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class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Eucharist in Syro-Antiochene Christianity</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about Eucharist in West Syriac Christianity. 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:20em"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Eucharist" title="Category:Eucharist">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a><br /><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Eucharist#Supper" title="Eucharist">Lord's Supper</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Eucharist#Communion" title="Eucharist">Communion</a></span></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Michael_the_Archangel,_Findlay,_OH_-_bread_and_wine_crop_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/St_Michael_the_Archangel%2C_Findlay%2C_OH_-_bread_and_wine_crop_1.jpg/150px-St_Michael_the_Archangel%2C_Findlay%2C_OH_-_bread_and_wine_crop_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/St_Michael_the_Archangel%2C_Findlay%2C_OH_-_bread_and_wine_crop_1.jpg/225px-St_Michael_the_Archangel%2C_Findlay%2C_OH_-_bread_and_wine_crop_1.jpg 1.5x, 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style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ritual and liturgy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.15em 0.75em 0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Holy Qurobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Qurbana" title="Holy Qurbana">Holy Qurbana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Service_(Lutheran)" title="Divine Service (Lutheran)">Divine Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Requiem" title="Requiem">Requiem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solemn_Mass" title="Solemn Mass">Solemn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consecration" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecration">Consecration</a>/<a href="/wiki/Anaphora_(liturgy)" title="Anaphora (liturgy)">Anaphora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epiclesis" title="Epiclesis">Epiclesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Words_of_Institution" title="Words of Institution">Words of Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anamnesis_(Christianity)" title="Anamnesis (Christianity)">Anamnesis</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices and customs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.15em 0.75em 0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_communion" title="Closed communion">Closed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Open_communion" title="Open communion">open table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communion_under_both_kinds" title="Communion under both kinds">Communion under both kinds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_adoration" title="Eucharistic adoration">Adoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_discipline" title="Eucharistic discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_after_Communion" title="Thanksgiving after Communion">Thanksgiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserved_sacrament" title="Reserved sacrament">Reserved sacrament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Corpus_Christi" title="Feast of Corpus Christi">Feast of Corpus Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Communion" title="First Communion">First Communion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_communion" title="Infant communion">Infant communion</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viaticum" title="Viaticum">Viaticum</a></i></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Vessels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paten" title="Paten">Paten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalice" title="Chalice">Chalice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoon_(liturgy)" title="Spoon (liturgy)">Spoon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fraction_(religion)" title="Fraction (religion)">Fraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intinction" title="Intinction">Intinction</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.15em 0.75em 0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Eucharist" title="Origin of the Eucharist">Origin of the Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_roots_of_Catholic_eucharistic_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical roots of Catholic eucharistic theology">Catholic historical roots</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.15em 0.75em 0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Eucharist" title="Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist">Real presence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consubstantiation" title="Consubstantiation">Consubstantiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impanation" title="Impanation">Impanation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metousiosis" title="Metousiosis">Metousiosis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptionism" title="Receptionism">Receptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Sacramental union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transignification" title="Transignification">Transignification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorialism" title="Memorialism">Memorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramentarians" title="Sacramentarians">Sacramentarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacrament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinance_(Christianity)" title="Ordinance (Christianity)">Ordinance</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Denominational teachings</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.15em 0.75em 0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_Anglicanism" title="Eucharist in Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_(LDS_Church)" title="Sacrament (LDS Church)">Latter-day Saint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_Lutheranism" title="Eucharist in Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Supper_in_Reformed_theology" title="Lord's Supper in Reformed theology">Reformed</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.15em 0.75em 0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agape_feast" title="Agape feast">Agape feast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_alcohol" title="Christian views on alcohol">Christian views on alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_miracle" title="Eucharistic miracle">Eucharistic miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Host_desecration" title="Host desecration">Host desecration</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Eastern_Christianity" title="Category:Eastern Christianity">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem_Holy-Sepulchre_Jesus-Detail-01.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)"><img alt="Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Jerusalem_Holy-Sepulchre_Jesus-Detail-01.png/120px-Jerusalem_Holy-Sepulchre_Jesus-Detail-01.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Jerusalem_Holy-Sepulchre_Jesus-Detail-01.png/180px-Jerusalem_Holy-Sepulchre_Jesus-Detail-01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Jerusalem_Holy-Sepulchre_Jesus-Detail-01.png/240px-Jerusalem_Holy-Sepulchre_Jesus-Detail-01.png 2x" data-file-width="1432" data-file-height="1416" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Mainstream communions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.15em 0.75em 0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a> - <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Eritrean</a> -, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_See_of_Cilicia" title="Holy See of Cilicia">Cilicia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Indian</a>) </small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient</a>)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Independent communions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.15em 0.75em 0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual Russian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestantism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.15em 0.75em 0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Evangelical_Church" title="Armenian Evangelical Church">Armenian Evangelical Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Evangelical_Church" title="Assyrian Evangelical Church">Assyrian Evangelical Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Pentecostal_Church" title="Assyrian Pentecostal Church">Assyrian Pentecostal Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Believers_Eastern_Church" title="Believers Eastern Church">Believers Eastern Church of India</a></li> <li>Eastern Rite Community in Germany and the Czech Republic</li> <li>Evangelical Baptist Church of Georgia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_Egypt_(Synod_of_the_Nile)" title="Evangelical Church of Egypt (Synod of the Nile)">Evangelical Church of Egypt (Synod of the Nile)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_Romania" title="Evangelical Church of Romania">Evangelical Church of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_the_Augsburg_Confession_in_Slovenia" title="Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Slovenia">Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Orthodox_Church" title="Evangelical Orthodox Church">Evangelical Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Protestant_Evangelical_Church" title="Kosovo Protestant Evangelical Church">Kosovo Protestant Evangelical Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church" title="Mar Thoma Syrian Church">Mar Thoma Syrian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%27ent%27ay" title="P'ent'ay">P'ent'ay - Ethiopian and Eritrean Evangelical Churches</a></li> <li>Russian Evangelical Church</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite#Society_for_Eastern_Rite_Anglicanism" title="Byzantine Rite">Society for Eastern Rite Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Evangelical_Church_of_India" title="St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India">St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India</a></li> <li>St. Valentine's Fellowship</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Lutheran_Church" title="Ukrainian Lutheran Church">Ukrainian Lutheran Church</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Eastern liturgical rites</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.15em 0.75em 0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_liturgical_rites" title="Alexandrian liturgical rites">Alexandrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Rite" title="Coptic Rite">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Rite">Ge'ez</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_rites" title="Malabar rites">Malabar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Major controversies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.15em 0.75em 0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyophysitism" title="Dyophysitism">Dyophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotikon" title="Henotikon">Henotikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-Chapter_Controversy" title="Three-Chapter Controversy">Three Chapters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoenergism" title="Monoenergism">Monoenergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyoenergism" title="Dyoenergism">Dyoenergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyothelitism" title="Dyothelitism">Dyothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestantism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Traditions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.15em 0.75em 0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite" title="Melkite">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodoxy">Russian</a></li> <li><a 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class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Other topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.15em 0.75em 0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christian history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christian_monasticism" title="Eastern Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Eastern_Christianity-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Eastern Christianity-related articles">Index of related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Christianity_sidebar" title="Template:Eastern Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Christianity_sidebar" title="Template talk:Eastern Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Christianity_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Holy Qurobo</b> (<a href="/wiki/Classical_Syriac_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Syriac language">Classical Syriac</a>: <span lang="syc" dir="rtl">ܩܘܽܪܳܒܳܐ ܩܰܕܝܫܳܐ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Classical Syriac-language romanization"><i lang="syc-Latn">Qūrōbō Qādīśō</i></span>) or <b>Holy Qurbono</b> (<a href="/wiki/Classical_Syriac_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Syriac language">Classical Syriac</a>: <span lang="syc" dir="rtl">ܩܘܽܪܒܳܢܳܐ ܩܰܕܝܫܳܐ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Classical Syriac-language romanization"><i lang="syc-Latn">Qurbōnō Qādīśō</i></span>, the "Holy Offering" or "Holy Sacrifice" in English)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> refers to the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> as celebrated in <a href="/wiki/Syro-Antiochene_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Antiochene Rite">Syro-Antiochene Rite</a> (West Syriac Rite) and the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_book" title="Liturgical book">liturgical books</a> containing rubrics for its celebration. West Syriac Rite includes various descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catholic">Eastern Catholic</a> churches. It consists of two distinct <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical rite">liturgical traditions</a>: the Maronite Rite, and the Jacobite Rite. The major <a href="/wiki/Anaphora_(liturgy)" title="Anaphora (liturgy)">Anaphora</a> of both the traditions is the <a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_James" title="Liturgy of Saint James">Divine Liturgy of Saint James</a> in <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac language</a>. The Churches are primarily based in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, Africa, and India. </p><p>The Maronite tradition is employed solely in the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Church</a> originating from the region of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>. </p><p>The Jacobite tradition is employed in the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-syriacpatriarchate.org_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-syriacpatriarchate.org-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Maphrianate_of_the_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Maphrianate of the East">Maphrianate</a> in India known as <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Syrian_Christian_Church" title="Jacobite Syrian Christian Church">Jacobite Syrian Christian Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic Church</a> based in Lebanon, the <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Independent_Syrian_Church" title="Malabar Independent Syrian Church">Malabar Independent Syrian Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara Catholic Church</a> based in India. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">reformed</a> variant of the latter without intercession to saints and prayers for the departed, is used by the <a href="/wiki/Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church" title="Mar Thoma Syrian Church">Mar Thoma Syrian Church</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Reformed Oriental</a> Church.<sup id="cite_ref-Leustean_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leustean-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Qurobo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Syriac word <i>qurobo</i> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> term <i>qurbana</i> (<span title="Classical Syriac-language text"><span lang="syc" dir="rtl">ܩܘܪܒܢܐ</span></span>). When the Temple stood in Jerusalem, and sacrifices were offered, "qorban" was a technical Hebrew term for some of the offerings that were brought there. It comes from a Hebrew root, "qarab", meaning "to draw close or 'near'". A required <a href="/wiki/Korban" title="Korban">korban</a> was offered morning and evening daily and on holidays (at certain times, additional 'korbanot' were offered), in addition to which individuals could bring an optional personal Korban. </p><p>The Holy Qurobo is referred to as "complete" worship, since it is performed for the benefit of all members of the Church. The other <a href="/wiki/Sacraments" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacraments">sacraments</a> are celebrated for individual members. Thus the Holy Qurobo is believed to be the sacrament that completes all the others. Hence it is called the "sacrament of perfection" or the "queen of sacraments". </p><p>A similar term <a href="/wiki/Holy_Qurbana" title="Holy Qurbana">Holy Qurbana</a> is used to denote the eucharistic celebration in the <a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac Rite</a> also. Although the term <i>Holy Qurbana</i> is generally associated with the Eucharistic celebration in the East Syriac Rite, the Divine Liturgy in the West Syriac Churches based out of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> is popularly referred to as <i>Holy Qurbana</i> and rarely, <i>Holy Qurbono</i>, due to their historical ties with the East Syriac Church which lasted until the sixteenth century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Qurobo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catedral_San_Mar%C3%B3n_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Catedral_San_Mar%C3%B3n_02.jpg/220px-Catedral_San_Mar%C3%B3n_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Catedral_San_Mar%C3%B3n_02.jpg/330px-Catedral_San_Mar%C3%B3n_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Catedral_San_Mar%C3%B3n_02.jpg/440px-Catedral_San_Mar%C3%B3n_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Holy Qurobo in the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Church</a></figcaption></figure> <p>West Syriac liturgical rite is developed out of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochene Rite</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchate of Antioch">Patriarchate of Antioch</a>, adapting the old <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> liturgy into <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>, the language of the <a href="/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria (Roman province)">Syrian</a> countryside.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock2011_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock2011-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fortescue_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortescue-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> West Syriac liturgies thus represent one of the major families in <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christianity</a>, the other being the <a href="/wiki/Edessan_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Edessan Rite">Edessan Rite</a> (East Syriac Rite), the liturgy of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> and its descendants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock2011_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock2011-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to historians, distinct West Syriac liturgies started developing after the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a>, which largely divided the Christian community in Antioch into three major factions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock2011_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock2011-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Melkite" title="Melkite">Melkites</a>, who supported the Emperor and the ecumenical council gradually adopted the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a>. On the other side, the <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Chalcedonian">non-Chalcedonians</a> (Jacobites), who rejected the council started developing their peculiar liturgical rite, the West Syriac Rite in Jacobite tradition, by translating Greek texts into Syriac.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock2011_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock2011-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, a distinct West Syriac community was already growing around the monastery of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Maron" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Maron">Saint Maron</a>, who eventually evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Church</a>, forming the West Syriac Rite in Maronite tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock2011_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock2011-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the Chalcedonian faction, the 10th and 11th centuries witnessed the notable transition from an Antiochene Melkite tradition to the liturgical rite of Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock2011_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock2011-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Byzantine Rite also has its roots in the ancient Antiochene Rite. This transition was almost co-terminous with the Byzantine reconquest of parts of north Syria during 969–1084. Numerous liturgical and theological texts from Greek were massively translated into West Syriac and subsequently into Arabic, the emerging dominant language of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock2011_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock2011-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several of the liturgical poetic texts, including those composed by <a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a>, who belonged to the Melkite tradition, were subsequently taken over also into the Jacobite tradition, probably by the following century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock2011_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock2011-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Sebastian P. Brock</a> observes that it must have been from about the 7th century that the Maronite and Jacobite liturgical traditions began to diverge, with the Maronite tradition often retaining archaic elements lost in the Jacobite tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock2011_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock2011-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Thomas Christian">Saint Thomas Christian</a> community of India, who originally belonged to the <a href="/wiki/India_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="India (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Province of India</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> and they were following the East Syriac Rite till the sixteenth century, when the interventions of the Portuguese Padroado missionaries led to a schism among them. Following the schism in 1665, one of the two factions that emerged (the <i><a href="/wiki/Puthenkoor" class="mw-redirect" title="Puthenkoor">Puthenkoor</a></i>) made contact with the Syriac Orthodox Church through Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Gregorios_Abdal_Jaleel" title="Gregorios Abdal Jaleel">Gregorios Abdal Jaleel</a>. Links with the Syriac Orthodox Church were further strengthened in the course of time, as other Syriac Orthodox prelates continued to work among them and to replace their original liturgical rite. <a href="/wiki/Maphrian" title="Maphrian">Maphrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Baselios_Yeldo" title="Baselios Yeldo">Baselios Yaldo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baselios_Sakralla_III_of_Aleppo" title="Baselios Sakralla III of Aleppo">Baselios Shakrallah</a> were prominent among them. In this way the West Syriac liturgical tradition was gradually introduced to them, and thus the descendants of the <i>Puthenkoor</i> which includes the Jacobite Syrian Christian Church, Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church, Malankara Marthoma Syrian Church, Syro-Malankara Catholic Church and Malabar Independent Church currently employ the West Syriac Rite.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Essentially, the West Syriac liturgical tradition that was introduced into India was the <a href="/wiki/Tagrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagrit">Tagrit</a> usage of the Jacobite tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock2011_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock2011-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liturgy_of_St_James">Liturgy of St James</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Qurobo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Liturgy of St James"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_St_James" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgy of St James">Liturgy of St James</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ignatius_Joseph_III_Yonan_Yousif_Thomas_Mirkis_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ignatius_Joseph_III_Yonan_Yousif_Thomas_Mirkis_2015.jpg/220px-Ignatius_Joseph_III_Yonan_Yousif_Thomas_Mirkis_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ignatius_Joseph_III_Yonan_Yousif_Thomas_Mirkis_2015.jpg/330px-Ignatius_Joseph_III_Yonan_Yousif_Thomas_Mirkis_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ignatius_Joseph_III_Yonan_Yousif_Thomas_Mirkis_2015.jpg/440px-Ignatius_Joseph_III_Yonan_Yousif_Thomas_Mirkis_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Celebration of the Holy Qurobo in the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic Church</a> led by Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Joseph_III_Yonan" title="Ignatius Joseph III Yonan">Ignatius Joseph III Yonan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Liturgy</i> is related to the <i>Mystagogic Catecheses</i> of St <a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a>. The <i>liturgy</i> possibly dates back to the fourth century, originally composed in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> language, while its Syriac version evolved after the fifth century, following the <a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Schism" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcedonian Schism">Chalcedonian Schism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fortescue_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortescue-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Liturgy</i> is associated with the name of <a href="/wiki/James_the_Just" class="mw-redirect" title="James the Just">James the Just</a>, the "brother" of Jesus and patriarch among the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christians">Jewish Christians</a> at <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Christianity" title="Jerusalem in Christianity">Jerusalem</a>. Saint James was martyred at the hands of a mob incensed at his preaching about <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> and his "transgression of the Law" - an accusation made by the <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jewish</a> <a href="/wiki/Kohen_Gadol" class="mw-redirect" title="Kohen Gadol">High Priest</a> of the time, <a href="/wiki/Hanan_ben_Hanan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanan ben Hanan">Hanan ben Hanan</a>. Among the Eastern liturgies, the <i>Liturgy of Saint James</i> is one of the <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antiochene</a> group of liturgies, those ascribed to Saint James, to <a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_Basil" title="Liturgy of Saint Basil">Saint Basil</a>, and to Saint <a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a>. </p><p>Most authorities propose a fourth-century date for the known form, because the <a href="/wiki/Anaphora_(liturgy)" title="Anaphora (liturgy)">anaphora</a> seems to have been developed from an ancient Egyptian form of the Basilean anaphoric family united with the anaphora described in <i>The Catechisms</i> of <a href="/wiki/St._Cyril_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Cyril of Jerusalem">St. Cyril of Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_mass_of_the_Syriac_Orthodox_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Holy_mass_of_the_Syriac_Orthodox_Church.jpg/225px-Holy_mass_of_the_Syriac_Orthodox_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Holy_mass_of_the_Syriac_Orthodox_Church.jpg/338px-Holy_mass_of_the_Syriac_Orthodox_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Holy_mass_of_the_Syriac_Orthodox_Church.jpg/450px-Holy_mass_of_the_Syriac_Orthodox_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="421" /></a><figcaption>Holy Qurbono presided over by <a href="/wiki/Maphrian" title="Maphrian">Catholicos</a> <a href="/wiki/Baselios_Thomas_I" title="Baselios Thomas I">Baselios Thomas I</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Syrian_Christian_Church" title="Jacobite Syrian Christian Church">Jacobite Syrian Christian Church</a> (Malankara Syriac Orthodox Church)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_Mass_Celebration_in_Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Holy_Mass_Celebration_in_Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church.jpg/220px-Holy_Mass_Celebration_in_Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Holy_Mass_Celebration_in_Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church.jpg/330px-Holy_Mass_Celebration_in_Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Holy_Mass_Celebration_in_Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church.jpg/440px-Holy_Mass_Celebration_in_Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="362" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Catholicos" title="Catholicos">Catholicos</a> <a href="/wiki/Paulose_II_(Indian_Orthodox_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulose II (Indian Orthodox Church)">Baselios Marthoma Paulose II</a> of <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a> celebrating Holy Qurbana (Holy Qurbono) </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syro-Malankara_Holy_Mass_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Syro-Malankara_Holy_Mass_1.jpg/220px-Syro-Malankara_Holy_Mass_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Syro-Malankara_Holy_Mass_1.jpg/330px-Syro-Malankara_Holy_Mass_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Syro-Malankara_Holy_Mass_1.jpg/440px-Syro-Malankara_Holy_Mass_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Catholicos" title="Catholicos">Catholicos</a> <a href="/wiki/Baselios_Cleemis" title="Baselios Cleemis">Baselios Cleemis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara Catholic Church</a> celebrating Holy Qurbono</figcaption></figure><p>A variant of the West Syriac Rite, the <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara Rite</a>, developed in the <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Church" title="Malankara Church">Malankara Church</a> of India since the arrival of Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Gregorios_Abdal_Jaleel" title="Gregorios Abdal Jaleel">Gregorios Abdul Jaleel</a> in 1665 and is still used in its descendant churches. They are the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Syrian_Christian_Church" title="Jacobite Syrian Christian Church">Jacobite Syrian Christian Church</a> (Malankara Syriac Orthodox Church) which is part of the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara Catholic Church</a>, a particular Church in the Catholic Communion, the <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a> an Oriental Orthodox Church, the <a href="/wiki/Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church_of_Malabar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar Thoma Syrian Church of Malabar">Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church</a>, a reformed-oriental church in the Anglican Communion, and the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Independent_Syrian_Church" title="Malabar Independent Syrian Church">Malabar Independent Syrian Church</a>, an independent Oriental Orthodox Church in Communion with the Anglican Communion. </p><p>Although the term <i><a href="/wiki/Holy_Qurbana" title="Holy Qurbana">Holy Qurbana</a></i> is generally associated with the Eucharistic celebration in the <a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac Rite</a>, the Divine Liturgy in the West Syriac Churches in India is popularly referred to as <i>Holy Qurbana</i> and rarely, <i>Holy Qurbono</i>, due to the historical ties with the <a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="East Syriac Church">East Syriac Church</a> which lasted until the sixteenth century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Anaphorae">Other Anaphorae</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Qurobo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other Anaphorae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The anaphorae currently used by the <a href="/wiki/Syro-Antiochene_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Antiochene Rite">Syro-Antiochene Rite</a> (or <i>West Syriac Rite</i>) are numerous and the main are:<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Anaphora of Twelve Apostles</li> <li>Anaphora of St. <a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark the Evangelist</a></li> <li>Anaphora of St. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li>Anaphora of St. <a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John the Evangelist</a></li> <li>Anaphora of St. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li>Anaphora of St. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_I" title="Pope Julius I">Julius of Rome</a></li> <li>Anaphora of St. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_I" title="Pope Sixtus I">Xystus of Rome</a></li> <li>Anaphora of St. <a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a>, a different anaphora from the Byzantine Rite version</li> <li>Anaphora of St. <a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li>Anaphora of St. <a href="/wiki/Jacob_of_Serugh" title="Jacob of Serugh">Jacob of Serugh</a></li> <li>Anaphora of St. <a href="/wiki/Philoxenus_of_Mabbug" title="Philoxenus of Mabbug">Philoxenus of Mabbug</a></li> <li>Anaphora of St. <a href="/wiki/Severus_of_Antioch" title="Severus of Antioch">Severus of Antioch</a></li> <li>Anaphora of Mar <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Bar-Salibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob Bar-Salibi">Jacob Bar-Salibi</a></li></ul> <p>The Antiochene <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Church</a> is one of the richest in the number of anaphorae contained in its Liturgy, most of them belong to the tradition of the Antiochene rites. There are at least seventy-two Maronite Anaphorae. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Qurobo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mor_Ignatius_Aphrem_II_at_St._John%27s_Church,_Stuttgart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Mor_Ignatius_Aphrem_II_at_St._John%27s_Church%2C_Stuttgart.jpg/220px-Mor_Ignatius_Aphrem_II_at_St._John%27s_Church%2C_Stuttgart.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Mor_Ignatius_Aphrem_II_at_St._John%27s_Church%2C_Stuttgart.jpg/330px-Mor_Ignatius_Aphrem_II_at_St._John%27s_Church%2C_Stuttgart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Mor_Ignatius_Aphrem_II_at_St._John%27s_Church%2C_Stuttgart.jpg/440px-Mor_Ignatius_Aphrem_II_at_St._John%27s_Church%2C_Stuttgart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1579" data-file-height="1051" /></a><figcaption>Celebration of the Holy Qurobo at <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Church,_Stuttgart" title="St. John's Church, Stuttgart">St. John's Church, Stuttgart</a>, Germany.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_James" title="Liturgy of Saint James">Liturgy of Saint James</a> is celebrated on Sundays and special occasions. The Holy Eucharist consists of <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> reading, <a href="/wiki/Bible_reading" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible reading">Bible readings</a>, prayers, and songs. The recitation of the Liturgy is performed according to with specific parts chanted by the presider, the lectors, the choir, and the congregated faithful, at certain times in unison. Apart from certain readings, prayers are sung in the form of <a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">chants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melodies</a>. Hundreds of melodies remain preserved in the book known as <i><a href="/wiki/Beth_Gazo" title="Beth Gazo">Beth Gazo</a></i>, the key reference to Syriac Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Church_music" title="Church music">church music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Thabilitho" title="Thabilitho">thabilitho</a></i> is a wooden slab placed at the center of the <a href="/wiki/Altar" title="Altar">altar</a> and covered with cloth. During Holy Qurobo the <a href="/wiki/Paten" title="Paten">paten</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chalice_(cup)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalice (cup)">chalice</a> are placed over it. It is consecrated with <a href="/wiki/Chrism" title="Chrism">chrism</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Consecrations_in_Eastern_Christianity#Consecration_of_a_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecrations in Eastern Christianity">consecration of a church</a>. The Holy Qurbono can be celebrated anywhere on a thabilitho, and cannot be celebrated without one.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaniker1991_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaniker1991-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Qurobo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also called <b>Qurobo Alohoyo</b> (<a href="/wiki/Classical_Syriac_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Syriac language">Classical Syriac</a>: <span lang="syc" dir="rtl">ܩܘܽܪܳܒܳܐ ‍ܐܰܠܳܗܳܝܳܐ‌‌</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Classical Syriac-language romanization"><i lang="syc-Latn">Qūrōbō Ālōhōyō</i></span>, "Divine offering" or "Divine Liturgy" in English. Some of the West Syrian Rite Churches in India often refer the Eucharist as <b>Holy Qurbana</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Qurobo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mosc.in/the_church/liturgy/holy-qurbana">Holy Qurbana-The Malankara Orthodox Liturgy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mosc.in/the_church/liturgy/holy-qurbana">https://archive.org/details/jacobitesyrianch0000adai</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marthoma.in/lectionary/the-sacrament-of-holy-qurbana-ch-25/">Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church - The Sacrament of Holy Qurbana</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://syriacpatriarchate.org/2017/08/holy-qurobo-st-george-patriarchal-cathedral-damascus/">"Holy Qurobo – St. George Patriarchal Cathedral – Damascus"</a>. <i>Syrian Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch</i>. 2017-08-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Syrian+Orthodox+Patriarchate+of+Antioch&rft.atitle=Holy+Qurobo+%E2%80%93+St.+George+Patriarchal+Cathedral+%E2%80%93+Damascus&rft.date=2017-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsyriacpatriarchate.org%2F2017%2F08%2Fholy-qurobo-st-george-patriarchal-cathedral-damascus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Qurobo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-syriacpatriarchate.org-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-syriacpatriarchate.org_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://syriacpatriarchate.org/">"Syrian Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch"</a>. <i>Syrian Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Syrian+Orthodox+Patriarchate+of+Antioch&rft.atitle=Syrian+Orthodox+Patriarchate+of+Antioch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsyriacpatriarchate.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Qurobo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leustean-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leustean_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeustean2014" class="citation book cs1">Leustean, Lucian N. (30 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zt2vAwAAQBAJ&q=Eastern+Christianity+and+Politics+in+the+Twenty-First+Century+mar+thoma+anglican"><i>Eastern Christianity and Politics in the Twenty-First Century</i></a>. Routledge. p. 568. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-81866-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-81866-3"><bdi>978-1-317-81866-3</bdi></a>. <q>The Syrian Orthodox also became the target of Anglican missionary activity, as a result of which the Mar Thoma Church separated from the Orthodox in 1874, adopting the Anglican confession of faith and a reformed Syrian liturgy conforming to Protestant principles.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Christianity+and+Politics+in+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pages=568&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-05-30&rft.isbn=978-1-317-81866-3&rft.aulast=Leustean&rft.aufirst=Lucian+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzt2vAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DEastern%2BChristianity%2Band%2BPolitics%2Bin%2Bthe%2BTwenty-First%2BCentury%2Bmar%2Bthoma%2Banglican&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Qurobo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice" class="citation web cs1">Office, Anglican Communion. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anglicancommunion.org/ecumenism/churches-in-communion.aspx">"Anglican Communion: Churches in Communion"</a>. <i>Anglican Communion Website</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anglican+Communion+Website&rft.atitle=Anglican+Communion%3A+Churches+in+Communion&rft.aulast=Office&rft.aufirst=Anglican+Communion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anglicancommunion.org%2Fecumenism%2Fchurches-in-communion.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Qurobo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock2011-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock2011_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock2011_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock2011_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock2011_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock2011_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock2011_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock2011_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock2011_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock2011_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock2011_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrock2011">Brock (2011)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fortescue-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fortescue_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fortescue_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortescue1912" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fortescue, Adrian (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14417a.htm">"West Syrian Rite"</a>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=West+Syrian+Rite&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Fortescue&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F14417a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Qurobo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Antiochene-rite"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>: "Antiochene Rite"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=otQeg8-xSlEC&pg=PA272">The Rites of Christian Initiation: Their Evolution and Interpretation</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2018" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Maxwell E. (26 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=otQeg8-xSlEC&pg=PA271"><i>The Rites of Christian Initiation: Their Evolution and Interpretation</i></a>. Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814662151" title="Special:BookSources/9780814662151"><bdi>9780814662151</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rites+of+Christian+Initiation%3A+Their+Evolution+and+Interpretation&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2018-09-26&rft.isbn=9780814662151&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Maxwell+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DotQeg8-xSlEC%26pg%3DPA271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Qurobo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock2011a" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Brock" title="Sebastian Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (2011a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Thomas-Christians">"Thomas Christians"</a>. In Sebastian P. Brock; Aaron M. Butts; George A. Kiraz; Lucas Van Rompay (eds.). <i>Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition</i>. Gorgias Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thomas+Christians&rft.btitle=Gorgias+Encyclopedic+Dictionary+of+the+Syriac+Heritage%3A+Electronic+Edition&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgedsh.bethmardutho.org%2FThomas-Christians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Qurobo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Testamentum_Domini" title="Testamentum Domini">Testamentum Domini</a></i>, ed. by <a href="/wiki/Ignace_Ephrem_II_Rahmani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignace Ephrem II Rahmani">Ephrem Rahmani</a>, <i>Life of Severus of Antioch</i>, sixth century.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Witvliet <i>The Anaphora of St. James</i> in ed. F. Bradshaw <i>Essays on Early Eastern Eucharistic Prayers,</i> 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyriac_Orthodox_Resources1997" class="citation web cs1">Syriac Orthodox Resources (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sor.cua.edu/Liturgy/Anaphora/Intro.html">"Anaphoras"</a>. Syrian Orthodox Dioceses of North America and Canada<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anaphoras&rft.pub=Syrian+Orthodox+Dioceses+of+North+America+and+Canada&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Syriac+Orthodox+Resources&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsor.cua.edu%2FLiturgy%2FAnaphora%2FIntro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Qurobo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ay4vAAAAMAAJ&q=%DC%92%DC%B6%DC%9D%DC%AC%CC%A5+%DC%93%DC%B0%DC%99%DC%B3%DC%90%E2%80%8E"><i>Patrologia syriaca: complectens opera omnia ss. patrum, doctorum scriptorumque catholicorum, quibus accedunt aliorum acatholicorum auctorum scripta quae ad res ecclesiasticas pertinent, quotquot syriace supersunt, secundum codices praesertim, londinenses, parisienses, vaticanos accurante R. Graffin ...</i></a> Firmin-Didot et socii. 1926.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patrologia+syriaca%3A+complectens+opera+omnia+ss.+patrum%2C+doctorum+scriptorumque+catholicorum%2C+quibus+accedunt+aliorum+acatholicorum+auctorum+scripta+quae+ad+res+ecclesiasticas+pertinent%2C+quotquot+syriace+supersunt%2C+secundum+codices+praesertim%2C+londinenses%2C+parisienses%2C+vaticanos+accurante+R.+Graffin+...&rft.pub=Firmin-Didot+et+socii.&rft.date=1926&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Day4vAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%25DC%2592%25DC%25B6%25DC%259D%25DC%25AC%25CC%25A5%2B%25DC%2593%25DC%25B0%25DC%2599%25DC%25B3%25DC%2590%25E2%2580%258E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Qurobo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaniker1991-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaniker1991_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaniker1991">Paniker (1991)</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Qurobo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Brock" title="Sebastian Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Liturgy">"Liturgy"</a>. In Sebastian P. Brock; Aaron M. Butts; George A. Kiraz; Lucas Van Rompay (eds.). <i>Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition</i>. Gorgias Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Liturgy&rft.btitle=Gorgias+Encyclopedic+Dictionary+of+the+Syriac+Heritage%3A+Electronic+Edition&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgedsh.bethmardutho.org%2FLiturgy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Qurobo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaniker1991" class="citation book cs1">Paniker, Givergis (1991). Thomas Paniker (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/HolyQurbono-HolyEucharist/HolyQurbono#page/n0/mode/2up"><i>The Holy Qurbono in the Syro-Malankara Church</i></a>. SB Press Trivandrum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Qurbono+in+the+Syro-Malankara+Church&rft.pub=SB+Press+Trivandrum&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Paniker&rft.aufirst=Givergis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FHolyQurbono-HolyEucharist%2FHolyQurbono%23page%2Fn0%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Qurobo" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Baptism_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism (Catholic Church)">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Eucharistic liturgies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy_of_the_Presanctified_Gifts" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts">Divine Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy_of_St._Basil_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Liturgy of St. Basil the Great">Divine Liturgy of St. Basil the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy_of_St._John_Chrysostom" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom">Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Qurbana" title="Holy Qurbana">Holy Qurbana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Qurbono" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Qurbono">Holy Qurbono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Mass" title="Low Mass">Low Mass</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missa_cantata" title="Missa cantata">Missa Cantata</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solemn_Mass" title="Solemn Mass">Solemn Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_High_Mass" title="Pontifical High Mass">Pontifical High Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_Mass" title="Papal Mass">Papal Mass</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canonical_hours" title="Canonical hours">Canonical hours</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Hours" title="Liturgy of the Hours">Liturgical hours</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matins" title="Matins">Matins</a> (nighttime)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauds" title="Lauds">Lauds</a> (early morning)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_(liturgy)" title="Prime (liturgy)">Prime</a> (first hour of daylight)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terce" title="Terce">Terce</a> (third hour)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sext" title="Sext">Sext</a> (noon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nones_(liturgy)" title="Nones (liturgy)">Nones</a> (ninth hour)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespers" title="Vespers">Vespers</a> (sunset/evening) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evensong" title="Evensong">Evensong</a> (Anglican Use Vespers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsha" title="Ramsha">Ramsha</a> (West Syriac Vespers)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compline" title="Compline">Compline</a> (end of the day)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Other liturgical services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asperges" title="Asperges">Asperges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benediction_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" title="Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament">Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Exorcism in the Catholic Church">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_funeral" title="Catholic funeral">Funeral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Requiem" title="Requiem">Requiem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Hours" title="Liturgy of the Hours">Liturgy of the Hours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procession#Catholic_Church" title="Procession">Procession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_book" title="Liturgical book">Liturgical literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agpeya" title="Agpeya">Agpeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiphonary" title="Antiphonary">Antiphonary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_hours" title="Book of hours">Book of hours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breviary" title="Breviary">Breviary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Breviary" title="Roman Breviary">Roman Breviary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_(liturgy)" title="Customary (liturgy)">Customary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euchologion" title="Euchologion">Euchologion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_Book" title="Gospel Book">Gospel Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradual" title="Gradual">Gradual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horologion" title="Horologion">Horologion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lectionary" title="Lectionary">Lectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Hours" title="Liturgy of the Hours">Liturgy of the Hours</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Worship:_Daily_Office" title="Divine Worship: Daily Office">Divine Worship: Daily Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrology" title="Martyrology">Martyrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical" title="Pontifical">Pontifical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Pontifical" title="Roman Pontifical">Roman Pontifical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalter" title="Psalter">Psalter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missal" title="Missal">Missal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Worship:_The_Missal" title="Divine Worship: The Missal">Divine Worship: The Missal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Missal" title="Roman Missal">Roman Missal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonary" title="Tonary">Tonary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Ritual" title="Roman Ritual">Roman Ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramentary" title="Sacramentary">Sacramentary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Liturgical language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_use_of_Latin" title="Liturgical use of Latin">Liturgical use of Latin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Liturgical<br />rites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin<br />liturgical rites</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Current" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Rite of Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Mass of Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preconciliar_rites_after_the_Second_Vatican_Council" title="Preconciliar rites after the Second Vatican Council">Extraordinary Form</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire Use</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_order_liturgical_rite" title="Catholic order liturgical rite">Orders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedictine_Rite" title="Benedictine Rite">Benedictine Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelite_Rite" title="Carmelite Rite">Carmelite Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthusian Rite">Carthusian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercian_Rite" title="Cistercian Rite">Cistercian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Rite" title="Dominican Rite">Dominican Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbertine_Rite" title="Norbertine Rite">Norbertine Rite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Rite" title="African Rite">African Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquileian_Rite" title="Aquileian Rite">Aquileian Rite</a></li> <li>British <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Rite" title="Celtic Rite">Celtic Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_Rite" title="Durham Rite">Durham Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_Hereford" title="Use of Hereford">Hereford Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_Sarum" title="Use of Sarum">Sarum Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_York" title="Use of York">York Use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallican_Rite" title="Gallican Rite">Gallican Rite</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missa_sicca" title="Missa sicca">Missa Nautica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missa_sicca" title="Missa sicca">Missa sicca</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missa_sicca" title="Missa sicca">Missa Venatoria</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Tridentine_Mass" title="Pre-Tridentine Mass">Pre-Tridentine Mass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic<br />Churches</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic<br />liturgy</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochene Rite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac Rite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar rite">Malabar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" 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