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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titulyar_kils%C9%99" title="Titulyar kilsə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Titulyar kilsə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Тытулярная царква – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тытулярная царква" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titulus" title="Titulus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Titulus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titul%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_kostel" title="Titulární kostel – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Titulární kostel" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titelkirche" title="Titelkirche – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Titelkirche" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titulus" title="Titulus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Titulus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="کلیسای انتصابی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلیسای انتصابی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titre_cardinalice" title="Titre cardinalice – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Titre cardinalice" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8B%B0%ED%88%B4%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4" title="티툴루스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="티툴루스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja_tituler" title="Gereja tituler – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gereja tituler" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titolo_cardinalizio" title="Titolo cardinalizio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Titolo cardinalizio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titulus_cardinalitius" title="Titulus cardinalitius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Titulus cardinalitius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titulin%C4%97_ba%C5%BEny%C4%8Dia" title="Titulinė bažnyčia – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Titulinė bažnyčia" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%ADmtemplom" title="Címtemplom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Címtemplom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titelkerk" title="Titelkerk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Titelkerk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titulus" title="Titulus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Titulus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_tytularny" title="Kościół tytularny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kościół tytularny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titulus" title="Titulus – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Titulus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biseric%C4%83_titular%C4%83" title="Biserică titulară – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Biserică titulară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C" title="Титулярная церковь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Титулярная церковь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titularna_crkva" title="Titularna crkva – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Titularna crkva" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titulaarikirkko" title="Titulaarikirkko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Titulaarikirkko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titulus" title="Titulus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Titulus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Титулярна церква – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Титулярна церква" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Church in Rome that can be assigned to a cardinal of the Catholic Church</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_titular_churches" title="List of titular churches">List of titular churches</a>.</div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, a <b>titular church</b> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">titolo cardinalizio</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Churches_in_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Churches in Rome">church in Rome</a> that is assigned to a member of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">clergy</a> who is created a <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">cardinal</a>. These are Catholic churches in the city, within the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Diocese of Rome</a>, that serve as honorary designations symbolising the relationship of cardinals to the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop (Catholic Church)">bishop</a> of Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a>, a cardinal may assist his titular church through counsel or through patronage, although "he has no power of governance over it, and he should not for any reason interfere in matters concerning the administration of its good, or its discipline, or the service of the church".<sup id="cite_ref-CIC_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two ranks of titular churches: titles and deaconries. A title (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">titulus</i>) is a titular church that is assigned to a <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal priest">cardinal priest</a> (a member of the second order of the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a>), whereas a deaconry (Latin: <i lang="la">diaconia</i>) is normally assigned to a <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_deacon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal deacon">cardinal deacon</a> (a member of the third order of the college).<sup id="cite_ref-CIC_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a cardinal priest or a cardinal deacon is later appointed a <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal bishop">cardinal bishop</a> (a member of the first order of the college), he is typically transferred from his titular church to the <a href="/wiki/Sede_vacante" title="Sede vacante">vacant</a> title of a <a href="/wiki/Suburbicarian_diocese" title="Suburbicarian diocese">suburbicarian diocese</a> in the vicinity of Rome. <a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> who are created cardinal bishops are not assigned titles of suburbicarian dioceses.<sup id="cite_ref-CIC_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A cardinal may request that he be transferred to another titular church in a <a href="/wiki/Papal_consistory" title="Papal consistory">consistory</a>; in addition, when a cardinal deacon opts to become a cardinal priest (usually after ten years), he may request either that his deaconry be elevated <i><a href="/wiki/Pro_hac_vice" title="Pro hac vice">pro hac vice</a></i> ('for this occasion') to a title or that he be transferred from his deaconry to a vacant title.<sup id="cite_ref-CIC_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other churches in Rome can also be established as new titular churches. Occasionally, a titular church may be held <i><a href="/wiki/In_commendam" title="In commendam">in commendam</a></i> ('in trust') by a cardinal who has been transferred to a different titular church or to a suburbicarian diocese.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titular_church&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">legalization of Christianity in Rome</a> the <i>tituli</i> were private buildings used as Christian <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">churches</a>—also called <i><a href="/wiki/House_church" title="House church">domus ecclesiae</a></i> or "house churches"—and each took the name of the owner of the building, either a wealthy donor, or a priest appointed by the Church authorities to run it.<sup id="cite_ref-CE_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Titulus <a href="/wiki/Aemilia_(gens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aemilia (gens)">Aemilianae</a></i></span>, now the church of the <a href="/wiki/Santi_Quattro_Coronati" title="Santi Quattro Coronati">Santi Quattro Coronati</a>, drew its name from its foundress, who doubtless owned the extensive suburban <a href="/wiki/Roman_villa" title="Roman villa">Roman villa</a> whose foundations remain under the church and whose audience hall became the ecclesiastical basilica. The most ancient reference to such a Roman church is in the <i>Apology against the Arians</i> of <a href="/wiki/Athanasius" class="mw-redirect" title="Athanasius">Athanasius</a><sup id="cite_ref-CE_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the fourth century, which speaks of a council of bishops assembled "in the place where the Priest Vitus held his congregation".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the 5th century such churches numbered 25, as is confirmed by the <i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Pontificalis" title="Liber Pontificalis">Liber Pontificalis</a></i>. The same number, though with different identities, is given in the reports of councils held in Rome in 499 and 595. In 1120, however, the number is given as 28.<sup id="cite_ref-CE_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern times, many more have received the status of "tituli" or titular churches, while others over the centuries have been abandoned. Some of the latter have been demolished by natural events, war or urban development. </p><p>In 1059, the right of electing the pope was reserved to the bishops of the seven <a href="/wiki/Suburbicarian_diocese" title="Suburbicarian diocese">suburbicarian sees</a>, the priests in charge of the "tituli" churches, and the clergy in charge of the deaconries. These were known collectively as the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">cardinals</a>. Given the importance of this privilege, the term "cardinal" came to be understood as bestowing high rank. </p><p>Accordingly, when it became customary to attribute for honorific reasons the title of cardinal to ecclesiastics living outside Rome,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (March 2016)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> each was assigned theoretical responsibility for one or other of the Roman churches,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a legal fiction establishing their position within the Pope's diocese of Rome. It was understood that they had no obligation to reside in Rome, and so were not personally responsible for the pastoral care of the titular churches assigned to them. This practice is still in force today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Present_situation">Present situation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titular_church&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Present situation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today, the cardinal priests have a loose patronal relationship with their titular churches, whose <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_protector" title="Cardinal protector">cardinal protector</a> they are called. Their names and coats of arms are inscribed on plaques in the churches, they are expected to preach at the church occasionally when they are in Rome, and many raise funds for their church's maintenance and restoration, but they no longer participate in the actual management of the churches. There are (as of 2015) 160 presbyteral titular churches. </p><p>Many cardinals are assigned to <i>tituli</i> with some connection to their home see or country, such as the <a href="/wiki/National_churches_in_Rome" title="National churches in Rome">national churches in Rome</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Turcotte" title="Jean-Claude Turcotte">Jean-Claude Turcotte</a>, former archbishop of Montreal, was made Cardinal Priest of the <a href="/wiki/Nostra_Signora_del_Santissimo_Sacramento_e_Santi_Martiri_Canadesi" title="Nostra Signora del Santissimo Sacramento e Santi Martiri Canadesi">Santi Martiri Canadesi</a> (Holy Canadian Martyrs); <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Vingt-Trois" title="André Vingt-Trois">André Vingt-Trois</a>, former Archbishop of Paris, is the cardinal priest of <a href="/wiki/San_Luigi_dei_Francesi" title="San Luigi dei Francesi">San Luigi dei Francesi</a> (St. Louis, King of France). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cardinal_deacons">Cardinal deacons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titular_church&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cardinal deacons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the wider sense, the term <i>titular church</i> is also loosely applied to the <i>deaconries</i> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">diaconiae</i></span> in Rome assigned to the cardinal-deacons. </p><p>Originally, a <i>deaconry</i> was a charitable institution in Christian Rome, first mentioned in connection with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_II" title="Pope Benedict II">Pope Benedict II</a> (684–685). It would seem that in an early period there were seven deaconries, each corresponding to one of the seven divisions of the city. As the terms implies, each was entrusted to a deacon. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_I" title="Pope Adrian I">Pope Adrian I</a> (772–795) fixed their number at 18, a number that remained constant until the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-CE_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the medieval period, men appointed cardinal deacons are often holders of high office in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a>. However, there have also been some recent developments since it was established that cardinals over the age of 80 would not participate in the conclave that elects a new Pope. Despite this new rule, the Popes have continued to appoint as cardinals a limited number of priests or bishops who have already reached 80 years of age. Often such men are assigned to the order of cardinal deacons. Among the cases that may arise are those of a bishop or archbishop who is widely esteemed but is not made a cardinal for some specific (though rarely publicly announced) reason. It may be, for example, that such a appointment, given while he is under the age of 80, would increase in a disproportionate way the number of cardinals from a single country eligible to participate in the next conclave, or else it would risk creating an expectation that his successors will in future necessarily be made cardinals, too. In other cases, it has become the custom for the Pope to appoint from time to time as cardinals a small number of highly regarded theologians who have already reached the age of 80. Often in these cases, the rank assigned has been that of cardinal deacon. </p><p>There is also a practice of changing the rank of the cardinalatial church from deaconry to priestly title or vice versa, permanently or, as the phrase goes, <i>pro hac vice</i> (<i>for this turn</i>). For instance, a man appointed a cardinal deacon will by definition be assigned a church that has the rank of a "deaconry". It is customary for a cardinal deacon, after ten years, to be able to petition for promotion to the rank of cardinal priest. This is usually granted. In this case, he may be assigned a completely different cardinalatial church which has the rank of a "titulus". However, a commonly used alternative procedure is to raise the church to which he is already attached <i>pro hac vice</i> to the rank of a "titulus". </p><p>In 2015 there were 67 "deaconries" assigned or assignable to one of the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">cardinals</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cardinal_bishops">Cardinal bishops</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titular_church&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cardinal bishops"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Suburbicarian_diocese" title="Suburbicarian diocese">Suburbicarian diocese</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal bishop">cardinal bishops</a> were originally the successors of the residential bishops who governed the seven dioceses around Rome known as <a href="/wiki/Suburbicarian_diocese" title="Suburbicarian diocese">suburbicarian dioceses</a>. They had varying roles in the running of the diocese of Rome, sometimes functioning similarly to present-day <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">auxiliary bishops</a>. Cardinal bishops are now honorarily granted the title of a suburbicarian diocese, with the <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_College_of_Cardinals" title="Dean of the College of Cardinals">dean of the College of Cardinals</a> additionally gaining that of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Ostia" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Ostia">Ostia</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> who become cardinals (individually, not by right of their office) constitute an exception: their own patriarchal see is counted as their cardinal title.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They belong to the order of cardinal bishops and, in the order of precedence, come before the cardinal priests and immediately after the cardinals who hold the titles of the seven suburbicarian sees. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titular_church&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_titular_churches_in_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="List of titular churches in Rome">List of titular churches in Rome</a>, listing present titular churches and their incumbents</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Rome" title="Churches of Rome">Churches of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburbicarian_diocese" title="Suburbicarian diocese">Suburbicarian diocese</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titular_church&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCossio1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cossio, Aluigi (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Titulus"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Titulus">"Titulus" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Titulus&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Cossio&rft.aufirst=Aluigi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitular+church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitte2019" class="citation journal cs1">Witte, Arnold (2019-12-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004415447/BP000027.xml">"Cardinals and Their Titular Churches"</a>. <i>A Companion to the Early Modern Cardinal</i>: 333–350. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004415447_023">10.1163/9789004415447_023</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=A+Companion+to+the+Early+Modern+Cardinal&rft.atitle=Cardinals+and+Their+Titular+Churches&rft.pages=333-350&rft.date=2019-12-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004415447_023&rft.aulast=Witte&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9789004415447%2FBP000027.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitular+church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIC-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIC_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIC_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIC_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIC_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/cardinali_documentazione/cardinali_documentazione_generale_en.html">"The College of Cardinals General Documentazion"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a></i>. 17 February 2014. The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130317062254/https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/cardinali_documentazione/cardinali_documentazione_generale_en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Holy+See+Press+Office&rft.atitle=The+College+of+Cardinals+General+Documentazion&rft.pages=The+Cardinals+of+the+Holy+Roman+Church&rft.date=2014-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fnews_services%2Fpress%2Fdocumentazione%2Fdocuments%2Fcardinali_documentazione%2Fcardinali_documentazione_generale_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitular+church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtt1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ott, Michael (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/In Commendam"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/In_Commendam">"In Commendam" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=In+Commendam&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Ott&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitular+church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CE-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CE_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CE_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CE_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CE_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14745b.htm">Aluigi Cossio, "Titulus" in <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i> 1912</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/28081.htm">Athanasius, <i>Apologia contra Arianos</i>, 20</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richardson 2009, pp. 183–234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P19.HTM">Code of Canon Law, canon 350 §3</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titular_church&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalch2008" class="citation book cs1">Balch, David L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e0TwW93_upoC"><i>Roman Domestic Art and Early House Churches</i></a>. Tubingen: Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-149383-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-149383-6"><bdi>978-3-16-149383-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Domestic+Art+and+Early+House+Churches&rft.place=Tubingen&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-16-149383-6&rft.aulast=Balch&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De0TwW93_upoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitular+church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker1913" class="citation book cs1">Barker, Ethel Ross (1913). "VI". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romepilgrimsand00barkgoog"><i>Rome of the Pilgrims and Martyrs: A Study in the Martyrologies, Itineraries, Syllogae, & Other Contemporary Documents</i></a>. London: Methuen & Company, Limited. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romepilgrimsand00barkgoog/page/n355">325</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=VI&rft.btitle=Rome+of+the+Pilgrims+and+Martyrs%3A+A+Study+in+the+Martyrologies%2C+Itineraries%2C+Syllogae%2C+%26+Other+Contemporary+Documents&rft.place=London&rft.pages=325&rft.pub=Methuen+%26+Company%2C+Limited&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Ethel+Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fromepilgrimsand00barkgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitular+church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelardo1939" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Belardo, Mario (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l1l6ygAACAAJ"><i>De iuribus Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae cardinalium in titulis</i></a> (in Latin). Rome: Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+iuribus+Sanctae+Romanae+Ecclesiae+cardinalium+in+titulis&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Typis+Polyglottis+Vaticanis&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Belardo&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl1l6ygAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitular+church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBez1767" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bez, Henricus Antonius (1767). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pFxQAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA30"><i>Diss. de origine et antiquitate eminentissimorum S. R. C. cardinalium</i></a> (in Latin). Heidelberg: Haener.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diss.+de+origine+et+antiquitate+eminentissimorum+S.+R.+C.+cardinalium&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pub=Haener&rft.date=1767&rft.aulast=Bez&rft.aufirst=Henricus+Antonius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpFxQAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitular+church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Duchesne, Louis (1887). "Les titres presbyteraux et les diaconies," <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o3nRAAAAMAAJ"><i>Mélanges d'archéologie et d'histoire</i></a> (in French). Vol. VII. Paris-Rome: École franca̧ise de Rome. 1887. pp. 217–243.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9langes+d%27arch%C3%A9ologie+et+d%27histoire&rft.place=Paris-Rome&rft.pages=217-243&rft.pub=%C3%89cole+franca%CC%A7ise+de+Rome&rft.date=1887&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do3nRAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitular+church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHülsen1927" class="citation book cs1">Hülsen, Christian (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CpfszyK3wsUC&pg=PA388"><i>Le chiese di Roma nel medio evo: cataloghi ed appvnti</i></a>. Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-487-40631-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-487-40631-2"><bdi>978-3-487-40631-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+chiese+di+Roma+nel+medio+evo%3A+cataloghi+ed+appvnti&rft.place=Hildesheim&rft.pub=Georg+Olms+Verlag&rft.date=1927&rft.isbn=978-3-487-40631-2&rft.aulast=H%C3%BClsen&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCpfszyK3wsUC%26pg%3DPA388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitular+church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKehr1906" class="citation book cs1">Kehr, Paul Fridolin (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B4EzAQAAMAAJ"><i>Italia pontificia, I: Roma</i></a>. Berlin: Weidmann. pp. 1–7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italia+pontificia%2C+I%3A+Roma&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=1-7&rft.pub=Weidmann&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Kehr&rft.aufirst=Paul+Fridolin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB4EzAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitular+church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirsch1919" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kirsch, Johann Peter (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wJWFAAAAMAAJ"><i>Die römischen Titelkirchen im Altertum</i></a>. Studien zur Geschichte und Kultur des Altertums, 9. Bd. , 1. und 2. Hft (in German). Paderborn: F. Schöningh.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+r%C3%B6mischen+Titelkirchen+im+Altertum&rft.place=Paderborn&rft.series=Studien+zur+Geschichte+und+Kultur+des+Altertums%2C+9.+Bd.+%2C+1.+und+2.+Hft&rft.pub=F.+Sch%C3%B6ningh&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Kirsch&rft.aufirst=Johann+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwJWFAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitular+church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>H. W. Klewitz, "Die Entstehung des Kardinalskollegiums," <i>Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte. Kanonische Abteilung</i> 25 (1936), 115–221.</li> <li>Krautheimer, R., <i>Corpus Basilicarum Christianarum Romae</i>, vol. 3.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuttner1945" class="citation journal cs1">Kuttner, Stephan (1945). "Cardinalis: The History of a Canonical Concept". <i>Traditio</i>. <b>3</b>: 129–214. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27830076">27830076</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Traditio&rft.atitle=Cardinalis%3A+The+History+of+a+Canonical+Concept&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=129-214&rft.date=1945&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27830076%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kuttner&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitular+church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lanzoni, Francesco (1925). "I titoli presbiteriali di Roma antica nella storia e nella leggenda," <i>Rivista di archeologia cristiana</i> II (1925), 195–257. <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></li> <li>Richardson, Carol M., <i>Reclaiming Rome: cardinals in the fifteenth century</i>, Leiden: Brill, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17183-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17183-1">978-90-04-17183-1</a></li> <li>Witte, Arnold (2020). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004415447/BP000027.xml">Cardinals and Their Titular Churches</a>". In Mary Hollingsworth, Miles Pattenden and Arnold Witte (eds.), <i>A Companion to the Early Modern Cardinal</i> (pp. 333-350). (Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition; Vol. 91). Brill. ISBN 978-9004415447</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titular_church&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gcatholic.org/hierarchy/cardinals-title-c2.htm">GCatholic Cardinal titles</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gcatholic.org/hierarchy/cardinals-title-c3.htm">GCatholic Cardinal deaconries</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:College_of_Cardinals" title="Template:College of Cardinals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:College_of_Cardinals" title="Template talk:College of Cardinals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:College_of_Cardinals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:College of Cardinals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="College_of_Cardinals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_cardinals" title="List of current cardinals">List of current cardinals</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinals</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> under <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">order of precedence</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal bishop">Cardinal bishops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Re" title="Giovanni Battista Re">Re</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Sandri" title="Leonardo Sandri">Sandri</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Francis_Arinze" title="Francis Arinze">Arinze</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Tarcisio_Bertone" title="Tarcisio Bertone">Bertone</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Saraiva_Martins" title="José Saraiva Martins">Saraiva Martins</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parolin" title="Pietro Parolin">Parolin</a> (CC)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Marc_Ouellet" title="Marc Ouellet">Ouellet</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Filoni" title="Fernando Filoni">Filoni</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Beniamino_Stella" title="Beniamino Stella">Stella</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Antonio_Tagle" title="Luis Antonio Tagle">Tagle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Bechara_Boutros_al-Rahi" title="Bechara Boutros al-Rahi">Raï</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Rapha%C3%ABl_I_Sako" title="Louis Raphaël I Sako">Sako</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal priest">Cardinal priests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Michai_Kitbunchu" title="Michael Michai Kitbunchu">Kitbunchu</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Paul_Poupard" title="Paul Poupard">Poupard</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wetter" title="Friedrich Wetter">Wetter</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Jes%C3%BAs_L%C3%B3pez_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Nicolás de Jesús López Rodríguez">López Rodríguez</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Roger_Mahony" title="Roger Mahony">Mahony</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Ruini" title="Camillo Ruini">Ruini</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Julius_Darmaatmadja" title="Julius Darmaatmadja">Darmaatmadja</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Wamala" title="Emmanuel Wamala">Wamala</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Adam_Maida" title="Adam Maida">Maida</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vinko_Pulji%C4%87" title="Vinko Puljić">Puljić</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Juan_Sandoval_%C3%8D%C3%B1iguez" title="Juan Sandoval Íñiguez">Sandoval Íñiguez</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/James_Stafford" title="James Stafford">Stafford</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Salvatore_De_Giorgi" title="Salvatore De Giorgi">De Giorgi</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Mar%C3%ADa_Rouco_Varela" title="Antonio María Rouco Varela">Rouco Varela</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Polycarp_Pengo" title="Polycarp Pengo">Pengo</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Sch%C3%B6nborn" title="Christoph Schönborn">Schönborn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Norberto_Rivera_Carrera" title="Norberto Rivera Carrera">Rivera Carrera</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81nis_Pujats" title="Jānis Pujats">Pujats</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Crescenzio_Sepe" title="Crescenzio Sepe">Sepe</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kasper" title="Walter Kasper">Kasper</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Audrys_Ba%C4%8Dkis" title="Audrys Bačkis">Bačkis</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Javier_Err%C3%A1zuriz_Ossa" title="Francisco Javier Errázuriz Ossa">Errázuriz Ossa</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Napier" title="Wilfrid Napier">Napier</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Maradiaga" title="Óscar Rodríguez Maradiaga">Rodríguez Maradiaga</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Juan_Luis_Cipriani_Thorne" title="Juan Luis Cipriani Thorne">Cipriani Thorne</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Herranz_Casado" title="Julián Herranz Casado">Herranz Casado</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Scola" title="Angelo Scola">Scola</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Olubunmi_Okogie" title="Anthony Olubunmi Okogie">Okogie</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Zubeir_Wako" title="Gabriel Zubeir Wako">Zubeir Wako</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Justin_Rigali" title="Justin Rigali">Rigali</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ennio_Antonelli" title="Ennio Antonelli">Antonelli</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Turkson" title="Peter Turkson">Turkson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josip_Bozani%C4%87" title="Josip Bozanić">Bozanić</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Minh_M%E1%BA%ABn" title="Phạm Minh Mẫn">Mẫn</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Barbarin" title="Philippe Barbarin">Barbarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_Erd%C5%91" title="Péter Erdő">Erdő</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Franc_Rode" title="Franc Rode">Rodé</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Agostino_Vallini" title="Agostino Vallini">Vallini</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Gaudencio_Rosales" title="Gaudencio Rosales">Rosales</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Ricard" title="Jean-Pierre Ricard">Ricard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ca%C3%B1izares_Llovera" title="Antonio Cañizares Llovera">Cañizares Llovera</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Patrick_O%27Malley" title="Seán Patrick O'Malley">O'Malley</a></i> (CC)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Dziwisz" title="Stanisław Dziwisz">Dziwisz</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Zen" title="Joseph Zen">Zen</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Lajolo" title="Giovanni Lajolo">Lajolo</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Comastri" title="Angelo Comastri">Comastri</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ry%C5%82ko" title="Stanisław Ryłko">Ryłko</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Raffaele_Farina" title="Raffaele Farina">Farina</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Brady_(cardinal)" title="Seán Brady (cardinal)">Brady</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Llu%C3%ADs_Mart%C3%ADnez_i_Sistach" title="Lluís Martínez i Sistach">Martínez Sistach</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Vingt-Trois" title="André Vingt-Trois">Vingt-Trois</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Bagnasco" title="Angelo Bagnasco">Bagnasco</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore-Adrien_Sarr" title="Théodore-Adrien Sarr">Sarr</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Gracias" title="Oswald Gracias">Gracias</a> (CC)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Robles_Ortega" title="Francisco Robles Ortega">Robles Ortega</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_DiNardo" title="Daniel DiNardo">DiNardo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odilo_Scherer" title="Odilo Scherer">Scherer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Njue" title="John Njue">Njue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Estanislao_Esteban_Karlic" title="Estanislao Esteban Karlic">Karlic</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Amato" title="Angelo Amato">Amato</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sarah" title="Robert Sarah">Sarah</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Monterisi" title="Francesco Monterisi">Monterisi</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Leo_Burke" title="Raymond Leo Burke">Burke</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Koch" title="Kurt Koch">Koch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Piacenza" title="Mauro Piacenza">Piacenza</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Gianfranco_Ravasi" title="Gianfranco Ravasi">Ravasi</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Romeo" title="Paolo Romeo">Romeo</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Donald_Wuerl" title="Donald Wuerl">Wuerl</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Raymundo_Damasceno_Assis" title="Raymundo Damasceno Assis">Assis</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Nycz" title="Kazimierz Nycz">Nycz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Ranjith" title="Malcolm Ranjith">Patabendige Don</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Marx" title="Reinhard Marx">Marx</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Walter_Brandm%C3%BCller" title="Walter Brandmüller">Brandmüller</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Monteiro_de_Castro" title="Manuel Monteiro de Castro">Monteiro de Castro</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Santos_Abril_y_Castell%C3%B3" title="Santos Abril y Castelló">Abril y Castelló</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Maria_Vegli%C3%B2" title="Antonio Maria Vegliò">Vegliò</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bertello" title="Giuseppe Bertello">Bertello</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Coccopalmerio" title="Francesco Coccopalmerio">Coccopalmerio</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Braz_de_Aviz" title="João Braz de Aviz">Aviz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Frederick_O%27Brien" title="Edwin Frederick O'Brien">O'Brien</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Calcagno" title="Domenico Calcagno">Calcagno</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Versaldi" title="Giuseppe Versaldi">Versaldi</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Alencherry" title="George Alencherry">Alencherry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Collins_(cardinal)" title="Thomas Collins (cardinal)">Collins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dominik_Duka" title="Dominik Duka">Duka</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wim_Eijk" title="Wim Eijk">Eijk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Betori" title="Giuseppe Betori">Betori</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_M._Dolan" title="Timothy M. Dolan">Dolan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Woelki" title="Rainer Woelki">Woelki</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/John_Tong_Hon" title="John Tong Hon">Tong</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Mure%C8%99an" title="Lucian Mureșan">Mureșan</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Michael_Harvey" title="James Michael Harvey">Harvey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Baselios_Cleemis" title="Baselios Cleemis">Thottunkal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/John_Onaiyekan" title="John Onaiyekan">Onaiyekan</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Salazar_G%C3%B3mez" title="Rubén Salazar Gómez">Salazar Gómez</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Baldisseri" title="Lorenzo Baldisseri">Baldisseri</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ludwig_M%C3%BCller" title="Gerhard Ludwig Müller">Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Nichols" title="Vincent Nichols">Nichols</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Brenes" title="Leopoldo Brenes">Brenes Solórzano</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rald_Lacroix" title="Gérald Lacroix">Lacroix</a> (CC)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Kutwa" title="Jean-Pierre Kutwa">Kutwa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orani_Jo%C3%A3o_Tempesta" title="Orani João Tempesta">Tempesta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Gualtiero_Bassetti" title="Gualtiero Bassetti">Bassetti</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mario_Aurelio_Poli" title="Mario Aurelio Poli">Poli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Yeom_Soo-jung" title="Andrew Yeom Soo-jung">Yeom</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Ezzati" title="Ricardo Ezzati">Ezzati Andrello</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Ou%C3%A9draogo_(cardinal)" title="Philippe Ouédraogo (cardinal)">Ouédraogo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Quevedo" title="Orlando Quevedo">Quevedo</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chibly_Langlois" title="Chibly Langlois">Langlois</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Clemente" title="Manuel Clemente">Clemente</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Berhaneyesus_Demerew_Souraphiel" title="Berhaneyesus Demerew Souraphiel">Souraphiel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Dew_(cardinal)" title="John Dew (cardinal)">Dew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Edoardo_Menichelli" title="Edoardo Menichelli">Menichelli</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Nh%C6%A1n" title="Pierre Nguyễn Văn Nhơn">Nhơn</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Su%C3%A1rez_Inda" title="Alberto Suárez Inda">Suárez Inda</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maung_Bo" title="Charles Maung Bo">Bo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kriengsak_Kovitvanit" title="Kriengsak Kovitvanit">Kovithavanij</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Montenegro" title="Francesco Montenegro">Montenegro</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sturla" title="Daniel Sturla">Sturla Berhouet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Bl%C3%A1zquez" title="Ricardo Blázquez">Blázquez Pérez</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Lacunza_Maestroju%C3%A1n" title="José Luis Lacunza Maestrojuán">Lacunza Maestrojuán</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arlindo_Gomes_Furtado" title="Arlindo Gomes Furtado">Gomes Furtado</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soane_Patita_Paini_Mafi" title="Soane Patita Paini Mafi">Mafi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Luis_H%C3%A9ctor_Villalba" title="Luis Héctor Villalba">Villalba</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Duarte_Langa" title="Júlio Duarte Langa">Langa</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dieudonn%C3%A9_Nzapalainga" title="Dieudonné Nzapalainga">Nzapalainga</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Osoro_Sierra" title="Carlos Osoro Sierra">Osoro Sierra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9rgio_da_Rocha" title="Sérgio da Rocha">Rocha</a> (CC)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blase_J._Cupich" title="Blase J. Cupich">Cupich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Patrick_D%27Rozario" title="Patrick D'Rozario">D'Rozario</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Baltazar_Enrique_Porras_Cardozo" title="Baltazar Enrique Porras Cardozo">Porras Cardozo</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jozef_De_Kesel" title="Jozef De Kesel">De Kesel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Piat" title="Maurice Piat">Piat</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Aguiar_Retes" title="Carlos Aguiar Retes">Aguiar Retes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Ribat" title="John Ribat">Ribat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Tobin" title="Joseph W. Tobin">Tobin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Jean_Zerbo" title="Jean Zerbo">Zerbo</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Omella" title="Juan José Omella">Omella Omella</a> (CC)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anders_Arborelius" title="Anders Arborelius">Arborelius</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Louis-Marie_Ling_Mangkhanekhoun" title="Louis-Marie Ling Mangkhanekhoun">Mangkhanekhoun</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Rosa_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Gregorio Rosa Chávez">Rosa Chávez</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Angelo_De_Donatis" title="Angelo De Donatis">De Donatis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Coutts" title="Joseph Coutts">Coutts</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Marto" title="António Marto">Santos Marto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Barreto" title="Pedro Barreto">Barreto Jimeno</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Tsarahazana" title="Désiré Tsarahazana">Tsarahazana</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Petrocchi" title="Giuseppe Petrocchi">Petrocchi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquino_Manyo_Maeda" title="Thomas Aquino Manyo Maeda">Maeda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Toribio_Ticona_Porco" title="Toribio Ticona Porco">Ticona Porco</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Suharyo_Hardjoatmodjo" title="Ignatius Suharyo Hardjoatmodjo">Suharyo Hardjoatmodjo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Garc%C3%ADa_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Juan García Rodríguez">García Rodríguez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fridolin_Ambongo_Besungu" title="Fridolin Ambongo Besungu">Ambongo Besungu</a> (CC)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Hollerich" title="Jean-Claude Hollerich">Hollerich</a> (CC)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Leonel_Ramazzini_Imeri" title="Álvaro Leonel Ramazzini Imeri">Ramazzini Imeri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Matteo_Zuppi" title="Matteo Zuppi">Zuppi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_L%C3%B3pez_Romero" title="Cristóbal López Romero">López Romero</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Sigitas_Tamkevi%C4%8Dius" title="Sigitas Tamkevičius">Tamkevičius</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Kambanda" title="Antoine Kambanda">Kambanda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilton_Daniel_Gregory" title="Wilton Daniel Gregory">Gregory</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jose_Advincula" title="Jose Advincula">Advincula</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Celestino_A%C3%B3s_Braco" title="Celestino Aós Braco">Aós Braco</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Paolo_Lojudice" title="Augusto Paolo Lojudice">Lojudice</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Arizmendi_Esquivel" title="Felipe Arizmendi Esquivel">Arizmendi Esquivel</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marc_Aveline" title="Jean-Marc Aveline">Aveline</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Okpaleke" title="Peter Okpaleke">Okpaleke</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Ulrich_Steiner" title="Leonardo Ulrich Steiner">Steiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Filipe_Neri_Ferr%C3%A3o" title="Filipe Neri Ferrão">Ferrão</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._McElroy" title="Robert W. McElroy">McElroy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virg%C3%ADlio_do_Carmo_da_Silva" title="Virgílio do Carmo da Silva">Silva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Cantoni" title="Oscar Cantoni">Cantoni</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Poola" title="Anthony Poola">Poola</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Cezar_Costa" title="Paulo Cezar Costa">Costa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Goh" title="William Goh">Goh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adalberto_Mart%C3%ADnez_Flores" title="Adalberto Martínez Flores">Martínez Flores</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Marengo" title="Giorgio Marengo">Marengo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Enrique_Jim%C3%A9nez_Carvajal" title="Jorge Enrique Jiménez Carvajal">Jiménez Carvajal</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Arrigo_Miglio" title="Arrigo Miglio">Miglio</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierbattista_Pizzaballa" title="Pierbattista Pizzaballa">Pizzaballa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Brislin" title="Stephen Brislin">Brislin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Sixto_Rossi" title="Ángel Sixto Rossi">Rossi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Jos%C3%A9_Rueda_Aparicio" title="Luis José Rueda Aparicio">Aparicio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grzegorz_Ry%C5%9B" title="Grzegorz Ryś">Ryś</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Ameyu_Martin_Mulla" title="Stephen Ameyu Martin Mulla">Mulla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Cobo_Cano" title="José Cobo Cano">Cano</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Protase_Rugambwa" title="Protase Rugambwa">Rugambwa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Francis" title="Sebastian Francis">Francis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Chow_(bishop)" title="Stephen Chow (bishop)">Chow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier_Bustillo" title="François-Xavier Bustillo">Bustillo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9rico_Aguiar" title="Américo Aguiar">Aguiar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Diego_Padr%C3%B3n" title="Diego Padrón">Sánchez</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_deacon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal deacon">Cardinal deacons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Mamberti" title="Dominique Mamberti">Mamberti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mario_Zenari" title="Mario Zenari">Zenari</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Farrell" title="Kevin Farrell">Farrell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Simoni" title="Ernest Simoni">Simoni</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Luis_Ladaria_Ferrer" title="Luis Ladaria Ferrer">Ladaria Ferrer</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Angelo_Becciu" title="Giovanni Angelo Becciu">Becciu</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Krajewski" title="Konrad Krajewski">Krajewski</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilino_Bocos_Merino" title="Aquilino Bocos Merino">Bocos Merino</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Ayuso_Guixot" title="Miguel Ángel Ayuso Guixot">Ayuso Guixot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Tolentino_de_Mendon%C3%A7a" title="José Tolentino de Mendonça">Mendonça</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Czerny" title="Michael Czerny">Czerny</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Fitzgerald_(cardinal)" title="Michael Fitzgerald (cardinal)">Fitzgerald</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mario_Grech" title="Mario Grech">Grech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcello_Semeraro" title="Marcello Semeraro">Semeraro</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Gambetti" title="Mauro Gambetti">Gambetti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Silvano_Maria_Tomasi" title="Silvano Maria Tomasi">Tomasi</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Raniero_Cantalamessa" title="Raniero Cantalamessa">Cantalamessa</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Feroci" title="Enrico Feroci">Feroci</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Roche" title="Arthur Roche">Roche</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_You_Heung-sik" title="Lazarus You Heung-sik">You</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fernando_V%C3%A9rgez_Alzaga" title="Fernando Vérgez Alzaga">Vérgez Alzaga</a> (CC)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Gianfranco_Ghirlanda" title="Gianfranco Ghirlanda">Ghirlanda</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Fortunato_Frezza" title="Fortunato Frezza">Frezza</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Francis_Prevost" title="Robert Francis Prevost">Prevost</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Gugerotti" title="Claudio Gugerotti">Gugerotti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Manuel_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Víctor Manuel Fernández">Fernández</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emil_Paul_Tscherrig" title="Emil Paul Tscherrig">Tscherrig</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christophe_Pierre" title="Christophe Pierre">Pierre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Artime" title="Ángel Fernández Artime">Artime</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Agostino_Marchetto" title="Agostino Marchetto">Marchetto</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Luis_Pascual_Dri" title="Luis Pascual Dri">Dri</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Cardinals ineligible to participate in a <a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave">papal conclave</a> in <i>italics</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">(CC): member of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Cardinals" title="Council of Cardinals">Council of Cardinals</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">See also: <a href="/wiki/Titular_(Catholic_Church)" title="Titular (Catholic Church)">Titular</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Titular church</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_titular_churches" title="List of titular churches">List of titular churches</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_creations_of_cardinals" title="List of creations of cardinals">List of creations of cardinals</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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