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complex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rocket_propulsion_test_complex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A-1/A-2_Test_stand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A-1/A-2_Test_stand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>A-1/A-2 Test stand</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-A-1/A-2_Test_stand-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle A-1/A-2 Test stand subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-A-1/A-2_Test_stand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1960s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>1960s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-S-II-T_rupture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#S-II-T_rupture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>S-II-T rupture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-S-II-T_rupture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1967" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1967"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>1967</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1967-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Summary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Summary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s–2000s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s–2000s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>1970s–2000s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s–2000s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>2010s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>2020s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-B-1/B-2_Test_stand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#B-1/B-2_Test_stand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>B-1/B-2 Test stand</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-B-1/B-2_Test_stand-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle B-1/B-2 Test stand subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-B-1/B-2_Test_stand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1967_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1967_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>1967</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1967_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_Apollo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_Apollo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Post Apollo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_Apollo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A-3_Test_stand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A-3_Test_stand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>A-3 Test stand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A-3_Test_stand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-E_Test_stand_complex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#E_Test_stand_complex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>E Test stand complex</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-E_Test_stand_complex-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle E Test stand complex subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-E_Test_stand_complex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-E1_Test_stand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#E1_Test_stand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>E1 Test stand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-E1_Test_stand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-E2_Test_stand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#E2_Test_stand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>E2 Test stand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-E2_Test_stand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-E3_Test_stand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#E3_Test_stand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>E3 Test stand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-E3_Test_stand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-E4_Test_stand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#E4_Test_stand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>E4 Test stand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-E4_Test_stand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-H-1_Test_stand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#H-1_Test_stand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>H-1 Test stand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-H-1_Test_stand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tenant_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenant_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Tenant facilities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tenant_facilities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tenant facilities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tenant_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-US_National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#US_National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-US_National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-US_Geological_Survey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#US_Geological_Survey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>US Geological Survey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-US_Geological_Survey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_Navy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_Navy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>United States Navy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_Navy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_Coast_Guard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_Coast_Guard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>United States Coast Guard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_Coast_Guard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-University" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>University</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-University-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle University subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-University-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commercial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Commercial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_tenant_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_tenant_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Former tenant organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_tenant_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-INFINITY_Science_Center" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#INFINITY_Science_Center"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>INFINITY Science Center</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-INFINITY_Science_Center-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-StenniSphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#StenniSphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>StenniSphere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-StenniSphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Stennis Space Center</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Stennis_Space_Center" title="John C. Stennis Space Center – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="John C. Stennis Space Center" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Stennis_Space_Center" title="John C. Stennis Space Center – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John C. Stennis Space Center" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_espacial_John_C._Stennis" title="Centro espacial John C. Stennis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Centro espacial John C. Stennis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Stennis_Space_Center" title="John C. Stennis Space Center – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="John C. Stennis Space Center" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%8C._%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="مرکز فضایی جان سی. استنیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مرکز فضایی جان سی. استنیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stennis_Space_Center" title="Stennis Space Center – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Stennis Space Center" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Stennis_Space_Center" title="John C. Stennis Space Center – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="John C. Stennis Space Center" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Stennis_Space_Center" title="John C. Stennis Space Center – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John C. Stennis Space Center" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusat_Angkasa_John_C._Stennis" title="Pusat Angkasa John C. Stennis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pusat Angkasa John C. Stennis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BBC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B9%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" title="ジョン・C・ステニス宇宙センター – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・C・ステニス宇宙センター" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Stennis_Space_Center" title="John C. Stennis Space Center – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="John C. Stennis Space Center" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_Espacial_John_C._Stennis" title="Centro Espacial John C. Stennis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Centro Espacial John C. Stennis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Космический центр имени Джона Стенниса – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Космический центр имени Джона Стенниса" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Stennis_Space_Center" title="John C. Stennis Space Center – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="John C. Stennis Space Center" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Stennis_Uzay_Merkezi" title="John C. Stennis Uzay Merkezi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="John C. Stennis Uzay Merkezi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Космічний центр імені Джона Стенніса – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Космічний центр імені Джона Стенніса" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="斯坦尼斯航天中心 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="斯坦尼斯航天中心" data-language-autonym="中文" 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class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30.3627667°N 89.6002000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">30.3627667; -89.6002000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Rocket testing facility in Hancock County, Mississippi, US</div> <p> <span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Stennis_Space_Center&params=30_21_45.96_N_89_36_00.72_W_region:US_type:city_source:dewiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">30°21′45.96″N</span> <span class="longitude">89°36′00.72″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30.3627667°N 89.6002000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">30.3627667; -89.6002000</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">John C. Stennis Space Center</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/NASA_logo.svg/100px-NASA_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/NASA_logo.svg/150px-NASA_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/NASA_logo.svg/200px-NASA_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="110" data-file-height="92" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stennis_Space_Center_Test_Stand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Stennis_Space_Center_Test_Stand.jpg/200px-Stennis_Space_Center_Test_Stand.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Stennis_Space_Center_Test_Stand.jpg/300px-Stennis_Space_Center_Test_Stand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Stennis_Space_Center_Test_Stand.jpg/400px-Stennis_Space_Center_Test_Stand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1383" /></a></span><br />The B-1/B-2 Test Stand holding <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> components (1987)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">1961</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceding agencies</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Mississippi Test Operations</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">National Space Technology Laboratories</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">U.S. federal government</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hancock_County,_Mississippi" title="Hancock County, Mississippi">Hancock County, Mississippi</a>, United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Agency executive</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">John W Bailey Jr., Director<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nasa.gov/stennis/">nasa<wbr />.gov<wbr />/stennis<wbr />/</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>John C. Stennis Space Center</b> (<b>SSC</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> rocket testing facility in <a href="/wiki/Hancock_County,_Mississippi" title="Hancock County, Mississippi">Hancock County, Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_(Mississippi%E2%80%93Louisiana)" title="Pearl River (Mississippi–Louisiana)">Pearl River</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>–<a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> border. As of 2012<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stennis_Space_Center&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, it is NASA's largest <a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine_test_facility" title="Rocket engine test facility">rocket engine test facility</a>. There are over 50 local, state, national, international, private, and public companies and agencies using SSC for their rocket testing facilities. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stennis_Space_Center&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The initial requirements for NASA's proposed rocket testing facility required the site to be located between the rockets' manufacturing facility at <a href="/wiki/Michoud_Assembly_Facility" title="Michoud Assembly Facility">Michoud Assembly Facility</a> in eastern <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans, Louisiana">New Orleans, Louisiana</a>, and the launch facility at the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> in Florida. Also, the site required barge access as the rocket stages to be tested for Apollo were too large for overland transport. Additionally, the Apollo motors were too loud to be tested at <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Marshall Space Flight Center">Marshall Space Flight Center</a>'s existing test stands near <a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville, Alabama</a>. A more isolated site was needed. </p><p>After an exhaustive site selection process that included reviews of other coastal locations including <a href="/wiki/Eglin_Air_Force_Base" title="Eglin Air Force Base">Eglin Air Force Base</a> in Florida plus islands in both the Caribbean and the Pacific, NASA announced formation of the <b>Mississippi Test Facility</b> (now known as Stennis Space Center) on Oct. 25, 1961, for testing engines for the Apollo Program. A high-terrace area bordering the East Pearl River in Hancock County, Miss., was selected for its location. NASA entrusted the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers with the difficult task to procure each land parcel either by directly purchasing the land or through acquisition of a perpetual easement.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The selected area was thinly populated and met all other requirements; however before construction began, five small communities (Gainesville, Logtown, Napoleon, Santa Rosa, and Westonia), plus the northern portion of a sixth (<a href="/wiki/Pearlington,_Mississippi" title="Pearlington, Mississippi">Pearlington</a>), and a combined population of 700 families had to be completely relocated off the facility. The effort acquired more than 3,200 parcels of privately owned land – 786 residences, 16 churches, 19 stores, three schools and a wide assortment of commercial buildings, including nightclubs and community centers. Remnants of the communities, including city streets and a one-room school house, still exist within the facility.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 13,500 acres (55 km<sup>2</sup>) site was selected on October 25, 1961, on the Mississippi Test Facility or <b>Pearl River Site</b>. On December 18, 1961, NASA officially designated the facility as <b>NASA Mississippi Test Operations</b>. The test area (officially known as the <b>Fee Area</b>) is surrounded by a 125,000 acre (506 km<sup>2</sup>) acoustical <a href="/wiki/Buffer_zone" title="Buffer zone">buffer zone</a>. The facility's large concrete and metal rocket propulsion test stands were originally used to test-fire the first and second stages of the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> rockets. The facility was renamed again to Mississippi Test Facility on July 1, 1965, became a part of the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Marshall Space Flight Center">Marshall Space Flight Center</a>. </p><p>Starting in 1971, all <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Main_Engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Shuttle Main Engine">Space Shuttle Main Engines</a> were flight-certified at Stennis. On June 14, 1974, the site was renamed <b>National Space Technology Laboratories</b>, a name that continued until May 20, 1988, when it was renamed for Mississippi senator and space program supporter <a href="/wiki/John_C._Stennis" title="John C. Stennis">John C. Stennis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the end of the Apollo and Shuttle programs, use of the base decreased, with economic impact to the surrounding communities. Over the years, other government organizations and commercial entities have moved to and left from the facility, in the balance providing a major economic benefit to the communities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rocket_propulsion_test_complex">Rocket propulsion test complex</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stennis_Space_Center&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rocket propulsion test complex"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United States historic place</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:1px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="padding:0; border:none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;color: #202122; background: #A8EDEF; line-height:1.5">Rocket Propulsion Test Complex</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.5;color: #202122; background: #A8EDEF;"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">U.S. National Register of Historic Places</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.4; color: #202122; background: #87CEEB"><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">U.S. National Historic Landmark</a></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Static_Test_Firing_of_Saturn_V_S-1C_Stage_-_GPN-2000-000041.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Static_Test_Firing_of_Saturn_V_S-1C_Stage_-_GPN-2000-000041.jpg/250px-Static_Test_Firing_of_Saturn_V_S-1C_Stage_-_GPN-2000-000041.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Static_Test_Firing_of_Saturn_V_S-1C_Stage_-_GPN-2000-000041.jpg/375px-Static_Test_Firing_of_Saturn_V_S-1C_Stage_-_GPN-2000-000041.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Static_Test_Firing_of_Saturn_V_S-1C_Stage_-_GPN-2000-000041.jpg/500px-Static_Test_Firing_of_Saturn_V_S-1C_Stage_-_GPN-2000-000041.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2491" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Static Test Firing S-1C Saturn V Mississippi Test Facility MTF</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Mississippi_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stennis Space Center is located in Mississippi"><img alt="Stennis Space Center is located in Mississippi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/USA_Mississippi_location_map.svg/250px-USA_Mississippi_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="398" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/USA_Mississippi_location_map.svg/375px-USA_Mississippi_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/USA_Mississippi_location_map.svg/500px-USA_Mississippi_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:91.269%;left:57.495%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Stennis Space Center"><img alt="Stennis Space Center" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Mississippi</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stennis Space Center is located in the United States"><img alt="Stennis Space Center is located in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/250px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/375px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/500px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:77.8%;left:61.978%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Stennis Space Center"><img alt="Stennis Space Center" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of the United States</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Bay_St._Louis,_Mississippi" title="Bay St. Louis, Mississippi">Bay St. Louis, Mississippi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Built</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">1965</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Architect</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">NASA</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">NRHP reference <abbr title="number">No.</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/85002805">85002805</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background: #A8EDEF">Significant dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Added to NRHP</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">October 3, 1985<sup id="cite_ref-nris_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nris-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Designated NHL</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">October 3, 1985<sup id="cite_ref-nhlsum_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhlsum-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_Stennis_test_complexes_on_display.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/NASA_Stennis_test_complexes_on_display.jpg/220px-NASA_Stennis_test_complexes_on_display.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/NASA_Stennis_test_complexes_on_display.jpg/330px-NASA_Stennis_test_complexes_on_display.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/NASA_Stennis_test_complexes_on_display.jpg/440px-NASA_Stennis_test_complexes_on_display.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2008" /></a><figcaption>An aerial photo shows all three NASA Stennis Space Center (SSC) test complexes - the E Test Complex (foreground), the three A Test Complex stands (middle) and the B Test Complex (back).</figcaption></figure> <p>The Rocket Propulsion Test Complex is a rocket testing complex which was built in 1965 as a component of the John C. Stennis Space Center. The Rocket Propulsion Test Complex played an important role in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> rocket. The A-1, A-2 and B-1/B-2 test stands were declared a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a> in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-nhlsum_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhlsum-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nrhpinv2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrhpinv2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NASA Engineering & Science Directorate (ESD) at SSC operates and maintains SSC's rocket test stands. </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="A-1/A-2_Test_stand"><span id="A-1.2FA-2_Test_stand"></span>A-1/A-2 Test stand</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stennis_Space_Center&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: A-1/A-2 Test stand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_View_SSC_A-1,_A-2_and_B_test_stands_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Aerial_View_SSC_A-1%2C_A-2_and_B_test_stands_2004.jpg/220px-Aerial_View_SSC_A-1%2C_A-2_and_B_test_stands_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Aerial_View_SSC_A-1%2C_A-2_and_B_test_stands_2004.jpg/330px-Aerial_View_SSC_A-1%2C_A-2_and_B_test_stands_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Aerial_View_SSC_A-1%2C_A-2_and_B_test_stands_2004.jpg/440px-Aerial_View_SSC_A-1%2C_A-2_and_B_test_stands_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>A-1 test stand(foreground), A-2 (mid-ground) and B1/B2 (background)</figcaption></figure> <p>The smaller two of the original three test stands at Stennis Space Center, the A-1 and A-2 stands were built to test and flight-certify the second stage of the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a>, the <a href="/wiki/S-II" title="S-II">S-II</a> (pronounced "ess two"), the launch vehicle for the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a>. The two stands are similar steel and concrete structures are roughly 200 ft (61 m) tall, and capable of withstanding thrust loads of more than 1 million pounds and temperature of up to 6,000 <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">°F</a> (3,320 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a>). Each test stand can provide <a href="/wiki/Liquid_Hydrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid Hydrogen">Liquid Hydrogen</a> (LH2) and <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">liquid oxygen</a> (LOX) in addition to support fluids, gaseous <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> (GHe), gaseous <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> (GH2) and gaseous <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> (GN2) as <a href="/wiki/Purging_(gas)" title="Purging (gas)">purge</a> or pressurizing gasses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s">1960s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stennis_Space_Center&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1960s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Construction began in 1963 and was finished in 1966. The A Test Complex also includes a Test Control Center, observation bunkers, and various technical and support systems. </p><p>On 23 April 1966 workmen at the A-2 test stand successfully captive-fired for 15 seconds the S-II-T, Structural and Dynamic Test Vehicle for the Saturn V second stage, in an all-systems test. This was the first test of a flight-weight S-II stage. The stage, largest and most powerful liquid oxygen-liquid hydrogen stage known, developed one million pounds of thrust from its five <a href="/wiki/Rocketdyne_J-2" title="Rocketdyne J-2">Rocketdyne J-2</a> engines. This test also marked the first operational use of the A-2 stand.<sup id="cite_ref-ESDTest_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESDTest-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first full-duration firing of the S-II flight stage occurred 20 May 1966 when S-II-T test-fired on the A-2 test stand for 354.5 seconds. LOX cutoff sensors initiated cutoff automatically. The firing passed all major test objectives with the exception of the propellant utilization system. This was the fourth static firing of the S-II-T. The stage developed one million pounds of thrust from its five hydrogen-oxygen-powered J-2 engines.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated19_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated19-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="S-II-T_rupture">S-II-T rupture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stennis_Space_Center&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: S-II-T rupture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A static test version of the Saturn V second stage S-II-T ruptured during pressure tests at SSC on 28 May 1966, and five North American Aviation technicians monitoring the test received minor injuries. The accident occurred when the hydrogen fuel tank failed under pressure. S-II-T, which had five hydrogen-oxygen J-2 engines capable of generating one million pounds of thrust, had been tested May 25 in ground firing but stopped firing after 195 seconds when a hydrogen link leak caused automatic cutoff. At time of the explosion, technicians were trying to determine cause for the hydrogen leak. No hydrogen was in the tank when the explosion occurred. Under the direction of MSFC, a Board of Inquiry headed by Dr. Kurt H. Debus, Director of Kennedy Space Center, convened on the night of May 28. Immediate investigation revealed that the second shift crew, not knowing that the liquid hydrogen pressure sensors and switches had been disconnected, had attempted to pressurize the tank. Believing that a liquid hydrogen vent valve was leaking, the technicians closed the facility by blocking valves. This had caused the vehicle tank to become over-pressurized and burst. On 30 May 1966 the board released its findings after two days of inquiry. The fuel tank of the S-II stage had been pressurized beyond design limits. There was a need for tighter controls over MTF test procedure. Following the destruction of S-II-T, NASA extended the S-II battleship program until July 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated19_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated19-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>S-II-1, the first flight S-II stage scheduled for static firing at MTF, left Seal Beach on July 31, 1966. </p><p>The first flight model (S-II-1) of the Saturn V vehicle's second stage arrived August 13, 1966 at MTF completing its 4,000-mile voyage from Seal Beach. Workmen immediately moved the stage into the S-II stage service and checkout building for inspection and preparation for static firing. </p><p>On December 1, 1966, North American Aviation conducted a successful 384-second captive firing of five J-2 engines, the first flight hydrogen-fueled engines, developing a total one million pounds of thrust. During the test, number 2 and 4 engine SLAM arms did not drop, resulting in the successful gimballing of engines 1 and 3 only. The test included the recording of about 800 measurements of the stage's performance, including propellant tank temperatures, engine temperatures, propellant flow rates, and vibrations.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 30, 1966, MSFC technicians at the MTF test stand conducted a static firing of the first flight version of the Saturn V second stage, S-II-1. This second test firing, like an earlier firing, lasted more than six minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1967">1967</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stennis_Space_Center&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1967"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On January 11, 1967, initial post-static checkout of the S-II-1 stage ended at MTF.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 27, 1967, the S-II-2 stage left Seal Beach, California, to pass through the Panama Canal and on to MTF. After its journey lasting 16 days, the S-II would arrive at MTF for two static tests. The S-II-2 stage arrived on dock at MTF on February 11, 1967. The S-II-2 stage, part of the second Saturn V vehicle (AS-502) scheduled for launch from KSC late in 1967, was scheduled for testing at MTF late in March 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1967_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1967-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 17, 1967, the first full-duration test of a cluster of uprated J-2 engines, S-II battleship test No. 041, lasted 360 seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 25, 1967, workmen completed construction of the S-II A-1 test stand, and the Corps of Engineers accepted beneficial occupancy with exceptions.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1967_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1967-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 17, 1967, technicians fired the S-II battleship stage for a mainstage duration of 29 seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 31, failure of a prevalve to close caused program officials to scrub the first attempt to static fire the S-II-2 stage.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Battleship testing of the S-II battleship test stage equipped with five uprated J-2 engines ended in late March 1967 with a full-duration test of approximately 360 seconds mainstage operation.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Summary">Summary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stennis_Space_Center&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These two test stands tested and flight-certified S-II stages and J-2 engines until the end of the Apollo program in the early 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-ESDTest_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESDTest-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s–2000s"><span id="1970s.E2.80.932000s"></span>1970s–2000s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stennis_Space_Center&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1970s–2000s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was announced in 1971 that the center would be performing tests on the engines for the new <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> program (called the <a href="/wiki/SSME" class="mw-redirect" title="SSME">SSME</a>). The A-1 and A-2 test stands, originally designed to accommodate the physically much larger S-II J-2 engines, were modified to accept the smaller SSME, and testing officially began on May 19, 1975, when the first such engine was tested on the A-1 stand. The center continued to test engines for the duration of the shuttle program, on the A-1 and A-2 stands with the final scheduled test occurred on July 29, 2009, on the A-2 stand. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010s">2010s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stennis_Space_Center&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2010s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the shuttle program is phased out, the A-1 and A-2 test stands are seeing new use testing the next generation of rocket engines, including the <a href="/wiki/J-2X" title="J-2X">J-2X</a> engine designed to power the SLS upper stage, with the first such test occurring on December 18, 2007. </p><p>Stennis tested<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (November 2022)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> Aerojet Rocketdyne AJ26 rocket engines for Orbital Sciences Corp. of Dulles, Va., which partnered with NASA to provide commercial cargo flights to the International Space Station. Orbital's maiden flight to the space station launched from NASA's Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia September 18, 2013. Orbital's Antares rocket was powered by a pair of AJ26 engines.<sup id="cite_ref-13-311_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13-311-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first test of the <a href="/wiki/RS-25" title="RS-25">RS-25</a> engine for use on the <a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Space Launch System</a> (SLS) rocket was conducted January 9, 2015. Stennis completed testing of all 16 heritage RS-25 engines that will help launch the first four SLS missions as part of NASA's <a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis program</a> on April 4, 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-FredHaise_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FredHaise-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020s">2020s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stennis_Space_Center&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2020s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The A-1 Test Stand was designated the Fred Haise Test Stand in March 2020, in honor of the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a> <a href="/wiki/Fred_Haise" title="Fred Haise">astronaut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biloxi,_Mississippi" title="Biloxi, Mississippi">Biloxi, Mississippi</a>, native.<sup id="cite_ref-FredHaise_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FredHaise-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first test of the newly redesigned RS-25 engine was completed December 14, 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-dec_lagniappe_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dec_lagniappe-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="B-1/B-2_Test_stand"><span id="B-1.2FB-2_Test_stand"></span>B-1/B-2 Test stand</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stennis_Space_Center&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: B-1/B-2 Test stand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CS-1_Stennis_B2_January_12_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/CS-1_Stennis_B2_January_12_2020.jpg/220px-CS-1_Stennis_B2_January_12_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/CS-1_Stennis_B2_January_12_2020.jpg/330px-CS-1_Stennis_B2_January_12_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/CS-1_Stennis_B2_January_12_2020.jpg/440px-CS-1_Stennis_B2_January_12_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5568" data-file-height="3712" /></a><figcaption>A Space Launch System Rocket Core at Stennis prior to being lifted onto the B2 test stand</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/S-IC-T#B-2_Test_Stand" title="S-IC-T">B-1/B-2 test</a> stand is a dual-position, vertical, static-firing stand supporting a maximum dynamic load of 11M lbf. It was originally built in the 1960s to simultaneously test the five <a href="/wiki/Rocketdyne_F-1" title="Rocketdyne F-1">F-1</a> engines of a complete <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn-V</a> <a href="/wiki/S-IC" title="S-IC">S1-C</a> first stage from 1967 to 1970. </p><p>On October 17, 1966, MSFC shipped its S-IC all-system test booster, <a href="/wiki/S-IC-T" title="S-IC-T">S-IC-T</a>, to SSC for use in checkout of a static test stand and for use in static firings. Workmen loaded the huge booster aboard the barge Poseidon for the 1,000-mile river journey. Six days later the S-IC-T reached SSC. All future firings would be accomplished at the B-2 stand.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An all-systems test version of Apollo/Saturn V first stage, S-IC-T, went into the B-2 test stand at the Mississippi Test Facility on December 17, 1966. Stage electrical and mechanical hook-up to the test stand began immediately. Static firing would occur in early 1967 to demonstrate the facility checkout system.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1967_2">1967</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stennis_Space_Center&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1967"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 13 February 1967 Corps of Engineers personnel completed construction of the S-IC B-2 test stand at MTF.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1967_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1967-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following an extensive systems, subsystems, and total integrated systems checkout of the B-2 test stand at MTF on March 3, 1967, workmen successfully fired the S-IC battleship/all-systems stage (S-IC-T) for 15 seconds. This S-IC-T test, the first MTF S-IC firing, proved the total compatibility of stage, mechanical support equipment, and S-IC test facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1967_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1967-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MSFC_Saturn_V_Prog_1967,_p._19_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSFC_Saturn_V_Prog_1967,_p._19-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A second S-IC-T firing lasted for 60 seconds on March 17, 1967. This firing validated the flame-bucket-water-flow pattern of the B-2 test stand and ended the facilities checkout test series at MTF.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MSFC_Saturn_V_Prog_1967,_p._19_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSFC_Saturn_V_Prog_1967,_p._19-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Boeing personnel removed the S-IC-T from test stand B-2 on March 24, 1967, following post-static checkout, test stand refurbishment, and facilities modification.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post_Apollo">Post Apollo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stennis_Space_Center&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Post Apollo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the shuttle era it was modified to test the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Main_Engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Shuttle Main Engine">Space Shuttle Main Engine</a> (SSME). Stennis now leases the B-1 test position to <a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_Rocketdyne" title="Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne">Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne</a> for testing of <a href="/wiki/RS-68" title="RS-68">RS-68</a> engines for the <a href="/wiki/Delta_IV" title="Delta IV">Delta IV</a> launch vehicle. NASA has prepared the B-2 test position to test the core stage of NASA's <a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Space Launch System</a> (SLS), which it first did in early 2021. The SLS Core Stage, with four <a href="/wiki/RS-25" title="RS-25">RS-25D</a> rocket engines, was installed on the stand for propellant fill and drain testing and two hot-fire tests.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="A-3_Test_stand">A-3 Test stand</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stennis_Space_Center&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: A-3 Test stand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August 2007, NASA began construction of the A-3 test stand at SSC.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The A-3 stand was to be used for testing <a href="/wiki/J-2X" title="J-2X">J-2X</a> engines under vacuum conditions simulating high altitude operation. A-3 will also be operable as a sea-level test facility.<sup id="cite_ref-stennis-assess_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stennis-assess-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, because the <a href="/wiki/Constellation_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Constellation Program">Constellation Program</a> was cancelled in 2010, the stand is expected to be unused after its completion. The A-3 stand may however, be able to be refurnished to test a new mission when needed. In 2014, journalists writing for <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Times">Washington Times</a> criticized the continued construction work on the $350 million test stand, and characterized it as a wasteful <a href="/wiki/Earmark_(politics)" title="Earmark (politics)">earmark</a> by Mississippi U.S. senator <a href="/wiki/Roger_F._Wicker" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger F. Wicker">Roger F. Wicker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American-New Zealand launch service provider <a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab" title="Rocket Lab">Rocket Lab</a> intends to use the A-3 stand to develop and test their <a href="/wiki/Archimedes_(rocket_engine)" title="Archimedes (rocket engine)">Archimedes</a> reusable rocket engine.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="E_Test_stand_complex">E Test stand complex</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stennis_Space_Center&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: E Test stand complex"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:E_Test_Stand_at_SSC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/E_Test_Stand_at_SSC.jpg/220px-E_Test_Stand_at_SSC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/E_Test_Stand_at_SSC.jpg/330px-E_Test_Stand_at_SSC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/E_Test_Stand_at_SSC.jpg/440px-E_Test_Stand_at_SSC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>E test stand complex in 2005</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1990s, a new test complex named "E" was constructed to test a variety of new small engine and single/multiple components and concepts. The E test stand complex consists of four distinct test stands </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="E1_Test_stand">E1 Test stand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stennis_Space_Center&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: E1 Test stand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History_2">History</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stennis_Space_Center&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2012, <a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin" title="Blue Origin">Blue Origin</a> tested the thrust chamber assembly at the E-1 test cell for its new 100,000 pounds-force (440 kN) thrust <a href="/wiki/BE-3" title="BE-3">BE-3</a> liquid oxygen/liquid hydrogen rocket engine. As part of Blue's Reusable Booster System (RBS), the engines are designed eventually to launch the biconic-shaped Space Vehicle<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the company is developing.<sup id="cite_ref-13-311_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13-311-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sn20131025_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sn20131025-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 May 2014, an <a href="/wiki/NK-33#Aerojet_AJ26" title="NK-33">AJ26</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS"><span title="The anchor (Aerojet AJ26) has been deleted. (2024-07-23)">broken anchor</span></a></i>]</sup> rocket engine under test on the Stennis E-1 test stand, for a future <a href="/wiki/Orbital_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbital Sciences">Orbital Sciences</a> <a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">Antares</a> launch, failed and caused major damage to the E-1 test stand. As of 10 June, neither NASA, Orbital, nor <a href="/wiki/Aerojet_Rocketdyne" title="Aerojet Rocketdyne">Aerojet Rocketdyne</a> have released any additional information on the extent of the damage, nor time frame when the three test cells in the E-1 test stand will return to operational status.<sup id="cite_ref-nsf20140610_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsf20140610-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of early June 2014, the E-1 test stand was non-operational pending the completion of an investigation into a rocket engine failure on the test stand on 22 May 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-nsf20140610_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsf20140610-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2015, <a href="/wiki/Aerojet_Rocketdyne" title="Aerojet Rocketdyne">Aerojet Rocketdyne</a> signed a contract with NASA to upgrade the E-1 test stand so that the "multi-element pre-burner and main injector" of the <a href="/wiki/AR-1_(rocket_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="AR-1 (rocket engine)">AR-1</a> rocket engine could be tested there, with a goal of first flight of the new AR-1 engine after 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-si20150619_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-si20150619-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Description">Description</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stennis_Space_Center&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The stand is composed of three individual test "cells":<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><ul><li>E1 Cell 1 can handle liquid-propellant and hybrid based test articles up to 750,000 pounds-force (3,300 kN) of thrust in a horizontal position.</li> <li>E1 Cells 2 and 3 are designed to support LOX and LH2 turbopump assemblies for testing with high-pressure propellant feeds.</li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="E2_Test_stand">E2 Test stand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stennis_Space_Center&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: E2 Test stand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The E2 test facility at Stennis has multiple test cells that support three separate test stands (Cell 1 and Cell 2), for testing horizontally-mounted engines and for vertically mounted vehicle stages and/or engines. Cell 1 can support engines with up to 100,000 pounds-force (440 kN) of thrust while Cell 2 can support vehicle stages with up to 324,000 pounds-force (1,440 kN) of thrust.<sup id="cite_ref-sn20131025_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sn20131025-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The text near this tag is dated. (January 2019)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> The facility can provide liquid oxygen, liquid nitrogen, liquid hydrogen, <a href="/wiki/Liquid_methane" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid methane">liquid methane</a>, rocket-grade kerosene (RP1), <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span>, gaseous hydrogen, "hot" gaseous hydrogen, gaseous oxygen and gaseous nitrogen.<sup id="cite_ref-AIAA2005_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIAA2005-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>E2 Cell 1, originally known as the High Heat Flux Facility (HHFF), was constructed in 1993 to support materials development for the <a href="/wiki/National_Aerospace_Plane" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aerospace Plane">National Aerospace Plane</a> (NASP).<sup id="cite_ref-sn20131025_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sn20131025-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AIAA2005_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIAA2005-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The E2 test stand was modified after 2013 to support <a href="/wiki/Liquid_methane" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid methane">liquid methane</a> engine testing, with funds being provided by <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Development_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippi Development Authority">Mississippi Development Authority</a> (<span style="white-space: nowrap">US$500,000</span> using funding from state bond issues), and NASA (up to <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$600,000</span>). As of October 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stennis_Space_Center&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the SpaceX funding commitment to the methane modification project has not yet been disclosed, as the <a href="/wiki/Space_Act_Agreement" title="Space Act Agreement">contract</a> has not yet been finalized and executed. The methane modifications will become a permanent part of the Stennis test infrastructure and will be available to other users of the test facility after the SpaceX facility lease is completed.<sup id="cite_ref-sn20131025_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sn20131025-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of October 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stennis_Space_Center&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the most recent test completed on the E2 test stand had been a 2012 NASA test of chemical <a href="/wiki/Steam_generator" title="Steam generator">steam generators</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sn20131025_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sn20131025-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in 2014, <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> conducted component tests of their liquid methane/liquid oxygen <a href="/wiki/Raptor_(rocket_engine_family)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raptor (rocket engine family)">Raptor</a> rocket engine on the E2 test stand. This testing was limited to components of the Raptor engine, since the test stand is not large enough to test the full Raptor engine, which is rated to generate more than 661,000 lbf (2,940 kN) vacuum thrust.<sup id="cite_ref-13-311_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13-311-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sn20131025_35-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sn20131025-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasa201509_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa201509-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SpaceX completed a "round of main injector testing in late 2014," and a "full-power test of the oxygen <a href="/wiki/Preburner" class="mw-redirect" title="Preburner">preburner</a> component" for Raptor by June 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa201509_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa201509-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="E3_Test_stand">E3 Test stand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stennis_Space_Center&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: E3 Test stand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The E3 test stand consists of two test cells for component and pilot scale combustion device testing: </p> <ul><li>E3 Cell 1 can support devices up to 60,000 pounds-force (270,000 N) thrust in a horizontal position. Propellant supports includes LOX or gaseous oxygen/hydrocarbon, gaseous oxygen/gaseous hydrogen and <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid rocket">hybrid</a>.</li> <li>E3 Cell 2 can support devices up to 25,000 pounds-force (110,000 N) thrust in a vertical position. Propellent configurations are similar to E3 Cell 1 with the addition of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a> based devices.</li></ul> <p>A series of tests conducted in the late 1990s eventually led to the commercialization of <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid rocket">hybrid rocket</a> motors. Test firing an American Rocket Company (AMROC) hybrid rocket motor at NASA's Stennis Space Center in 1994<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="E4_Test_stand">E4 Test stand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stennis_Space_Center&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: E4 Test stand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The E4 test stand consists of four 32 foot tall concrete-walled cells and an associated concrete foundation; a 1,344 square foot hardened and conditioned Signal Conditioning Building; a 12,825 square foot high bay with 10 ton bridge crane, shop area with 1 ton bridge crane, and a 7,000 square foot blast hardened Test Control Center; and two 1,400 square foot raised-floor control rooms.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site also includes underground deluge water piping; underground power, data, and control duct banks; and potable water. The E4 hard stand system was designed to accommodate up to 500,000 pounds-force (2,224 kN) engines and <a href="/wiki/Powerpack_(rocket_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Powerpack (rocket engine)">powerpack</a> systems testing in a horizontal configuration.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The E4 test stand was proposed in the year 2000 to be located near the H1 test stand.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="H-1_Test_stand">H-1 Test stand</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stennis_Space_Center&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: H-1 Test stand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2001, the Pentagon's Ballistic Missile Defense Organization proposed construction of a $140 million facility at Stennis H-1 test stand to test its proposed Space-Based Laser (SBL) to begin in the first quarter of fiscal year 2002. The facility was to be used to evaluate beam quality, efficiency, and power levels for a prototype megawatt-class hydrogen fluoride laser.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, British manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_plc" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolls-Royce plc">Rolls-Royce plc</a> has been operating an outdoor aero-engine test facility built on the old H1 test area. Rolls-Royce constructed the facility due to noise pollution concerns at its <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a> testing facility at <a href="/wiki/Hucknall_Airfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Hucknall Airfield">Hucknall Airfield</a> near its headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rollsroyce_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rollsroyce-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, a second test stand was opened by Rolls-Royce.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stennis_Space_Center&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Space_Shuttle_Main_Engine_test_on_A-1_in_Stennis_Space_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shuttle main engine test in the A-1 Test Stand."><img alt="Shuttle main engine test in the A-1 Test Stand." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Space_Shuttle_Main_Engine_test_on_A-1_in_Stennis_Space_Center.jpg/225px-Space_Shuttle_Main_Engine_test_on_A-1_in_Stennis_Space_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Space_Shuttle_Main_Engine_test_on_A-1_in_Stennis_Space_Center.jpg/338px-Space_Shuttle_Main_Engine_test_on_A-1_in_Stennis_Space_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Space_Shuttle_Main_Engine_test_on_A-1_in_Stennis_Space_Center.jpg/450px-Space_Shuttle_Main_Engine_test_on_A-1_in_Stennis_Space_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shuttle main engine test in the A-1 Test Stand.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Building_a_Test_Stand.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Construction of the A-2 Test Stand."><img alt="Construction of the A-2 Test Stand." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Building_a_Test_Stand.jpg/225px-Building_a_Test_Stand.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Building_a_Test_Stand.jpg/338px-Building_a_Test_Stand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Building_a_Test_Stand.jpg/450px-Building_a_Test_Stand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1229" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Construction of the A-2 Test Stand.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stennis_A3_test_stand_construction.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A-3 test stand under construction in March 2011."><img alt="A-3 test stand under construction in March 2011." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Stennis_A3_test_stand_construction.jpg/269px-Stennis_A3_test_stand_construction.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Stennis_A3_test_stand_construction.jpg/404px-Stennis_A3_test_stand_construction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Stennis_A3_test_stand_construction.jpg/538px-Stennis_A3_test_stand_construction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A-3 test stand under construction in March 2011.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 98px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 96px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Close-up_of_SSME_(94-engine).jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Test firing of a Space Shuttle Main Engine in the A-1 Test Stand."><img alt="Test firing of a Space Shuttle Main Engine in the A-1 Test Stand." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Close-up_of_SSME_%2894-engine%29.jpeg/144px-Close-up_of_SSME_%2894-engine%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Close-up_of_SSME_%2894-engine%29.jpeg/216px-Close-up_of_SSME_%2894-engine%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Close-up_of_SSME_%2894-engine%29.jpeg/288px-Close-up_of_SSME_%2894-engine%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Test firing of a <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Main_Engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Shuttle Main Engine">Space Shuttle Main Engine</a> in the A-1 Test Stand.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liquid_O2_Tank_A-3_Test_Stand_Stennis_Space_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Installation of a 35,000-gallon Liquid oxygen tank atop the A-3 Test Stand."><img alt="Installation of a 35,000-gallon Liquid oxygen tank atop the A-3 Test Stand." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Liquid_O2_Tank_A-3_Test_Stand_Stennis_Space_Center.jpg/120px-Liquid_O2_Tank_A-3_Test_Stand_Stennis_Space_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Liquid_O2_Tank_A-3_Test_Stand_Stennis_Space_Center.jpg/180px-Liquid_O2_Tank_A-3_Test_Stand_Stennis_Space_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Liquid_O2_Tank_A-3_Test_Stand_Stennis_Space_Center.jpg/240px-Liquid_O2_Tank_A-3_Test_Stand_Stennis_Space_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Installation of a 35,000-gallon <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">Liquid oxygen</a> tank atop the A-3 Test Stand.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stennis_Headquarters.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="NASA's Stennis Headquarters"><img alt="NASA's Stennis Headquarters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Stennis_Headquarters.jpg/240px-Stennis_Headquarters.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Stennis_Headquarters.jpg/360px-Stennis_Headquarters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Stennis_Headquarters.jpg/480px-Stennis_Headquarters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">NASA's Stennis Headquarters</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tenant_facilities">Tenant facilities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stennis_Space_Center&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Tenant facilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2005, the center was home to over 30 government agencies and private companies. By far the largest of these were elements of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> with some 3,500 personnel, which was far larger than the NASA civil servant contingent. Some of the prominent resident agencies include:<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="US_National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration">US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stennis_Space_Center&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/National_Data_Buoy_Center" title="National Data Buoy Center">National Data Buoy Center</a> (NDBC) is a part of the <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>'s (NOAA) <a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">National Weather Service</a> (NWS). NDBC designs, develops, operates, and maintains a network of data collecting <a href="/wiki/Buoys" class="mw-redirect" title="Buoys">buoys</a> and coastal stations.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Centers_for_Environmental_Information" title="National Centers for Environmental Information">National Centers for Environmental Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Marine_Fisheries_Service" title="National Marine Fisheries Service">National Marine Fisheries Service</a>, Southeast Region, Field Office Stennis Space Center</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Ocean_Exploration_and_Research" title="Office of Ocean Exploration and Research">Office of Ocean Exploration and Research</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="US_Geological_Survey">US Geological Survey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stennis_Space_Center&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: US Geological Survey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Ocean_Exploration_and_Research" title="Office of Ocean Exploration and Research">Office of Ocean Exploration and Research</a></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/US_Geological_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="US Geological Survey">US Geological Survey</a> Hydrologic Instrumentation Facility<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_Navy">United States Navy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stennis_Space_Center&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: United States Navy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Naval_Meteorology_and_Oceanography_Command" title="Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command">Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command</a> (NAVMETOCCOM) or NMOC, serves as the operational arm of the Naval Oceanography Program. Headquartered at the SSC, NMOC is a third echelon command reporting to Naval Information Dominance Forces (NAVIDFOR), previously <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fleet_Forces_Command" title="United States Fleet Forces Command">United States Fleet Forces Command</a> (USFLTFORCOM).</li> <li>A branch of the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Research_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Research Laboratory">Naval Research Laboratory</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Naval_Oceanographic_Office" title="Naval Oceanographic Office">Naval Oceanographic Office</a> (NAVOCEANO) comprises approximately 1,000 civilian, military and contract personnel responsible for providing oceanographic products and services to all elements within the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a>.</li> <li>The Department of the Navy, Office of Civilian Human Resources, Stennis Operations Center</li> <li>Navy <a href="/wiki/Special_warfare_combatant-craft_crewmen" title="Special warfare combatant-craft crewmen">Special Boat Team 22</a> and <a href="/wiki/NAVSCIATTS" class="mw-redirect" title="NAVSCIATTS">NAVSCIATTS</a> (Naval Small Craft Instruction and Technical Training School).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_Coast_Guard">United States Coast Guard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stennis_Space_Center&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: United States Coast Guard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Port_Security_Unit" title="Port Security Unit">Port Security Unit</a> 308</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="University">University</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stennis_Space_Center&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: University"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_State_University" title="Mississippi State University">Mississippi State University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Performance_Computing_Collaboratory" title="High Performance Computing Collaboratory">High Performance Computing Collaboratory</a></li> <li>Geosystems Research Institute</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Gulf_Institute" title="Northern Gulf Institute">Northern Gulf Institute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Southern_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Southern Mississippi">The University of Southern Mississippi</a> <ul><li>High Performance Visualization Center</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usm.edu/marine">Department of Marine Science</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial">Commercial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stennis_Space_Center&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Commercial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_plc" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolls-Royce plc">Rolls-Royce</a> Outdoor Engine Testing Centre<sup id="cite_ref-rollsroyce_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rollsroyce-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Launch_Alliance" title="United Launch Alliance">United Launch Alliance</a> engine testing</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin" title="Lockheed Martin">Lockheed Martin</a> Mississippi Space and Technology Center<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_tenant_organizations">Former tenant organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stennis_Space_Center&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Former tenant organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Army_Ammunition_Plant" title="Mississippi Army Ammunition Plant">Mississippi Army Ammunition Plant</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="INFINITY_Science_Center">INFINITY Science Center</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stennis_Space_Center&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: INFINITY Science Center"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F-1_Engine_at_INFINITY_Science_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/F-1_Engine_at_INFINITY_Science_Center.jpg/220px-F-1_Engine_at_INFINITY_Science_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/F-1_Engine_at_INFINITY_Science_Center.jpg/330px-F-1_Engine_at_INFINITY_Science_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/F-1_Engine_at_INFINITY_Science_Center.jpg/440px-F-1_Engine_at_INFINITY_Science_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rocketdyne_F-1" title="Rocketdyne F-1">F-1 engine</a> on display at INFINITY science center.</figcaption></figure> <p>The INFINITY Science Center is a non-profit museum that hosts the <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> visitor center for John C. Stennis Space Center.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 72,000 square feet (6,700 m<sup>2</sup>) facility is located adjacent to the Mississippi Welcome Center near the MS/<a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">LA</a> border. </p><p>The themes of the center's interactive exhibits include Mississippi Natural History, NASA, space, planets, stars, weather, Earth science, space travel and exploration. Displays include the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_4" title="Apollo 4">Apollo 4</a> command module, a full-sized <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> module, a cutaway model of the <a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a> spacecraft, and components from a space-flown <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_main_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Shuttle main engine">RS-25 Space Shuttle Main Engine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outdoor displays include an <a href="/wiki/F-1_rocket_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="F-1 rocket engine">F-1 rocket engine</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a> <a href="/wiki/Buoy" title="Buoy">buoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Navy">U.S. Navy</a> riverine training boat and the Apollo 19 Saturn V first stage rocket booster (acquired from NASA Michoud Assembly). </p><p>The INFINITY Science Center officially opened in April 2012 to replace the old 14,000 square feet (1,300 m<sup>2</sup>) StenniSphere visitors center.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="StenniSphere">StenniSphere</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stennis_Space_Center&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: StenniSphere"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The museum and visitor center for the Stennis Space Center was known as <b>StenniSphere</b>. Upon the imminent opening of the new INFINITY Science Center, StenniSphere closed its doors to the public on February 15, 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike INFINITY, the StenniSphere building is located within the grounds of the Stennis Space Center. Exhibits focused on the activities of NASA, space, space exploration, science, geography, weather and more. Many of the exhibits from StenniSphere have been moved into the new INFINITY visitor facility. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stennis_Space_Center&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-administrator-names-new-stennis-space-center-director/">"NASA Administrator Names New Stennis Space Center Director"</a>. <i>www.nasa.gov</i>. April 29, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=NASA+Administrator+Names+New+Stennis+Space+Center+Director&rft.date=2024-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fnews-release%2Fnasa-administrator-names-new-stennis-space-center-director%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStennis+Space+Center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/stennis/pdf/697602main_October_12_Lagniappe.pdf">NASA.gov</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/stennis/pdf/546006main_May_11_Lagniappe.pdf">"May 1961 speech leads to Stennis facility"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Lagniappe</i>. May 11, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lagniappe&rft.atitle=May+1961+speech+leads+to+Stennis+facility&rft.date=2011-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fcenters%2Fstennis%2Fpdf%2F546006main_May_11_Lagniappe.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStennis+Space+Center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nris-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nris_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP">"National Register Information System"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. January 23, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places&rft.atitle=National+Register+Information+System&rft.date=2007-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FNRHP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStennis+Space+Center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nhlsum-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nhlsum_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nhlsum_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070728062126/https://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1922&ResourceType=Structure">"Rocket Propulsion Test Complex"</a>. <i>National Historic Landmark summary listing</i>. National Park Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1922&ResourceType=Structure">the original</a> on July 28, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 19,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Historic+Landmark+summary+listing&rft.atitle=Rocket+Propulsion+Test+Complex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftps.cr.nps.gov%2Fnhl%2Fdetail.cfm%3FResourceId%3D1922%26ResourceType%3DStructure&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStennis+Space+Center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nrhpinv2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nrhpinv2_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarry_A._Butowsky1984" class="citation report cs1">Harry A. Butowsky (May 15, 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/85002805_text">National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Rocket Propulsion Test Complex / A-1/A-2 B-1/B-2 Test Stands</a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span> (Report). National Park Service.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places+Inventory-Nomination%3A+Rocket+Propulsion+Test+Complex+%2F+A-1%2FA-2+B-1%2FB-2+Test+Stands&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft.date=1984-05-15&rft.au=Harry+A.+Butowsky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FNRHP%2FGetAsset%2FNHLS%2F85002805_text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStennis+Space+Center" class="Z3988"></span> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/85002805_photos">Accompanying 8 photos, from 1966, 1967, 1971, 1973, and 1977.</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1.76 MB)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ESDTest-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ESDTest_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ESDTest_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090320094910/https://sscfreedom.ssc.nasa.gov/esd/ESDTestFacilitiesA1.asp">"A-1 Test Stand"</a>. NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sscfreedom.ssc.nasa.gov/esd/ESDTestFacilitiesA1.asp">the original</a> on March 20, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A-1+Test+Stand&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsscfreedom.ssc.nasa.gov%2Fesd%2FESDTestFacilitiesA1.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStennis+Space+Center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MSFC Press Release No. 66-83, Apr. 21, 1966.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated19-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated19_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated19_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">MSFC Saturn V Prog. Off., Saturn V QPR, Apr. 1-June 30, 1966, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MSFC Press Release No. 66-228, Nov. 30, 1966.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MSFC, MAF Hist. Report, Jan. 1-Dec. 31, 1966, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MSFC Saturn V Prog. Off., Saturn V Semiannual Prog. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+INFINITY+Science+Center&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitinfinity.com%2Fabout-us%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStennis+Space+Center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/stennis/news/newsreleases/2012/CLT-12-012.html">"StenniSphere Museum and Visitor Center to Close"</a> (Press release). NASA. 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class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/NASA_Headquarters" title="NASA Headquarters">NASA Headquarters</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary 10 centers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space flight</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight Center">Goddard Space Flight Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a> <ul><li><a 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title="Rendezvous Docking Simulator">Rendezvous Docking Simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnarvon_Tracking_Station" title="Carnarvon Tracking Station">Carnarvon Tracking Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex">Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Deep_Space_Communication_Complex" title="Canberra Deep 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Sumner Municipal Airport">Scientific Balloon Flight Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallops_Flight_Facility" title="Wallops Flight Facility">Wallops Flight Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Sands_Test_Facility" title="White Sands Test Facility">White Sands Test Facility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Cape Canaveral Space Force Station</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Control_Center" title="Mercury Control Center">Mercury Control Center</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NASA" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">Policy</a> and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">History<br />(<a href="/wiki/Creation_of_NASA" title="Creation of NASA">creation</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">NACA</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and Space Act">National Aeronautics and Space Act</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine#National_Commission_on_Space" title="Thomas O. Paine">Paine</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">Rogers</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ride_Report" title="Ride Report">Ride</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Exploration_Initiative" title="Space Exploration Initiative">Space Exploration Initiative</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Committee" title="Augustine Committee">Augustine</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Clinton_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">U.S. National Space Policy</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Future_of_the_United_States_Aerospace_Industry" title="Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry">CFUSAI</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Accident_Investigation_Board" title="Columbia Accident Investigation Board">CAIB</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Commission_on_Implementation_of_United_States_Space_Exploration_Policy" title="President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy">Aldridge</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee" title="Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee">Augustine</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrators_and_deputy_administrators_of_NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="List of administrators and deputy administrators of NASA">Administrator and Deputy Administrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Chief_Scientist" title="NASA Chief Scientist">Chief Scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">Astronaut Corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Ranks and positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Astronaut_Office" title="Chief of the Astronaut Office">Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_NASA" title="Budget of NASA">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_research" title="NASA research">NASA research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA_spinoff_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA spinoff technologies">spinoff technologies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA%2B" title="NASA+">NASA+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_TV" title="NASA TV">NASA TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Social" title="NASA Social">NASA Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Services_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch Services Program">Launch Services Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Control_Center" title="Mercury Control Center">Mercury Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_48" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 48">Launch Complex 48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Control_Center" title="Launch Control Center">Launch Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_and_Checkout_Building" title="Operations and Checkout Building">Operations and Checkout Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Sample_Laboratory_Facility" title="Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility">Lunar Sample Laboratory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Mission_Directorate" title="Science Mission Directorate">Science Mission Directorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a><br />programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">suborbital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> (with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–<i>Mir</i></a> (with <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos State Corporation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic</a> programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hitchhiker_Program" title="Hitchhiker Program">Hitchhiker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_Mark_II" title="Mariner Mark II">Mariner Mark II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MESUR" title="MESUR">MESUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_%2798" title="Mars Surveyor '98">Mars Surveyor '98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Millennium_Program" title="New Millennium Program">New Millennium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Planetary Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Prometheus" title="Project Prometheus">Project Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Living_With_a_Star" title="Living With a Star">Living With a Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor Robotic Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Observing_System" title="Earth Observing System">Earth Observing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Observatories_program" title="Great Observatories program">Great Observatories program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Program" title="Discovery Program">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Terrestrial_Probes_program" title="Solar Terrestrial Probes program">Solar Terrestrial Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Innovative_Missions_for_Planetary_Exploration" title="Small Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration">SIMPLEx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Individual featured<br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">missions</a><br />(human and robotic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">COBE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3">Mercury 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_6" title="Mercury-Atlas 6">Mercury-Atlas 6</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project"><i>Galileo</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Timeline of Galileo (spacecraft)">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">WMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)"><i>Sojourner</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(SAC-D_instrument)" title="Aquarius (SAC-D instrument)">Aquarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens"><i>Cassini</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)"><i>Dawn</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler space telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Opportunity" title="Timeline of Opportunity">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surface_features_of_Mars_visited_by_Spirit_and_Opportunity" title="List of surface features of Mars visited by Spirit and Opportunity">observed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager">RHESSI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ingenuity_flights" title="List of Ingenuity flights">flights</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currently<br />operating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory"><i>Swift</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">THEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_14" title="GOES 14">GOES 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_15" title="GOES 15">GOES 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_Probes" title="Van Allen Probes">Van Allen Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">Solar Dynamics Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)"><i>Juno</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuSTAR" title="NuSTAR">NuSTAR</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">WISE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetospheric_Multiscale_Mission" title="Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission">MMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_2020" title="Timeline of Mars 2020">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plankton,_Aerosol,_Cloud,_ocean_Ecosystem" title="Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem">PACE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NISAR_(satellite)" title="NISAR (satellite)">NISAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_Communications_and_Navigation_Program" title="Space Communications and Navigation Program">Communications<br />and navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near_Earth_Network" title="Near Earth Network">Near Earth Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Network" title="Space Network">Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex">Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Deep_Space_Communication_Complex" title="Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex">Canberra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flight_Operations_Facility" title="Space Flight Operations Facility">Space Flight Operations Facility</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Atomic_Clock" title="Deep Space Atomic Clock">Deep Space Atomic Clock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronauts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_name" title="List of astronauts by name">by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection" title="List of astronauts by year of selection">by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gemini_astronauts" title="List of Gemini astronauts">Gemini astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Apollo astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">Space Shuttle crews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_aircraft" title="List of NASA aircraft">NASA aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">NASA missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_NASA_missions" title="List of uncrewed NASA missions">uncrewed missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">Apollo missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">Space Shuttle missions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rockets_of_the_United_States" title="List of rockets of the United States">United States rockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cancellations" title="List of NASA cancellations">NASA cancellations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cameras_on_spacecraft" title="List of NASA cameras on spacecraft">NASA cameras on spacecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA images<br />and artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(Voyager)" title="Family Portrait (Voyager)">Family Portrait</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pale_Blue_Dot" title="Pale Blue Dot">Pale Blue Dot</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Creation" title="Pillars of Creation">Pillars of Creation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystic_Mountain" title="Mystic Mountain">Mystic Mountain</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(MESSENGER)" title="Family Portrait (MESSENGER)"><i>Solar System Family Portrait</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Smiled" title="The Day the Earth Smiled">The Day the Earth Smiled</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deep_fields" title="List of deep fields">Deep fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_plaque" title="Lunar plaque">Lunar plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_plaque" title="Pioneer plaque">Pioneer plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_goodwill_messages" title="Apollo 11 goodwill messages">Apollo 11 goodwill messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_insignia" title="NASA insignia">NASA insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_space-flown_Gemini_and_Apollo_medallions" title="NASA space-flown Gemini and Apollo medallions">Gemini and Apollo medallions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_patch" title="Mission patch">Mission patches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hubble_Space_Telescope_anniversary_images" title="List of Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images">Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15_postal_covers_incident" title="Apollo 15 postal covers incident">Apollo 15 postal covers incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Mirror_Memorial" title="Space Mirror Memorial">Space Mirror Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Astronaut_Monument" title="The Astronaut Monument">The Astronaut Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_sample_displays" title="Lunar sample displays">Lunar sample displays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon_rock" title="Moon rock">Moon rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_and_missing_Moon_rocks" title="Stolen and missing Moon rocks">stolen or missing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="United States Astronaut Hall of Fame">U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._space_exploration_history_on_U.S._stamps" title="U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps">Space program on U.S. stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Apollo 17 Moon mice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_tree" title="Moon tree">Moon tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkeys_and_apes_in_space#United_States" title="Monkeys and apes in space">Other primates in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_International_Space_Apps_Challenge" title="NASA International Space Apps Challenge">NASA International Space Apps Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronauts_Day" title="Astronauts Day">Astronauts Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Astronaut_Day" title="National Astronaut Day">National Astronaut Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon_NASA_F4" title="Nikon NASA F4">Nikon NASA F4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:NASA" title="Category:NASA"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:NASA" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:NASA"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="U.S._National_Register_of_Historic_Places" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="Template:National Register of Historic Places"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="Template talk:National Register of Historic Places"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Register of Historic Places"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="U.S._National_Register_of_Historic_Places" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">U.S. National Register of Historic Places</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_architectural_style_categories" title="National Register of Historic Places architectural style categories">Architectural style categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contributing_property" title="Contributing property">Contributing property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Historic districts in the United States">Historic district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="History of the National Register of Historic Places">History of the National Register of Historic Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keeper_of_the_Register" title="Keeper of the Register">Keeper of the Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_property_types" title="National Register of Historic Places property types">Property types</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Lists by state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._National_Historic_Landmarks_by_state" title="List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state">List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Alabama" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Alaska" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Arizona" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Arkansas" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_California" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Connecticut" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Delaware" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Georgia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hawaii" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Idaho" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Illinois" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Indiana" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Iowa" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Kansas" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Kentucky" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Louisiana" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Maine" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Maryland" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Massachusetts" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Michigan" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Minnesota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Mississippi" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Montana" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Nebraska" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Nevada" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_Hampshire" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_Jersey" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_Mexico" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_North_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Ohio" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Oklahoma" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Oregon" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Pennsylvania" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Rhode_Island" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Tennessee" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Texas" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Utah" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Vermont" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Washington_state" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington state">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_West_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wisconsin" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wyoming" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Lists by insular areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_American_Samoa" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Guam" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in the United States Minor Outlying Islands">Minor Outlying Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Puerto_Rico" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in the United States Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Lists by associated state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Palau" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Palau">Palau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Washington,_D.C." title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Legation,_Tangier" title="American Legation, Tangier">American Legation, Morocco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Preservation_Act" title="National Historic Preservation Act">National Historic Preservation Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Preservation_Fund" title="Historic Preservation Fund">Historic Preservation Fund</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jails_and_prisons_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places">List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_and_college_buildings_listed_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places">University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG/32px-HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG" decoding="async" width="32" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG/48px-HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG/64px-HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2498" data-file-height="1969" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="Portal:National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="Category:National Register of Historic Places">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spaceflight_National_Historic_Landmarks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spaceflight_landmarks" title="Template:Spaceflight landmarks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spaceflight_landmarks" title="Template talk:Spaceflight landmarks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceflight_landmarks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceflight landmarks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spaceflight_National_Historic_Landmarks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Spaceflight <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmarks</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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