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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_era:_Royal_and_Pontifical_University_of_San_Carlos_Borromeo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_era:_Royal_and_Pontifical_University_of_San_Carlos_Borromeo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>First era: Royal and Pontifical University of San Carlos Borromeo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_era:_Royal_and_Pontifical_University_of_San_Carlos_Borromeo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_graduates_and_science_teaching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_graduates_and_science_teaching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>First graduates and science teaching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_graduates_and_science_teaching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_era:_Science_Academy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_era:_Science_Academy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Second era: Science Academy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_era:_Science_Academy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_era:_Pontifical_University" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_era:_Pontifical_University"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Third era: Pontifical University</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_era:_Pontifical_University-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_era:_The_university_during_the_Liberal_regimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_era:_The_university_during_the_Liberal_regimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Fourth era: The university during the Liberal regimes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth_era:_The_university_during_the_Liberal_regimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Estrada_Cabrera_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estrada_Cabrera_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Estrada Cabrera presidency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estrada_Cabrera_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carlos_Herrera_presidency_(1920–1921)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carlos_Herrera_presidency_(1920–1921)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Carlos Herrera presidency (1920–1921)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carlos_Herrera_presidency_(1920–1921)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fifth_era:_the_university_after_the_1944_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fifth_era:_the_university_after_the_1944_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Fifth era: the university after the 1944 Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fifth_era:_the_university_after_the_1944_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-After_1954_coup_d'état" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_1954_coup_d'état"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>After 1954 coup d'état</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_1954_coup_d'état-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nottebohm_case_and_the_Dean_of_the_College_of_Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nottebohm_case_and_the_Dean_of_the_College_of_Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Nottebohm case and the Dean of the College of Law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nottebohm_case_and_the_Dean_of_the_College_of_Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3</span> <span>Private universities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_on_Guatemalan_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_on_Guatemalan_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.4</span> <span>Research on Guatemalan history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_on_Guatemalan_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veterinary_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veterinary_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.5</span> <span>Veterinary medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veterinary_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repression_and_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repression_and_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Repression and decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repression_and_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_EXMIBAL_Case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_EXMIBAL_Case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1</span> <span>The EXMIBAL Case</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_EXMIBAL_Case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laugerud_and_Lucas_García_military_governments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laugerud_and_Lucas_García_military_governments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.2</span> <span>Laugerud and Lucas García military governments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laugerud_and_Lucas_García_military_governments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burning_the_Spain_Embassy_in_Guatemala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burning_the_Spain_Embassy_in_Guatemala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.3</span> <span>Burning the Spain Embassy in Guatemala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burning_the_Spain_Embassy_in_Guatemala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1985_civil_unrest:_military_invasion_of_Central_Campus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1985_civil_unrest:_military_invasion_of_Central_Campus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.4</span> <span>1985 civil unrest: military invasion of Central Campus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1985_civil_unrest:_military_invasion_of_Central_Campus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitution_of_1985:_Election_of_judges_and_university_representatives_before_government_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitution_of_1985:_Election_of_judges_and_university_representatives_before_government_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.5</span> <span>Constitution of 1985: Election of judges and university representatives before government institutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitution_of_1985:_Election_of_judges_and_university_representatives_before_government_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Student_leaders_murders_in_1989" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Student_leaders_murders_in_1989"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.6</span> <span>Student leaders murders in 1989</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Student_leaders_murders_in_1989-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-University_presidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University_presidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>University presidents</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-University_presidents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle University presidents subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-University_presidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Real_y_Pontificia_Universidad_de_San_Carlos_Borromeo"_presidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Real_y_Pontificia_Universidad_de_San_Carlos_Borromeo"_presidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>"Real y Pontificia Universidad de San Carlos Borromeo" presidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Real_y_Pontificia_Universidad_de_San_Carlos_Borromeo"_presidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Academia_de_Ciencias"_presidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Academia_de_Ciencias"_presidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>"Academia de Ciencias" presidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Academia_de_Ciencias"_presidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Pontificia_Universidad_de_San_Carlos_Borromeo"_Presidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Pontificia_Universidad_de_San_Carlos_Borromeo"_Presidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>"Pontificia Universidad de San Carlos Borromeo" Presidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Pontificia_Universidad_de_San_Carlos_Borromeo"_Presidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_University_presidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_University_presidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>National University presidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_University_presidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-University_of_San_Carlos_presidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University_of_San_Carlos_presidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>University of San Carlos presidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University_of_San_Carlos_presidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colleges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colleges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Colleges</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Colleges-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Colleges subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Colleges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Board_of_directors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Board_of_directors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Board of directors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Board_of_directors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Dean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Academic units</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Academic_units-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Academic units subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Academic_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colleges_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colleges_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Colleges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colleges_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_Campuses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_Campuses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Regional Campuses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_Campuses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_alumni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_alumni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable alumni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_alumni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes and references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3_(%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7)" title="جامعة سان كارلوس (غواتيمالا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جامعة سان كارلوس (غواتيمالا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitat_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala" title="Universitat de San Carlos de Guatemala – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Universitat de San Carlos de Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala" title="Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala" title="Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitato_San_Carlos_de_Gvatemalo" title="Universitato San Carlos de Gvatemalo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Universitato San Carlos de Gvatemalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemalako_San_Carlos_Unibertsitatea" title="Guatemalako San Carlos Unibertsitatea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Guatemalako San Carlos Unibertsitatea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_San_Carlos_(Guatemala)" title="Université de San Carlos (Guatemala) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Université de San Carlos (Guatemala)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="Сан-Карлос университеті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сан-Карлос университеті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B0%E3%82%A2%E3%83%86%E3%83%9E%E3%83%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="サン・カルロス・デ・グアテマラ大学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サン・カルロス・デ・グアテマラ大学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidade_de_S%C3%A3o_Carlos_da_Guatemala" title="Universidade de São Carlos da Guatemala – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Universidade de São Carlos da Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala" title="Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Университет Сан-Карлос – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Университет Сан-Карлос" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemalan_San_Carlosin_yliopisto" title="Guatemalan San Carlosin yliopisto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Guatemalan San Carlosin yliopisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unibersidad_ng_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala" title="Unibersidad ng San Carlos de Guatemala – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Unibersidad ng San Carlos de Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Університет Сан-Карлос – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Університет Сан-Карлос" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%93%9C%E5%9C%B0%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E8%81%96%E5%8D%A1%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="瓜地馬拉聖卡洛斯大學 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="瓜地馬拉聖卡洛斯大學" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q607331#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala&params=14.5829_N_90.5529_W_type:landmark_region:GT"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">14°34′58″N</span> <span class="longitude">90°33′10″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">14.5829°N 90.5529°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">14.5829; -90.5529</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_San_Carlos_of_Guatemala&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="University of San Carlos of Guatemala">University of San Carlos of Guatemala</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Public university in Guatemala City, Guatemala</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the similarly named university in the Philippines, see <a href="/wiki/University_of_San_Carlos" title="University of San Carlos">University of San Carlos</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Universidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala%22">"Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Universidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Universidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Universidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Universidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Universidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">University of San Carlos of Guatemala</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname" lang="es">Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala_logo.svg/150px-Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala_logo.svg/225px-Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala_logo.svg/300px-Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Other name</div></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">USAC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Former name</div></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Royal and Pontifical University of San Carlos of Guatemala (1676–1829) Science Academy (1834–1840)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data"><div lang="es">Id y enseñad a todos</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Motto in English</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Go forth and teach everyone</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">Public</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1676<span class="noprint">; 348 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1676</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles II of Spain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Rector_(academia)" title="Rector (academia)">Rector</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Walter Mazariegos Biolis</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Students</th><td class="infobox-data">230,000 in 2021<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div style="display:inline" class="locality"><a href="/wiki/Guatemala_City" title="Guatemala City">Guatemala City</a></div>, <div style="display:inline" class="country-name">Guatemala</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Campus</th><td class="infobox-data">Urban</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/School_colors" title="School colors">Colors</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#213572; color:white;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#2C72B8; color:white;"> </span> Blue</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Sporting affiliations</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Universidad_SC" title="Universidad SC">Universidad SC</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usac.edu.gt">www<wbr />.usac<wbr />.edu<wbr />.gt</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala</b> (<b>USAC</b>, <i>University of San Carlos of Guatemala</i>) is the largest and oldest university of Guatemala; it is also the fourth founded in the Americas. Established in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Guatemala">Kingdom of Guatemala</a> during the Spanish colony, it was the only university in Guatemala until 1954,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it continues to hold distinction as the only <a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public university</a> in the entire country. </p><p>The university grew out of the Colegio de Santo Tomás de Aquino (Saint Thomas Aquinas High School), founded in 1562 by Bishop <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Marroqu%C3%ADn" title="Francisco Marroquín">Francisco Marroquín</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-paganini_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paganini-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a series of <a href="/wiki/1773_Guatemala_earthquake" title="1773 Guatemala earthquake">major earthquakes in 1773</a>, which destroyed many parts of the city of Santiago de los Caballeros, the crown authorities ordered the evacuation of the city and the relocation of its government, religious and university functions to the new capital <a href="/wiki/Guatemala_City" title="Guatemala City">La Nueva Guatemala de la Asunción</a>, the university's present location.<sup id="cite_ref-paganini_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paganini-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early years, from the 16th to 19th centuries, it offered studies in <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liturgical" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical">liturgical</a> law, <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">indigenous languages</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_era:_Royal_and_Pontifical_University_of_San_Carlos_Borromeo">First era: Royal and Pontifical University of San Carlos Borromeo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First era: Royal and Pontifical University of San Carlos Borromeo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlo_Borromeo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Carlo_Borromeo.jpg/200px-Carlo_Borromeo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Carlo_Borromeo.jpg/300px-Carlo_Borromeo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Carlo_Borromeo.jpg/400px-Carlo_Borromeo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2307" /></a><figcaption>Saint <a href="/wiki/Charles_Borromeo" title="Charles Borromeo">Carlo Borromeo</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Ambrogio_Figino" title="Giovanni Ambrogio Figino">Giovanni Ambrogio Figino</a>. Oil on canvas, 41 × 48 cm. <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Ambrosiana" title="Biblioteca Ambrosiana">Biblioteca Ambrosiana</a>. The University of San Carlos was established under his protection on 31 January 1676.<sup id="cite_ref-paganini_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paganini-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The university tradition in Guatemala and Central America goes back to the 17th century, when the University of San Carlos was founded on 31 January 1676 by Royal Decree of <a href="/wiki/Carlos_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos II of Spain">Carlos II</a> in the colonial capital of <a href="/wiki/Antigua,_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigua, Guatemala">Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala</a>. The Royal University of San Carlos became the third Royal College founded in Spanish America and it was consecrated by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Pope Innocent XI</a> on June 18, 1687.<sup id="cite_ref-paganini_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paganini-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1a._Universidad.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/1a._Universidad.JPG/200px-1a._Universidad.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/1a._Universidad.JPG/300px-1a._Universidad.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/1a._Universidad.JPG/400px-1a._Universidad.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Section of the memorial to the first University in the city of <a href="/wiki/Antigua_Guatemala" title="Antigua Guatemala">Antigua Guatemala</a><sup id="cite_ref-paganini_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paganini-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Colonization by the Spaniards implied a new formation of society, with its brand new civil and ecclesiastical institutions. As time went by, residents demanded a place in the royal institutions for their descendants, in return for the heroics of their ancestors during the battles of conquest. However, there were no schools to teach youth to become public servants.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was not until the second half of the 16th century that the first initiatives to found schools that covered more than religious indoctrination and reading and writing took place. The first bishop of Guatemala, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Marroqu%C3%ADn" title="Francisco Marroquín">Francisco Marroquín</a>, requested the approval of the Spanish crown to set up a grammar class, in which Latin was to be taught, as it was the intellectual language of the time. This single fact has been the basis to perpetuate the myth that links bishop Marroquin to the early stages of the University of San Carlos.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Towards the end of his life, in 1562, Marroquin left in his will some funds to set up a school, the Santo Tomás de Aquino, where Grammar, Arts, Philosophy and Theology would be taught. The beneficiaries of this pious enterprise would be the children of poor Spaniards, given that they could not travel to cities (like Mexico) where the Royal Universities were. This will has been also interpreted by scholars as the origin of the University of San Carlos. However, the late priest had a clear idea of the difference between a school (i.e., a home for students, with or without classes) and a university (or General Study) where the students earned degrees. About this, historian John Tate Lanning tells that "his will is so well known that there are some scholars that have not even seen it and have already read a lot of things that are not there at all. Nowhere in his will Marroquín talks about any university, much less talk about his intentions to establish one..."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETate_Lanning19778_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETate_Lanning19778-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, what is documented is that major Pedro Crespo Suárez left in his will twenty thousand pesos to set up the classes for the university that is "in the works with the authorities".<sup id="cite_ref-hernandez30_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hernandez30-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1598, the third bishop of Guatemala Gómez Fernández de Córdoba y Santillán, O.S.H., following ecclesiastical directions from the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> and on the basis of the royal decrees issued after that council, authorized the foundation of the "Nuestra Señora de la Asunción" School and Seminary, which was the first higher educational institution in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Guatemala">Kingdom of Guatemala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPérez_Puente2012188–194_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez_Puente2012188–194-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a>, who already had their Colegio de San Borja and wanted to run the seminary themselves, opposed its foundation, as they did not like other <a href="/wiki/Regular_clergy" title="Regular clergy">regular orders</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mercedarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedarians">Mercedarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a> or the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Secular_clergy" title="Secular clergy">secular clergy</a> took an initiative in religious and educational matters. </p><p>The president of the Real Audiencia authorized that classes should start while they were awaiting the authorization to build the new school for the students; at the time they only had one classroom in the Dominican convent where, in theory, they gave the Arts, Theology and Religion classes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPérez_Puente2012195_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez_Puente2012195-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After several decades, discussions and petitions, king <a href="/wiki/Carlos_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos II of Spain">Carlos II</a> on 31 January 1676, granted a license to the city of <a href="/wiki/Antigua_Guatemala" title="Antigua Guatemala">Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala</a> to found a university. This would be third royal university in the Spanish Empire in America, and the second in New Spain, after the one in Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the disputatious process of organization, and five years after the royal decree, the university started officially its lectures of five of the nine classes, on 7 January 1681, with little more of sixty registered students and with its first president, Dr. José de Baños y Soto Mayor, who was in charge of the cathedral, Preacher of the King of Spain and Doctor from the University of Osuna.<sup id="cite_ref-hernandez30_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hernandez30-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The university started under the protection of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Borromeo" title="Charles Borromeo">San Carlos Borromeo</a>, with its first directive written by Francisco Saraza y Arce, who copied from those of the University of México which, in turn, were adapted from the <a href="/wiki/Universidad_de_Salamanca" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad de Salamanca">Universidad de Salamanca</a> in Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-paganini_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paganini-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_graduates_and_science_teaching">First graduates and science teaching</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First graduates and science teaching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonio_Liendo_y_Goicochea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Antonio_Liendo_y_Goicochea.jpg/200px-Antonio_Liendo_y_Goicochea.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Antonio_Liendo_y_Goicochea.jpg/300px-Antonio_Liendo_y_Goicochea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Antonio_Liendo_y_Goicochea.jpg/400px-Antonio_Liendo_y_Goicochea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="805" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Liendo_y_Goicoechea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Liendo y Goicoechea (page does not exist)">Antonio Liendo y Goicoechea</a>, a Franciscan friar, reformed education at the university. He was a professor of most of the eventual leaders of the Central American independence.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1660 the printer <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Pineda_Ibarra" class="extiw" title="es:José de Pineda Ibarra">es:José de Pineda Ibarra</a> arrived at <a href="/wiki/Antigua_Guatemala" title="Antigua Guatemala">Santiago de los Caballeros</a>. Among all his works he introduced university graduation cards, where it was written what the final exam was going to be about, date and time for the exam, and the names of the university authorities and student sponsors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuján_Muñoz198012_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuján_Muñoz198012-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 July 1717, thirty years after its papal sanction, the first medicine student graduated; his name was Vicente Ferrer González. The next physician to graduate was Pedro Palacios y Cóbar, who presented his final exam seventeen years later; and forty-seven years after that, the eminent Dr. <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Felipe_Flores" title="José Felipe Flores">José Felipe Flores</a> graduated. </p><p>The Franciscan friar Juan Antonio Liendo y Goicoechea reformed university education towards the end of the 18th century by introducing science; Chemistry, Physics, Anatomy and Mathematics; and technology studies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuján_Muñoz198012_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuján_Muñoz198012-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_era:_Science_Academy">Second era: Science Academy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Second era: Science Academy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Retratogalvez_2014-06-22_11-25.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Retratogalvez_2014-06-22_11-25.jpg/200px-Retratogalvez_2014-06-22_11-25.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Retratogalvez_2014-06-22_11-25.jpg/300px-Retratogalvez_2014-06-22_11-25.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Retratogalvez_2014-06-22_11-25.jpg/400px-Retratogalvez_2014-06-22_11-25.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1535" data-file-height="2167" /></a><figcaption>Doctor <a href="/wiki/Mariano_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Mariano Gálvez">Mariano Gálvez</a> during his gubernatorial term as Head of State of Guatemala.<br />He founded the agnostic Science Academy in substitution of the religious University of San Carlos.<br />He is buried in the museum of the university – formerly College of Law.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>After Independence, the University of San Carlos lost its Royal status and became simply the "Pontifical University of San Carlos Borromeo" but it was in a precarious position: after the move from <a href="/wiki/Antigua_Guatemala" title="Antigua Guatemala">Santiago de los Caballeros</a> it had to use a borrowed building to teach, and in 1821 its new one was not finished yet; besides, the political climate of the region was very unstable at the time. In 1825, Dr. <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_de_Aycinena_y_Pi%C3%B1ol" title="Juan José de Aycinena y Piñol">Juan José de Aycinena y Piñol</a> was elected as president of the university, and kept the religious curriculum that the institution had had for decades. However, in 1829, the conservative regime of his brother <a href="/wiki/Mariano_de_Aycinena_y_Pi%C3%B1ol" title="Mariano de Aycinena y Piñol">Mariano de Aycinena y Piñol</a> was defeated by the liberal general <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Moraz%C3%A1n" title="Francisco Morazán">Francisco Morazán</a>, and the conservatives – mainly the Aycinena family – and the <a href="/wiki/Regular_clergy" title="Regular clergy">regular clergy</a> were expelled from Central America and the university was suspended. In 1834, when doctor <a href="/wiki/Mariano_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Mariano Gálvez">Mariano Gálvez</a> was head of State of Guatemala, he found the Science Academy in the State, which took the position that the Pontifical University had previously occupied; the new university eliminated religious education altogether and implemented classes of <a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">Algebra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">Geometry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trigonometry" title="Trigonometry">Trigonometry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a>; besides, the institution began to offer studies in engineering. The Academy of Science was open until 1840, because in that year the conservatives regained power in Guatemala under the strong leadership of General <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Carrera" title="Rafael Carrera">Rafael Carrera</a> who reopened the old "Pontifical University of San Carlos Borromeo";<sup id="cite_ref-cabal_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cabal-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dr. Aycinena was once again named as president of the university. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_era:_Pontifical_University">Third era: Pontifical University</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Third era: Pontifical University"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_1854" title="Concordat of 1854">Concordat of 1854</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Concordato2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Concordato2.jpg/200px-Concordato2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Concordato2.jpg/300px-Concordato2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Concordato2.jpg/400px-Concordato2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption>Article #2 of the <a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_1854" title="Concordat of 1854">Concordat of 1854</a> by which the Government of Guatemala entrusted the country's education to the Catholic Church</figcaption></figure> <p>The power that the Catholic Church and the Aycinena family – to whom most of Carrera's advisors and secretaries belonged – had during the conservative regime in Guatemala was ratified the <a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_1854" title="Concordat of 1854">Concordat of 1854</a>, in which Guatemala entrusted the education of its people to the regular clergy of the Catholic Church, committed itself to respect all church property -including haciendas, monasteries and sugar mills, authorized mandatory tithing and let the bishops censor all the country's publications; in return, Guatemala obtained indulgences for Army members, was allowed to keep all those properties that had been taken from the orders in 1829 – provided they were now in private hands, received a tax of the church income and had the right to prosecute any priest or bishop under Guatemalan law, if necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAycinena18541-16_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAycinena18541-16-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Concordat" title="Concordat">concordat</a> was designed by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_de_Aycinena_y_Pi%C3%B1ol" title="Juan José de Aycinena y Piñol">Juan José de Aycinena y Piñol</a>, who was a cabinet member of the government – besides being the university president; then, it was first ratified by Secretary of the Interior, Justice and Ecclesiastical affairs <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Aycinena" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro de Aycinena">Pedro de Aycinena</a> and finally, approved by president <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Carrera" title="Rafael Carrera">Rafael Carrera</a>, who in 1854 was appointed as Guatemala's president for life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fourth_era:_The_university_during_the_Liberal_regimes">Fourth era: The university during the Liberal regimes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fourth era: The university during the Liberal regimes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the Liberal Revolution in 1871, the conservatives defeat resulted in a complete change of direction in the education in Guatemala: once again the <a href="/wiki/Regular_clergy" title="Regular clergy">regular clergy</a> was expelled from the country, and all of their properties we confiscated. The education changed from completely religious to agnostic and kept like that until 1954. </p><p>The new Liberal regime founded the Polytechnic School -Military Academy- in 1873 to prepare military engineers, topographers and telegraphers, besides military officers. In July 1875, <a href="/wiki/Justo_Rufino_Barrios" title="Justo Rufino Barrios">Justo Rufino Barrios</a> closed the Pontifical University of San Carlos Borromeo and in its place founded the Central College of Law and the Central College of Medicine and Pharmacy which formed the National University of Guatemala. The government decreed that the teaching of Medicine had to be practical – as much as possible – and philosophical, with all the modern scientific theories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapa_Bezanilla200458_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapa_Bezanilla200458-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1877, the government found the Western College of Law in <a href="/wiki/Quetzaltenango" title="Quetzaltenango">Quetzaltenango</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArévalo_Martínez194512_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArévalo_Martínez194512-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1879 founded the National Library.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, in 1879 president Barrios founded the Colleges of Engineering, Philosophy and Literature.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President general <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Lisandro_Barillas_Berci%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel Lisandro Barillas Bercián">Manuel Lisandro Barillas Bercián</a> (1885–1892) founded the Western College of Medicine in <a href="/wiki/Quetzaltenango" title="Quetzaltenango">Quetzaltenango</a> and granted scholarship to the best students to continue their education abroad, both from Guatemala and Quetzaltenango.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorres200712_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorres200712-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 21 March 1893, during the government of general <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Reina_Barrios" title="José María Reina Barrios">José María Reina Barrios</a>, decree #193 of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of Guatemala">National Assembly</a> established that all the board of directors members, deans and faculty of the National University colleges would be appointed by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Guatemala" title="President of Guatemala">President of Guatemala</a>; thus the colleges lost the autonomy to select their own authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArévalo_Martínez194576_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArévalo_Martínez194576-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1897, after the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Exposici%C3%B3n_Centroamericana" title="Exposición Centroamericana">Exposición Centroamericana</a> and the deep economic crisis that ensued, Reina Barrios implemented austerity measures that included closing the schools and university colleges.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorres_Espinoza200714_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorres_Espinoza200714-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of that year, Salvador Mendieta came back to Guatemala to attend the university, but due to the political stability of the times after the revolts against Reina Barrios both in the Eastern and Western regions of the country once it was known that Reina Barrios had extended his presidential term, and the closing of the university, decided to move to <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9xico" class="mw-redirect" title="México">México</a> in early 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilva_H.n.d.5_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilva_H.n.d.5-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, after the assassination of president Reina Barrios on 8 February, the Guatemalan government reopened the educational institutions, claiming that they were the basis for all the Liberal institutions; Mendieta, then, registered to begin that semester in the College of Law of the National University.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilva_H.n.d.5_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilva_H.n.d.5-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Estrada_Cabrera_presidency">Estrada Cabrera presidency</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Estrada Cabrera presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Estrada_Cabrera" title="Manuel Estrada Cabrera">Manuel Estrada Cabrera</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:300px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>At that moment, the new association started the student body reaction against the feudalist Centralamerica that prepared its students for political servility. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Salvador Mendieta<br />About "El Derecho" student association<br />1899</cite></p> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Escuelasederecho1907.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Escuelasederecho1907.jpg/200px-Escuelasederecho1907.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Escuelasederecho1907.jpg/300px-Escuelasederecho1907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Escuelasederecho1907.jpg/400px-Escuelasederecho1907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>College of Law in 1897.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medicina1907.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Medicina1907.jpg/200px-Medicina1907.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Medicina1907.jpg/300px-Medicina1907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Medicina1907.jpg/400px-Medicina1907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>College of Medicine and Pharmacy in 1897.</figcaption></figure> <p>Nicaraguan citizen Salvador Mendieta, who had already been expelled once from the Central National Institute for Boys by the former president <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Reyna_Barrios" class="mw-redirect" title="José María Reyna Barrios">José María Reyna Barrios</a> for attempting to form a student association aimed at criticizing the school principal,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilva_H.n.d.5_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilva_H.n.d.5-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> founded on 18 June 1899 along with other fellow students "El Derecho" student association. The new association had members from the colleges of Law, Engineering and Medicine and an ideology identified with the Central American union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilva_H.n.d.5-6_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilva_H.n.d.5-6-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new society became public on 15 September 1899 when the Guatemala City mayor invited some of its members to ceremonies for the Independence of Central America celebration that took place in the College of Law. </p><p>This society had several humanistic and social goals: </p> <ul><li>gather all the Central American students around the idea of the region unity</li> <li>tighten social relationships and encourage intellectual sharing</li> <li>promote the formation of similar societies all across Central America</li> <li>organize the fight between those who think and those who oppress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilva_H.n.d.6-7_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilva_H.n.d.6-7-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Due to the strong accusations against his presidency, Estrada Cabrera closed "El Derecho" after only a year of its life, and they had Mendieta sent to prison after which he sent the Nicaraguan into exile for promoting rebellion against his government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilva_H.n.d.7_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilva_H.n.d.7-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1899, the National Assembly submitted Estrada Cabrera a decree declaring the autonomy of the university colleges to elect their own authorities; the president vetoed the decree indicating that "<i>the colleges could not be autonomous given that they were dependent on the State in all senses [...]</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArévalo_Martínez194576_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArévalo_Martínez194576-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the different colleges remain as dependencies of the Secretary of Public Education, which submitted a yearly review of their status, and also recommended the president whom to choose as dean and faculty members. Also, by a decree published on 16 June 1900, Estrada Cabrera militarized all the male student centers, including the university colleges, who received military instruction for the six first months of their careers.<sup id="cite_ref-arzobispado_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arzobispado-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Usac1907.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Usac1907.jpg/200px-Usac1907.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Usac1907.jpg/300px-Usac1907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Usac1907.jpg/400px-Usac1907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption>Facsimile of a decree published in <i>El Guatemalteco</i>, official newspaper of Guatemala in 1907, showing that President of Guatemala appointed the National University faculty members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEl_Guatemalteco1907a4_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl_Guatemalteco1907a4-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>By 1907, the colleges were: </p> <ul><li>College of Law (seventy students)</li> <li>College of Medicine and Pharmacy (150 students)</li> <li>Dentistry institute (5 students)</li> <li>School of midwives (10 students)</li> <li>School of Engineering (15 students)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEl_Guatemalteco1907b6-7_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl_Guatemalteco1907b6-7-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Note that in 1907, the school of Engineering was part of the National University. This school, due to budget reasons, was alternatively part of the National University and the military academy; finally in 1908, the school was left as part of the university for good, after president Estrada Cabrera closed the academy following a failed assassination attempt that the cadets had plotted against him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArévalo_Martínez1945128_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArévalo_Martínez1945128-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1918, the servility towards the presidents was at its peak and the university was renamed "University of Guatemala, Estrada Cabrera", by decree of the National Assembly on 2 May 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEl_Guatemalteco19183_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl_Guatemalteco19183-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Francisco Galvez Portocarrero, close friend of the president, lobbied heavily for the new university given that in a recent trip to Perú], Argentina and Chile, he liked the model the universities followed in those South American countries. Upon returning to Guatemala, Galvez – who was also a National Assembly representative- brought along a complete library about universities and convinced both the president and the Assembly members to create the "University of Guatemala".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHernández_de_León193015_de_mayo_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHernández_de_León193015_de_mayo-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Carlos_Herrera_presidency_(1920–1921)"><span id="Carlos_Herrera_presidency_.281920.E2.80.931921.29"></span>Carlos Herrera presidency (1920–1921)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Carlos Herrera presidency (1920–1921)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Herrera_y_Luna" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos Herrera y Luna">Carlos Herrera y Luna</a></div> <p>University "Estrada Cabrera", was closed after the falling of the former president. However, one of the first decrees of the new president <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Herrera_y_Luna" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos Herrera y Luna">Carlos Herrera y Luna</a> -appointed president by the National Assembly on 8 April- was to appoint new authorities and faculty for the National University, which now had the following academic departments:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilva_H.n.d.58_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilva_H.n.d.58-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>College of Natural Science and Pharmacy</li> <li>College of Law</li> <li>College of Medicine</li> <li>College of engineering</li></ul> <p>Herrera y Luna, as a token of appreciation of all the efforts of the university students during the last days of Estrada Cabrera regime, gave the different colleges their autonomy to elected their own authorities, although it did not grant them full autonomy. At this time the Student Body Association was founded and included <a href="/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Asturias" title="Miguel Ángel Asturias">Miguel Ángel Asturias</a>, among a series of other Guatemalan intellectuals, and the second era of "El Derecho" Law student association, which had been closed by Estrada Cabrera in 1899.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilva_H.s.f.58_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilva_H.s.f.58-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fifth_era:_the_university_after_the_1944_Revolution">Fifth era: the university after the 1944 Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fifth era: the university after the 1944 Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Revolution" title="Guatemalan Revolution">Guatemalan Revolution</a></div> <p>After the revolution against general Ubico's successor, general <a href="/wiki/Federico_Ponce_Vaides" class="mw-redirect" title="Federico Ponce Vaides">Federico Ponce Vaides</a>, on 20 October 1944, the new government granted its complete autonomy to the university; Decree #12 on 11 November 1944 granted autonomy and renamed the institution as "Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala" ("University of San Carlos of Guatemala"). The university's new role was to be director of college education in Guatemala, and to cooperated in study and solution of the critical problems that Guatemala faced at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-arzobispado_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arzobispado-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New colleges were created that time: </p> <ul><li>College of Human Studies: created by then president Dr. <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Ar%C3%A9valo" title="Juan José Arévalo">Juan José Arévalo</a> on 17 September 1945. Among its founder were Dr. <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1ynez" title="Eduardo García Máynez">Eduardo García Máynez</a> -professor emeritus of the <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Nacional_Aut%C3%B3noma_de_M%C3%A9xico" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México</a>- as honorary faculty. The college studied: <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pedagogy" title="Pedagogy">Pedagogy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-arevalo_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arevalo-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>College of Agriculture</li> <li>College of Architecture</li> <li>College of Economics<sup id="cite_ref-cabal_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cabal-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Likewise, access was granted to both women and to all the society members that had been excluded from the institution in the past.<sup id="cite_ref-imparcial_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imparcial-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="After_1954_coup_d'état"><span id="After_1954_coup_d.27.C3.A9tat"></span>After 1954 coup d'état</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: After 1954 coup d'état"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Operation_PBSUCCESS" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation PBSUCCESS">Operation PBSUCCESS</a></div> <p>Following its constitutional mandate, the university became involved in the political life of the country, presenting concrete social, economic and political proposals. However, with the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> between the United States and the Soviet Union -major super powers that split world dominance after their victory in World War II, the <a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> in 1959 and the influx of students from all over the social spectrum in Guatemala, Marxism became radical in the university. Besides, then archbishop of Guatemala <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Rossell_y_Arellano" title="Mariano Rossell y Arellano">Mariano Rossell y Arellano</a> found out that it was urgent to recover some of the former influence <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> used to have, and that it lost during the liberal regime of <a href="/wiki/Justo_Rufino_Barrios" title="Justo Rufino Barrios">Justo Rufino Barrios</a> in 1872, and therefore decided to work with the <a href="/wiki/United_Fruit_Company" title="United Fruit Company">United Fruit Company</a> to get rid of the Revolutionary governments whom he accused of <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a>. On 4 April 1954, Rossell y Arellano issued an open letter in which he denounced Communism advances in the country, and begged Guatemalans to rise in arms and fight against the common enemy of God and the Land. His letter has published all over Guatemala, and even though he kept claiming that the Catholic Church was not seeking privileges in its anticommunist quest, Rossel y Arellano was able that after the 1954 coup, new president colonel <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Castillo_Armas" title="Carlos Castillo Armas">Carlos Castillo Armas</a> included the following back in the new Constitution of Guatemala, for the first time since 1872:<sup id="cite_ref-esquipulas_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esquipulas-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>that the Catholic Church had the right to own real estate and other properties</li> <li>that religious education was declared of public interest</li> <li>that the State supported religious education</li> <li>that there were independent private universities not connected with University of San Carlos.<sup id="cite_ref-esquipulas_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esquipulas-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>This way, the Catholic Church recover some of the former power it held before 1871, when the Liberal Reform confiscated its properties and cancelled its privileges, in a direct attack against it as the main conservative party member of the time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nottebohm_case_and_the_Dean_of_the_College_of_Law">Nottebohm case and the Dean of the College of Law</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nottebohm case and the Dean of the College of Law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nottebohm_case" title="Nottebohm case">Nottebohm case</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adolfo_Molina_Orantes_005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Adolfo_Molina_Orantes_005.jpg/200px-Adolfo_Molina_Orantes_005.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Adolfo_Molina_Orantes_005.jpg/300px-Adolfo_Molina_Orantes_005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Adolfo_Molina_Orantes_005.jpg/400px-Adolfo_Molina_Orantes_005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="1544" /></a><figcaption>Doctor in Law <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo_Molina_Orantes" class="extiw" title="es:Adolfo Molina Orantes">Adolfo Molina Orantes</a>, College of Law Dean and legal advisor of the Guatemalan delegates for the <a href="/wiki/Nottebohm_case" title="Nottebohm case">Nottebohm case</a> before the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Between 1951 and 1955, College of Law dean, Dr. <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo_Molina_Orantes" class="extiw" title="es:Adolfo Molina Orantes">Adolfo Molina Orantes</a>, worked as a legal advisor for the Guatemalan delegation before the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Nottebohm_case" title="Nottebohm case">Nottebohm case</a> (Liechtenstein v. Guatemala) [1955]. The case about Mr. Nottebohm, who was born 16 September 16, 1881, in Hamburg, Germany and possessed German citizenship although he lived in Guatemala from 1905 until 1943 because he never became a citizen of Guatemala. On October 9, 1939, Nottebohm applied to become a naturalized citizen of Liechtenstein. The application was approved and he became a citizen of that country. He then returned to Guatemala on his Liechtenstein passport and informed the local government of his change of nationality. When he tried to return to Guatemala once again in 1943 he was refused entry as an enemy alien since the Guatemalan authorities did not recognize his naturalization and regarded him as still German. It has been suggested that the timing of the event was due to the recent entry of the United States and Guatemala into the Second World War. He was later extradited to the United States, where he was held at an internment camp until the end of the war. All his possessions in Guatemala were confiscated. After his release, he lived out the rest of his life in Liechtenstein.<sup id="cite_ref-icj_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icj-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Government of Liechtenstein granted Nottebohm protection against unjust treatment by the government of Guatemala and petitioned the International Court of Justice. However, the government of Guatemala argued that Nottebohm did not gain Liechtenstein citizenship for the purposes of international law. The court agreed and thus stopped the case from continuing. <sup id="cite_ref-icj_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icj-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nottebohm case was subsequently cited in many definitions of <a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">nationality</a>. and Dr. Molina Orantes was recognized as an expert in international Law and named permanent consultant of the International Court. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Private_universities">Private universities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Private universities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a result of the political climate changes after the coup of 1954, the society elites decided to create their own private universities,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which would have very different ideologies from the ones presented in the University of San Carlos. Basically the new institutions would have capitalist and liberal ideologies while the national university chose Marxism. After heavy lobbying, in 1965 the new ISR tax law exonerated potential private universities from any kind of taxation and state contributions, and in 1966 the Law of Private Universities was approved.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolina2011_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolina2011-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Research_on_Guatemalan_history">Research on Guatemalan history</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Research on Guatemalan history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1957 the highly regarded Marxist historian <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severo_Mart%C3%ADnez_Pel%C3%A1ez" class="extiw" title="es:Severo Martínez Peláez">es:Severo Martínez Peláez</a> return to Guatemala after his exile and joined the university as a faculty member. The College of Economics dean, Rafael Piedrasanta Arandi, and the university president, Edmundo Vásquez Martínez, approved a scholarship for Martinez Pelaez to research the <a href="/wiki/Archivo_General_de_Indias" class="mw-redirect" title="Archivo General de Indias">Archivo General de Indias</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sevilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Sevilla">Sevilla</a>, Spain between 1967 and 1969. From this research comes his main work, <i>La patria del criollo</i>, published in 1970, as well as the program of Economic History of Central America of the College of Economics and the total reform of the School of History in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECentro_de_Estudios_Urbanos_y_Regionales_(USAC)19984_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECentro_de_Estudios_Urbanos_y_Regionales_(USAC)19984-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1979, due to death threats from the general <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Romeo_Lucas_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Fernando Romeo Lucas García">Fernando Romeo Lucas García</a> regime, Martínez Peláez had to go into exile once again with his family and continued with his research and teaching activities in the <a href="/wiki/Benem%C3%A9rita_Universidad_Aut%C3%B3noma_de_Puebla" class="mw-redirect" title="Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla">Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla</a> in Mexico, where he was an invited speaker in several seminars and created new curricula for the College of History. Besides, he had important meetings with historians and Guatemalan exiles in Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECentro_de_Estudios_Urbanos_y_Regionales_(USAC)199815_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECentro_de_Estudios_Urbanos_y_Regionales_(USAC)199815-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Veterinary_medicine">Veterinary medicine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Veterinary medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">Veterinary medicine</a></div> <p>The College of Veterinary was created on 27 September 1957,<sup id="cite_ref-Man_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Man-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and initially was part of the College of Medicine and was located in the old Medicine Building in Guatemala City Historical Downtown. In 1958 and 1959 it moved into private homes that the university rented <sup id="cite_ref-Man_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Man-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in zones 9 and 4 of Guatemala City; it also used the university's Botanic Garden library in zone 4. By 1960, the College of Veterinary moved into its definite home in the main University campus.<sup id="cite_ref-Man_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Man-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 January 1969 the School of Animal Studies, which was independent of the School of Veterinary medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-Man_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Man-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on 27 September 1974 it moved into the new modular buildings on the southwest section of the main campus, next to the Veterinary Medicine Hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-Man_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Man-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Repression_and_decline">Repression and decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Repression and decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Guatemala_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Guatemala Civil War">Guatemala Civil War</a></div> <p>During general <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Yd%C3%ADgoras_Fuentes" title="Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes">Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes</a> presidency, the university started suffering repression due to its position alongside the main labor unions, with three students murdered in front of the College of Law in 1962. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_EXMIBAL_Case">The EXMIBAL Case</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The EXMIBAL Case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the government of <a href="/wiki/Julio_C%C3%A9sar_M%C3%A9ndez_Montenegro" title="Julio César Méndez Montenegro">Julio César Méndez Montenegro</a> the possibility of giving the nickel mines in <a href="/wiki/Izabal_Department" title="Izabal Department">Izabal</a> in concession to a Canadian mining company was brought to the table, but it did not materialized. As soon as the general <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Arana_Osorio" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos Arana Osorio">Carlos Arana Osorio</a> took office on 1 July 1970, he reopened the case and began working in for EXMIBAL to get a concession. However, many social sectors opposed to it, arguing that it would be too costly for the country. One of the main opponents was the commission that the <a href="/wiki/University_of_San_Carlos" title="University of San Carlos">University of San Carlos</a> created to discuss the matter; among the members of the commission was the lawyer <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Adolfo_Mijangos_L%C3%B3pez" class="extiw" title="es:Oscar Adolfo Mijangos López">Oscar Adolfo Mijangos López</a>, then representative in the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of Guatemala">Congress</a>, the respected Guatemalan intellectual <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_Bauer_Paiz" class="extiw" title="es:Alfonso Bauer Paiz">Alfonso Bauer Paiz</a> -who had been part of the staff of presidents <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Ar%C3%A9valo_Bermejo" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan José Arévalo Bermejo">Juan José Arévalo Bermejo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacobo_Arbenz_Guzman" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobo Arbenz Guzman">Jacobo Arbenz Guzman</a>, and Julio Carney Herrera<sup id="cite_ref-arzobispado_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arzobispado-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Camey Herrera and Bauer Paiz were shot in November 1970: Carney died of his wounds while Bauer Paz, severely wounded, had to go into exile.<sup id="cite_ref-rakosy_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rakosy-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The commission members had strongly opposed the conditions proposed by the Government to grant the concession EXMIBAL; after the attack against Bauer Paiz and Carney, on 13 February 1971 Mijangos López was assassinated by unknown assailants as he left his office long the 4th Avenue in Zone 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Guatemala_City" title="Guatemala City">Guatemala City</a>. Mijangos Lopez had been under the fatal impression that the government was not going to assassinate him because he was on a wheelchair since 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-arzobispado_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arzobispado-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 8 May 1971, Arana Osorio's administration finally granted the concession to EXMIBAL;<sup id="cite_ref-arzobispado_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arzobispado-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it covered 385 square kilometers in the area of <a href="/wiki/El_Estor" title="El Estor">El Estor</a>, with and initial investment of US$228 million. The mine, built in the mountains of indigenous maya Q'eqchi people, included a residential complex of 700 homes, numerous offices, a hospital, a small shopping center, school, a golf course and a large area for industrial processing.<sup id="cite_ref-rakosy_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rakosy-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Laugerud_and_Lucas_García_military_governments"><span id="Laugerud_and_Lucas_Garc.C3.ADa_military_governments"></span>Laugerud and Lucas García military governments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Laugerud and Lucas García military governments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kjell_Eugenio_Laugerud_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Kjell Eugenio Laugerud García">Kjell Eugenio Laugerud García</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Romeo_Lucas_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Fernando Romeo Lucas García">Fernando Romeo Lucas García</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></div> <p>During the military governments of the seventies, the tension between the government and the university kept growing, until it reached its peak in 1978 during the massive demonstration that occurred to protest rising urban public transportation costs. The Association of University Students (AEU) had a leading role in the protests, but this brought persecution of their leaders and the murder of the secretary general of the association <a href="/wiki/Oliverio_Casta%C3%B1eda_de_Le%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliverio Castañeda de León">Oliverio Castañeda de León</a>, on 20 October of that year. Just fifteen days after the murder of Castañeda de León, was missing his successor, Antonio Ciani García, and over the next 18 months almost every student leader and university faculty with political connections were threatened (even with the legal parties). Whoever did not paid attention and continued with their protest activities, was simply killed or kidnapped. </p><p>In early 1979, the following attacks occurred against renowned members of the university: </p> <ul><li>On 25 January 1979, <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fuentes_Mohr" title="Alberto Fuentes Mohr">Alberto Fuentes Mohr</a>, Doctor of Economics, <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of Guatemala">Congress</a> representative, leader of the Social Democratic Party (PSD) and former minister of Finance and Foreign Affairs during the administration of <a href="/wiki/Julio_C%C3%A9sar_M%C3%A9ndez_Montenegro" title="Julio César Méndez Montenegro">Julio César Méndez Montenegro</a>, was murdered.</li> <li>That same day, but a few hours later, was shot and killed the student and union leader Ricardo Martinez Solorzano.</li> <li>On 14 February, Manuel Lisandro Andrade Roca, general secretary of the university in the tenure of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa%C3%BAl_Osorio_Paz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saúl Osorio Paz (page does not exist)">Saúl Osorio Paz</a> as university president -and a student leader during the "Marches of 1962"- was killed.</li> <li>On 22 March, former Guatemala City mayor <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Colom_Argueta" title="Manuel Colom Argueta">Manuel Colom Argueta</a> was killed, in an operation in which his murderers allegedly used a helicopter to direct the operation<sup id="cite_ref-Aguilera_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aguilera-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colom had been director of Center for Urban and Regional Studies (CEUR) of the University of San Carlos of Guatemala and a political leader of the United Revolutionary Front (FUR). Next to Fuentes Mohr, he was the most prominent members of the legal political opposition and their deaths ended, even more, the political space in Guatemala. These murders and threats against leaders of the FUR and the PSD continued in 1979 and 1980, and in subsequent years against the <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Christian_Democracy" title="Guatemalan Christian Democracy">Guatemalan Christian Democracy</a> party.</li></ul> <p>At the university, university president <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa%C3%BAl_Osorio_Paz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saúl Osorio Paz (page does not exist)">Saúl Osorio Paz</a>, after attacks on his colleagues and death threats against him, began to live in presidency, protected by student brigades of the communist FRENTE student party. In an unprecedented case, the president directed the university from underground for almost two years.<sup id="cite_ref-Aguilera_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aguilera-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The effect of state repression was worse on the student movement: the AEU ended decimated. Despite all this, the association continued to be a belligerent organization during this campaign of terror. To protect themselves, the AEU restructured its organizational form such that their leaders were not so vulnerable, and declined to reveal their names. </p><p>In January 1979, a new freshmen generation arrived to the university. Many of them had been members of the CEEM or student associations in the public institutes and had participated in the events of October 1978. It was them who took the leadership of the AEU. But it was much more difficult to replace the fallen or exiled faculty, which resulted in a marked decline in the academic quality of the institution.<sup id="cite_ref-comisionaguda_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comisionaguda-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, laws that severely restricted the university autonomy were proposed, and violating the constitutional mandate to give 5% of the national budget to the institution became commonplace for the government.<sup id="cite_ref-comisionaguda_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comisionaguda-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Burning_the_Spain_Embassy_in_Guatemala">Burning the Spain Embassy in Guatemala</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Burning the Spain Embassy in Guatemala"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></div> <p>On 31 January 1980, several students from the University of San Carlos advised a k'iche' peasant group who wanted to let the world know about their precarious situation; when the country's newspapers did not dare to publish their demands, and after all legal avenues to be heard had been exhausted, the group decided to take the premises of the Embassy of Spain and use it as a platform for their demands.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reaction of the government of general <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Romeo_Lucas_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Fernando Romeo Lucas García">Fernando Romeo Lucas García</a> was strong and direct: police surrounded the premises of the embassy and after several hours of siege, the situation ended with the burning of the room where all the people who were inside the embassy had taken refuge, including almost the entire Embassy staff and some random visitors, including former vice president of Guatemala, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduardo_C%C3%A1ceres_Lehnhoff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eduardo Cáceres Lehnhoff (page does not exist)">Eduardo Cáceres Lehnhoff</a> and former Foreign Affairs Minister, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolfo_Molina_Orantes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolfo Molina Orantes (page does not exist)">Adolfo Molina Orantes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-niunovivo_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-niunovivo-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only two survivors were Ambassador <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ximo_Cajal_L%C3%B3pez" title="Máximo Cajal López">Máximo Cajal López</a> and peasant Gregorio Yuja Xona, who were taken to the Private Hospital Herrera Llerandi. Yuja was kidnapped there and a group tried to kidnap the ambassador, but he was taken from the hospital just in time by the ambassador of Costa Rica in Guatemala; Cajal left the country that night. Yuja, meanwhile, was tortured and his body thrown off the premises of the president mansion at the University of San Carlos. His body was buried in the Heroes and Martyrs Plaza on Central Campus.<sup id="cite_ref-niunovivo_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-niunovivo-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1985_civil_unrest:_military_invasion_of_Central_Campus">1985 civil unrest: military invasion of Central Campus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 1985 civil unrest: military invasion of Central Campus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Humberto_Mej%C3%ADa_Victores" class="mw-redirect" title="Óscar Humberto Mejía Victores">Óscar Humberto Mejía Victores</a></div> <p>During the government of general <a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Humberto_Mej%C3%ADa_Victores" class="mw-redirect" title="Óscar Humberto Mejía Victores">Óscar Humberto Mejía Victores</a>, the Mutual Support Group (GAM) -led by <a href="/wiki/Nineth_Montenegro" title="Nineth Montenegro">Nineth Montenegro</a>- was founded<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiglo_212010_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiglo_212010-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the High School Student Coordination Group (CEEM) also gained considerable strength. The latter was formed by students from the Central National Institute for Boys, the Central Normal Institute for Young Ladies Belén and Rafael Aqueche<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which organized mass protests in September 1985 against the rising prices for public transportation. At least ten people died in Guatemala City in the most extensive wave of urban unrest since protests against the government of <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Romeo_Lucas_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Fernando Romeo Lucas García">Fernando Romeo Lucas García</a> in August 1978. The unrest began with demonstrations against rising prices public transportation but then became widespread due to the bad economic situation the country was in at the time. Burning of buses, blockades and massive protests that resulted in destruction of public infrastructure occurred almost every day. The government responded with three thousand Army soldiers, whom supported by light armored forces and the riot squad of the National Police, were deployed in central and peripheral areas of the city. Also, the night of 3 September 1985 the University of San Carlos of Guatemala was occupied by the military who allegedly found an underground shooting range subversive propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-elpais85_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elpais85-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several hundred people were arrested and General Mejia Víctores addressed the nation through a television and radio address in which he announced measures to address prevailing social unrest. General Mejia announced public schools closure until further notice and the freezing of prices of consumer goods;<sup id="cite_ref-elpais85_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elpais85-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the end, as part of the process solution a high school student bonus was granted to both elementary and high schools so they could be transported free in public transportation, plus all the public school students were promoted by decree. Students who graduated by decree in 1985 were received with brutal initiations by the different student bodies through the university.<sup id="cite_ref-elpais85_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elpais85-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Constitution_of_1985:_Election_of_judges_and_university_representatives_before_government_institutions">Constitution of 1985: Election of judges and university representatives before government institutions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Constitution of 1985: Election of judges and university representatives before government institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:400px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Article 215. Election of the Supreme Court<br />. </p><p>The judges of the Supreme Court shall be elected by <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of Guatemala">Congress</a> for a period of five years, from a list of twenty-six candidates proposed by a nominating committee consisting of a representative of the Presidents of the Universities of the country, who presides, the Deans of the Colleges of Law, an equal number of representatives elected by the General Assembly of the Association of Lawyers and Notaries of Guatemala and by an equal number of representatives elected by the judges holders the Court of Appeal and other courts that Article 217 of the Constitution refers to. </p><p>Article 269. Integration of the Constitutionality Court. </p><p>The Constitutionality Court consists of five titular judges, each of whom has a substitute. When dealing with cases of unconstitutionality against the Supreme Court, the Congress, the President or the Vice President, the number of members can be increased to seven, choosing the two other judges from among the alternates. The judges shall hold office for five years and shall be appointed as follows: <br /> </p> <ul><li>One by the Supreme Court;</li> <li>One by Congress;</li> <li>One by the President in Council of Ministers;</li> <li>A judge appointed by the Higher University Council of the University of San Carlos of Guatemala; and</li> <li>A judge appointed by the Assembly of the Bar.</li></ul> <p>Simultaneously with the appointment of the holder, the respective alternate will be appointed by Congress. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Constitution of the Republic of Guatemala, 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDighero_Herrera2002169_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDighero_Herrera2002169-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>After the murder or forced exile of most of its faculty, the stability of the College of Law after the <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a> was recovered with deanship of Cipriano Soto Tobar, who took office in 1988. Soto Tobar took a significant effort on hiring faculty. However, his main goal was to establish political networks to favor political lobbies exploiting the new role that the Constitution assigned to the University of San Carlos:<sup id="cite_ref-veliz_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-veliz-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which, enacted in 1985, entrusted the College of Law and the University of San Carlos with the task of naming representatives to the process of election of judges of the highest courts of the land,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDighero_Herrera2002169–170_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDighero_Herrera2002169–170-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the Comptroller General of Accounts,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDighero_Herrera2002180–181_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDighero_Herrera2002180–181-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Chief Public Prosecutor <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDighero_Herrera2002197_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDighero_Herrera2002197-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, the university was given the power to send a judge to the Constitutionality Court.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDighero_Herrera2002214_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDighero_Herrera2002214-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These networks took hold and strengthened through the 1990s, with relationships set up between institutions and societal sectors beyond the university. After leaving the deanship, the University Council nominated Soto to the Constitutionality Court, although there were persistent rumors that he was selling diplomas and certificates. However, his application was accepted because his involvement in these felonies could not be proved because no credible evidence was presented.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHernández_Pico2001_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHernández_Pico2001-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of his performances in the Constitutionality Court showed possible political compromise: first, he voted to validate an illegal adoption network and, then he voted in favor of the registration as a presidential candidate of general <a href="/wiki/Efra%C3%ADn_R%C3%ADos_Montt" title="Efraín Ríos Montt">Efraín Ríos Montt</a>, despite the prohibition of the 1985 Constitution, which does not allowed as a candidate anybody that had been part of a coup d'état.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastillo_Zamora2013_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastillo_Zamora2013-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In those years, adoption networks operating in Guatemala could collect up to US$60,000 per child and went from delivering 1200 children in 1997 to more than four thousand in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-veliz_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-veliz-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Estuardo Galvez, who took that dean office in 2000 and later went on to become university president, was one of the members of the networks established by Soto; realizing the importance of the Bar Association, which was also a participant in the election of judges -and until then controlled by lawyers linked to the traditional capital of the country- Galvez sought from the beginning of his term to favor his post graduate students placing them in public institutions so that they could show their loyalty with favorable votes in the Bar elections.<sup id="cite_ref-veliz_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-veliz-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After several elections, and once Galvez was no longer dean, the network that Soto set up beat the traditional capital lawyers in the Bar Association elections by 300 votes; as recorded in the minutes, the majority of his votes were young lawyers -his former students.<sup id="cite_ref-veliz_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-veliz-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Student_leaders_murders_in_1989">Student leaders murders in 1989</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Student leaders murders in 1989"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1987, the president of the Student Association "El Derecho" (AED), Willy Ligorría, was expelled from the Association of University Students (AEU) for embezzling funds from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huelga_de_Dolores&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huelga de Dolores (page does not exist)">Huelga de Dolores</a> Committee, for his direct involvement in an embezzlement money of the association and usurpation of functions and for signing as acting as general secretary in various activities and international documents.<sup id="cite_ref-rehmi89_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rehmi89-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his departure, a series of death threats against members of the board of the AEU began: in 1989 there was a steady escalation of threats, some of them signed by death squads as "the Dolorosa", the "Jaguar of Justice" or "Secret Anticommunist-Army". Despite his expulsion, Ligorría, maintained a very high and combative profile, while his close friend, Marco Tulio Montenegro, was still part of AEU.<sup id="cite_ref-rehmi89_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rehmi89-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1989, several student body leaders returned to Guatemala from exile intending to achieve a resurgence of student coordination, which was practically dismantled since the seventies. But on August 21, Iván Ernesto Gonzalez was arrested and kidnapped; the next day, Carlos Contreras Conde, leader of the University Student Movement (MEU), was abducted near the university. That same day Hugo Leonel Gramajo was abducted and introduced in a red pick-up with foreign plates. On 23 August, Victor Hugo Rodriguez Jaramillo and Silvia Azurdia Utrera founders of MEU, were kidnapped and taken violently amid two cars that blocked their way. And Mario De León left a press conference that the Student Body held that day at around 19:45 hours and was detained by the National Police and has not been seen again since.<sup id="cite_ref-rehmi89_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rehmi89-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, Aaron Ochoa disappeared the next day. </p><p>During an emergency meeting in which the response to the government offensive was being discussed, Willy Ligorría called to say that he knew where Hugo Gramajo and Aaron Ochoa were hidden and that he could bring the still free student leaders to them. In September other members of the student movement, Carlos Chutá Carney, Carlos Humberto Cabrera and Carlos Palencia were kidnapped and found dead shortly afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-rehmi89_62-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rehmi89-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the murders of the student leaders, Ligorría spoke at some rallies in college and participated in the demonstrations that took place. On Saturday September 15 at 14:15 hours he left for Panamá along with Marco Tulio Montenegro and Byron Milian Vicente. Montenegro returned to Guatemala on 11 November 1989 to rejoin the AEU, but he was already a suspect, and was killed with knife soon after. Meanwhile, Ligorría was appointed head of research of public prosecutions.<sup id="cite_ref-rehmi89_62-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rehmi89-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On September 12, 1997, the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity, which became a political party after the peace accords, formally accused Ligorría for his involvement in the murder of the student leader, claiming that he was a member of military intelligence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="University_presidents">University presidents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: University presidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Real_y_Pontificia_Universidad_de_San_Carlos_Borromeo"_presidents"><span id=".22Real_y_Pontificia_Universidad_de_San_Carlos_Borromeo.22_presidents"></span>"Real y Pontificia Universidad de San Carlos Borromeo" presidents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: "Real y Pontificia Universidad de San Carlos Borromeo" presidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoniolarrazabal1812.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Antoniolarrazabal1812.jpg/170px-Antoniolarrazabal1812.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Antoniolarrazabal1812.jpg/255px-Antoniolarrazabal1812.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Antoniolarrazabal1812.jpg/340px-Antoniolarrazabal1812.jpg 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="804" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_de_Larraz%C3%A1bal_y_Arrivillaga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio de Larrazábal y Arrivillaga (page does not exist)">Antonio de Larrazábal y Arrivillaga</a>, "Real y Pontificia Universidad de San Carlos Borromeo" president in 1813 and then from 1818 to 1825.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Dr. José de Baños y Soto Mayor, arcediano de la Catedral, Predicador del Rey de España y Doctor de la Universidad de Osuna</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_de_Larraz%C3%A1bal_y_Arrivillaga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio de Larrazábal y Arrivillaga (page does not exist)">Antonio de Larrazábal y Arrivillaga</a>(1813, 1820–1825)<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Dr. <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_de_Aycinena_y_Pi%C3%B1ol" title="Juan José de Aycinena y Piñol">Juan José de Aycinena y Piñol</a> (1825–1829)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Academia_de_Ciencias"_presidents"><span id=".22Academia_de_Ciencias.22_presidents"></span>"Academia de Ciencias" presidents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: "Academia de Ciencias" presidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Dr. <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Molina_Mazariegos" title="Pedro Molina Mazariegos">Pedro Molina Mazariegos</a> (1836–1840).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Pontificia_Universidad_de_San_Carlos_Borromeo"_Presidents"><span id=".22Pontificia_Universidad_de_San_Carlos_Borromeo.22_Presidents"></span>"Pontificia Universidad de San Carlos Borromeo" Presidents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: "Pontificia Universidad de San Carlos Borromeo" Presidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bishop <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_de_Aycinena_y_Pi%C3%B1ol" title="Juan José de Aycinena y Piñol">Juan José de Aycinena y Piñol</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1840–1865)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_University_presidents">National University presidents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: National University presidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Dr. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agust%C3%ADn_G%C3%B3mez_(university_president)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agustín Gómez (university president) (page does not exist)">Agustín Gómez</a></li> <li>Dr. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Federico_Mora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlos Federico Mora (page does not exist)">Carlos Federico Mora</a> (1944)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="University_of_San_Carlos_presidents">University of San Carlos presidents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: University of San Carlos presidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Federicomora.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Federicomora.jpg/170px-Federicomora.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Federicomora.jpg/255px-Federicomora.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Federicomora.jpg/340px-Federicomora.jpg 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>Dr. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Federico_Mora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlos Federico Mora (page does not exist)">Carlos Federico Mora</a>, last president of the National University and first president of University of San Carlos.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Dr. Carlos Federico Mora (1944–1945)</li> <li>Dr. Carlos Martínez Durán</li> <li>Dr. Mario Dary Rivera</li> <li>Dr. Edmundo Vásquez Martínez (1966–1970)</li> <li>Rafael Cuevas</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa%C3%BAl_Osorio_Paz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saúl Osorio Paz (page does not exist)">Saúl Osorio Paz</a> (-14 de julio 1980)<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Roberto Molina Mejía (14 July 1980 – 31 July 1980)<sup id="cite_ref-Molinamejia_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Molinamejia-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Dr. Eduardo Meyer Maldonado</li> <li>Roderico Segura</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Alfonso_Fuentes_Soria" title="Juan Alfonso Fuentes Soria">Alfonso Fuentes Soria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jafeth_Cabrera" title="Jafeth Cabrera">Jafeth Cabrera</a></li> <li>Efraín Medina</li> <li>Dr. Carlos Estuardo Gálvez Barrios</li> <li>Dr. Carlos Alvarado Cerezo</li> <li>Ing. Murphy Olimpo Paz Recinos</li> <li>Pablo Ernesto Oliva Soto</li> <li>Walter Mazariegos Biolis</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colleges">Colleges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Colleges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>University of San Carlos colleges are structured as follows: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Board_of_directors">Board of directors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Board of directors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each college board of directors is structure with a dean, who runs it, a secretary and five trustees, of whom two are professor representatives, one is a representative of the professional association and two are student representatives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dean">Dean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Dean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dean_(college)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dean (college)">Dean (college)</a></div> <p>The deans are the directors and representative of their colleges and work on four-year terms. To be reelected a dean needs 3/5 parts of the electors, a new dean needs half +1. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_units">Academic units</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Academic units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The university has 40 academic units: </p> <ul><li>10 colleges;</li> <li>10 schools;</li> <li>19 regional centers</li> <li>1 Technical Institute</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colleges_2">Colleges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Colleges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T2_de_la_USAC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/T2_de_la_USAC.jpg/200px-T2_de_la_USAC.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/T2_de_la_USAC.jpg/300px-T2_de_la_USAC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/T2_de_la_USAC.jpg/400px-T2_de_la_USAC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Architecture College Building</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edificio_T-10_USAC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Edificio_T-10_USAC.jpg/150px-Edificio_T-10_USAC.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Edificio_T-10_USAC.jpg/225px-Edificio_T-10_USAC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Edificio_T-10_USAC.jpg/300px-Edificio_T-10_USAC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Pharmacy College Building</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T-3_parte_trasera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/T-3_parte_trasera.jpg/200px-T-3_parte_trasera.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/T-3_parte_trasera.jpg/300px-T-3_parte_trasera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/T-3_parte_trasera.jpg/400px-T-3_parte_trasera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Engineering College Building</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bienestar_estudiantil.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bienestar_estudiantil.JPG/200px-Bienestar_estudiantil.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bienestar_estudiantil.JPG/300px-Bienestar_estudiantil.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bienestar_estudiantil.JPG/400px-Bienestar_estudiantil.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Communication Sciences School Building</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edificios_del_Cudep_Usac_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Edificios_del_Cudep_Usac_2.jpg/200px-Edificios_del_Cudep_Usac_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Edificios_del_Cudep_Usac_2.jpg/300px-Edificios_del_Cudep_Usac_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Edificios_del_Cudep_Usac_2.jpg/400px-Edificios_del_Cudep_Usac_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>CUDEP Campus</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CUNOR-USAC._Foto_12._Mynor_David_C%C3%BA_Oxom.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/CUNOR-USAC._Foto_12._Mynor_David_C%C3%BA_Oxom.JPG/200px-CUNOR-USAC._Foto_12._Mynor_David_C%C3%BA_Oxom.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/CUNOR-USAC._Foto_12._Mynor_David_C%C3%BA_Oxom.JPG/300px-CUNOR-USAC._Foto_12._Mynor_David_C%C3%BA_Oxom.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/CUNOR-USAC._Foto_12._Mynor_David_C%C3%BA_Oxom.JPG/400px-CUNOR-USAC._Foto_12._Mynor_David_C%C3%BA_Oxom.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>CUNOR Campus</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:88%; margin:0.5em auto"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width: 5em"># </th> <th style="width: 35em">Name </th> <th align="center" style="width: 15em">Acronym </th> <th align="center" style="width: 20em">Website </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:lemonchiffon;">1 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Facultad_de_Agronom%C3%ADa_de_la_Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Facultad de Agronomía de la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala">College of Agriculture</a> </td> <td align="center">FAUSAC </td> <td align="center"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fausac.gt/">fausac.edu.gt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:lemonchiffon;">2 </th> <td>College of Architecture </td> <td align="center">FARUSAC </td> <td align="center"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://farusac.edu.gt/">farusac.edu.gt/</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:lemonchiffon;">3 </th> <td>College of Economic Sciences </td> <td align="center">Economics </td> <td align="center"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://economicas.usac.edu.gt/">economicas.usac.edu.gt/</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:lemonchiffon;">4 </th> <td>College of Law </td> <td align="center">Law </td> <td align="center"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://derecho.usac.edu.gt/">derecho<wbr />.usac<wbr />.edu<wbr />.gt</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:lemonchiffon;">5 </th> <td>College of Medicine </td> <td align="center">Medicine </td> <td align="center"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medicina.usac.edu.gt/">medicina<wbr />.usac<wbr />.edu<wbr />.gt</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:lemonchiffon;">6 </th> <td>College of Pharmacy and Chemical Sciences </td> <td align="center">Pharmacy </td> <td align="center"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.ccqqfar.usac.edu.gt/">portal<wbr />.ccqqfar<wbr />.usac<wbr />.edu<wbr />.gt</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:lemonchiffon;">7 </th> <td>College of Humanities </td> <td align="center">FAHUSAC </td> <td align="center"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humanidades.usac.edu.gt/portal/">humanidades.usac.edu.gt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:lemonchiffon;">8 </th> <td>College of Engineering </td> <td align="center">FIUSAC </td> <td align="center"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ingenieria.usac.edu.gt/">ingeniería.usac.edu.gt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:lemonchiffon;">9 </th> <td>College of Dental Medicine </td> <td align="center">Dental College </td> <td align="center"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fo.usac.edu.gt/">fo<wbr />.usac<wbr />.edu<wbr />.gt</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:lemonchiffon;">10 </th> <td>College of Veterinary and Animal Studies </td> <td align="center">Veterinary </td> <td align="center"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fmvz.usac.edu.gt/">fmvz<wbr />.usac<wbr />.edu<wbr />.gt</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schools">Schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:88%; margin:0.5em auto"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width: 5em"># </th> <th style="width: 35em">School </th> <th align="center" style="width: 15em">Acronym </th> <th align="center" style="width: 20em">Website </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:lemonchiffon;">1 </th> <td>School of Psychology </td> <td align="center">Psychology </td> <td align="center"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psicologia.usac.edu.gt/">psicologia.usac.edu.gt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:lemonchiffon;">2 </th> <td>School of History </td> <td align="center">History </td> <td align="center"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escuelahistoria.usac.edu.gt/">escuelahistoria.usac.edu.gt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:lemonchiffon;">3 </th> <td>School of Social Work </td> <td align="center">Social work </td> <td align="center"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trabajosocial.usac.edu.gt/">trabajosocial.usac.edu.gt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:lemonchiffon;">4 </th> <td>Communication Sciences School </td> <td align="center">ECC </td> <td align="center"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comunicacion.usac.edu.gt/">comunicacion.usac.edu.gt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:lemonchiffon;">5 </th> <td>Political Sciences School </td> <td align="center">ECP </td> <td align="center"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://c3.usac.edu.gt/cienciapolitica.usac.edu.gt/public_html/">cienciapolitica.usac.edu.gt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:lemonchiffon;">6 </th> <td>High School Teacher School </td> <td align="center">EFPEM </td> <td align="center"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://efpem.usac.edu.gt/">efpem<wbr />.usac<wbr />.edu<wbr />.gt</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:lemonchiffon;">7 </th> <td>School of Physical Education </td> <td align="center">ECTAFIDE </td> <td align="center"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ectafide.usac.edu.gt/">ectafide.usac.edu.gt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:lemonchiffon;">8 </th> <td>Language Sciences School </td> <td align="center">ECL </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:lemonchiffon;">9 </th> <td>Superior School of Art </td> <td align="center">ESA </td> <td align="center"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://escuelasuperiordearte.usac.edu.gt/">escuelasuperiordearte.usac.edu.gt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:lemonchiffon;">10 </th> <td>School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences </td> <td align="center">ECFM </td> <td align="center"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecfm.usac.edu.gt/">ecfm.usac.edu.gt/</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_Campuses">Regional Campuses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Regional Campuses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:88%; margin:0.5em auto"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width: 5em"># </th> <th style="width: 35em">Regional Center </th> <th align="center" style="width: 15em">Acronym </th> <th align="center" style="width: 20em">Location </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:lemonchiffon;">1 </th> <td>University Center of the West </td> <td>CUNOC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quetzaltenango" title="Quetzaltenango">Quetzaltenango</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quetzaltenango_(departamento)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quetzaltenango (departamento) (page does not exist)">Quetzaltenango</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:lemonchiffon;">2 </th> <td>Izabal Regional Campus </td> <td>CUNIZAB </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Barrios" title="Puerto Barrios">Puerto Barrios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Izabal_Department" title="Izabal Department">Izabal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:lemonchiffon;">3 </th> <td>University Center of the East </td> <td>CUNORI </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiquimula_(municipio)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chiquimula (municipio) (page does not exist)">Chiquimula</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiquimula_(departamento)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chiquimula (departamento) (page does not exist)">Chiquimula</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:lemonchiffon;">4 </th> <td>Petén Regional Campus </td> <td>CUDEP </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flores_(Pet%C3%A9n)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flores (Petén) (page does not exist)">Flores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pet%C3%A9n_Department" title="Petén Department">Petén</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:lemonchiffon;">5 </th> <td>University Center of the North </td> <td>CUNOR </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cob%C3%A1n" title="Cobán">Cobán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alta_Verapaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Alta Verapaz">Alta Verapaz</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:lemonchiffon;">6 </th> <td>University Center of the Southeast </td> <td>CUNSURORI </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jalapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalapa">Jalapa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalapa_Department" title="Jalapa Department">Jalapa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:lemonchiffon;">7 </th> <td>Santa Rosa Regional Campus </td> <td>CUNSARO </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cuilapa" title="Cuilapa">Cuilapa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa_Department,_Guatemala" title="Santa Rosa Department, Guatemala">Santa Rosa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:lemonchiffon;">8 </th> <td>University Center of the Southwest </td> <td>CUNSUROC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mazatenango" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazatenango">Mazatenango</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suchitep%C3%A9quez_Department" title="Suchitepéquez Department">Suchitepéquez</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:lemonchiffon;">9 </th> <td>San Marcos Regional Campus </td> <td>CUSAM </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Marcos_(Guatemala)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="San Marcos (Guatemala) (page does not exist)">San Marcos</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Marcos_Department" title="San Marcos Department">San Marcos</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:lemonchiffon;">10 </th> <td>University Center of the Northwest </td> <td>CUNOROC </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Democracia_(Guatemala)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Democracia (Guatemala) (page does not exist)">La Democracia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huehuetenango_Department" title="Huehuetenango Department">Huehuetenango</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:lemonchiffon;">11 </th> <td>University Center of the South </td> <td>CUNSUR </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Escuintla" title="Escuintla">Escuintla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Escuintla_Department" title="Escuintla Department">Escuintla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:lemonchiffon;">12 </th> <td>Chimaltenango Regional Campus </td> <td>CUNDECH </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chimaltenango" title="Chimaltenango">Chimaltenango</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chimaltenango_Department" title="Chimaltenango Department">Chimaltenango</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:lemonchiffon;">13 </th> <td>Jutiapa Regional Campus </td> <td>JUSAC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jutiapa" title="Jutiapa">Jutiapa</a> <a href="/wiki/Jutiapa_Department" title="Jutiapa Department">Jutiapa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:lemonchiffon;">14 </th> <td>Quiche Regional Campus </td> <td>CUQ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_del_Quich%C3%A9" title="Santa Cruz del Quiché">Santa Cruz del Quiché</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quich%C3%A9_Department" title="Quiché Department">Quiché</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:lemonchiffon;">15 </th> <td>Baja Verapaz Regional Campus </td> <td>CUNBAV </td> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_Chicaj" title="San Miguel Chicaj">San Miguel Chicaj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baja_Verapaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Baja Verapaz">Baja Verapaz</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:lemonchiffon;">16 </th> <td>Totonicapán Regional Campus </td> <td>CUNTOTO </td> <td>Chuipachec, <a href="/wiki/Totonicap%C3%A1n_Department" title="Totonicapán Department">Totonicapán</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:lemonchiffon;">17 </th> <td>Sololá Regional Campus </td> <td>CUNSOL </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Solol%C3%A1" title="Sololá">Sololá</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solol%C3%A1_Department" title="Sololá Department">Sololá</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:lemonchiffon;">18 </th> <td>Metropolitan Regional Campus </td> <td>CUM </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guatemala_City" title="Guatemala City">Guatemala City</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:lemonchiffon;">19 </th> <td>Ocean Studies Center </td> <td>CEMA </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guatemala_City" title="Guatemala City">Guatemala City</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:lemonchiffon;">20 </th> <td><b>Guatemala South Technological Institute</b> </td> <td>ITUGS </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%ADn,_Escuintla" title="Palín, Escuintla">Palín</a>, <a href="/wiki/Escuintla_Department" title="Escuintla Department">Escuintla</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The school's football club <a href="/wiki/Universidad_de_San_Carlos_(Guatemalan_football_club)" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad de San Carlos (Guatemalan football club)">Universidad de San Carlos (Guatemalan football club)</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Liga_Nacional_de_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Liga Nacional de Guatemala">Liga Nacional de Fútbol</a> plays at <a href="/wiki/Estadio_Revoluci%C3%B3n" title="Estadio Revolución">Estadio Revolución</a> located on campus grounds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_alumni">Notable alumni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notable alumni"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_notable_students_and_faculty_of_University_of_San_Carlos_of_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="List of notable students and faculty of University of San Carlos of Guatemala">List of notable students and faculty of University of San Carlos of Guatemala</a></div> <p>A list of notable faculty and alumni can be found in <a href="/wiki/List_of_notable_students_and_faculty_of_University_of_San_Carlos_of_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="List of notable students and faculty of University of San Carlos of Guatemala">List of notable students and faculty of University of San Carlos of Guatemala</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biblioteca_usac.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Biblioteca_usac.jpg/120px-Biblioteca_usac.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Biblioteca_usac.jpg/180px-Biblioteca_usac.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Biblioteca_usac.jpg/240px-Biblioteca_usac.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bienestar_estudiantil.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bienestar_estudiantil.JPG/120px-Bienestar_estudiantil.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bienestar_estudiantil.JPG/180px-Bienestar_estudiantil.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bienestar_estudiantil.JPG/240px-Bienestar_estudiantil.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biblioteca_central.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Biblioteca_central.jpg/120px-Biblioteca_central.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Biblioteca_central.jpg/180px-Biblioteca_central.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Biblioteca_central.jpg/240px-Biblioteca_central.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biblioteca_y_Plaza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Biblioteca_y_Plaza.jpg/120px-Biblioteca_y_Plaza.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Biblioteca_y_Plaza.jpg/180px-Biblioteca_y_Plaza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Biblioteca_y_Plaza.jpg/240px-Biblioteca_y_Plaza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rectoria_USAC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Rectoria_USAC.jpg/120px-Rectoria_USAC.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Rectoria_USAC.jpg/180px-Rectoria_USAC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Rectoria_USAC.jpg/240px-Rectoria_USAC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/32px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/48px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/64px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Guatemala" title="Portal:Guatemala">Guatemala portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diploma_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/28px-Diploma_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/42px-Diploma_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/56px-Diploma_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Education">Education portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Guatemala Civil War">Guatemala Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guatemala" title="History of Guatemala">History of Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Guatemala" title="List of universities in Guatemala">List of universities in Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_universities_in_Latin_America" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colonial universities in Latin America">List of colonial universities in Latin America</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1954 a coup led by the National Liberation Movement which was sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/United_Fruit_Company" title="United Fruit Company">United Fruit Company</a> and coordinated by <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="State Department">State Department</a> American operatives who had links with the US company triumphed .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Among those historians that have perpetuated the myth is Juan Rodríguez Cabal, who presented a letter that Marroquín sent to Spain in 1548 requesting the establishment of a university. Rodríguez Cabal's investigations were published for the first time in the 1950s, and as part of the third centennial of the foundation of the University of San Carlos in 1976, the University of San Carlos press made several more copies.<sup id="cite_ref-cabal_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cabal-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">To review the process that led to the foundation of the University of San Carlos, it is recommended to read procedure 373 of the Guatemalan Real Audiencia en the General Archive of Indias.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">About the first setup of the university, the historical records are not too precise and even contradictory. See in the Central American General Archive, A1. Leg. 1885, Exp. 12245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The college of Literature curriculum included Psychology and Logic, ethics and Philosophy history, Latin language and literature, Spanish grammar and literature and Latin American, British and German literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapa_Bezanilla200458_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapa_Bezanilla200458-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Universidad_Rafael_Land%C3%ADvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Rafael Landívar">Universidad Rafael Landívar</a> in 1961, <a href="/wiki/Universidad_del_Valle_de_Guatemala" title="Universidad del Valle de Guatemala">Universidad del Valle de Guatemala</a> in 1966, <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Francisco_Marroqu%C3%ADn" title="Universidad Francisco Marroquín">Universidad Francisco Marroquín</a> in 1971, and so on.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ambassador <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ximo_Cajal_L%C3%B3pez" title="Máximo Cajal López">Máximo Cajal López</a> had visited the k'iche' farmer communities a few months before, and had gathered information for a report on them, which was never published, but the draft of which still exists.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">By 1985, the economic elites had left Guatemala City downtown, along with these once premier schools which now were attended by the low middle and low income areas of the city.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to research that was subsequently conducted, it was determined that Ligorría had strong ties with a "gang" of zone 18, whose members went armed at all times; College students suspected that the "maras" had been formed by the army. Ligorría was also affiliated with the Democratic Socialist Party (PSD) and even wasted money in their university activities, although he always maintained a revolutionary speech, was a member of ORPA and maintained contact with Danilo Rodriguez, chief of the FAR.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chosen in 1813 as University President, but because he was one of the representative before the Cádiz Courts was made prisoner by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Bustamante_y_Guerra" class="mw-redirect" title="José de Bustamante y Guerra">José de Bustamante y Guerra</a> and was not released until 1818.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWoodward2002" class="citation book cs1">Woodward, Ralph Lee (2002). <i>Rafael Carrera and the Emergence of the Republic of Guatemala</i>. <q>During <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Carrera" title="Rafael Carrera">Rafael Carrera</a>'s presidency Piñol and his familia – who had strong ties to the Catholic Church, had an enormous influence on Guatemala's politics and education.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rafael+Carrera+and+the+Emergence+of+the+Republic+of+Guatemala&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=Ralph+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Osorio Paz worked his last months from his exile in Costa Rica and México due to the numerous death threats against him.<sup id="cite_ref-Molinamejia_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Molinamejia-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://republica.gt/guatemala/2021-5-10-1-54-56-conoce-todas-las-carreras-que-ofrece-la-usacCrece">la oferta universitaria</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-paganini-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-paganini_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-paganini_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-paganini_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-paganini_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-paganini_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-paganini_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaganini1947">Paganini 1947</a>, pp. 49–197</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavón_Romero2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pavón Romero, Armando (2003). <i>Universitarios en la Nueva España</i> (in Spanish). México: CESU-UNAM.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Universitarios+en+la+Nueva+Espa%C3%B1a&rft.place=M%C3%A9xico&rft.pub=CESU-UNAM&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Pav%C3%B3n+Romero&rft.aufirst=Armando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cabal-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cabal_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cabal_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cabal_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodríguez_Cabal1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rodríguez Cabal, Juan (1976). <i>Universidad de Guatemala: su origen, fundación, organización</i> (in Spanish). Guatemala: Universitaria.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Universidad+de+Guatemala%3A+su+origen%2C+fundaci%C3%B3n%2C+organizaci%C3%B3n&rft.place=Guatemala&rft.pub=Universitaria&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Rodr%C3%ADguez+Cabal&rft.aufirst=Juan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETate_Lanning19778-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETate_Lanning19778_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTate_Lanning1977">Tate Lanning 1977</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hernandez30-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hernandez30_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hernandez30_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHernández_de_León1930">Hernández de León 1930</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez_Puente2012188–194-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPérez_Puente2012188–194_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez_Puente2012">Pérez Puente 2012</a>, pp. 188–194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez_Puente2012195-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPérez_Puente2012195_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez_Puente2012">Pérez Puente 2012</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELuján_Muñoz198012-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuján_Muñoz198012_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuján_Muñoz198012_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLuján_Muñoz1980">Luján Muñoz 1980</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViaje_a_Guatemalan.d." class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Viaje a Guatemala (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.viajeaguatemala.com/museo-nacional-de-historia-donde-guatemala-cuenta-su-pasado">"Museo Nacional de Historia: donde Guatemala cuenta su pasado"</a>. <i>Viaje a Guatemala</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Viaje+a+Guatemala&rft.atitle=Museo+Nacional+de+Historia%3A+donde+Guatemala+cuenta+su+pasado&rft.au=Viaje+a+Guatemala&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.viajeaguatemala.com%2Fmuseo-nacional-de-historia-donde-guatemala-cuenta-su-pasado&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: year">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAycinena18541-16-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAycinena18541-16_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAycinena1854">Aycinena 1854</a>, p. 1-16.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFAycinena1854 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapa_Bezanilla200458-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapa_Bezanilla200458_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapa_Bezanilla200458_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChapa_Bezanilla2004">Chapa Bezanilla 2004</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArévalo_Martínez194512-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArévalo_Martínez194512_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArévalo_Martínez1945">Arévalo Martínez 1945</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinisterio_de_Cultura_y_Deportes2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes (4 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mcd.gob.gt/biblioteca-nacional/">"Biblioteca Nacional"</a> (in Spanish). Guatemala<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biblioteca+Nacional&rft.place=Guatemala&rft.date=2014-03-04&rft.au=Ministerio+de+Cultura+y+Deportes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmcd.gob.gt%2Fbiblioteca-nacional%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinisterio_de_Cultura_y_Deportes2009" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090517034635/http://www.mcd.gob.gt/2009/03/18/biblioteca-nacional-de-guatemala-luis-cardoza-y-aragon/">"Biblioteca Nacional de Guatemala "Luis Cardoza y Aragón"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> (in Spanish). Guatemala. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcd.gob.gt/2009/03/18/biblioteca-nacional-de-guatemala-luis-cardoza-y-aragon/">the original</a> on 17 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biblioteca+Nacional+de+Guatemala+%22Luis+Cardoza+y+Arag%C3%B3n%22&rft.place=Guatemala&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Ministerio+de+Cultura+y+Deportes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcd.gob.gt%2F2009%2F03%2F18%2Fbiblioteca-nacional-de-guatemala-luis-cardoza-y-aragon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuseo_Militarn.d." class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Museo Militar (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141211055122/http://museo.mil.gt/v1/index.php/manuel-lisandro-barillas">"Manuel Lisandro Barillas"</a>. <i>Museo Militar de Guatemala</i> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://museo.mil.gt/v1/index.php/manuel-lisandro-barillas">the original</a> on 11 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Museo+Militar+de+Guatemala&rft.atitle=Manuel+Lisandro+Barillas&rft.au=Museo+Militar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuseo.mil.gt%2Fv1%2Findex.php%2Fmanuel-lisandro-barillas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: year">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETorres200712-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorres200712_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTorres2007">Torres 2007</a>, p. 12.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFTorres2007 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArévalo_Martínez194576-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArévalo_Martínez194576_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArévalo_Martínez194576_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArévalo_Martínez1945">Arévalo Martínez 1945</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETorres_Espinoza200714-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorres_Espinoza200714_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTorres_Espinoza2007">Torres Espinoza 2007</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilva_H.n.d.5-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilva_H.n.d.5_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilva_H.n.d.5_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilva_H.n.d.5_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSilva_H.n.d.">Silva H. n.d.</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilva_H.n.d.5-6-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilva_H.n.d.5-6_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSilva_H.n.d.">Silva H. n.d.</a>, p. 5-6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilva_H.n.d.6-7-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilva_H.n.d.6-7_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSilva_H.n.d.">Silva H. n.d.</a>, p. 6-7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilva_H.n.d.7-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilva_H.n.d.7_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSilva_H.n.d.">Silva H. n.d.</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arzobispado-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-arzobispado_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-arzobispado_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-arzobispado_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-arzobispado_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-arzobispado_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFODHAn.d." class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">ODHA (n.d.). Monseñor Mario Ríos Mont (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140729151405/http://www.odhag.org.gt/pdf/Era%20tras%20la%20vida.pdf">"Era por la vida tras por lo que íbamos"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Oficina de Derechos Humanos del Arzobispado</i> (in Spanish). Guatemala. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odhag.org.gt/pdf/Era%20tras%20la%20vida.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oficina+de+Derechos+Humanos+del+Arzobispado&rft.atitle=Era+por+la+vida+tras+por+lo+que+%C3%ADbamos&rft.au=ODHA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.odhag.org.gt%2Fpdf%2FEra%2520tras%2520la%2520vida.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: year">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl_Guatemalteco1907a4-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEl_Guatemalteco1907a4_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEl_Guatemalteco1907a">El Guatemalteco 1907a</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl_Guatemalteco1907b6-7-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEl_Guatemalteco1907b6-7_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEl_Guatemalteco1907b">El Guatemalteco 1907b</a>, p. 6-7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArévalo_Martínez1945128-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArévalo_Martínez1945128_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArévalo_Martínez1945">Arévalo Martínez 1945</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl_Guatemalteco19183-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEl_Guatemalteco19183_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEl_Guatemalteco1918">El Guatemalteco 1918</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHernández_de_León193015_de_mayo-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHernández_de_León193015_de_mayo_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHernández_de_León1930">Hernández de León 1930</a>, p. 15 de mayo.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilva_H.n.d.58-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilva_H.n.d.58_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSilva_H.n.d.">Silva H. n.d.</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilva_H.s.f.58-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilva_H.s.f.58_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSilva_H.s.f.">Silva H. & s.f.</a>, p. 58.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFSilva_H.s.f. (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arevalo-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-arevalo_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518233909/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jc3KBvf5gwI">"Vida de Juan José Arévalo"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jc3KBvf5gwI">the original</a> on 2015-05-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2014</span> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vida+de+Juan+Jos%C3%A9+Ar%C3%A9valo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DJc3KBvf5gwI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-imparcial-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-imparcial_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEl_Imparcial1944">El Imparcial 1944</a>, p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-esquipulas-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-esquipulas_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-esquipulas_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsquipulas_en_línean.d." class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Esquipulas en línea (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131220213329/http://www.esquipulas.com.gt/biografias/monsenor-mariano-rossell-y-arellano/">"Biografia de Mariano Rossell Arellano"</a>. <i>Esquipulas en línea</i> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esquipulas.com.gt/biografias/monsenor-mariano-rossell-y-arellano/">the original</a> on 20 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Esquipulas+en+l%C3%ADnea&rft.atitle=Biografia+de+Mariano+Rossell+Arellano&rft.au=Esquipulas+en+l%C3%ADnea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esquipulas.com.gt%2Fbiografias%2Fmonsenor-mariano-rossell-y-arellano%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-icj-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-icj_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-icj_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInternational_Court_of_Justice1955">International Court of Justice 1955</a>, p. 18<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFInternational_Court_of_Justice1955 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolina2011-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolina2011_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMolina2011">Molina 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECentro_de_Estudios_Urbanos_y_Regionales_(USAC)19984-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECentro_de_Estudios_Urbanos_y_Regionales_(USAC)19984_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCentro_de_Estudios_Urbanos_y_Regionales_(USAC)1998">Centro de Estudios Urbanos y Regionales (USAC) 1998</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECentro_de_Estudios_Urbanos_y_Regionales_(USAC)199815-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECentro_de_Estudios_Urbanos_y_Regionales_(USAC)199815_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCentro_de_Estudios_Urbanos_y_Regionales_(USAC)1998">Centro de Estudios Urbanos y Regionales (USAC) 1998</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Man-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Man_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Man_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Man_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Man_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Man_45-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFacultad_de_Veterinaria_y_Zootenica">Facultad de Veterinaria y Zootenica</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFFacultad_de_Veterinaria_y_Zootenica (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rakosy-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rakosy_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rakosy_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRakosy2002" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rakosy, Betsy (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006082651/http://www.minesandcommunities.org/article.php?a=7057">"Victimization – the EXMIBAL Story"</a>. <i>MAC: Mines and communities</i> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minesandcommunities.org/article.php?a=7057">the original</a> on 6 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MAC%3A+Mines+and+communities&rft.atitle=Victimization+%E2%80%93+the+EXMIBAL+Story&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Rakosy&rft.aufirst=Betsy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minesandcommunities.org%2Farticle.php%3Fa%3D7057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aguilera-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aguilera_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aguilera_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAguilera_PeraltaRomero_Imery1981">Aguilera Peralta & Romero Imery 1981</a>, pp. 135–138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-comisionaguda-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-comisionaguda_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-comisionaguda_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFComisión_para_el_Esclarecimiento_Histórico:_Agudización1999">Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico: Agudización 1999</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-niunovivo-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-niunovivo_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-niunovivo_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watchv=FG6fh9M8wdc">"Ni uno vivo"</a>. <i>YouTube</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Ni+uno+vivo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatchv%3DFG6fh9M8wdc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiglo_212010-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiglo_212010_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSiglo_212010">Siglo 21 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-elpais85-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-elpais85_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-elpais85_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-elpais85_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEl_País1985">El País 1985</a>, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDighero_Herrera2002169-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDighero_Herrera2002169_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDighero_Herrera2002">Dighero Herrera 2002</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-veliz-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-veliz_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-veliz_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-veliz_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-veliz_55-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVéliz2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Véliz, Rodrigo (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nomada.gt/que-hicieron-los-profesores-de-derecho-para-que-la-usac-perdiera-prestigio/">"¿Qué hizo Derecho para que la USAC perdiera prestigio?"</a>. <i>Nómada</i> (in Spanish). Guatemala.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=N%C3%B3mada&rft.atitle=%C2%BFQu%C3%A9+hizo+Derecho+para+que+la+USAC+perdiera+prestigio%3F&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=V%C3%A9liz&rft.aufirst=Rodrigo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnomada.gt%2Fque-hicieron-los-profesores-de-derecho-para-que-la-usac-perdiera-prestigio%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDighero_Herrera2002169–170-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDighero_Herrera2002169–170_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDighero_Herrera2002">Dighero Herrera 2002</a>, pp. 169–170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDighero_Herrera2002180–181-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDighero_Herrera2002180–181_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDighero_Herrera2002">Dighero Herrera 2002</a>, pp. 180–181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDighero_Herrera2002197-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDighero_Herrera2002197_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDighero_Herrera2002">Dighero Herrera 2002</a>, p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDighero_Herrera2002214-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDighero_Herrera2002214_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDighero_Herrera2002">Dighero Herrera 2002</a>, p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHernández_Pico2001-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHernández_Pico2001_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHernández_Pico2001">Hernández Pico 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastillo_Zamora2013-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastillo_Zamora2013_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastillo_Zamora2013">Castillo Zamora 2013</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFCastillo_Zamora2013 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rehmi89-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rehmi89_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rehmi89_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rehmi89_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rehmi89_62-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rehmi89_62-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInforme_REMHIn.d." class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Informe REMHI (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.derechoshumanos.net/lesahumanidad/informes/guatemala/informeREMHI-Tomo2.htm#t2c3-m20">"Proyecto Interdiocesano de Recuperación de la Memoria Histórica"</a>. <i>Fundación Acción Pro-Derechos Humanos</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fundaci%C3%B3n+Acci%C3%B3n+Pro-Derechos+Humanos&rft.atitle=Proyecto+Interdiocesano+de+Recuperaci%C3%B3n+de+la+Memoria+Hist%C3%B3rica&rft.au=Informe+REMHI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.derechoshumanos.net%2Flesahumanidad%2Finformes%2Fguatemala%2FinformeREMHI-Tomo2.htm%23t2c3-m20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: year">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Molinamejia-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Molinamejia_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Molinamejia_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolina_Mejía2007" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Molina Mejía, Roberto (14 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100704144026/http://www.albedrio.org/htm/articulos/r/rmm-023.htm">"Recordando el 14 de julio de 1980"</a>. <i>Albedrío</i> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albedrio.org/htm/articulos/r/rmm-023.htm">the original</a> on 4 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Albedr%C3%ADo&rft.atitle=Recordando+el+14+de+julio+de+1980&rft.date=2007-07-14&rft.aulast=Molina+Mej%C3%ADa&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albedrio.org%2Fhtm%2Farticulos%2Fr%2Frmm-023.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAguilera_PeraltaRomero_Imery1981" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aguilera Peralta, Gabriel; Romero Imery, Jorge (1981). <i>Dialéctica del terror en Guatemala</i> (in Spanish). San José: EDUCA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dial%C3%A9ctica+del+terror+en+Guatemala&rft.place=San+Jos%C3%A9&rft.pub=EDUCA&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Aguilera+Peralta&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft.au=Romero+Imery%2C+Jorge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÁlvarez_Aragón2002" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Álvarez Aragón, Virgilo (2002). "Conventos, aulas y trincheras. Universidad y movimiento estudiantil en Guatemala: La ilusión por conservar" (in Spanish). <b>n I</b>. Guatemala: FLACSO.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Conventos%2C+aulas+y+trincheras.+Universidad+y+movimiento+estudiantil+en+Guatemala%3A+La+ilusi%C3%B3n+por+conservar&rft.volume=n+I&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=%C3%81lvarez+Arag%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Virgilo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|volume=</code> has extra text (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#extra_text_volume" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span>; <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArévalo_Martínez1945" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Ar%C3%A9valo_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Rafael Arévalo Martínez">Arévalo Martínez, Rafael</a> (1945). <i>¡Ecce Pericles!</i> (in Spanish). Guatemala: Tipografía Nacional.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C2%A1Ecce+Pericles%21&rft.place=Guatemala&rft.pub=Tipograf%C3%ADa+Nacional&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Ar%C3%A9valo+Mart%C3%ADnez&rft.aufirst=Rafael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBucheliJones2005" class="citation journal cs1">Bucheli, Marcelo; Jones, Geoffrey (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180711040634/http://harvardbusinessonline.hbsp.harvard.edu/b01/en/common/item_detail.jhtml?id=805146">"The Octopus and the Generals: the United Fruit Company in Guatemala"</a>. <i>Harvard Business School Case</i> (9–805–146). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://harvardbusinessonline.hbsp.harvard.edu/b01/en/common/item_detail.jhtml?id=805146">the original</a> on 2018-07-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Business+School+Case&rft.atitle=The+Octopus+and+the+Generals%3A+the+United+Fruit+Company+in+Guatemala&rft.issue=9%E2%80%93805%E2%80%93146&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Bucheli&rft.aufirst=Marcelo&rft.au=Jones%2C+Geoffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fharvardbusinessonline.hbsp.harvard.edu%2Fb01%2Fen%2Fcommon%2Fitem_detail.jhtml%3Fid%3D805146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCadena1774" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cadena, Felipe (1774). <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Breve_Descripci%C3%B3n_de_la_Noble_Ciudad_de_Santiago_de_los_Caballeros_de_Guatemala.pdf"><i>Breve descripción de la noble ciudad de Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala y puntual noticia de su lamentable ruina ocasionada de un violento terremoto el día veintinueve July 1773</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish). Mixco, Guatemala: Oficina de Antonio Sánchez Cubillas.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breve+descripci%C3%B3n+de+la+noble+ciudad+de+Santiago+de+los+Caballeros+de+Guatemala+y+puntual+noticia+de+su+lamentable+ruina+ocasionada+de+un+violento+terremoto+el+d%C3%ADa+veintinueve+July+1773&rft.place=Mixco%2C+Guatemala&rft.pub=Oficina+de+Antonio+S%C3%A1nchez+Cubillas&rft.date=1774&rft.aulast=Cadena&rft.aufirst=Felipe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DFile%3ABreve_Descripci%25C3%25B3n_de_la_Noble_Ciudad_de_Santiago_de_los_Caballeros_de_Guatemala.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCazali_Ávila1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cazali Ávila, Augusto (1997). <i>Historia de la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, época republicana: (1821–1994</i> (in Spanish). Guatemala: Universitaria. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99922-59-46-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-99922-59-46-7"><bdi>978-99922-59-46-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+de+la+Universidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala%2C+%C3%A9poca+republicana%3A+%281821%E2%80%931994&rft.place=Guatemala&rft.pub=Universitaria&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-99922-59-46-7&rft.aulast=Cazali+%C3%81vila&rft.aufirst=Augusto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentro_de_Estudios_Urbanos_y_Regionales_(USAC)1998" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Centro de Estudios Urbanos y Regionales (USAC) (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120617110915/http://www.ceur.usac.edu.gt/pdf/DH/DH_CEUR_09.pdf">"Severo Martínez Peláez, In Memoriam: La Patria del Criollo, un cuarto de siglo después"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Boletín del CEUR-USAC</i> (in Spanish). Guatemala. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ceur.usac.edu.gt/pdf/DH/DH_CEUR_09.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bolet%C3%ADn+del+CEUR-USAC&rft.atitle=Severo+Mart%C3%ADnez+Pel%C3%A1ez%2C+In+Memoriam%3A+La+Patria+del+Criollo%2C+un+cuarto+de+siglo+despu%C3%A9s&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Centro+de+Estudios+Urbanos+y+Regionales+%28USAC%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fceur.usac.edu.gt%2Fpdf%2FDH%2FDH_CEUR_09.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCerigua2011" class="citation web cs1">Cerigua (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150205001149/http://cerigua.org/1520/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6228:distinguido-docente-de-la-usac-asesinado-en-1981-sera-reconocido&catid=38:social&Itemid=10">"Distinguido docente de la USAC asesinado en 1981 será reconocido"</a>. <i>Centro de Reportes Informativos sobre Guatemala</i>. Guatemala. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cerigua.org/1520/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6228:distinguido-docente-de-la-usac-asesinado-en-1981-sera-reconocido&catid=38:social&Itemid=10">the original</a> on 2015-02-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centro+de+Reportes+Informativos+sobre+Guatemala&rft.atitle=Distinguido+docente+de+la+USAC+asesinado+en+1981+ser%C3%A1+reconocido&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Cerigua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcerigua.org%2F1520%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D6228%3Adistinguido-docente-de-la-usac-asesinado-en-1981-sera-reconocido%26catid%3D38%3Asocial%26Itemid%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapa_Bezanilla2004" class="citation book cs1">Chapa Bezanilla, María de los Angeles (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8zidHw1H5LIC"><i>Rafael Heliodoro Valle, humanista de América</i></a>. México, D.F.: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Bibliográficas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-970-32-1915-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-970-32-1915-5"><bdi>978-970-32-1915-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rafael+Heliodoro+Valle%2C+humanista+de+Am%C3%A9rica&rft.place=M%C3%A9xico%2C+D.F.&rft.pub=Universidad+Nacional+Aut%C3%B3noma+de+M%C3%A9xico%2C+Instituto+de+Investigaciones+Bibliogr%C3%A1ficas&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-970-32-1915-5&rft.aulast=Chapa+Bezanilla&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa+de+los+Angeles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8zidHw1H5LIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComisión_para_el_Esclarecimiento_Histórico:_Agudización1999" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Comisi%C3%B3n_para_el_Esclarecimiento_Hist%C3%B3rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico">Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico: Agudización</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130506054258/http://shr.aaas.org/guatemala/ceh/mds/spanish/cap1/agud.html">"Agudización de la Violencia y Militarización del Estado (1979–1985)"</a>. <i>Guatemala: Memoria del Silencio</i> (in Spanish). Programa de Ciencia y Derechos Humanos, Asociación Americana del Avance de la Ciencia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shr.aaas.org/guatemala/ceh/mds/spanish/cap1/agud.html">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(online edition)</span> on 6 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guatemala%3A+Memoria+del+Silencio&rft.atitle=Agudizaci%C3%B3n+de+la+Violencia+y+Militarizaci%C3%B3n+del+Estado+%281979%E2%80%931985%29&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Comisi%C3%B3n+para+el+Esclarecimiento+Hist%C3%B3rico%3A+Agudizaci%C3%B3n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshr.aaas.org%2Fguatemala%2Fceh%2Fmds%2Fspanish%2Fcap1%2Fagud.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComisión_para_el_Esclarecimiento_Histórico1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">— (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203017/http://www.archivohistoricopn.org/media/cita/Capitulo-IV-M_A_A_S/Cita-5-6-7-10-44.pdf"><i>Memoria del Silencio</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish). Vol. VI. Guatemala: Oficina de Servicios para Proyectos de las Naciones Unidas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99922-54-06-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-99922-54-06-6"><bdi>978-99922-54-06-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archivohistoricopn.org/media/cita/Capitulo-IV-M_A_A_S/Cita-5-6-7-10-44.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoria+del+Silencio&rft.place=Guatemala&rft.pub=Oficina+de+Servicios+para+Proyectos+de+las+Naciones+Unidas&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-99922-54-06-6&rft.au=Comisi%C3%B3n+para+el+Esclarecimiento+Hist%C3%B3rico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archivohistoricopn.org%2Fmedia%2Fcita%2FCapitulo-IV-M_A_A_S%2FCita-5-6-7-10-44.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComisión_para_el_Esclarecimiento_Histórico1999" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">— (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130506082212/http://shr.aaas.org/guatemala/ceh/mds/spanish/anexo1/vol1/no65.html">"Ejecuciones extrajudiciales de Manuel Colom Argueta y Alberto Fuentes Mohr"</a>. <i>Guatemala: Memoria del Silencio</i> (in Spanish). <b>11</b>. Programa de Ciencia y Derechos Humanos, Asociación Americana del Avance de la Ciencia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shr.aaas.org/guatemala/ceh/mds/spanish/anexo1/vol1/no65.html">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(online edition)</span> on 6 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guatemala%3A+Memoria+del+Silencio&rft.atitle=Ejecuciones+extrajudiciales+de+Manuel+Colom+Argueta+y+Alberto+Fuentes+Mohr&rft.volume=11&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Comisi%C3%B3n+para+el+Esclarecimiento+Hist%C3%B3rico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshr.aaas.org%2Fguatemala%2Fceh%2Fmds%2Fspanish%2Fanexo1%2Fvol1%2Fno65.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorte_internacional_de_La_Haya1955" class="citation journal cs1">Corte internacional de La Haya (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120210083112/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/18/2674.pdf">"Nottebohm case (second phase). Judgement of April sixth, 1955"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>I.C.J. Reports</i>: 4, fr. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/18/2674.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-02-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=I.C.J.+Reports&rft.atitle=Nottebohm+case+%28second+phase%29.+Judgement+of+April+sixth%2C+1955&rft.pages=4%2C+fr&rft.date=1955&rft.au=Corte+internacional+de+La+Haya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icj-cij.org%2Fdocket%2Ffiles%2F18%2F2674.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDighero_Herrera2002" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dighero Herrera, Saúl (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140626000943/http://ine.gob.gt/archivos/informacionpublica/ConstitucionPoliticadelaRepublicadeGuatemala.pdf">"Constitución Política de la República de Guatemala (aplicada en fallos de la Corte de Constitucionalidad)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish). Guatemala: Corte de Constitucionalidad. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ine.gob.gt/archivos/informacionpublica/ConstitucionPoliticadelaRepublicadeGuatemala.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Constituci%C3%B3n+Pol%C3%ADtica+de+la+Rep%C3%BAblica+de+Guatemala+%28aplicada+en+fallos+de+la+Corte+de+Constitucionalidad%29&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Dighero+Herrera&rft.aufirst=Sa%C3%BAl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fine.gob.gt%2Farchivos%2Finformacionpublica%2FConstitucionPoliticadelaRepublicadeGuatemala.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl_Guatemalteco1929" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">El Guatemalteco (1929). "Decreto del organismo ejecutivo No. 953". <i>El Guatemalteco, Diario Oficial de la República de Guatemala</i> (in Spanish). Guatemala.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Guatemalteco%2C+Diario+Oficial+de+la+Rep%C3%BAblica+de+Guatemala&rft.atitle=Decreto+del+organismo+ejecutivo+No.+953&rft.date=1929&rft.au=El+Guatemalteco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl_Guatemalteco1907a" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">— (22 March 1907). "Decretos del Organismo Ejecutivo". <i>El Guatemalteco, Diario Oficial de la República de Guatemala, en la América Central</i> (in Spanish). Guatemala.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Guatemalteco%2C+Diario+Oficial+de+la+Rep%C3%BAblica+de+Guatemala%2C+en+la+Am%C3%A9rica+Central&rft.atitle=Decretos+del+Organismo+Ejecutivo&rft.date=1907-03-22&rft.au=El+Guatemalteco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl_Guatemalteco1907b" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">— (22 May 1907). "Reporte del Secretario de Estado a cargo del Despacho de Instrucción Pública". <i>El Guatemalteco, Diario Oficial de la República de Guatemala, en la América Central</i> (in Spanish). Guatemala.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Guatemalteco%2C+Diario+Oficial+de+la+Rep%C3%BAblica+de+Guatemala%2C+en+la+Am%C3%A9rica+Central&rft.atitle=Reporte+del+Secretario+de+Estado+a+cargo+del+Despacho+de+Instrucci%C3%B3n+P%C3%BAblica&rft.date=1907-05-22&rft.au=El+Guatemalteco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl_Guatemalteco1918" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">— (15 May 1918). "Decretos del Organismo Legislativo". <i>El Guatemalteco, Diario Oficial de la República de Guatemala, en la América Central</i> (in Spanish). Guatemala.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Guatemalteco%2C+Diario+Oficial+de+la+Rep%C3%BAblica+de+Guatemala%2C+en+la+Am%C3%A9rica+Central&rft.atitle=Decretos+del+Organismo+Legislativo&rft.date=1918-05-15&rft.au=El+Guatemalteco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl_Imparcial1944" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">El Imparcial (25 November 1944). "Féminas tendrán acceso a educación superior". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Imparcial_(Guatemala)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El Imparcial (Guatemala) (page does not exist)">El Imparcial</a></i> (in Spanish). Guatemala.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Imparcial&rft.atitle=F%C3%A9minas+tendr%C3%A1n+acceso+a+educaci%C3%B3n+superior&rft.date=1944-11-25&rft.au=El+Imparcial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl_País1985" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">El País (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elpais.com/diario/1985/09/05/portada/494719202_850215.html">"10 muertos en Guatemala en la protesta contra la subida de precios"</a>. <i>El País</i> (in Spanish). Madrid, España.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=10+muertos+en+Guatemala+en+la+protesta+contra+la+subida+de+precios&rft.date=1985&rft.au=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Fdiario%2F1985%2F09%2F05%2Fportada%2F494719202_850215.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFacultad_de_Veterinaria_y_Zootecnia" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Facultad de Veterinaria y Zootecnia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usac.edu.gt/cip/archivos/cipManualdeOrganizacionFacultaddeMedicinaVeterinariayZootecnia.PDF">"Manual de organización de la Facultad de Veterinaria"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Facultad de Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad de San Carlos</i> (in Spanish). Guatemala<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Facultad+de+Veterinaria+y+Zootecnia+de+la+Universidad+de+San+Carlos&rft.atitle=Manual+de+organizaci%C3%B3n+de+la+Facultad+de+Veterinaria&rft.au=Facultad+de+Veterinaria+y+Zootecnia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usac.edu.gt%2Fcip%2Farchivos%2FcipManualdeOrganizacionFacultaddeMedicinaVeterinariayZootecnia.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuentes_Oliva2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fuentes Oliva, Regina (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afehc-historia-centroamericana.org/index.php?action=fi_aff&id=3167">"1920, una década de cambios educativos para Guatemala"</a>. <i>Boletín AFEHC</i> (in Spanish) (54)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bolet%C3%ADn+AFEHC&rft.atitle=1920%2C+una+d%C3%A9cada+de+cambios+educativos+para+Guatemala&rft.issue=54&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Fuentes+Oliva&rft.aufirst=Regina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fafehc-historia-centroamericana.org%2Findex.php%3Faction%3Dfi_aff%26id%3D3167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleijeses1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Piero_Gleijeses" title="Piero Gleijeses">Gleijeses, Piero</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mS7ZVKa6i3AC"><i>Shattered hope: the Guatemalan revolution and the United States, 1944–1954</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691025568" title="Special:BookSources/9780691025568"><bdi>9780691025568</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shattered+hope%3A+the+Guatemalan+revolution+and+the+United+States%2C+1944%E2%80%931954&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780691025568&rft.aulast=Gleijeses&rft.aufirst=Piero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmS7ZVKa6i3AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHernández2013" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hernández, Oswaldo (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plazapublica.com.gt/content/la-justicia-que-fue-de-los-generales">"Tribunales de fuero especial: La justicia que fue de los generales"</a>. <i>Plaza Pública</i> (in Spanish). 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Guatemala: Sáchez y de Guise.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=El+libro+de+las+efem%C3%A9rides&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Hern%C3%A1ndez+de+Le%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Federico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHernández_Pico2001" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hernández Pico, Juan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061007061823/http://www.envio.org.ni/articulo/1495">"Arduous Efforts for Institutionality"</a>. <i>Revista Envío Digital</i> (in Spanish) (237). Nicaragua: Universidad Centroamericana, UCA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.envio.org.ni/articulo/1495">the original</a> on 7 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Env%C3%ADo+Digital&rft.atitle=Arduous+Efforts+for+Institutionality&rft.issue=237&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Hern%C3%A1ndez+Pico&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.envio.org.ni%2Farticulo%2F1495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImmerman1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Immerman, Richard H. (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ciainguatemalafo0000imme"><i>The CIA in Guatemala: The Foreign Policy of Intervention</i></a></span> (in Spanish). Austin: University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780292710832" title="Special:BookSources/9780292710832"><bdi>9780292710832</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+CIA+in+Guatemala%3A+The+Foreign+Policy+of+Intervention&rft.place=Austin&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780292710832&rft.aulast=Immerman&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fciainguatemalafo0000imme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tate_Lanning" title="John Tate Lanning">Lanning, John Tate</a>. <i>The Eighteenth-Century Enlightenment in the University of San Carlos de Guatemala</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Siglo+21&rft.atitle=%C3%93scar+Humberto+Mej%C3%ADa+V%C3%ADctores&rft.date=2010-07-09&rft.au=Siglo+21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.s21.com.gt%2Fopinion%2F2010%2F07%2F09%2Foscar-humberto-mejia-victores&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilva_H.n.d." class="citation journal cs1">Silva H., Margarita (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2445303">"Salvador Mendieta y la unión centroamericana"</a>. <i>Academia.edu</i>. Costa Rica: Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academia.edu&rft.atitle=Salvador+Mendieta+y+la+uni%C3%B3n+centroamericana&rft.aulast=Silva+H.&rft.aufirst=Margarita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2445303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: year">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTate_Lanning1977" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tate Lanning, J. (1977). "La Universidad en el Reino de Guatemala" (in Spanish). Guatemala: Universitaria.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=La+Universidad+en+el+Reino+de+Guatemala&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Tate+Lanning&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorres_Espinoza2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Torres Espinoza, Enrique (2007). <i>Enrique Gómez Carrillo, el cronista errante</i> (in Spanish). Guatemala: Artermis y Edinter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enrique+G%C3%B3mez+Carrillo%2C+el+cronista+errante&rft.place=Guatemala&rft.pub=Artermis+y+Edinter&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Torres+Espinoza&rft.aufirst=Enrique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidad+de+San+Carlos+de+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala">Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usac.edu.gt">Official webpage of the Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Guatemala_City" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Guatemala_City" title="Template:Guatemala City"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Guatemala_City" title="Template talk:Guatemala City"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Guatemala_City" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Guatemala City"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Guatemala_City" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Guatemala_City" title="Guatemala City">Guatemala City</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Aurora_International_Airport" title="La Aurora International Airport">La Aurora International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmetro" title="Transmetro">Transmetro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Palace_(Guatemala)" title="National Palace (Guatemala)">National Palace (Guatemala)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universidad_Panamericana_de_Guatemala" title="Universidad Panamericana de Guatemala">Universidad Panamericana de Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_School_of_Guatemala" title="American School of Guatemala">American School of Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colegio_Alem%C3%A1n_de_Guatemala" title="Colegio Alemán de Guatemala">Colegio Alemán de Guatemala</a> (German School)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Fran%C3%A7ais_Jules_Verne_(Guatemala)" title="Lycée Français Jules Verne (Guatemala)">Lycée Français Jules Verne</a> is nearby (<a href="/wiki/Fraijanes" title="Fraijanes">Fraijanes</a>) and serves area French families.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q607331#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q607331#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q607331#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000107904692">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/142027465">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1029987-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80038000">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120936131">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120936131">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007269233705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058522948906706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1243088">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029274397">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Charles_Borromeo" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Charles_Borromeo" title="Template:Charles Borromeo"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Charles_Borromeo" title="Template talk:Charles Borromeo"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Charles_Borromeo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Charles Borromeo"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Charles_Borromeo" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Borromeo" title="Charles Borromeo">Charles Borromeo</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Charles-Borrom%C3%A9e" title="Saint-Charles-Borromée">Saint-Charles-Borromée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Carlos" title="São Carlos">São Carlos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Charles,_Minnesota" title="St. Charles, Minnesota">St. Charles, Minnesota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Carlos_de_Borromeo_Fortress" title="San Carlos de Borromeo Fortress">San Carlos de Borromeo Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_San_Carlos_Borromeo_de_Carmelo" title="Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo">Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_San_Carlos" title="University of San Carlos">University of San Carlos</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Carlo_Borromeo-class_ship_of_the_line" title="San Carlo Borromeo-class ship of the line">San Carlo Borromeo-class ship of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Charles_Preparatory_School" title="Saint Charles Preparatory School">Saint Charles Preparatory School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Churches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Charles_Borromeo_Church_(Destrehan,_Louisiana)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Charles Borromeo Church (Destrehan, Louisiana)">St. Charles Borromeo Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlskirche" title="Karlskirche">Karlskirche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Charles%27s_Church_(Staten_Island)" title="St. Charles's Church (Staten Island)">St. Charles's Church (Staten Island)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Carlo_Borromeo,_Ferrara" title="San Carlo Borromeo, Ferrara">San Carlo Borromeo, Ferrara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Seminaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Charles_Borromeo_Seminary" title="St. Charles Borromeo Seminary">St. Charles Borromeo Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Charles_Borromeo_Seminary" title="St Charles Borromeo Seminary">St Charles Borromeo Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Carlos_Seminary" title="San Carlos Seminary">San Carlos Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colegio_San_Carlos" title="Colegio San Carlos">Colegio San Carlos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyakibanda_Major_Seminary" title="Nyakibanda Major Seminary">Saint Charles Borromeo Major Seminary of Nyakibanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Charles_Seminary" title="St. Charles Seminary">St. Charles Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Charles_Seminary_(Staten_Island,_New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Charles Seminary (Staten Island, New York)">St. Charles Seminary (Staten Island, New York)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Path_of_Saint_Charles" title="Path of Saint Charles">Path of Saint Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblates_of_Saints_Ambrose_and_Charles" title="Oblates of Saints Ambrose and Charles">Oblates of Saints Ambrose and Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancarlone" title="Sancarlone">Sancarlone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala&params=14.5829_N_90.5529_W_type:landmark_region:GT"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">14°34′58″N</span> <span class="longitude">90°33′10″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">14.5829°N 90.5529°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">14.5829; -90.5529</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala&oldid=1253956251">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala&oldid=1253956251</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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