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class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Charles de Freycinet</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><table class="infobox vcard" style="width: 22em;"> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="n" style="text-align: center; font-size: 132%;"><span class="fn">Charles de Freycinet</span></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Freycinet2.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Freycinet2.jpg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150512123612im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Freycinet2.jpg/220px-Freycinet2.jpg" width="220" height="311" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150512123612im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Freycinet2.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150512123612im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Freycinet2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="236" data-file-height="334"/></a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center">43rd <a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister of France</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:none; text-align:center"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br/> 28 December 1879 – 23 September 1880</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th> <td><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Waddington" title="William Waddington">William Waddington</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th> <td><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Ferry" title="Jules Ferry">Jules Ferry</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center">46th <a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister of France</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:none; text-align:center"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br/> 30 January 1882 – 7 August 1882</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th> <td><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta" title="Léon Gambetta">Léon Gambetta</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th> <td><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Duclerc" title="Charles Duclerc">Charles Duclerc</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center">51st <a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister of France</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:none; text-align:center"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br/> 7 January 1886 – 16 December 1886</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th> <td><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Brisson" title="Henri Brisson">Henri Brisson</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th> <td><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Goblet" title="René Goblet">René Goblet</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center">57th <a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister of France</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:none; text-align:center"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br/> 17 March 1890 – 27 February 1892</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th> <td><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Tirard" title="Pierre Tirard">Pierre Tirard</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th> <td><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Loubet" title="Émile Loubet">Émile Loubet</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center">Personal details</th> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Born</th> <td><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1828-11-14</span>)</span>14 November 1828<br/> <a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foix" title="Foix">Foix</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Died</th> <td>14 May 1923<span style="display:none">(<span class="dday deathdate">1923-05-14</span>)</span> (aged 94)<br/> <a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Political party</th> <td><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunist_Republican" title="Opportunist Republican" class="mw-redirect">Opportunist Republican</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Religion</th> <td><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant" title="Protestant" class="mw-redirect">Protestant</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150512123612/http://www.annales.org/archives/x/freycinet.html">[1]</a></td> </tr> </table> <p><b>Charles Louis de Saulces de Freycinet</b> (<small>French: </small><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_French" title="Help:IPA for French">[ʃaʁl də fʁɛjsinɛ]</a></span>; 14 November 1828 – 14 May 1923) was a French statesman and four times Prime Minister during the <a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Republic_(France)" title="Third Republic (France)" class="mw-redirect">Third Republic</a>. He also served an important term as Minister of War (1888–93). He belonged to the <a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunist_Republicans" title="Opportunist Republicans">Opportunist Republicans</a> faction.</p> <p>He was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences, and in 1890, the fourteenth member to occupy a seat in the <a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Académie française">Académie française</a>.</p> <p></p> <div id="toc" class="toc"> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Biography"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Biography</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_years"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early years</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Government_service"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Government service</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#Minister_of_War"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Minister of War</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Prime_Minister_of_France"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Prime Minister of France</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#1st_Ministry"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">1st Ministry</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#2nd_Ministry"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">2nd Ministry</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#3rd_Ministry"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.3</span> <span class="toctext">3rd Ministry</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#4th_Ministry"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.4</span> <span class="toctext">4th Ministry</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Publications"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Publications</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <p></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Biography">Biography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_de_Freycinet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_years">Early years</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_de_Freycinet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Freycinet was born at <a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foix" title="Foix">Foix</a> (<a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ari%C3%A8ge_(department)" title="Ariège (department)">Ariège</a>) of a Protestant family and was the nephew of <a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Freycinet" title="Louis de Freycinet">Louis de Freycinet</a>, a French navigator. Charles Freycinet was educated at the <i><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique" title="École Polytechnique">École Polytechnique</a></i>. He entered government service as a mining engineer (see <a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Mines" title="X-Mines" class="mw-redirect">X-Mines</a>). In 1858 he was appointed traffic manager to the <i>Compagnie de chemins de fer du Midi</i>, a post in which he showed a remarkable talent for organization, and in 1862 returned to the engineering service, attaining in 1886 the rank of inspector-general. He was sent on several special scientific missions, including one to the UK, on which he wrote a notable <i>Mémoire sur le travail des femmes et des enfants dans les manufactures de l'Angleterre</i> (1867).</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Government_service">Government service</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_de_Freycinet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Government service">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>On the establishment of the Third Republic in September 1870, he offered his services to <a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta" title="Léon Gambetta">Léon Gambetta</a>, was appointed prefect of the department of <a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarn-et-Garonne" title="Tarn-et-Garonne">Tarn-et-Garonne</a>, and in October became chief of the military cabinet. It was mainly Freycinet's powers of organization which enabled Gambetta to raise army after army to oppose the invading Germans. He revealed himself to be a competent strategist, but the policy of dictating operations to the generals in the field was not attended with happy results. The friction between him and <a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_d%27Aurelle_de_Paladines" title="Louis d'Aurelle de Paladines">General d'Aurelle de Paladines</a> resulted in the loss of the advantage temporarily gained at Orleans, and he was responsible for the campaign in the east, which ended in the destruction of the army of <a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Denis_Bourbaki" title="Charles Denis Bourbaki" class="mw-redirect">Charles Denis Bourbaki</a>.</p> <p>In 1871 he published a defence of his administration under the title of <i>La Guerre en province pendant le siège de Paris</i>. He entered the Senate in 1876 as a follower of Gambetta, and in December 1877 became Minister of Public Works in the cabinet of <a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Armand_Stanislaus_Dufaure" title="Jules Armand Stanislaus Dufaure" class="mw-redirect">Jules Armand Stanislaus Dufaure</a>. He passed a great scheme for the gradual acquisition of the railways by the state and the construction of new lines at a cost of three milliards, and for the development of the canal system at a further cost of one milliard. He retained his post in the ministry of <a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Waddington" title="William Henry Waddington" class="mw-redirect">William Henry Waddington</a>, whom he succeeded in December 1879 as Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs. He passed an amnesty for the Communards, but in attempting to steer a middle course (between the Catholics and the anti-clericalists) on the question of the religious associations, he lost Gambetta's support, and resigned in September 1880.</p> <p>In January 1882 he again became Prime Minister and Foreign Minister. His refusal to join Britain in the bombardment of <a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> was the death-knell of French influence in <a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. He attempted to compromise by occupying the <a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmus_of_Suez" title="Isthmus of Suez">Isthmus of Suez</a>, but the vote of credit was rejected in the Chamber by 417 votes to 75, and the ministry resigned. He returned to office in April 1885 as Foreign Minister in <a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Brisson" title="Henri Brisson">Henri Brisson</a>'s cabinet, and retained that post when, in January 1886, he succeeded to the premiership.</p> <p>He came to power with an ambitious programme of internal reform; but apart from settling the question of the exiled pretenders, his successes were chiefly in the sphere of colonial extension. In spite of his unrivalled skill as a parliamentary tactician, he failed to keep his party together, and was defeated on 3 December 1886. In the following year, after two unsuccessful attempts to construct new ministries, he stood for the Presidency of the Republic; but the radicals, to whom his opportunism was distasteful, turned the scale against him by transferring the votes to <a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Fran%C3%A7ois_Sadi_Carnot" title="Marie François Sadi Carnot">Marie François Sadi Carnot</a>.</p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Minister_of_War">Minister of War</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_de_Freycinet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Minister of War">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>In April 1888 he became Minister of War in <a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Floquet" title="Charles Floquet">Charles Floquet</a>'s cabinet — the first civilian since 1848 to hold that office. His services to France in this capacity were the crowning achievement of his life, and he enjoyed the conspicuous honour of holding his office without a break for five years through as many successive administrations — those of Floquet and <a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Tirard" title="Pierre Tirard">Pierre Tirard</a>, his own fourth ministry (March 1890 – February 1892), and the <a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Loubet" title="Émile Loubet">Émile Loubet</a> and <a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Alexandre Ribot</a> ministries. The introduction of the three-years' service and the establishment of a general staff, a supreme council of war, and the army commands were all due to him. His premiership was marked by heated debates on the clerical question, and it was a hostile vote on his Bill against the religious associations that caused the fall of his cabinet. He failed to clear himself entirely of complicity in the <a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_scandals" title="Panama scandals">Panama scandals</a>, and in January 1893 resigned the Ministry of War.</p> <p>In November 1898 he once again became Minister of War in the <a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dupuy" title="Charles Dupuy">Charles Dupuy</a> cabinet, but resigned office on 6 May 1899.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Prime_Minister_of_France">Prime Minister of France</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_de_Freycinet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prime Minister of France">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="1st_Ministry">1st Ministry</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_de_Freycinet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1st Ministry">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <ul> <li>Charles de Freycinet – <a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_France" title="List of Prime Ministers of France">President of the Council</a> and <a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Foreign_Ministers_of_France" title="List of Foreign Ministers of France" class="mw-redirect">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Joseph_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Farre" title="Jean Joseph Frédéric Farre" class="mw-redirect">Jean Joseph Frédéric Farre</a> – <a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Defense_Ministers_of_France" title="List of Defense Ministers of France" class="mw-redirect">Minister of War</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Lep%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Lepère (page does not exist)">Charles Lepère</a> – <a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Interior_Ministers_of_France" title="List of Interior Ministers of France">Minister of the Interior</a> and Worship</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Magnin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Magnin (page does not exist)">Pierre Magnin</a> – <a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Finance_Ministers_of_France" title="List of Finance Ministers of France">Minister of Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jules_Cazot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jules Cazot (page does not exist)">Jules Cazot</a> – <a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Justice_Ministers_of_France" title="List of Justice Ministers of France" class="mw-redirect">Minister of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bernard_Jaur%C3%A9guiberry" title="Jean Bernard Jauréguiberry" class="mw-redirect">Jean Bernard Jauréguiberry</a> – <a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Naval_Ministers_of_France" title="List of Naval Ministers of France">Minister of Marine and Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Ferry" title="Jules Ferry">Jules Ferry</a> – <a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Education_Ministers_of_France" title="List of Education Ministers of France">Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henri_Varroy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri Varroy (page does not exist)">Henri Varroy</a> – Minister of Public Works</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Cochery" title="Adolphe Cochery" class="mw-redirect">Adolphe Cochery</a> – Minister of Posts and Telegraphs</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Tirard" title="Pierre Tirard">Pierre Tirard</a> – Minister of Agriculture and Commerce</li> </ul> <dl> <dt>Changes</dt> </dl> <ul> <li>17 May 1880 – <a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Constans" title="Ernest Constans" class="mw-redirect">Ernest Constans</a> succeeds Lepère as Minister of the Interior and Worship.</li> </ul> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="2nd_Ministry">2nd Ministry</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_de_Freycinet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2nd Ministry">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <ul> <li>Charles de Freycinet – President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Billot" title="Jean-Baptiste Billot">Jean-Baptiste Billot</a> – Minister of War</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Goblet" title="René Goblet">René Goblet</a> – Minister of the Interior</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Say" title="Léon Say">Léon Say</a> – Minister of Finance</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gustave_Humbert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustave Humbert (page does not exist)">Gustave Humbert</a> – Minister of Justice and Worship</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bernard_Jaur%C3%A9guiberry" title="Jean Bernard Jauréguiberry" class="mw-redirect">Jean Bernard Jauréguiberry</a> – Minister of Marine and Colonies</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Ferry" title="Jules Ferry">Jules Ferry</a> – Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Mahy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François de Mahy (page does not exist)">François de Mahy</a> – Minister of Agriculture</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henri_Varroy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri Varroy (page does not exist)">Henri Varroy</a> – Minister of Public Works</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Cochery" title="Adolphe Cochery" class="mw-redirect">Adolphe Cochery</a> – Minister of Posts and Telegraphs</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Tirard" title="Pierre Tirard">Pierre Tirard</a> – Minister of Commerce</li> </ul> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="3rd_Ministry">3rd Ministry</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_de_Freycinet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 3rd Ministry">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <ul> <li>Charles de Freycinet – President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Boulanger" title="Georges Boulanger" class="mw-redirect">Georges Boulanger</a> – Minister of War</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Sarrien" title="Ferdinand Sarrien">Ferdinand Sarrien</a> – Minister of the Interior</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Fran%C3%A7ois_Sadi_Carnot" title="Marie François Sadi Carnot">Marie François Sadi Carnot</a> – Minister of Finance</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Dem%C3%B4le&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Demôle (page does not exist)">Charles Demôle</a> – Minister of Justice</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Aube" title="Théophile Aube">Théophile Aube</a> – Minister of Marine and Colonies</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Goblet" title="René Goblet">René Goblet</a> – Minister of Public Instruction, Fine Arts, and Worship</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Develle" title="Jules Develle">Jules Develle</a> – Minister of Agriculture</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Ba%C3%AFhaut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Baïhaut (page does not exist)">Charles Baïhaut</a> – Minister of Public Works</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A9lix_Granet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Félix Granet (page does not exist)">Félix Granet</a> – Minister of Posts and Telegraphs</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Locroy" title="Édouard Locroy" class="mw-redirect">Édouard Locroy</a> – Minister of Commerce and Industry</li> </ul> <dl> <dt>Changes</dt> </dl> <ul> <li>4 November 1886 – <a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89douard_Millaud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Édouard Millaud (page does not exist)">Édouard Millaud</a> succeeds Baïhaut as Minister of Public Works</li> </ul> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="4th_Ministry">4th Ministry</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_de_Freycinet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 4th Ministry">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <ul> <li>Charles de Freycinet – President of the Council and Minister of War</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Alexandre Ribot</a> – Minister of Foreign Affairs</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Constans" title="Ernest Constans" class="mw-redirect">Ernest Constans</a> – Minister of the Interior</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Rouvier" title="Maurice Rouvier">Maurice Rouvier</a> – Minister of Finance</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Falli%C3%A8res" title="Armand Fallières">Armand Fallières</a> – Minister of Justice and Worship</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Roche" title="Jules Roche">Jules Roche</a> – Minister of the Colonies and of Commerce and Industry</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89douard_Barbey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Édouard Barbey (page does not exist)">Édouard Barbey</a> – Minister of Marine</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois" title="Léon Bourgeois">Léon Bourgeois</a> – Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Develle" title="Jules Develle">Jules Develle</a> – Minister of Agriculture</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Guyot" title="Yves Guyot">Yves Guyot</a> – Minister of Public Works</li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Publications">Publications</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_de_Freycinet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Publications">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul> <li><i>Traité de mécanique rationnelle</i> (1858)</li> <li><i>De l'analyse infinitésimale</i> (1860, revised ed., 1881)</li> <li><i>Des pentes économiques en chemin de fer</i> (1861)</li> <li><i>Emploi des eaux d'égout en agriculture</i> (1869)</li> <li><i>Principes de l'assainissement des villes</i> (1870)</li> <li><i>Traité d'assainissement industriel</i> (1870)</li> <li><i>Essai sur la philosophie des sciences</i> (1896)</li> <li><i>La Question d'Égypte</i> (1905)</li> <li><i>Contemporain</i>: 'Pensées <i>contributed under the pseudonym of Alceste"</i></li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_de_Freycinet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PD-icon.svg" class="image"><img alt="Public Domain" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150512123612im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" width="12" height="12" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150512123612im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150512123612im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196"/></a> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <span id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia">Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). <i><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+de+Freycinet&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=1911&rft.edition=11th&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_de_Freycinet&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150512123612im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150512123612im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150512123612im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150512123612/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Charles_de_Freycinet" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Charles de Freycinet">Charles de Freycinet</a></b></i>.</td> </tr> </table> <table class="wikitable succession-box" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%;clear:both;"> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices</th> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br/> <span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michel_Gra%C3%ABff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michel Graëff (page does not exist)">Michel Graëff</a></span></td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Public_Works_(France)" title="Minister of Public Works (France)">Minister of Public Works</a></b><br/> 1877–1879</td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br/> <span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henri_Varroy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri Varroy (page does not exist)">Henri Varroy</a></span></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<br/> <span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Waddington" title="William Waddington">William Waddington</a></span></td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister of France</a></b><br/> 1879–1880</td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br/> <span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Ferry" title="Jules Ferry">Jules Ferry</a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(France)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (France)" class="mw-redirect">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></b><br/> 1879–1880</td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br/> <span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Barth%C3%A9lemy-Saint-Hilaire" title="Jules Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire">Jules Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire</a></span></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<br/> <span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta" title="Léon Gambetta">Léon Gambetta</a></span></td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister of France</a></b><br/> 1882</td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<br/> <span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Duclerc" title="Charles Duclerc">Charles Duclerc</a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(France)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (France)" class="mw-redirect">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></b><br/> 1882</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br/> <span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Ferry" title="Jules Ferry">Jules Ferry</a></span></td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(France)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (France)" class="mw-redirect">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></b><br/> 1885–1886</td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br/> <span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Flourens" title="Émile Flourens">Émile Flourens</a></span></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br/> <span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Brisson" title="Henri Brisson">Henri Brisson</a></span></td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister of France</a></b><br/> 1886</td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br/> <span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Goblet" title="René Goblet">René Goblet</a></span></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br/> <span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Auguste_Logerot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Auguste Logerot (page does not exist)">François Auguste Logerot</a></span></td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_War_(France)" title="Minister of War (France)" class="mw-redirect">Minister of War</a></b><br/> 1888–1893</td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br/> <span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julien_L%C3%A9on_Loizillon" title="Julien Léon Loizillon">Julien Léon Loizillon</a></span></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br/> <span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Tirard" title="Pierre Tirard">Pierre Tirard</a></span></td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister of France</a></b><br/> 1890–1892</td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br/> <span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Loubet" title="Émile Loubet">Émile Loubet</a></span></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br/> <span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Chanoine" title="Charles Chanoine">Charles Chanoine</a></span></td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_War_(France)" title="Minister of War (France)" class="mw-redirect">Minister of War</a></b><br/> 1898–1899</td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br/> <span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camille_Krantz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Camille Krantz (page does not exist)">Camille Krantz</a></span></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br/> <span style="font-weight: bold">—</span></td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_State" title="Minister of State">Minister of State</a></b><br/> 1915–1916</td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br/> <span style="font-weight: bold">—</span></td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise_Seat_1" title="Template:Académie française Seat 1"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise_Seat_1" title="Template talk:Académie française Seat 1"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise_Seat_1&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Académie française">Académie française</a> <a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" title="List of members of the Académie française">Seat 1</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_S%C3%A9guier" title="Pierre Séguier">Pierre Séguier</a> (1635)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Bazin_de_Bezons" title="Claude Bazin de Bezons">Claude Bazin de Bezons</a> (1643)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Boileau-Despr%C3%A9aux" title="Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux">Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux</a> (1684)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_d%27Estr%C3%A9es" title="Jean d'Estrées">Jean d'Estrées</a> (1711)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc-Ren%C3%A9_de_Voyer_de_Paulmy_d%27Argenson_(1652%E2%80%931721)" title="Marc-René de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson (1652–1721)">Marc-René d'Argenson</a> (1718)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Joseph_Languet_de_Gergy" title="Jean-Joseph Languet de Gergy">Jean-Joseph Languet de Gergy</a> (1721)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon">George-Louis Leclerc, comte de Buffon</a> (1753)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Vicq-d%27Azyr" title="Félix Vicq-d'Azyr">Félix Vicq-d'Azyr</a> (1788)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Urbain_Domergue" title="François-Urbain Domergue">François-Urbain Domergue</a> (1803)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ange-Fran%C3%A7ois_Fariau" title="Ange-François Fariau">Ange-François Fariau</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Auguste_Parseval-Grandmaison" title="François-Auguste Parseval-Grandmaison">François-Auguste Parseval-Grandmaison</a> (1811)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcisse-Achille_de_Salvandy" title="Narcisse-Achille de Salvandy">Narcisse-Achille de Salvandy</a> (1835)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Augier" title="Émile Augier">Émile Augier</a> (1857)</li> <li><strong class="selflink">Charles de Freycinet</strong> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Picard" title="Émile Picard">Émile Picard</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">Louis de Broglie</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Debr%C3%A9" title="Michel Debré">Michel Debré</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Furet" title="François Furet">François Furet</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_R%C3%A9mond" title="René Rémond">René Rémond</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Dagens" title="Claude Dagens">Claude Dagens</a> (2008)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Heads_of_government_of_France" title="Template:Heads of government of France"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_government_of_France" title="Template talk:Heads of government of France"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Heads_of_government_of_France&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Heads of government</a> of <a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (<a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_France" title="List of Prime Ministers of France">list</a>)</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration" title="Bourbon Restoration">Restoration</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand-Emmanuel_de_Vignerot_du_Plessis,_Duc_de_Richelieu" title="Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu">Richelieu</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Joseph,_Marquis_Dessolles" title="Jean-Joseph, Marquis Dessolles">Dessolles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lie,_duc_Decazes" title="Élie, duc Decazes">Decazes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand-Emmanuel_de_Vignerot_du_Plessis,_Duc_de_Richelieu" title="Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu">Richelieu</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Vill%C3%A8le" title="Jean-Baptiste de Villèle">Villèle</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Gay,_vicomte_de_Martignac" title="Jean Baptiste Gay, vicomte de Martignac">Martignac</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_de_Polignac" title="Jules de Polignac">Polignac</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">V. de Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Laffitte" title="Jacques Laffitte">Laffitte</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_Pierre_P%C3%A9rier" title="Casimir Pierre Périer">Perier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Maurice_G%C3%A9rard" title="Étienne Maurice Gérard">Gérard</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugues-Bernard_Maret,_duc_de_Bassano" title="Hugues-Bernard Maret, duc de Bassano">Maret</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Adolphe_Casimir_Joseph_Mortier" title="Édouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph Mortier" class="mw-redirect">Mortier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">V. de Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Thiers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Mathieu_Mol%C3%A9" title="Louis-Mathieu Molé">Molé</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Thiers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Mathieu_Mol%C3%A9" title="Louis-Mathieu Molé">Molé</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">Second Republic</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques-Charles_Dupont_de_l%27Eure" title="Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure">Dupont de l'Eure</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Arago" title="François Arago">Arago</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Eug%C3%A8ne_Cavaignac" title="Louis-Eugène Cavaignac">Cavaignac</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odilon_Barrot" title="Odilon Barrot">Barrot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_Henri,_comte_d%27Hautpoul" title="Alphonse Henri, comte d'Hautpoul" class="mw-redirect">Hautpoul</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Faucher" title="Léon Faucher">Faucher</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Ollivier" title="Émile Ollivier">Ollivier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cousin-Montauban,_Comte_de_Palikao" title="Charles Cousin-Montauban, Comte de Palikao">Cousin-Montauban</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="line-height:1.4em;">Interregnum</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Jules_Trochu" title="Louis Jules Trochu" class="mw-redirect">Trochu</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Armand_Dufaure" title="Jules Armand Dufaure">Dufaure</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert,_4th_duc_de_Broglie" title="Albert, 4th duc de Broglie">A. de Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Courtot_de_Cissey" title="Ernest Courtot de Cissey">Cissey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Buffet" title="Louis Buffet">Buffet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Armand_Dufaure" title="Jules Armand Dufaure">Dufaure</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Simon" title="Jules Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert,_4th_duc_de_Broglie" title="Albert, 4th duc de Broglie">A. de Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga%C3%ABtan_de_Rochebou%C3%ABt" title="Gaëtan de Rochebouët">Rochebouët</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Armand_Dufaure" title="Jules Armand Dufaure">Dufaure</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Waddington" title="William Henry Waddington" class="mw-redirect">Waddington</a></li> <li><strong class="selflink">Freycinet</strong></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Ferry" title="Jules Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta" title="Léon Gambetta">Gambetta</a></li> <li><strong class="selflink">Freycinet</strong></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Duclerc" title="Charles Duclerc">Duclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Falli%C3%A8res" title="Armand Fallières">Fallières</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Ferry" title="Jules Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Brisson" title="Henri Brisson">Brisson</a></li> <li><strong class="selflink">Freycinet</strong></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Goblet" title="René Goblet">Goblet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Rouvier" title="Maurice Rouvier">Rouvier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Floquet" title="Charles Floquet">Floquet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Tirard" title="Pierre Tirard">Tirard</a></li> <li><strong class="selflink">Freycinet</strong></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Loubet" title="Émile Loubet">Loubet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Ribot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dupuy" title="Charles Dupuy">Dupuy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Casimir-Perier" title="Jean Casimir-Perier">Casimir-Perier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dupuy" title="Charles Dupuy">Dupuy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Ribot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois" title="Léon Bourgeois">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_M%C3%A9line" title="Jules Méline">Méline</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Brisson" title="Henri Brisson">Brisson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dupuy" title="Charles Dupuy">Dupuy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Waldeck-Rousseau" title="Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau">Waldeck-Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Combes" title="Émile Combes">Combes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Rouvier" title="Maurice Rouvier">Rouvier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Sarrien" title="Ferdinand Sarrien">Sarrien</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Clemenceau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Monis" title="Ernest Monis">Monis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux" title="Joseph Caillaux">Caillaux</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Barthou" title="Louis Barthou">Barthou</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue" title="Gaston Doumergue">Doumergue</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Ribot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Viviani" title="René Viviani">Viviani</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Ribot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9" title="Paul Painlevé">Painlevé</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Clemenceau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Millerand" title="Alexandre Millerand">Millerand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Leygues" title="Georges Leygues">Leygues</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Fran%C3%A7ois-Marsal" title="Frédéric François-Marsal">François-Marsal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Herriot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9" title="Paul Painlevé">Painlevé</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Herriot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tardieu" title="André Tardieu">Tardieu</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Chautemps" title="Camille Chautemps">Chautemps</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tardieu" title="André Tardieu">Tardieu</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Steeg" title="Théodore Steeg">Steeg</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tardieu" title="André Tardieu">Tardieu</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Herriot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Paul-Boncour" title="Joseph Paul-Boncour">Paul-Boncour</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Daladier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Sarraut" title="Albert Sarraut">Sarraut</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Chautemps" title="Camille Chautemps">Chautemps</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Daladier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue" title="Gaston Doumergue">Doumergue</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre-Étienne Flandin">Flandin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_Bouisson" title="Fernand Bouisson">Bouisson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Sarraut" title="Albert Sarraut">Sarraut</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Chautemps" title="Camille Chautemps">Chautemps</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Daladier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Reynaud</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Pétain</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_de_Brinon" title="Fernand de Brinon">Brinon</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional<br/> Government</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Gouin" title="Félix Gouin">Gouin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bidault" title="Georges Bidault">Bidault</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Blum</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ramadier" title="Paul Ramadier">Ramadier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Schuman</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Marie" title="André Marie">Marie</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Schuman</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Queuille" title="Henri Queuille">Queuille</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bidault" title="Georges Bidault">Bidault</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Queuille" title="Henri Queuille">Queuille</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Pleven" title="René Pleven">Pleven</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Queuille" title="Henri Queuille">Queuille</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Pleven" title="René Pleven">Pleven</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Faure" title="Edgar Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Pinay" title="Antoine Pinay">Pinay</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Mayer" title="René Mayer">Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Laniel" title="Joseph Laniel">Laniel</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Mend%C3%A8s_France" title="Pierre Mendès France">Mendès France</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Faure" title="Edgar Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Mollet" title="Guy Mollet">Mollet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Bourg%C3%A8s-Maunoury" title="Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury">Bourgès-Maunoury</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Gaillard" title="Félix Gaillard">Gaillard</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Pflimlin" title="Pierre Pflimlin">Pflimlin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Debr%C3%A9" title="Michel Debré">Debré</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Pompidou" title="Georges Pompidou">Pompidou</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Couve_de_Murville" title="Maurice Couve de Murville">Couve de Murville</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chaban-Delmas" title="Jacques Chaban-Delmas">Chaban-Delmas</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Messmer" title="Pierre Messmer">Messmer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Chirac</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Barre" title="Raymond Barre">Barre</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Mauroy" title="Pierre Mauroy">Mauroy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Fabius" title="Laurent Fabius">Fabius</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Chirac</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Rocard" title="Michel Rocard">Rocard</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89dith_Cresson" title="Édith Cresson">Cresson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_B%C3%A9r%C3%A9govoy" title="Pierre Bérégovoy">Bérégovoy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Balladur" title="Édouard Balladur">Balladur</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Jupp%C3%A9" title="Alain Juppé">Juppé</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Jospin" title="Lionel Jospin">Jospin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Raffarin" title="Jean-Pierre Raffarin">Raffarin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_de_Villepin" title="Dominique de Villepin">Villepin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Fillon" title="François Fillon">Fillon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marc_Ayrault" title="Jean-Marc Ayrault">Ayrault</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Valls" title="Manuel Valls">Valls</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Foreign_Ministers_of_France" title="Template:Foreign Ministers of France"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li 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Régime</a></i></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Revol" title="Louis de Revol">Revol</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_de_Neufville,_seigneur_de_Villeroy" title="Nicolas de Neufville, seigneur de Villeroy">Villeroy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">A. J. Richelieu</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Br%C3%BBlart,_marquis_de_Sillery" title="Pierre Brûlart, marquis de Sillery">Sillery</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Ph%C3%A9lypeaux" title="Raymond Phélypeaux">R. Phélypeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Bouthillier" title="Claude Bouthillier">Bouthillier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bouthillier,_comte_de_Chavigny" title="Léon Bouthillier, comte de Chavigny">Chavigny</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri-Auguste_de_Lom%C3%A9nie,_comte_de_Brienne" title="Henri-Auguste de Loménie, comte de Brienne">Brienne</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugues_de_Lionne" title="Hugues de Lionne">Lionne</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Arnauld,_Marquis_de_Pomponne" title="Simon Arnauld, Marquis de Pomponne">Pomponne</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Colbert,_marquis_de_Croissy" title="Charles Colbert, marquis de Croissy">Croissy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colbert,_marquis_de_Torcy" title="Jean-Baptiste Colbert, marquis de Torcy">Torcy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Chalon_du_Bl%C3%A9" title="Nicolas Chalon du Blé">Huxelles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Dubois" title="Guillaume Dubois">Dubois</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Jean-Baptiste_Fleuriau" title="Charles Jean-Baptiste Fleuriau">Morville</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germain_Louis_Chauvelin" title="Germain Louis Chauvelin">Chauvelin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Amelot_de_Chaillou" title="Jean-Jacques Amelot de Chaillou">Chaillou</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrien_Maurice_de_Noailles" title="Adrien Maurice de Noailles">Noailles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Louis_de_Voyer_de_Paulmy_d%27Argenson" title="René Louis de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson">Argenson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Philog%C3%A8ne_Br%C3%BBlart,_vicomte_de_Puisieulx" title="Louis Philogène Brûlart, vicomte de Puisieulx">Puisieulx</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Dominique_de_Barberie_de_Saint-Contest" title="François Dominique de Barberie de Saint-Contest">Saint-Contest</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Louis_Rouill%C3%A9" title="Antoine Louis Rouillé">Rouillé</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Joachim_de_Pierre_de_Bernis" title="François-Joachim de Pierre de Bernis">Bernis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Fran%C3%A7ois,_duc_de_Choiseul" title="Étienne François, duc de Choiseul">E. Choiseul</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Gabriel_de_Choiseul" title="César Gabriel de Choiseul">C. Choiseul</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Fran%C3%A7ois,_duc_de_Choiseul" title="Étienne François, duc de Choiseul">E. Choiseul</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Ph%C3%A9lypeaux,_comte_de_Saint-Florentin" title="Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Saint-Florentin">L. Phélypeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel-Armand_de_Richelieu,_duc_d%27Aiguillon" title="Emmanuel-Armand de Richelieu, duc d'Aiguillon">Aiguillon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_L%C3%A9onard_Jean_Baptiste_Bertin" title="Henri Léonard Jean Baptiste Bertin">Bertin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gravier,_comte_de_Vergennes" title="Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes">Vergennes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Marc,_comte_de_Montmorin" title="Armand Marc, comte de Montmorin">Montmorin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Quelen_de_la_Vauguyon" title="Paul François de Quelen de la Vauguyon">Vauguyon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Marc,_comte_de_Montmorin" title="Armand Marc, comte de Montmorin">Montmorin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Antoine_de_Valdec_de_Lessart" title="Claude Antoine de Valdec de Lessart">Lessart</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dumouriez" title="Charles François Dumouriez">Dumouriez</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Paul_de_M%C3%A9redieu,_baron_de_Naillac" title="Pierre Paul de Méredieu, baron de Naillac">Naillac</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Scipion_Charles_Auguste_de_La_Garde_de_Chambonas" title="Victor Scipion Charles Auguste de La Garde de Chambonas">Chambonas</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_de_Gratet,_vicomte_Dubouchage" title="François Joseph de Gratet, vicomte Dubouchage">Dubouchage</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Bigot_de_Sainte-Croix" title="Claude Bigot de Sainte-Croix">Sainte-Croix</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Henri_H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Marie_Lebrun-Tondu" title="Pierre Henri Hélène Marie Lebrun-Tondu">Lebrun</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First Republic</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Henri_H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Marie_Lebrun-Tondu" title="Pierre Henri Hélène Marie Lebrun-Tondu">Lebrun</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Louis_Michel_Chemin_Deforgues" title="François Louis Michel Chemin Deforgues">Deforgues</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marie_Claude_Alexandre_Goujon" title="Jean-Marie Claude Alexandre Goujon">Goujon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_Joseph_Armand_Herman" title="Martial Joseph Armand Herman">Herman</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Fran%C3%A7ois_Delacroix" title="Charles-François Delacroix">Delacroix</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Reinhard" title="Charles-Frédéric Reinhard">Reinhard</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First Empire</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Nomp%C3%A8re_de_Champagny" title="Jean-Baptiste de Nompère de Champagny">Champagny</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugues-Bernard_Maret,_duc_de_Bassano" title="Hugues-Bernard Maret, duc de Bassano">Bassano</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand-Augustin-Louis_de_Caulaincourt" title="Armand-Augustin-Louis de Caulaincourt">Caulaincourt</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration" title="Bourbon Restoration">First Restoration</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_de_Lafor%C3%AAt" title="Antoine de Laforêt">Laforest</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Hundred Days</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand-Augustin-Louis_de_Caulaincourt" title="Armand-Augustin-Louis de Caulaincourt">Caulaincourt</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pierre_%C3%89douard,_Baron_Bignon" title="Louis Pierre Édouard, Baron Bignon">Bignon</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration" title="Bourbon Restoration">Second Restoration</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand-Emmanuel_de_Vignerot_du_Plessis,_Duc_de_Richelieu" title="Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu">A. E. Richelieu</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Joseph,_Marquis_Dessolles" title="Jean-Joseph, Marquis Dessolles">Dessolles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Denis_Pasquier" title="Étienne-Denis Pasquier">Pasquier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathieu_de_Montmorency" title="Mathieu de Montmorency">M. Montmorency</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ange_Hyacinthe_Maxence,_baron_de_Damas" title="Ange Hyacinthe Maxence, baron de Damas">Damas</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste,_comte_de_La_Ferronays" title="Auguste, comte de La Ferronays">La Ferronays</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne-Adrien-Pierre_de_Montmorency-Laval" title="Anne-Adrien-Pierre de Montmorency-Laval">Montmorency-Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph-Marie,_comte_Portalis" title="Joseph-Marie, comte Portalis">Portalis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_de_Polignac" title="Jules de Polignac">Polignac</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir-Louis-Victurnien_de_Rochechouart_de_Mortemart" title="Casimir-Louis-Victurnien de Rochechouart de Mortemart">Mortemart</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pierre_%C3%89douard,_Baron_Bignon" title="Louis Pierre Édouard, Baron Bignon">Bignon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Jourdan" title="Jean-Baptiste Jourdan">Jourdan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Mathieu_Mol%C3%A9" title="Louis-Mathieu Molé">Molé</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Joseph_Maison" title="Nicolas Joseph Maison">Maison</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Fran%C3%A7ois_Bastien_S%C3%A9bastiani_de_La_Porta" title="Horace François Bastien Sébastiani de La Porta">Sébastiani</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">V. Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_de_Rigny" title="Henri de Rigny">Rigny</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Joseph,_comte_Bresson" title="Charles Joseph, comte Bresson">Bresson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_de_Rigny" title="Henri de Rigny">Rigny</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">V. Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Thiers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Mathieu_Mol%C3%A9" title="Louis-Mathieu Molé">Molé</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Napol%C3%A9on_Lannes" title="Louis Napoléon Lannes">Montebello</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Thiers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">Second Republic</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Bastide" title="Jules Bastide">Bastide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Alphonse_Bedeau" title="Marie Alphonse Bedeau">Bedeau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Bastide" title="Jules Bastide">Bastide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drouyn_de_Lhuys" title="Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys">Drouyn de Lhuys</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_de_Rayneval" title="Alphonse de Rayneval">Rayneval</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Ernest_Ducos_de_La_Hitte" title="Jean-Ernest Ducos de La Hitte">La Hitte</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drouyn_de_Lhuys" title="Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys">Drouyn de Lhuys</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatole,_baron_Br%C3%A9nier_de_Renaudi%C3%A8re" title="Anatole, baron Brénier de Renaudière">Brénier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Baroche" title="Jules Baroche">Baroche</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_F%C3%A9lix_%C3%89tienne,_marquis_de_Turgot" title="Louis Félix Étienne, marquis de Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drouyn_de_Lhuys" title="Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys">Drouyn de Lhuys</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drouyn_de_Lhuys" title="Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys">Drouyn de Lhuys</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Colonna-Walewski" title="Alexandre Colonna-Walewski">Walewski</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Baroche" title="Jules Baroche">Baroche</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Thouvenel" title="Édouard Thouvenel">Thouvenel</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drouyn_de_Lhuys" title="Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys">Drouyn de Lhuys</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_marquis_de_La_Valette" title="Charles, marquis de La Valette">La Valette</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_de_Moustier" title="Lionel de Moustier">Moustier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_marquis_de_La_Valette" title="Charles, marquis de La Valette">La Valette</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri,_prince_de_La_Tour_d%27Auvergne" title="Henri, prince de La Tour d'Auvergne">La Tour Auvergne</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on,_comte_Daru" title="Napoléon, comte Daru">Daru</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Ollivier" title="Émile Ollivier">Ollivier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agenor,_duc_de_Gramont" title="Agenor, duc de Gramont">Gramont</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri,_prince_de_La_Tour_d%27Auvergne" title="Henri, prince de La Tour d'Auvergne">La Tour d'Auvergne</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Favre" title="Jules Favre">Favre</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_R%C3%A9musat" title="Charles de Rémusat">Rémusat</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert,_4th_duc_de_Broglie" title="Albert, 4th duc de Broglie">A. Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis,_duc_Decazes" title="Louis, duc Decazes">Decazes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston-Robert,_Marquis_de_Banneville" title="Gaston-Robert, Marquis de Banneville">Banneville</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Waddington" title="William Waddington">Waddington</a></li> <li><strong class="selflink">Freycinet</strong></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Barth%C3%A9lemy-Saint-Hilaire" title="Jules Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire">Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta" title="Léon Gambetta">Gambetta</a></li> <li><strong class="selflink">Freycinet</strong></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Duclerc" title="Charles Duclerc">Duclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Falli%C3%A8res" title="Armand Fallières">Fallières</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul-Armand_Challemel-Lacour" title="Paul-Armand Challemel-Lacour">Challemel-Lacour</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Ferry" title="Jules Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><strong class="selflink">Freycinet</strong></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Flourens" title="Émile Flourens">Flourens</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Goblet" title="René Goblet">Goblet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Spuller" title="Eugène Spuller">Spuller</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Ribot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Develle" title="Jules Develle">Develle</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Casimir-Perier" title="Jean Casimir-Perier">Casimir-Perier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Hanotaux" title="Gabriel Hanotaux">Hanotaux</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelot" title="Marcellin Berthelot">Berthelot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois" title="Léon Bourgeois">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Hanotaux" title="Gabriel Hanotaux">Hanotaux</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Delcass%C3%A9" title="Théophile Delcassé">Delcassé</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Rouvier" title="Maurice Rouvier">Rouvier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois" title="Léon Bourgeois">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phen_Pichon" title="Stéphen Pichon">Pichon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Cruppi" title="Jean Cruppi">Cruppi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_de_Selves" title="Justin de Selves">Selves</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Jonnart" title="Charles Jonnart">Jonnart</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phen_Pichon" title="Stéphen Pichon">Pichon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue" title="Gaston Doumergue">Doumergue</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois" title="Léon Bourgeois">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Viviani" title="René Viviani">Viviani</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue" title="Gaston Doumergue">Doumergue</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Delcass%C3%A9" title="Théophile Delcassé">Delcassé</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Viviani" title="René Viviani">Viviani</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Ribot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Barthou" title="Louis Barthou">Barthou</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phen_Pichon" title="Stéphen Pichon">Pichon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Millerand" title="Alexandre Millerand">Millerand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Leygues" title="Georges Leygues">Leygues</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Lefebvre_du_Prey" title="Edmond Lefebvre du Prey">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Herriot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Herriot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tardieu" title="André Tardieu">Tardieu</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Herriot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Paul-Boncour" title="Joseph Paul-Boncour">Paul-Boncour</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Daladier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Barthou" title="Louis Barthou">Barthou</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre-Étienne Flandin">Flandin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvon_Delbos" title="Yvon Delbos">Delbos</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Paul-Boncour" title="Joseph Paul-Boncour">Paul-Boncour</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bonnet" title="Georges Bonnet">Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Daladier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Reynaud</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Daladier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Reynaud</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Baudouin" title="Paul Baudouin">Baudouin</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Baudouin" title="Paul Baudouin">Baudouin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre-Étienne Flandin">Flandin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Darlan" title="François Darlan">Darlan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional<br/> Government</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bidault" title="Georges Bidault">Bidault</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Blum</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bidault" title="Georges Bidault">Bidault</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Schuman</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bidault" title="Georges Bidault">Bidault</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Mend%C3%A8s_France" title="Pierre Mendès France">Mendès France</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Faure" title="Edgar Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Pinay" title="Antoine Pinay">Pinay</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Pineau" title="Christian Pineau">Pineau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Pleven" title="René Pleven">Pleven</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Couve_de_Murville" title="Maurice Couve de Murville">Couve de Murville</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Couve_de_Murville" title="Maurice Couve de Murville">Couve de Murville</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Debr%C3%A9" title="Michel Debré">Debré</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Schumann" title="Maurice Schumann">Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Bettencourt" title="André Bettencourt">Bettencourt</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Jobert" title="Michel Jobert">Jobert</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sauvagnargues" title="Jean Sauvagnargues">Sauvagnargues</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Guiringaud" title="Louis de Guiringaud">Guiringaud</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois-Poncet" title="Jean François-Poncet">François-Poncet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Cheysson" title="Claude Cheysson">Cheysson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Dumas" title="Roland Dumas">Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Bernard_Raimond" title="Jean-Bernard Raimond">Raimond</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Dumas" title="Roland Dumas">Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Jupp%C3%A9" title="Alain Juppé">Juppé</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_de_Charette" title="Hervé de Charette">Charette</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_V%C3%A9drine" title="Hubert Védrine">Védrine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_de_Villepin" title="Dominique de Villepin">Villepin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Barnier" title="Michel Barnier">Barnier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Douste-Blazy" title="Philippe Douste-Blazy">Douste-Blazy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Kouchner" title="Bernard Kouchner">Kouchner</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mich%C3%A8le_Alliot-Marie" title="Michèle Alliot-Marie">Alliot-Marie</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Jupp%C3%A9" title="Alain Juppé">Juppé</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Fabius" title="Laurent Fabius">Fabius</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td 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</tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Short description</td> <td>Politician of the French Third Republic</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Date of birth</td> <td>14 November 1828</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Place of birth</td> <td><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foix" title="Foix">Foix</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Date of death</td> <td>14 May 1923</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Place of death</td> <td><a href="/web/20150512123612/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></td> </tr> </table>    <noscript><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20150512123612im_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"/></noscript></div> <div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150512123612/https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Louis_de_Saulces_de_Freycinet" title="Charles Louis de Saulces de Freycinet – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150512123612/https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet" title="Charles de Freycinet – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150512123612/https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5,_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Фрейсине, Шарль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150512123612/https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet" title="Charles de Freycinet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150512123612/https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet" title="Charles de Freycinet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150512123612/https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet" title="Charles de Freycinet – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150512123612/https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet" title="Charles de Freycinet – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo">Yorùbá</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150512123612/https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E8%A5%BF%E5%86%85" title="夏尔·德·弗雷西内 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">中文</a></li> <li class="uls-p-lang-dummy"><a 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