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id="toc-Responsibilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-IP_addresses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IP_addresses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>IP addresses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IP_addresses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domain_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domain_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Domain names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domain_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protocol_assignments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protocol_assignments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Protocol assignments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protocol_assignments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Time_zone_database" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time_zone_database"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Time zone database</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time_zone_database-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_subtag_registry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_subtag_registry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Language subtag registry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_subtag_registry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oversight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oversight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Oversight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oversight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Managers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Managers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Managers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Managers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="أيانا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أيانا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/IANA" title="IANA – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="IANA" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF" title="ইন্টারনেট অ্যাসাইন্ড নাম্বারস অথোরিটি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইন্টারনেট অ্যাসাইন্ড নাম্বারস অথোরিটি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/IANA" title="IANA – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="IANA" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/IANA" title="IANA – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="IANA" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/IANA" title="IANA – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="IANA" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/IANA" title="IANA – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="IANA" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/IANA" title="IANA – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="IANA" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B9_%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA" title="مرجع واگذاری اعداد در اینترنت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مرجع واگذاری اعداد در اینترنت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/IANA" title="IANA – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="IANA" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/IANA" title="IANA – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="IANA" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ინტერნეტის სამისამართო სივრცის ადმინისტრაცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინტერნეტის სამისამართო სივრცის ადმინისტრაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="آيانا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="آيانا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoridade_para_Atribui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_N%C3%BAmeros_da_Internet" title="Autoridade para Atribuição de Números da Internet – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Autoridade para Atribuição de Números da Internet" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/IANA" title="IANA – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="IANA" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ئایانا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئایانا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IANA" title="IANA – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="IANA" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/IANA" title="IANA – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="IANA" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%95" title="องค์การกำหนดหมายเลขอินเทอร์เน็ต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="องค์การกำหนดหมายเลขอินเทอร์เน็ต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nternet_Tahsisli_Say%C4%B1lar_Otoritesi" title="İnternet Tahsisli Sayılar Otoritesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İnternet Tahsisli Sayılar Otoritesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IANA" title="IANA – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="IANA" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%95_ch%E1%BB%A9c_c%E1%BA%A5p_ph%C3%A1t_s%E1%BB%91_hi%E1%BB%87u_Internet" title="Tổ chức cấp phát số hiệu Internet – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tổ chức cấp phát số hiệu Internet" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"IANA" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/IANA_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="IANA (disambiguation)">IANA (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority_logo.svg/220px-Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority_logo.svg/330px-Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority_logo.svg/440px-Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="199" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">IANA</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data note">December 1988<span class="noprint">; 35 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1988-12</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Commerce">U.S. Department of Commerce</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Focus</th><td class="infobox-data">Manage <a href="/wiki/DNS_zone" title="DNS zone">DNS zones</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data">12025 Waterfront Drive, Suite 300, Los Angeles, CA 90094-2536, USA</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Playa_Vista,_Los_Angeles" title="Playa Vista, Los Angeles">Playa Vista, Los Angeles</a>, <br />United States</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">ICANN</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Kim Davies</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/">www<wbr />.iana<wbr />.org</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242540#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Internet_map_1024_-_transparent,_inverted.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Visualization of Internet routing paths"><img alt="Visualization of Internet routing paths" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png/150px-Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png/225px-Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png/300px-Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">An <a href="/wiki/Opte_Project" title="Opte Project">Opte Project</a> visualization of <a href="/wiki/Routing" title="Routing">routing paths</a> through a portion of the Internet</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">General</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_access" title="Internet access">Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_activism" title="Internet activism">Activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_activism" title="Data activism">Data activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-democracy" title="E-democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">Digital divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights" title="Digital rights">Digital rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_freedom" title="Internet freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_phenomena" title="List of Internet phenomena">Internet phenomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_neutrality" title="Net neutrality">Net neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_privacy" title="Internet privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_Internet_access" title="Right to Internet access">Right to Internet access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slacktivism" title="Slacktivism">Slacktivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internet" title="Sociology of the Internet">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Internet_usage" title="Global Internet usage">Usage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_vigilantism" title="Internet vigilantism">Vigilantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_community" title="Virtual community">Virtual community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_volunteering" title="Virtual volunteering">Virtual volunteering</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Internet_governance" title="Internet governance">Governance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Governance_Forum" title="Internet Governance Forum">IGF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Internet_registry#Number_Resource_Organization" title="Regional Internet registry">NRO</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">IANA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">ICANN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">ISOC</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Information_infrastructure" title="Information infrastructure">Information infrastructure</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">Hypertext Transfer Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_exchange_point" title="Internet exchange point">Internet exchange point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">Transmission Control Protocol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service provider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol">Internet Message Access Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Services</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microblogging" title="Microblogging">Microblogging</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">Email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_fax" title="Internet fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">File sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_transfer" title="File transfer">File transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_game" title="Online game">Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">Instant messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_shopping" title="Online shopping">Shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP">Voice over IP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Web_search_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Web search engine">search</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">History of the Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_currently_registered_Internet_domain_names" title="List of the oldest currently registered Internet domain names">Oldest domain names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_Wars" title="Protocol Wars">Protocol Wars</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Guides</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Internet-related_articles" title="Index of Internet-related articles">Index</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Internet" title="Outline of the Internet">Outline</a></b></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/16px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/24px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/32px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="407" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet">Internet portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Internet" title="Template:Internet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Internet" title="Template talk:Internet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Internet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Internet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p>The <b>Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</b> (<b>IANA</b>) is a standards organization that oversees global <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a> allocation, <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_system_(Internet)" title="Autonomous system (Internet)">autonomous system</a> number allocation, <a href="/wiki/DNS_root_zone" title="DNS root zone">root zone</a> management in the <a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a> (DNS), <a href="/wiki/Internet_media_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet media type">media types</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a>–related symbols and <b>Internet numbers</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rfc2860_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc2860-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently it is a function of <a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">ICANN</a>, a nonprofit private American corporation established in 1998 primarily for this purpose under a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">United States Department of Commerce</a> contract.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ICANN managed IANA directly from 1998 through 2016, when it was transferred to Public Technical Identifiers (PTI), an affiliate of ICANN that operates IANA today. Before it, IANA was administered principally by <a href="/wiki/Jon_Postel" title="Jon Postel">Jon Postel</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Information_Sciences_Institute" title="Information Sciences Institute">Information Sciences Institute</a> (ISI) of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a> (USC) situated at Marina Del Rey (Los Angeles), under a contract USC/ISI had with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a>. </p><p>In addition, five <a href="/wiki/Regional_Internet_registry" title="Regional Internet registry">regional Internet registries</a> delegate number resources to their customers, <a href="/wiki/Local_Internet_registry" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Internet registry">local Internet registries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_providers" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet service providers">Internet service providers</a>, and end-user organizations. A local Internet registry is an organization that assigns parts of its allocation from a regional Internet registry to other customers. Most local Internet registries are also Internet service providers. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Responsibilities">Responsibilities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Responsibilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IANA is broadly responsible for the allocation of globally unique names and numbers that are used in Internet protocols that are published as <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">Request for Comments</a> (RFC) documents. These documents describe methods, behaviors, research, or innovations applicable to the working of the Internet and Internet-connected systems.<sup id="cite_ref-IANAfunctions_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IANAfunctions-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IANA maintains a close liaison with the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF) and RFC Editorial team in fulfilling this function.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc2860_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc2860-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the case of the two major Internet <a href="/wiki/Namespace" title="Namespace">namespaces</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP addresses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Domain_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Domain names">domain names</a>, extra administrative policy and delegation to subordinate administrations is required because of the multi-layered distributed use of these resources. </p><p>IANA is responsible for assignment of Internet numbers,<sup id="cite_ref-rfc790_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc790-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rfc1166_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc1166-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are numerical identifiers assigned to an <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> resource or used in the networking protocols of the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Suite" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Protocol Suite">Internet Protocol Suite</a>. Examples include IP addresses and <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_system_(Internet)" title="Autonomous system (Internet)">autonomous system (AS) numbers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IP_addresses">IP addresses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: IP addresses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IPv6_Prefix_Assignment_Example-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/IPv6_Prefix_Assignment_Example-en.svg/300px-IPv6_Prefix_Assignment_Example-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/IPv6_Prefix_Assignment_Example-en.svg/450px-IPv6_Prefix_Assignment_Example-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/IPv6_Prefix_Assignment_Example-en.svg/600px-IPv6_Prefix_Assignment_Example-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="242" /></a><figcaption>IPv6 Prefix Assignment mechanism with IANA, RIRs, and ISPs</figcaption></figure> <p>IANA delegates allocations of IP address blocks to <a href="/wiki/Regional_Internet_registry" title="Regional Internet registry">regional Internet registries</a> (RIRs). Each RIR allocates addresses for a different area of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc7020_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc7020-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collectively the RIRs have created the <a href="/wiki/Number_Resource_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Number Resource Organization">Number Resource Organization</a> formed as a body to represent their collective interests and ensure that policy statements are coordinated globally.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The RIRs divide their allocated <a href="/wiki/Address_pool" title="Address pool">address pools</a> into smaller blocks and delegate them to Internet service providers and other organizations in their operating regions.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Classless_Inter-Domain_Routing" title="Classless Inter-Domain Routing">CIDR</a> system, IANA has typically allocated address space in the size of /8 prefix blocks for <a href="/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4">IPv4</a> and/23 to/12 prefix blocks from the 2000::/3 <a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a> block to requesting regional registries as needed. Since the exhaustion of the Internet Protocol Version 4 address space, no further IPv4 address space is allocated by IANA.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domain_names">Domain names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Domain names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IANA administers the data in the <a href="/wiki/Root_nameserver" class="mw-redirect" title="Root nameserver">root nameservers</a>, which form the top of the hierarchical <a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a> (DNS) tree.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This task involves liaising with <a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain" title="Top-level domain">top-level domain</a> "Registrar-of-Record"s, the root nameserver operators, and <a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">ICANN</a>'s policy making apparatus.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the root zone was cryptographically signed in 2010, IANA is also responsible for vital parts of the key management for the <a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System_Security_Extensions" title="Domain Name System Security Extensions">DNSSEC</a> operations (specifically, it is the "Root Zone <abbr title="Key Signing Key">KSK</abbr> Operator"). Among other things, this involves regularly holding <a href="/wiki/Key_ceremony#Root_Key_Signing_Ceremony" title="Key ceremony">signing ceremonies</a> where members of a group of Trusted Community Representatives (TCR) physically meet at a predefined location and go through scripted procedures to generate key material and signing keys.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The TCRs cannot be affiliated with ICANN, <abbr title="Public Technical Identifier">PTI</abbr> (an ICANN affiliate) or <a href="/wiki/Verisign" title="Verisign">Verisign</a> because of these organizations' operational roles in the key management, but are chosen from the broader DNS community.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Past and present TCRs include <a href="/wiki/Vinton_Cerf" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinton Cerf">Vinton Cerf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dan_Kaminsky" title="Dan Kaminsky">Dan Kaminsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Burkov" title="Dmitry Burkov">Dmitry Burkov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anne-Marie_Eklund_L%C3%B6winder" title="Anne-Marie Eklund Löwinder">Anne-Marie Eklund Löwinder</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Curran_(businessman)" title="John Curran (businessman)">John Curran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IANA operates the <a href="/wiki/.int" title=".int">int</a> registry for international treaty organizations, the <a href="/wiki/.arpa" title=".arpa">arpa</a> zone for Internet infrastructure purposes, including <a href="/wiki/Reverse_DNS" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse DNS">reverse DNS</a> service, and other critical zones such as root-servers.<sup id="cite_ref-IANAfunctions_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IANAfunctions-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protocol_assignments">Protocol assignments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Protocol assignments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IANA maintains protocol registries in tables of protocols and their parameters and coordinates registration of protocols.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2015 there were over 2,800 registries and subregistries.<sup id="cite_ref-IANAfunctions_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IANAfunctions-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time_zone_database">Time zone database</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Time zone database"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/IANA_time_zone_database" class="mw-redirect" title="IANA time zone database">IANA time zone database</a></i> holds the <a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">time zone</a> differences and rules for the various regions of the world and allows this information to be mirrored and used by computers and other electronic devices to maintain proper configuration for timekeeping. </p><p>IANA assumed responsibility for the database on October 16, 2011, after the <i>Astrolabe, Inc. v. Olson et al.</i><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> decision caused the shutdown of the FTP server which had previously been the primary source of the database.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_subtag_registry">Language subtag registry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Language subtag registry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF language tag</a> and <a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></div> <p>The <b>IANA Language Subtag Registry</b> was defined by <a href="/wiki/IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a> RFC5646 and maintained by IANA.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rfc5646_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc5646-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IANA was established informally as a reference to various technical functions for the <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a>, that <a href="/wiki/Jon_Postel" title="Jon Postel">Jon Postel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joyce_K._Reynolds" title="Joyce K. Reynolds">Joyce K. Reynolds</a> performed at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_at_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California at Los Angeles">University of California at Los Angeles</a> (UCLA) and at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Information_Sciences_Institute" title="Information Sciences Institute">Information Sciences Institute</a>. On March 26, 1972, <a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a> and Jon Postel at UCLA called for establishing a socket number catalog in RFC 322. Network administrators were asked to submit a note or place a phone call, "describing the function and socket numbers of network service programs at each HOST".<sup id="cite_ref-rfc322_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc322-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This catalog was subsequently published as RFC 433 in December 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc433_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc433-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In it Postel first proposed a registry of assignments of port numbers to network services, calling himself the <i>czar of socket numbers</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc349_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc349-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first reference to the name "IANA" in the RFC series is in RFC 1083, published in December 1988 by Postel at USC-ISI, referring to Joyce K. Reynolds as the IANA contact. However, the function, and the term, was well established long before that; RFC 1174 says that "Throughout its entire history, the Internet system has employed a central Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)..."<sup id="cite_ref-rfc1174_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc1174-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1995, the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> authorized <a href="/wiki/Network_Solutions" title="Network Solutions">Network Solutions</a> to assess domain name registrants a $50 fee per year for the first two years, 30 percent of which was to be deposited in the Intellectual Infrastructure Fund (IIF), a fund to be used for the preservation and enhancement of the intellectual infrastructure of the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was widespread dissatisfaction with this concentration of power (and money) in one company, and people looked to IANA for a solution. Postel wrote up a draft<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on IANA and the creation of new top-level domains. He was trying to institutionalize IANA. In retrospect, this would have been valuable, since he unexpectedly died about two years later. </p><p>In January 1998, Postel was threatened by US Presidential science advisor <a href="/wiki/Ira_Magaziner" title="Ira Magaziner">Ira Magaziner</a> with the statement "You'll never work on the Internet again" after Postel collaborated with root server operators to test using a root server other than Network Solutions' "A" root to act as the authority over the root zone. Demonstrating that control of the root was from the IANA rather than from Network Solutions would have clarified IANA's authority to create new top-level domains as a step to resolving the DNS Wars, but he ended his effort after Magaziner's threat, and died not long after.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jon Postel managed the IANA function from its inception on the ARPANET until his death in October 1998. By his almost 30 years of "selfless service",<sup id="cite_ref-rfc2468_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc2468-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Postel created his de facto authority to manage key parts of the Internet infrastructure. After his death, Joyce K. Reynolds, who had worked with him for many years, managed the transition of the IANA function to ICANN. </p><p>Starting in 1988, IANA was funded by the U.S. government under a contract between the <a href="/wiki/Defense_Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency">Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency</a> and the Information Sciences Institute. This contract expired in April 1997, but was extended to preserve IANA.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 24, 1998, USC entered into a transition agreement with the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ICANN, transferring the IANA project to ICANN, effective January 1, 1999, thus making IANA an operating unit of ICANN.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1999, at its Oslo meeting, <a href="/wiki/IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a> signed an agreement with ICANN concerning the tasks that IANA would perform for the IETF; this is published as RFC 2860.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc2860_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc2860-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 8, 2000, the Department of Commerce entered into an agreement with ICANN for ICANN to perform the IANA functions.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 7, 2013 the <a href="/wiki/Montevideo_Statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Montevideo Statement">Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation</a> was released by the leaders of a number of organizations involved in coordinating the Internet's global technical infrastructure, loosely known as the "I*" (or "I-star") group. Among other things, the statement "expressed strong concern over the undermining of the trust and confidence of Internet users globally due to recent revelations of pervasive monitoring and surveillance" and "called for accelerating the globalization of ICANN and IANA functions, towards an environment in which all stakeholders, including all governments, participate on an equal footing". This desire to move away from a United States centric approach is seen as a reaction to the ongoing <a href="/wiki/PRISM_(surveillance_program)" class="mw-redirect" title="PRISM (surveillance program)">NSA surveillance scandal</a>. The statement was signed by the heads of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), the Internet Engineering Task Force, the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Architecture_Board" title="Internet Architecture Board">Internet Architecture Board</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a>, and the five <a href="/wiki/Regional_Internet_registry" title="Regional Internet registry">regional Internet address registries</a> (<a href="/wiki/African_Network_Information_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="African Network Information Center">African Network Information Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Registry_for_Internet_Numbers" title="American Registry for Internet Numbers">American Registry for Internet Numbers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Network_Information_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre">Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_Caribbean_Internet_Addresses_Registry" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin America and Caribbean Internet Addresses Registry">Latin America and Caribbean Internet Addresses Registry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9seaux_IP_Europ%C3%A9ens_Network_Coordination_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre">Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-booting_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booting-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2013, Fadi Chehadé, current President and CEO of ICANN, met with Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff in Brasilia. Upon Chehadé's invitation, the two announced that Brazil would host an international summit on Internet governance in April 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The announcement came after the <a href="/wiki/2013_global_surveillance_disclosures" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 global surveillance disclosures">2013 disclosures of mass surveillance</a> by the U.S. government, and President Rousseff's speech at the opening session of the 2013 United Nations General Assembly, where she strongly criticized the American surveillance program as a "breach of international law". The "<a href="/wiki/Global_Multistakeholder_Meeting_on_the_Future_of_Internet_Governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Multistakeholder Meeting on the Future of Internet Governance">Global Multistakeholder Meeting on the Future of Internet Governance</a> (NET mundial)" will include representatives of government, industry, civil society, and academia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> At the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Governance_Forum#IGF_VIII_—_Bali,_Indonesia_2013" title="Internet Governance Forum">IGF VIII meeting in Bali in October 2013</a> a commenter noted that Brazil intends the meeting to be a "<a href="/wiki/Summit_(meeting)" title="Summit (meeting)">summit</a>" in the sense that it will be high level with decision-making authority.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organizers of the "NET mundial" meeting have decided that an online forum called "/1net", set up by the I* group, will be a major conduit of non-governmental input into the three committees preparing for the meeting in April.<sup id="cite_ref-booting_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booting-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2014 the <a href="/wiki/NetMundial_Initiative" title="NetMundial Initiative">NetMundial Initiative</a>, a plan for international governance of the Internet, was proposed at the Global Multistakeholder Meeting on the Future of Internet Governance (GMMFIG) conference (23–24 April 2014)<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later developed into the NetMundial Initiative by <a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">ICANN</a> CEO <a href="/wiki/Fadi_Chehade" class="mw-redirect" title="Fadi Chehade">Fadi Chehade</a> along with representatives of the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a> (WEF)<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Brazilian Internet Steering Committee (Comitê Gestor da Internet no Brasil), commonly referred to as "CGI.br".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The meeting produced a nonbinding statement in favor of consensus-based decision-making. It reflected a compromise and did not harshly condemn <a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">mass surveillance</a> or include the words "net neutrality", despite initial support for that from Brazil. The final resolution says <a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">ICANN</a> should be under international control by September 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A minority of governments, including Russia, China, Iran and India, were unhappy with the final resolution and wanted <a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">multi-lateral</a> management for the Internet, rather than broader multi-stakeholder management.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A month later, the Panel On Global Internet Cooperation and Governance Mechanisms (convened by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) and the World Economic Forum (WEF) with assistance from <a href="/wiki/The_Annenberg_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Annenberg Foundation">The Annenberg Foundation</a>), supported and included the NetMundial statement in its own report.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oversight">Oversight</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Oversight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IANA was managed by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) under contract with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">United States Department of Commerce</a> (DOC) and pursuant to an agreement with the IETF from 1998 to 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc2860_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc2860-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Department of Commerce also provided an ongoing oversight function, whereby it verified additions and changes made in the DNS root zone to ensure IANA complied with its policies. The <a href="/wiki/Internet_Architecture_Board" title="Internet Architecture Board">Internet Architecture Board</a> (IAB), on behalf of the IETF, could terminate the agreement under which ICANN performs IANA functions with six months' notice.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ICANN and the Department of Commerce made an agreement for the "joint development of the "mechanisms methods, and procedures necessary to effect the transition of Internet domain name and addressing system (DNS) to the private sector" via a "Joint Project Agreement" in 1998. </p><p>On January 28, 2003, the Department of Commerce, via the Acquisition and Grants Office of the <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>, issued a notice of intent to extend the IANA contract for three years. In August 2006, the U.S. Department of Commerce extended the IANA contract with ICANN by an additional five years, subject to annual renewals.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since ICANN is managing a worldwide resource, while the IANA function is contracted to ICANN by the US Department of Commerce, various proposals have been brought forward to decouple the IANA function from ICANN.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 1, 2009 the "Joint Project Agreement" between ICANN and U.S. Department of Commerce expired, replaced by an "Affirmation of Commitments".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 14, 2014, the U.S. Department of Commerce announced its intent to transition key Internet domain name functions to a global multi-stakeholder community.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2016 ICANN incorporated Public Technical Identifiers, a non-profit affiliate corporation in California, to take over the IANA functions once the current contract expired at the end of September.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Department of Commerce confirmed that its criteria for transitioning IANA Stewardship to the Internet multistakeholder community had been met, and that it intended to allow its contract with ICANN to expire on September 30, 2016, allowing the transition to take effect.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October the contract between the United States Department of Commerce and ICANN to perform the IANA functions was allowed to expire and the stewardship of IANA functions was officially transitioned to the private-sector.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Managers">Managers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Managers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 1972, <a href="/wiki/Jon_Postel" title="Jon Postel">Jon Postel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joyce_K._Reynolds" title="Joyce K. Reynolds">Joyce K. Reynolds</a>.</li> <li>In 1998, <a href="/wiki/Joyce_K._Reynolds" title="Joyce K. Reynolds">Joyce K. Reynolds</a>.</li> <li>In 2003, Doug Barton.</li> <li>In 2005, David Conrad (engineer).</li> <li>In 2010, Elise Gerich.</li> <li>In 2018, Kim Davies.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_Los_Angeles_County%2C_California.svg/32px-Flag_of_Los_Angeles_County%2C_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_Los_Angeles_County%2C_California.svg/48px-Flag_of_Los_Angeles_County%2C_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_Los_Angeles_County%2C_California.svg/64px-Flag_of_Los_Angeles_County%2C_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1522" data-file-height="913" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Greater_Los_Angeles" title="Portal:Greater Los Angeles">Greater Los Angeles portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/28px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/42px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/56px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="407" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet">Internet portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Registry_for_Internet_Numbers" title="American Registry for Internet Numbers">American Registry for Internet Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_governance" title="Internet governance">Internet governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_information_technology_initialisms" title="List of information technology initialisms">List of information technology initialisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_TCP_and_UDP_port_numbers" title="List of TCP and UDP port numbers">List of TCP and UDP port numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montevideo_Statement_on_the_Future_of_Internet_Cooperation" title="Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation">Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Internet_registry" title="National Internet registry">National Internet registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetMundial_Initiative" title="NetMundial Initiative">NetMundial Initiative</a>, a plan for international governance of the Internet first proposed at the Global Multistakeholder Meeting on the Future of Internet Governance (GMMFIG) conference, 23–24 April 2014).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_Enterprise_Number" title="Private Enterprise Number">Private Enterprise Number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registration_authority" title="Registration authority">Registration authority</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/">"Internet Assigned Numbers Authority"</a>. Public Technical Identifiers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110224160727/http://www.iana.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Internet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority&rft.pub=Public+Technical+Identifiers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iana.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc2860-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rfc2860_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc2860_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc2860_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc2860_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._CarpenterF._BakerM._Roberts2000" class="citation cs1">B. Carpenter; <a href="/wiki/Fred_Baker_(IETF_chair)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fred Baker (IETF chair)">F. Baker</a>; M. Roberts (June 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2860"><i>Memorandum of Understanding Concerning the Technical Work of the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</i></a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC2860">10.17487/RFC2860</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2860">2860</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memorandum+of+Understanding+Concerning+the+Technical+Work+of+the+Internet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=2000-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC2860&rft.au=B.+Carpenter&rft.au=F.+Baker&rft.au=M.+Roberts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc2860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Informational.</i> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElise_Gerich2016" class="citation web cs1">Elise Gerich (2016-10-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ripe73.ripe.net/archives/video/1439/">"IANA Services Update"</a>. <i>RIPE 73 Archives</i>. Madrid, Spain: <a href="/wiki/RIPE" title="RIPE">RIPE</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161103234335/https://ripe73.ripe.net/archives/video/1439/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RIPE+73+Archives&rft.atitle=IANA+Services+Update&rft.date=2016-10-25&rft.au=Elise+Gerich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fripe73.ripe.net%2Farchives%2Fvideo%2F1439%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IANAfunctions-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IANAfunctions_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IANAfunctions_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IANAfunctions_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/functions-basics-07apr14-en.pdf">"The IANA Functions: An Introduction to the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) Functions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ICANN. December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191107061925/https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/functions-basics-07apr14-en.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 7 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+IANA+Functions%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Internet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority+%28IANA%29+Functions&rft.pub=ICANN&rft.date=2015-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Fen%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2Ffunctions-basics-07apr14-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc790-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc790_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Postel1981" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jon_Postel" title="Jon Postel">J. Postel</a> (September 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc790"><i>ASSIGNED NUMBERS</i></a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC0790">10.17487/RFC0790</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc790">790</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ASSIGNED+NUMBERS&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=1981-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC0790&rft.au=J.+Postel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc790&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Obsolete.</i> Obsoleted by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc820">820</a>. Obsoletes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc776">776</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc770">770</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc762">762</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc758">758</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc755">755</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc750">750</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc739">739</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc604">604</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc503">503</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc433">433</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc349">349</a>.Obsoletes IENs: 127, 117, 93. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc1166-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc1166_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._KirkpatrickM._StahlM._Recker1990" class="citation cs1">S. Kirkpatrick; M. Stahl; M. Recker (July 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1166"><i>INTERNET NUMBERS</i></a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC1166">10.17487/RFC1166</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1166">1166</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=INTERNET+NUMBERS&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=1990-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC1166&rft.au=S.+Kirkpatrick&rft.au=M.+Stahl&rft.au=M.+Recker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc1166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Informational.</i> Updated by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5737">5737</a>. Obsoletes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1020">1020</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1062">1062</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1117">1117</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc7020-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc7020_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._HousleyJ._CurranG._HustonD._Conrad2013" class="citation cs1">R. Housley; J. Curran; G. Huston; D. Conrad (August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7020"><i>The Internet Numbers Registry System</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC7020">10.17487/RFC7020</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7020">7020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Internet+Numbers+Registry+System&rft.date=2013-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC7020&rft.au=R.+Housley&rft.au=J.+Curran&rft.au=G.+Huston&rft.au=D.+Conrad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc7020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Informational.</i> Obsoletes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2050">2050</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612233102/https://www.nro.net/about-the-nro/">"About the NRO"</a>. Number Resource Organization. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nro.net/about-the-nro/">the original</a> on 12 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+NRO&rft.pub=Number+Resource+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nro.net%2Fabout-the-nro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612233111/https://www.nro.net/policies/getting-internet-number-resources/">"Getting Internet Number Resources"</a>. Number Resource Organization. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nro.net/policies/getting-internet-number-resources/">the original</a> on 12 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Getting+Internet+Number+Resources&rft.pub=Number+Resource+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nro.net%2Fpolicies%2Fgetting-internet-number-resources%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWuCuiWuLiu2012" class="citation journal cs1">Wu, Peng; Cui, Yong; Wu, Jianping; Liu, Jiangchuan; Metz, Chris (2012-12-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6380492">"Transition from IPv4 to IPv6: A State-of-the-Art Survey"</a>. <i>IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials</i>. <b>15</b> (3): 1407–1424. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FSURV.2012.110112.00200">10.1109/SURV.2012.110112.00200</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1553-877X">1553-877X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206583943">206583943</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221006060126/http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6380492/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Communications+Surveys+%26+Tutorials&rft.atitle=Transition+from+IPv4+to+IPv6%3A+A+State-of-the-Art+Survey&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1407-1424&rft.date=2012-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206583943%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1553-877X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FSURV.2012.110112.00200&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Peng&rft.au=Cui%2C+Yong&rft.au=Wu%2C+Jianping&rft.au=Liu%2C+Jiangchuan&rft.au=Metz%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F6380492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeNardis,_Laura2014" class="citation book cs1">DeNardis, Laura (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jfxfAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA49"><i>The Global War for Internet Governance</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-18135-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-18135-7"><bdi>978-0-300-18135-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Global+War+for+Internet+Governance&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-300-18135-7&rft.au=DeNardis%2C+Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjfxfAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMueller,_Milton2002" class="citation book cs1">Mueller, Milton (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sMKmdJq7iE0C"><i>Ruling the Root: Internet Governance and the Taming of Cyberspace</i></a>. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-26379-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-26379-5"><bdi>978-0-262-26379-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ruling+the+Root%3A+Internet+Governance+and+the+Taming+of+Cyberspace&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-262-26379-5&rft.au=Mueller%2C+Milton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsMKmdJq7iE0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/dnssec/dps/ksk-operator/ksk-dps.txt">"DNSSEC Practice Statement for the Root Zone KSK Operator"</a>. IANA. 7 April 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200717235529/https://www.iana.org/dnssec/dps/ksk-operator/ksk-dps.txt">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DNSSEC+Practice+Statement+for+the+Root+Zone+KSK+Operator&rft.pub=IANA&rft.date=2020-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iana.org%2Fdnssec%2Fdps%2Fksk-operator%2Fksk-dps.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/help/tcr-criteria">"Criteria for Trusted Community Representatives"</a>. IANA. 12 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200720023545/https://www.iana.org/help/tcr-criteria">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Criteria+for+Trusted+Community+Representatives&rft.pub=IANA&rft.date=2017-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iana.org%2Fhelp%2Ftcr-criteria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/dnssec/tcrs">"Trusted Community Representatives"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200705085638/https://www.iana.org/dnssec/tcrs">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trusted+Community+Representatives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iana.org%2Fdnssec%2Ftcrs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/protocols">"IANA - Protocol Registries"</a>. Public Technical Identifiers<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IANA+-+Protocol+Registries&rft.pub=Public+Technical+Identifiers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iana.org%2Fprotocols&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dockets.justia.com/docket/massachusetts/madce/1:2011cv11725/139342/">"Astrolabe, Inc. v. Olson et al"</a>. 2011-10-06. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111008182854/http://dockets.justia.com/docket/massachusetts/madce/1:2011cv11725/139342">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-10-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Astrolabe%2C+Inc.+v.+Olson+et+al&rft.date=2011-10-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdockets.justia.com%2Fdocket%2Fmassachusetts%2Fmadce%2F1%3A2011cv11725%2F139342%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/10/16/icann_rescues_time_zone_database/">"ICANN rescues time zone database"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Register" title="The Register">The Register</a></i>. 2011-10-16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111018080200/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/10/16/icann_rescues_time_zone_database/">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-10-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=ICANN+rescues+time+zone+database&rft.date=2011-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2011%2F10%2F16%2Ficann_rescues_time_zone_database%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/time-zones">"IANA - Time Zone Database"</a>. 2018-05-01. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308054746/https://www.iana.org/time-zones">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IANA+-+Time+Zone+Database&rft.date=2018-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iana.org%2Ftime-zones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/lang-subtags-templates/lang-subtags-templates.xhtml">"Registration Templates"</a>. <i>Language Subtag Registry</i> (in Kinyarwanda). 2021-12-29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220108190515/https://www.iana.org/assignments/lang-subtags-templates/lang-subtags-templates.xhtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Language+Subtag+Registry&rft.atitle=Registration+Templates&rft.date=2021-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iana.org%2Fassignments%2Flang-subtags-templates%2Flang-subtags-templates.xhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc5646-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc5646_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillipsDavis2009" class="citation cs1">Phillips, A.; Davis, M., eds. (September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5646"><i>Tags for Identifying Languages</i></a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC5646">10.17487/RFC5646</a></span>. BCP 47. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5646">5646</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tags+for+Identifying+Languages&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=2009-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC5646&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc5646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Best Current Practice.</i> Obsoletes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4646">4646</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc322-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc322_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV._Cerf,_J._Postel1972" class="citation cs1">V. Cerf, J. Postel (26 March 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc322"><i>Well Known Socket Numbers</i></a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC0322">10.17487/RFC0322</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc322">322</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Well+Known+Socket+Numbers&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=1972-03-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC0322&rft.au=V.+Cerf%2C+J.+Postel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Unknown.</i> NIC 9609. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc433-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc433_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJon_Postel,_Nancy_Neigus1972" class="citation cs1">Jon Postel, Nancy Neigus (22 December 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc433"><i>Socket Number List</i></a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC0433">10.17487/RFC0433</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc433">433</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Socket+Number+List&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=1972-12-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC0433&rft.au=Jon+Postel%2C+Nancy+Neigus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc433&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Unknown.</i> NIC 13491. Obsoleted by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc503">503</a>. Obsoletes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc349">349</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc349-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc349_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Postel1972" class="citation cs1">J. Postel (30 May 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc349"><i>Proposed Standard Socket Numbers</i></a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC0349">10.17487/RFC0349</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc349">349</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proposed+Standard+Socket+Numbers&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=1972-05-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC0349&rft.au=J.+Postel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Unknown.</i> NIC 10428. Obsoleted by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc433">433</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc1174-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc1174_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV._Cerf1990" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">V. Cerf</a> (August 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1174"><i>IAB Recommended Policy on Distributing Internet Identifier Assignment and IAB Recommended Policy Change to Internet "Connected" Status</i></a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC1174">10.17487/RFC1174</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1174">1174</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IAB+Recommended+Policy+on+Distributing+Internet+Identifier+Assignment+and+IAB+Recommended+Policy+Change+to+Internet+%22Connected%22+Status&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=1990-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC1174&rft.au=V.+Cerf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc1174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Informational.</i> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://routeripnet.com/iana/">"About IANA | Established in 1988"</a>. <i>routeripnet.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221228142306/https://routeripnet.com/iana/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-12-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=routeripnet.com&rft.atitle=About+IANA+%7C+Established+in+1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frouteripnet.com%2Fiana%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/domainname/6_5_98dns.htm">"NTIA DNS Statement of Policy"</a>. June 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110425084327/http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/domainname/6_5_98dns.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-04-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NTIA+DNS+Statement+of+Policy&rft.date=1998-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntia.doc.gov%2Fntiahome%2Fdomainname%2F6_5_98dns.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Postel1996" class="citation cs1">J. Postel (June 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-postel-iana-itld-admin-01"><i>New Registries and the Delegation of International Top Level Domains</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>. I-D draft-postel-iana-itld-admin-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Registries+and+the+Delegation+of+International+Top+Level+Domains&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=1996-06&rft.au=J.+Postel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Fdraft-postel-iana-itld-admin-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamien_Cave2002" class="citation news cs1">Damien Cave (July 2, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722170621/http://www.salon.com/technology/feature/2002/07/02/gilmore/print.html">"It's time for ICANN to go"</a>. <i>Salon.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/technology/feature/2002/07/02/gilmore/print.html">the original</a> on July 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salon.com&rft.atitle=It%27s+time+for+ICANN+to+go&rft.date=2002-07-02&rft.au=Damien+Cave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2Ftechnology%2Ffeature%2F2002%2F07%2F02%2Fgilmore%2Fprint.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDave_Farber2002" class="citation web cs1">Dave Farber (July 2, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100525113933/http://www.interesting-people.org/archives/interesting-people/200207/msg00011.html">"a comment on Gilmore: ICANN Must Go (good insights)"</a>. Interesting-people mailing list. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interesting-people.org/archives/interesting-people/200207/msg00011.html">the original</a> on May 25, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=a+comment+on+Gilmore%3A+ICANN+Must+Go+%28good+insights%29&rft.pub=Interesting-people+mailing+list&rft.date=2002-07-02&rft.au=Dave+Farber&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interesting-people.org%2Farchives%2Finteresting-people%2F200207%2Fmsg00011.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc2468-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc2468_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV._Cerf1998" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">V. Cerf</a> (October 17, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2468"><i>I Remember IANA</i></a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC2468">10.17487/RFC2468</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2468">2468</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Remember+IANA&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=1998-10-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC2468&rft.au=V.+Cerf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc2468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Informational.</i> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyderKonstantinosRobachevsky2016" class="citation web cs1">Snyder, Joel; Konstantinos, Komaitis; Robachevsky, Andrei (9 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.internetsociety.org/ianatimeline/">"The History of IANA - An Extended Timeline with Citations and Commentary"</a>. <i>Internet Society</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180308003046/https://www.internetsociety.org/ianatimeline/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+ICANN-IETF+MoU+Supplemental+Agreement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Fen%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2Fietf-iana-agreement-2020-15jan20-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/08/16/icann_awarded_iana/">ICANN awarded net administration until 2011</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810141438/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/08/16/icann_awarded_iana/">Archived</a> 2017-08-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <a href="/wiki/The_Register" title="The Register">The Register</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/functions-basics-07apr14-en.pdf">"IANA FUNCTIONS: THE BASICS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201115222159/https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/functions-basics-07apr14-en.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2020-11-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IANA+FUNCTIONS%3A+THE+BASICS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Fen%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2Ffunctions-basics-07apr14-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ntia.doc.gov/files/ntia/publications/affirmation_of_commitments_2009.pdf">"Affirmation of Commitments by the United States Department of Commerce and the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. US Department of Commerce. September 30, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160612130614/http://www.ntia.doc.gov/files/ntia/publications/affirmation_of_commitments_2009.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-06-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Affirmation+of+Commitments+by+the+United+States+Department+of+Commerce+and+the+Internet+Corporation+for+Assigned+Names+and+Numbers&rft.pub=US+Department+of+Commerce&rft.date=2009-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntia.doc.gov%2Ffiles%2Fntia%2Fpublications%2Faffirmation_of_commitments_2009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/us-government-finally-lets-icann-go/">US Government finally lets ICANN go</a> by <a href="/wiki/ZDNet" class="mw-redirect" title="ZDNet">ZDNet</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ntia.doc.gov/press-release/2014/ntia-announces-intent-transition-key-internet-domain-name-functions">"NTIA Announces Intent to Transition Key Internet Domain Name Functions"</a>. United States Department of Commerce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140323232612/http://www.ntia.doc.gov/press-release/2014/ntia-announces-intent-transition-key-internet-domain-name-functions">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NTIA+Announces+Intent+to+Transition+Key+Internet+Domain+Name+Functions&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Commerce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntia.doc.gov%2Fpress-release%2F2014%2Fntia-announces-intent-transition-key-internet-domain-name-functions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303546204579439653103639452?mg=reno64-wsj">"U.S. Plans to Give Up Oversight of Web Domain Manager"</a>. <i>Wall Street Journal</i>. 14 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140320040526/http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303546204579439653103639452?mg=reno64-wsj">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=U.S.+Plans+to+Give+Up+Oversight+of+Web+Domain+Manager&rft.date=2014-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052702303546204579439653103639452%3Fmg%3Dreno64-wsj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/news/announcement-2-2016-08-11-en">"ICANN Announces Incorporation of Public Technical Identifiers (PTI)"</a> (Press release). ICANN. 11 August 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180417172035/https://www.icann.org/news/announcement-2-2016-08-11-en">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ICANN+Announces+Incorporation+of+Public+Technical+Identifiers+%28PTI%29&rft.pub=ICANN&rft.date=2016-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Fnews%2Fannouncement-2-2016-08-11-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRibeiro2016" class="citation news cs1">Ribeiro, John (12 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerworld.com/article/3106874/internet/iana-successor-organization-set-up-amid-internet-handover-controversy.html">"IANA successor organization set up amid internet handover controversy"</a>. <i>Computerworld</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180613014948/https://www.computerworld.com/article/3106874/internet/iana-successor-organization-set-up-amid-internet-handover-controversy.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=IANA+successor+organization+set+up+amid+internet+handover+controversy&rft.date=2016-08-12&rft.aulast=Ribeiro&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerworld.com%2Farticle%2F3106874%2Finternet%2Fiana-successor-organization-set-up-amid-internet-handover-controversy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diplomacy.edu/blog/iana-stewardship-transition-what-happening-part-ii">"The IANA stewardship transition: what is happening? (Part II) | DiploFoundation"</a>. <i>www.diplomacy.edu</i>. 2016-09-17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160924030206/http://www.diplomacy.edu/blog/iana-stewardship-transition-what-happening-part-ii">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-09-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.diplomacy.edu&rft.atitle=The+IANA+stewardship+transition%3A+what+is+happening%3F+%28Part+II%29+%7C+DiploFoundation&rft.date=2016-09-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diplomacy.edu%2Fblog%2Fiana-stewardship-transition-what-happening-part-ii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ip-watch.org/2016/08/17/us-government-announces-go-ahead-for-iana-transition-by-october/">"US Government Announces Go-Ahead For IANA Transition By October"</a>. <i>Intellectual Property Watch</i>. 2016-08-17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160923063129/http://www.ip-watch.org/2016/08/17/us-government-announces-go-ahead-for-iana-transition-by-october/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-09-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Intellectual+Property+Watch&rft.atitle=US+Government+Announces+Go-Ahead+For+IANA+Transition+By+October&rft.date=2016-08-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ip-watch.org%2F2016%2F08%2F17%2Fus-government-announces-go-ahead-for-iana-transition-by-october%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ntia.doc.gov/blog/2016/update-iana-transition">"Update on the IANA Transition"</a>. US Department of Commerce. August 16, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160920231404/http://www.ntia.doc.gov/blog/2016/update-iana-transition">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-09-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Update+on+the+IANA+Transition&rft.pub=US+Department+of+Commerce&rft.date=2016-08-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntia.doc.gov%2Fblog%2F2016%2Fupdate-iana-transition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/news/announcement-2016-10-01-en">"Stewardship of IANA Functions Transitions to Global Internet Community as Contract with U.S. Government Ends"</a>. 2016-10-01. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190516085818/https://www.icann.org/news/announcement-2016-10-01-en">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-05-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stewardship+of+IANA+Functions+Transitions+to+Global+Internet+Community+as+Contract+with+U.S.+Government+Ends&rft.date=2016-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Fnews%2Fannouncement-2016-10-01-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ntia.doc.gov/press-release/2016/statement-assistant-secretary-strickling-iana-functions-contract">"Statement of Assistant Secretary Strickling on IANA functions contract"</a>. 2016-10-01. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170323222119/https://www.ntia.doc.gov/press-release/2016/statement-assistant-secretary-strickling-iana-functions-contract">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-03-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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sets</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nro.net/">Numbers Resource Organization</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/en/about/agreements/usc-icann-transition">USC/ICANN transition agreement</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ntia.doc.gov/page/iana-functions-purchase-order">IANA Functions Purchase Order of the United States Department of Commerce</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/en/about/agreements/iana/iana-contract-17mar03-en.htm">ICANN contract for IANA, March 2003</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/registrar-ids/registrar-ids.xml">IANA List of Registrars</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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