcorporate%2Fdocs%2Fabout-us%2Fresearch%2Fpublications%2Fglobal-wealth-databook-2021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Credit Suisse figures adjusted using IMF WEO Oct 2021 GDP-PPP exchange rates.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson2022-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson2022_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobertson2022">Robertson 2022</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Web+Pages/Population+Clock?opendocument">"Population clock"</a>. <i>www.abs.gov.au</i>. Australian Bureau of Statistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191213101231/https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Web+Pages/Population+Clock?opendocument">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.abs.gov.au&rft.atitle=Population+clock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2FAUSSTATS%2Fabs%40.nsf%2FWeb%2BPages%2FPopulation%2BClock%3Fopendocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2018" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (11 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/71-607-x/71-607-x2018005-eng.htm">"Canada's population clock (real-time model)"</a>. <i>www150.statcan.gc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191219010134/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/71-607-x/71-607-x2018005-eng.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www150.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Canada%27s+population+clock+%28real-time+model%29&rft.date=2018-07-11&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Fn1%2Fpub%2F71-607-x%2F71-607-x2018005-eng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.stats.govt.nz/tools_and_services/population_clock.aspx">"Population clock"</a>. <i>archive.stats.govt.nz</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200221084629/http://archive.stats.govt.nz/tools_and_services/population_clock.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.stats.govt.nz&rft.atitle=Population+clock&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.stats.govt.nz%2Ftools_and_services%2Fpopulation_clock.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/annualmidyearpopulationestimates/mid2020#age-structure-of-the-uk-population">"Population estimates for the UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland: mid-2020"</a>. <i>www.ons.gov.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625084416/https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/annualmidyearpopulationestimates/mid2020#age-structure-of-the-uk-population">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ons.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Population+estimates+for+the+UK%2C+England+and+Wales%2C+Scotland+and+Northern+Ireland%3A+mid-2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fpopulationandmigration%2Fpopulationestimates%2Fbulletins%2Fannualmidyearpopulationestimates%2Fmid2020%23age-structure-of-the-uk-population&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/popclock/">"Population Clock"</a>. <i>www.census.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117025617/http://www.census.gov/popclock/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.census.gov&rft.atitle=Population+Clock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopclock%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510200259/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/">"The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency"</a>. <i>www.cia.gov</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/">the original</a> on 10 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cia.gov&rft.atitle=The+World+Factbook+-+Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Chertoff2008" class="citation book cs1">Michael Chertoff; et al. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/USCIS/Office%20of%20Citizenship/TaskForceonNewAmericansReport.pdf"><i>Building an Americanization Movement for the Twenty-first Century: A Report to the President of the United States from the Task Force on New Americans</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington D.C. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-082095-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-082095-3"><bdi>978-0-16-082095-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200704193841/https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/USCIS/Office%20of%20Citizenship/TaskForceonNewAmericansReport.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+an+Americanization+Movement+for+the+Twenty-first+Century%3A+A+Report+to+the+President+of+the+United+States+from+the+Task+Force+on+New+Americans&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-16-082095-3&rft.au=Michael+Chertoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uscis.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FUSCIS%2FOffice%2520of%2520Citizenship%2FTaskForceonNewAmericansReport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKidd,_John_B.Richter,_Frank-Jürgen2006" class="citation book cs1">Kidd, John B.; Richter, Frank-Jürgen (2006). <i>Development models, globalization and economies : a search for the Holy Grail?</i>. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230523555" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230523555"><bdi>978-0230523555</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/71339998">71339998</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Development+models%2C+globalization+and+economies+%3A+a+search+for+the+Holy+Grail%3F&rft.pub=Houndmills%2C+Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire%3A+Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F71339998&rft.isbn=978-0230523555&rft.au=Kidd%2C+John+B.&rft.au=Richter%2C+Frank-J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atkearney.com/global-cities/2019">"Global Cities Index 2019"</a>. <i>A.T. Kearney</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191220120959/https://www.atkearney.com/global-cities/2019">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A.T.+Kearney&rft.atitle=Global+Cities+Index+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atkearney.com%2Fglobal-cities%2F2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Dyer, "Anglo-Saxon Citizenship", <i>The Barrister</i> 3 (1897):107. Cited in Dimitry Kochenov (2019) <i>Citizenship</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262537797" title="Special:BookSources/9780262537797">9780262537797</a>, page 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2004-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2004_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReynolds2004">Reynolds 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennett,_2004b">Bennett, 2004b</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoberts2006">Roberts 2006</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2003-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2003_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2003">Brown 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellingsBaxendale2015-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellingsBaxendale2015_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWellingsBaxendale2015">Wellings & Baxendale 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ipol2-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ipol2_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ipolitics.ca/2017/02/24/canzuk-conservatives-and-canada-marching-backward-to-empire/">"CANZUK, Conservatives and Canada: Marching backward to empire – iPolitics"</a>. 24 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170226002936/https://ipolitics.ca/2017/02/24/canzuk-conservatives-and-canada-marching-backward-to-empire/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CANZUK%2C+Conservatives+and+Canada%3A+Marching+backward+to+empire+%E2%80%93+iPolitics&rft.date=2017-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fipolitics.ca%2F2017%2F02%2F24%2Fcanzuk-conservatives-and-canada-marching-backward-to-empire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170106035304/https://www.thercs.org/assets/Press-Releases/UK-polling-release-embargoed-13.03.16-1.pdf">"UK public strongly backs freedom to live and work in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from the original on 6 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK+public+strongly+backs+freedom+to+live+and+work+in+Australia%2C+Canada%2C+and+New+Zealand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thercs.org%2Fassets%2FPress-Releases%2FUK-polling-release-embargoed-13.03.16-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canzukinternational.com/2017/04/significant-support-for-canzuk-free.html">"Survey Reveals Support For CANZUK Free Movement"</a>. <i>CANZUK International</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171222104947/http://www.canzukinternational.com/2017/04/significant-support-for-canzuk-free.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CANZUK+International&rft.atitle=Survey+Reveals+Support+For+CANZUK+Free+Movement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canzukinternational.com%2F2017%2F04%2Fsignificant-support-for-canzuk-free.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConquestReply_by_Ignatieff2000-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConquestReply_by_Ignatieff2000_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConquestReply_by_Ignatieff2000">Conquest & Reply by Ignatieff 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2016" class="citation web cs1">Cohen, Nick (12 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2016/04/its-a-eurosceptic-fantasy-that-the-anglosphere-wants-brexit/">"It's a Eurosceptic fantasy that the 'Anglosphere' wants Brexit - Coffee House"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190228110613/https://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2016/04/its-a-eurosceptic-fantasy-that-the-anglosphere-wants-brexit/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2020</span> – via www.theguardian.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Guardian+view+on+the+EU+debate%3A+it%27s+about+much+more+than+migration+%26%23124%3B+Editorial&rft.date=2016-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2016%2Fjun%2F01%2Fthe-guardian-view-on-the-eu-debate-its-about-much-more-than-migration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2018" class="citation news cs1">Cohen, Nick (14 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/jul/14/brexit-britain-out-of-options-humiliation-painful">"Brexit Britain is out of options. Our humiliation is painful to watch - Nick Cohen"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215213128/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/jul/14/brexit-britain-out-of-options-humiliation-painful">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Brexit+Britain+is+out+of+options.+Our+humiliation+is+painful+to+watch+-+Nick+Cohen&rft.date=2018-07-14&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2018%2Fjul%2F14%2Fbrexit-britain-out-of-options-humiliation-painful&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVucetic2017" class="citation web cs1">Vucetic, Srdjan (24 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ipolitics.ca/2017/02/24/canzuk-conservatives-and-canada-marching-backward-to-empire/">"CANZUK, Conservatives and Canada: Marching backward to empire - iPolitics"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170226002936/https://ipolitics.ca/2017/02/24/canzuk-conservatives-and-canada-marching-backward-to-empire/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CANZUK%2C+Conservatives+and+Canada%3A+Marching+backward+to+empire+-+iPolitics&rft.date=2017-02-24&rft.aulast=Vucetic&rft.aufirst=Srdjan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fipolitics.ca%2F2017%2F02%2F24%2Fcanzuk-conservatives-and-canada-marching-backward-to-empire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVucetic2016" class="citation web cs1">Vucetic, Srdjan (26 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opencanada.org/features/canada-and-anglo-world-where-do-we-stand/">"Canada and the Anglo World – where do we stand?"</a>. <i>OpenCanada</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180904011311/https://www.opencanada.org/features/canada-and-anglo-world-where-do-we-stand/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OpenCanada&rft.atitle=Canada+and+the+Anglo+World+%E2%80%93+where+do+we+stand%3F&rft.date=2016-04-26&rft.aulast=Vucetic&rft.aufirst=Srdjan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opencanada.org%2Ffeatures%2Fcanada-and-anglo-world-where-do-we-stand%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennyPearce2018" class="citation news cs1">Kenny, Michael; Pearce, Nick (13 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/13/opinion/donald-trump-uk-visit-anglosphere-brexit.html">"Opinion – Britain, Time to Let Go of the 'Anglosphere'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180731000250/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/13/opinion/donald-trump-uk-visit-anglosphere-brexit.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Opinion+%E2%80%93+Britain%2C+Time+to+Let+Go+of+the+%27Anglosphere%27&rft.date=2018-07-13&rft.aulast=Kenny&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Pearce%2C+Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F07%2F13%2Fopinion%2Fdonald-trump-uk-visit-anglosphere-brexit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ukandeu-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ukandeu_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennyPearce2018" class="citation web cs1">Kenny, Michael; Pearce, Nick (11 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ukandeu.ac.uk/in-the-shadows-of-empire-how-the-anglosphere-dream-lives-on/">"In the shadows of empire: how the Anglosphere dream lives on – UK in a changing Europe"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180514084659/http://ukandeu.ac.uk/in-the-shadows-of-empire-how-the-anglosphere-dream-lives-on/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+the+shadows+of+empire%3A+how+the+Anglosphere+dream+lives+on+%E2%80%93+UK+in+a+changing+Europe&rft.date=2018-05-11&rft.aulast=Kenny&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Pearce%2C+Nick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fukandeu.ac.uk%2Fin-the-shadows-of-empire-how-the-anglosphere-dream-lives-on%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglosphere&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2017" class="citation news cs1">Bell, Duncan (19 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/anglosphere-old-dream-brexit-role-in-the-world">"The Anglosphere: new enthusiasm for an old dream"</a>. Prospect.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Anglosphere%3A+new+enthusiasm+for+an+old+dream&rft.date=2017-01-19&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prospectmagazine.co.uk%2Fmagazine%2Fanglosphere-old-dream-brexit-role-in-the-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellocchio2006" class="citation book cs1">Bellocchio, Luca (2006). <i>Anglosfera. Forma e forza del nuovo Pan-Anglismo</i>. Genova, Il Melangolo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7018-601-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7018-601-7"><bdi>978-88-7018-601-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglosfera.+Forma+e+forza+del+nuovo+Pan-Anglismo&rft.pub=Genova%2C+Il+Melangolo&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-88-7018-601-7&rft.aulast=Bellocchio&rft.aufirst=Luca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett,_2004a" class="citation journal cs1">Bennett, James C. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/42897514">"Dreaming Europe in a Wide-Awake World"</a>. <i>The National Interest</i> (78): <span class="nowrap">119–</span>129. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0884-9382">0884-9382</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42897514">42897514</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National+Interest&rft.atitle=Dreaming+Europe+in+a+Wide-Awake+World&rft.issue=78&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E119-%3C%2Fspan%3E129&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42897514%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0884-9382&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42897514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett,_2004b" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, James C. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_SaenLfzEAUC&pg=PA80"><i>The Anglosphere Challenge: Why the English-Speaking Nations Will Lead the Way in the Twenty-First Century</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0742533325" title="Special:BookSources/978-0742533325"><bdi>978-0742533325</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglosphere+Challenge%3A+Why+the+English-Speaking+Nations+Will+Lead+the+Way+in+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0742533325&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_SaenLfzEAUC%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett2007" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, James C. (2007). <i>The Third Anglosphere Century: The English-Speaking World in an Era of Transition</i>. The Heritage Foundation. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/0891952772">0891952772</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Anglosphere+Century%3A+The+English-Speaking+World+in+an+Era+of+Transition&rft.pub=The+Heritage+Foundation&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2003" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Andrew (15 February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.guardian.co.uk/poetry/features/0,12887,902797,00.html">"Scourge and poet"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Scourge+and+poet&rft.date=2003-02-15&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.guardian.co.uk%2Fpoetry%2Ffeatures%2F0%2C12887%2C902797%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConquestReply_by_Ignatieff2000" class="citation journal cs1">Conquest, Robert; Reply by Ignatieff, Michael (23 March 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/104">"The 'Anglosphere'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New York Review of Books</i>. <b>47</b> (8)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=The+%27Anglosphere%27&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2000-03-23&rft.aulast=Conquest&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Reply+by+Ignatieff%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies_et_al._2013" class="citation report cs1">Davies, Andrew; Dobell, Graeme; Jennings, Peter; Norgrove, Sarah; Smith, Andrew; Stuart, Nic; White, Hugh (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep04038">Keep calm and carry on: Reflections on the Anglosphere</a> (Report). Australian Strategic Policy Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Keep+calm+and+carry+on%3A+Reflections+on+the+Anglosphere&rft.pub=Australian+Strategic+Policy+Institute&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Dobell%2C+Graeme&rft.au=Jennings%2C+Peter&rft.au=Norgrove%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Smith%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Stuart%2C+Nic&rft.au=White%2C+Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fresrep04038&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannan2014" class="citation news cs1">Hannan, Daniel (2 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160407201815/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/danielhannan/100261784/the-anglosphere-is-alive-and-well-but-i-wonder-whether-it-needs-a-better-name/">"The Anglosphere is alive and well, but I wonder whether it needs a better name"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/danielhannan/100261784/the-anglosphere-is-alive-and-well-but-i-wonder-whether-it-needs-a-better-name/">the original</a> on 7 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=The+Anglosphere+is+alive+and+well%2C+but+I+wonder+whether+it+needs+a+better+name&rft.date=2014-03-02&rft.aulast=Hannan&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fdanielhannan%2F100261784%2Fthe-anglosphere-is-alive-and-well-but-i-wonder-whether-it-needs-a-better-name%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennyPearce2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kenny, Michael; Pearce, Nick (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2015/02/rise-anglosphere-how-right-dreamed-new-conservative-world-order">"The rise of the Anglosphere: how the right dreamed up a new conservative world order"</a>. <i>New Statesman</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=The+rise+of+the+Anglosphere%3A+how+the+right+dreamed+up+a+new+conservative+world+order&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Kenny&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Pearce%2C+Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fpolitics%2F2015%2F02%2Frise-anglosphere-how-right-dreamed-new-conservative-world-order&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennyPearce2018" class="citation book cs1">Kenny, Michael; Pearce, Nick (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politybooks.com/bookdetail/?isbn=9781509516605"><i>Shadows of Empire: The Anglosphere in British Politics</i></a>. Polity. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-509-51660-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-509-51660-5"><bdi>978-1-509-51660-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shadows+of+Empire%3A+The+Anglosphere+in+British+Politics&rft.pub=Polity&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-509-51660-5&rft.aulast=Kenny&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Pearce%2C+Nick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpolitybooks.com%2Fbookdetail%2F%3Fisbn%3D9781509516605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLegrand2015" class="citation journal cs1">Legrand, Tim (1 December 2015). "Transgovernmental Policy Networks in the Anglosphere". <i>Public Administration</i>. <b>93</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">973–</span>991. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fpadm.12198">10.1111/padm.12198</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Administration&rft.atitle=Transgovernmental+Policy+Networks+in+the+Anglosphere&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E973-%3C%2Fspan%3E991&rft.date=2015-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fpadm.12198&rft.aulast=Legrand&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLegrand2016" class="citation journal cs1">Legrand, Tim (22 June 2016). "Elite, exclusive and elusive: transgovernmental policy networks and iterative policy transfer in the Anglosphere". <i>Policy Studies</i>. <b>37</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">440–</span>455. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01442872.2016.1188912">10.1080/01442872.2016.1188912</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:156577293">156577293</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Policy+Studies&rft.atitle=Elite%2C+exclusive+and+elusive%3A+transgovernmental+policy+networks+and+iterative+policy+transfer+in+the+Anglosphere&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E440-%3C%2Fspan%3E455&rft.date=2016-06-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01442872.2016.1188912&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A156577293%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Legrand&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd2000" class="citation journal cs1">Lloyd, John (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151213070342/http://www.newstatesman.com/node/193400">"The Anglosphere Project"</a>. <i>New Statesman</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/node/193400">the original</a> on 13 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=The+Anglosphere+Project&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fnode%2F193400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParulekarKotkin2012" class="citation journal cs1">Parulekar, Shashi; Kotkin, Joel (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.city-journal.org/html/state-anglosphere-13447.html">"The State of the Anglosphere"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/City_Journal" title="City Journal">City Journal</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=City+Journal&rft.atitle=The+State+of+the+Anglosphere&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Parulekar&rft.aufirst=Shashi&rft.au=Kotkin%2C+Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.city-journal.org%2Fhtml%2Fstate-anglosphere-13447.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPomerantsev2016" class="citation news cs1">Pomerantsev, Peter (13 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/the-idealistic-pull-of-the-anglosphere-leave-brexit-emotions/">"The idealistic pull of the 'Anglosphere'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico_Europe" title="Politico Europe">Politico Europe</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+idealistic+pull+of+the+%27Anglosphere%27&rft.date=2016-07-13&rft.aulast=Pomerantsev&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Fthe-idealistic-pull-of-the-anglosphere-leave-brexit-emotions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2004" class="citation news cs1">Reynolds, Glenn (28 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/oct/28/uselections2004.usa4">"Explaining the 'Anglosphere'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404003426/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/oct/28/uselections2004.usa4">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Explaining+the+%27Anglosphere%27&rft.date=2004-10-28&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2004%2Foct%2F28%2Fuselections2004.usa4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Roberts (historian)">Roberts, Andrew</a> (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofenglish0000robe"><i>A History of the English-Speaking Peoples Since 1900</i></a></span>. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0297850762" title="Special:BookSources/978-0297850762"><bdi>978-0297850762</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+English-Speaking+Peoples+Since+1900&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0297850762&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofenglish0000robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson2022" class="citation journal cs1">Robertson, Peter E. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/roiw.12536">"The Real Military Balance: International Comparisons of Defense Spending"</a>. <i>Review of Income and Wealth</i>. <b>68</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">797–</span>818. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Froiw.12536">10.1111/roiw.12536</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1475-4991">1475-4991</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240601701">240601701</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220513075755/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/roiw.12536">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Income+and+Wealth&rft.atitle=The+Real+Military+Balance%3A+International+Comparisons+of+Defense+Spending&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E797-%3C%2Fspan%3E818&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240601701%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1475-4991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Froiw.12536&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Peter+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2Froiw.12536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVucetic2011" class="citation book cs1">Vucetic, Srdjan (2011). <i>The Anglosphere: A Genealogy of a Racialized Identity in International Relations</i>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7224-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7224-2"><bdi>978-0-8047-7224-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglosphere%3A+A+Genealogy+of+a+Racialized+Identity+in+International+Relations&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-7224-2&rft.aulast=Vucetic&rft.aufirst=Srdjan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellingsBaxendale2015" class="citation web cs1">Wellings, Ben; Baxendale, Helen (10 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/brexit/2015/12/10/anglosphere-is-the-other-side-of-the-eurosceptic-coin-a-conception-of-britains-identity-and-place-in-the-world/">"The power of the Anglosphere in Eurosceptical thought"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180801010227/http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/brexit/2015/12/10/anglosphere-is-the-other-side-of-the-eurosceptic-coin-a-conception-of-britains-identity-and-place-in-the-world/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+power+of+the+Anglosphere+in+Eurosceptical+thought&rft.date=2015-12-10&rft.aulast=Wellings&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Baxendale%2C+Helen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.lse.ac.uk%2Fbrexit%2F2015%2F12%2F10%2Fanglosphere-is-the-other-side-of-the-eurosceptic-coin-a-conception-of-britains-identity-and-place-in-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellings2017" class="citation journal cs1">Wellings, Ben (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Frfcb.1354">"The Anglosphere in the Brexit Referendum"</a>. <i>Revue française de civilisation britannique</i>. <b>XXII</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Frfcb.1354">10.4000/rfcb.1354</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+fran%C3%A7aise+de+civilisation+britannique&rft.atitle=The+Anglosphere+in+the+Brexit+Referendum&rft.volume=XXII&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Frfcb.1354&rft.aulast=Wellings&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4000%252Frfcb.1354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglosphere" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglosphere&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Anglosphere" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140210210247/http://explorersfoundation.org/archive/anglosphere_primer.pdf">James C. Bennett (2002) An Anglosphere Primer</a>, presented to the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy_Research_Institute" title="Foreign Policy Research Institute">Foreign Policy Research Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b09j6qz8">BBC Radio 4: Archive on 4 (2017-12-16): Return of the Anglosphere</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cips-cepi.ca/2020/10/01/from-insularity-to-exteriority-how-the-anglosphere-is-shaping-global-governance/">From Insularity to Exteriority: How the Anglosphere is Shaping Global Governance – Centre for International Policy Studies</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English-speaking_world69" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template talk:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English-speaking_world69" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/English_language#Geographical_distribution" title="English language">English-speaking world</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-center noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><span title="English speaking countries"><img alt="English speaking countries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/600px-Anglophone_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/900px-Anglophone_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/1200px-Anglophone_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="974" resource="/wiki/File:Anglophone_World.svg" /></span><figcaption>English speaking countries</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Further_links69" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Further links</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em">Articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the English language">History of the English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="English in the Commonwealth of Nations">English in the Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anglosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;color:darkblue;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_English-speaking_population" title="List of countries by English-speaking population">List of countries by English-speaking population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_English_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where English is an official language">List of countries where English is an official language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:blue;"><span style="padding-left:1.0em;"> </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_the_national_language_or_the_native_language_of_the_majority236"> <ul><li><b>Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Europe" title="English language in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightblue;"><span style="padding-left:1.0em;"> </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_an_official_language,_but_not_the_majority_first_language161"> <ul><li><b>Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> shown in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories685" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_overseas_territories" title="Template talk:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories685" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Former <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and Current <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Legend</span></dt> <dd>Former territory</dd> <dd><b>Current territory</b></dd> <dd>*Current <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a></dd> <dd><sup>†</sup>Current member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe6" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></b> since 1960 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Corsican_Kingdom" title="Anglo-Corsican Kingdom">Corsica</a> 1794–1796</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></b> since 1713</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</a> 1807–1890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="United States of the Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> 1809–1864</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a> 1177–1542</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> 1542–1800 <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union_1800" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Union 1800">integrated into the UK</a>)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Free State</a> 1921–1931</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup>Malta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Protectorate</a> 1800–1813</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Colony</a> 1813–1964</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Minorca</a> 1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa667" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basutoland" title="Basutoland">Basutoland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>) 1868–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>) 1884–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cameroons" title="British Cameroons">Cameroons</a><sup>13</sup> 1919–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> 1795–1803</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape of Good Hope</a> 1806–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Central_Africa_Protectorate" title="British Central Africa Protectorate">Central Africa</a> 1891–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa</a> 1895–1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Egypt</a> 1882–1922</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Gambia_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Gambia Colony and Protectorate">The Gambia</a> 1816–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>) 1874–1957</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya</a> 1920–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos_Colony" title="Lagos Colony">Lagos</a> 1862–1906</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madeira" title="History of Madeira">Madeira</a> 1807–1808</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Mauritius" title="British Mauritius">Mauritius</a> 1810–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</a> 1856–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Coast_Protectorate" title="Niger Coast Protectorate">Niger Coast</a> 1884–1900</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Nigeria</a> 1914–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a><sup>15</sup> 1924–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a> 1891–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a> 1903–1976</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate">Sierra Leone</a> 1792–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">Somaliland</a> 1884–1960</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> 1910–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="South-West Africa">South-West Africa</a><sup>12</sup> 1915–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a><sup>14</sup> 1923–1965 and 1979–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Swaziland">Swaziland</a> 1893–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Sudan</a> 1899–1956</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_Territory" title="Tanganyika Territory">Tanganyika</a><sup>13</sup> 1922–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Protectorate">Uganda</a> 1890–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> 1890–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zululand</a> 1887–1897</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>12</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><sup>13</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. British Cameroons is now part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, while Tanganyika is part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.</li> <li><sup>14</sup><a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Self-governing</a> Southern Rhodesia <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">unilaterally declared independence</a> in 1965 (as <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>) and continued as an <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">unrecognised</a> state until the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a>. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.</li> <li><sup>15</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia334" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Colony" title="Aden Colony">Aden Colony</a> 1839–1967</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">Afghanistan</a> 1839–1842 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">Protectorate</a> 1879–1919</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Bencoolen" title="British Bencoolen">Bencoolen</a> 1685–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Island" title="Bangka Island">Banka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belitung" title="Belitung">Billiton</a> 1812–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a> 1757–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a> (protectorate) 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">Borneo</a> 1874–1963</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></b> since 1965 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>)<sup>26</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burma</a> 1824–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei</a> 1888–1984</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon</a> 1795–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> 1841–1997</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a><sup>18</sup> 1858–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> 1811–1816</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhdom_of_Kuwait" title="Sheikhdom of Kuwait">Kuwait</a> 1918–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Labuan</a> 1848–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> 1819–1826 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated States</a> 1895–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated States</a> 1885–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Union</a> 1946–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation</a> 1948–1957</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malacca" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Malacca">Malacca</a> 1824–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malacca" title="Crown Colony of Malacca">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1957</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_the_Maldives" title="Independence of the Maldives">Maldives</a> 1796–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">Manila and Cavite</a> 1762–1764</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a><sup>19</sup> 1920–1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Muscat and Oman</a> 1891–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> 1882–1963 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a> 1781–1784 and 1795–1819</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a><sup>19</sup> 1923–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Penang" title="History of Penang">Penang</a> 1786–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Penang" title="Crown Colony of Penang">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1957</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4n_S%C6%A1n_Island" title="Côn Sơn Island">Pulo Condore</a> 1702–1705</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> 1841–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Singapore</a> 1946–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">South Vietnam</a> 1945–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> 1826–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a> 1921–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a> 1892–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihaiwei_under_British_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Weihaiwei under British rule">Weihai</a> 1898–1930</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>18</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><sup>19</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Iraqi Treaty">Anglo-Iraqi Treaty</a></li> <li><sup>26</sup>Legitimacy of territorial establishment <a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">disputed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America13" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></b> since 1650</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a> 1632–1860</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> 1860–1981</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bahamas" title="History of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a> 1670–1973</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">Barbados</a> 1624–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_Department" title="Bay Islands Department">Bay Islands</a> 1643–1860</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Honduras" title="British Honduras">Belize</a> 1871–1981</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></b> since 1619</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a> 16th c.–1880</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">British Columbia</a> 1858–1866 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">1866–1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> 1754–1820</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dominica" title="History of Dominica">Dominica</a> 1763–1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Grenada" title="History of Grenada">Grenada</a> 1762–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province</a> 1841–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Dominion</a> 1867–1931</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</a> 1663–1712</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></b> since 1670</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a> 1818–1846</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a> 1701–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Jersey" title="East Jersey">East Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a> 1733–1776</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a> 1655–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands" title="British Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a> 1671–1816, 1833–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay</a> 1629–1691 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province</a>, 1691–1776</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a> 1632–1776</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></b> since 1632</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a> 1655–1860</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</a> 1628–1983</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Albion" title="New Albion">New Albion</a> 1579</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Brunswick" title="History of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> 1784–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">New England</a> 1686–1689</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> 1680–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven</a> 1637–1662</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a> 1665–1674 and 1702–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a> 1664–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> 1583–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> 1859–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> 1713–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulet_affair_(1843)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulet affair (1843)">Paulet affair</a> 1843</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="History of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> 1763–1873</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> 1681–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth</a> 1620–1691</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a> 1763–1791* <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_the_Queen_Charlotte_Islands" title="Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands">Queen Charlotte Islands</a> 1853–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> 1670–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands">Saint Croix</a> 1625–1650</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</a> 1623–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="History of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> 1882–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> 1605–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> 1627–1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saybrook_Colony" title="Saybrook Colony">Saybrook</a> 1635–1644</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickeen_Territories" title="Stickeen Territories">Stickeen</a> 1862–1863</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> 1889–1962</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></b> since 1799</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> 1849–1866</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></b> since 1666</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> 1607–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_West_Florida" title="British West Florida">West Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a> 1958–1962 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Associated_States" title="West Indies Associated States">Associated States</a> 1967–1983</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Windward_Islands" title="British Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a> 1833–1960</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template talk:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oceania230" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">18th and 19th centuries</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">20th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">New South Wales</a> 1788–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Tasmania" title="Colony of Tasmania">Tasmania</a> 1803–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1807–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a><sup>21</sup> 1824–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Queensland" title="Colony of Queensland">Queensland</a> 1824–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_River_Colony" title="Swan River Colony">Swan River</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Western Australia">Western Australia</a> 1829–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of South Australia">South Australia</a> 1836–1901</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="History of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></b> since 1838</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1841–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Australia" title="North Australia">North Australia</a> 1846–1847</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria" title="Colony of Victoria">Victoria</a> 1851–1901</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Fiji" title="Colony of Fiji">Fiji</a> 1874–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Western_Pacific_Territories" title="British Western Pacific Territories">Western Pacific Territories</a> 1877–1976</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Papua</a> 1884–1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_Federation" title="Cook Islands Federation">Cook Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1888–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Islands">Union Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1889–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Gilbert and Ellice Islands">Gilbert and Ellice Islands</a><sup>22</sup> 1892–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands" title="British Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> 1893–1978</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tonga" title="History of Tonga">Tonga</a> 1900–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Niue" title="History of Niue">Niue</a><sup>20</sup> 1900–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">Australia</a> 1901–1942</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1907–1947</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Western_Samoa_Trust_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Samoa Trust Territory">Samoa</a> 1914–1962</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nauru" title="History of Nauru">Nauru</a> 1919–1942 and 1945–1968</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>20</sup>Now part of the <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a></li> <li><sup>21</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><sup>22</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> and <sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America174" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_colony" title="Providence Island colony">Providence Island</a> 1631–1641</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willoughbyland" class="mw-redirect" title="Willoughbyland">Willoughbyland</a> 1651–1667</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">Saint Andrew and Providence Islands</a><sup>4</sup> 1670–1688</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">Guiana</a> 1831–1966</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1833</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>4</sup>Now a <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia" title="Departments of Colombia">department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><sup>5</sup>Occupied by Argentina during the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> of April–June 1982.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica_and_the_South_Atlantic463" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica and the South Atlantic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b> since 1833</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Commonwealth of Australia</a>)</span> 1841–1933</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a>)</span> 1841–1947</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></b><sup>24</sup> since 1908</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>25</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>23</sup>Since 2009 part of <b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></b>; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.</li> <li><sup>24</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic Treaty</a>.</li> <li><sup>25</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_flags_of_the_British_Empire_and_the_overseas_territories" title="Historical flags of the British Empire and the overseas territories">Historical flags of the 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