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<li id="toc-Predecessors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predecessors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Predecessors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predecessors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kurgan_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kurgan_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Kurgan culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kurgan_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only 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href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_expansion_during_the_Bronze_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_expansion_during_the_Bronze_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Further expansion during the Bronze Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_expansion_during_the_Bronze_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Revisions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Revisions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Revisions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Revisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Invasion_versus_diffusion_scenarios_(1980s_onward)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasion_versus_diffusion_scenarios_(1980s_onward)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Invasion versus diffusion scenarios (1980s onward)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasion_versus_diffusion_scenarios_(1980s_onward)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alignment_with_Anatolian_hypothesis_(2000s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alignment_with_Anatolian_hypothesis_(2000s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Alignment with Anatolian hypothesis (2000s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alignment_with_Anatolian_hypothesis_(2000s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anthony's_revised_steppe_theory_(2007)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthony's_revised_steppe_theory_(2007)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Anthony's revised steppe theory (2007)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthony's_revised_steppe_theory_(2007)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kurgan hypothesis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فرضية كورغان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرضية كورغان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurqan_f%C9%99rziyy%C9%99si" title="Kurqan fərziyyəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kurqan fərziyyəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Курганная гіпотэза – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Курганная гіпотэза" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Курганна хипотеза – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Курганна хипотеза" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurganska_hipoteza" title="Kurganska hipoteza – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kurganska hipoteza" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip%C3%B2tesi_dels_kurgans" title="Hipòtesi dels kurgans – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hipòtesi dels kurgans" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurganov%C3%A1_hypot%C3%A9za" title="Kurganová hypotéza – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kurganová hypotéza" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurgan-hypotesen" title="Kurgan-hypotesen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kurgan-hypotesen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip%C3%B3tesis_de_los_kurganes" title="Hipótesis de los kurganes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hipótesis de los kurganes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurgana_hipotezo" title="Kurgana hipotezo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kurgana hipotezo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurgan_hipotesia" title="Kurgan hipotesia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kurgan hipotesia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B6%DB%8C%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فرضیه کورگان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرضیه کورگان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoth%C3%A8se_kourgane" title="Hypothèse kourgane – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hypothèse kourgane" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koerganhypoteze" title="Koerganhypoteze – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Koerganhypoteze" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BF%A0%EB%A5%B4%EA%B0%84_%EA%B0%80%EC%84%A4" title="쿠르간 가설 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쿠르간 가설" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipotesis_Kurgan" title="Hipotesis Kurgan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hipotesis Kurgan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipotesi_kurganica" title="Ipotesi kurganica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ipotesi kurganica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%96%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="ההיפותזה הקורגנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ההיפותזה הקורגנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurgan%C5%B3_hipotez%C4%97" title="Kurganų hipotezė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kurganų hipotezė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preistoria_de_la_popla_PIE_(Teoria_Curgan)" title="Preistoria de la popla PIE (Teoria Curgan) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Preistoria de la popla PIE (Teoria Curgan)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Курганска хипотеза – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Курганска хипотеза" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koerganhypothese" title="Koerganhypothese – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koerganhypothese" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AC%E3%83%B3%E4%BB%AE%E8%AA%AC" title="クルガン仮説 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クルガン仮説" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurgan-hypotesen" title="Kurgan-hypotesen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kurgan-hypotesen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoria_kurhanowa" title="Teoria kurhanowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Teoria kurhanowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip%C3%B3tese_Curg%C3%A3" title="Hipótese Curgã – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hipótese Curgã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipoteza_kurgan%C4%83" title="Ipoteza kurgană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ipoteza kurgană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Курганная гипотеза – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Курганная гипотеза" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipoteza_Kurgane" title="Hipoteza Kurgane – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hipoteza Kurgane" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kurgan hypothesis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurganska_hipoteza" title="Kurganska hipoteza – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kurganska hipoteza" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Курганска хипотеза – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Курганска хипотеза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurganska_hipoteza" title="Kurganska hipoteza – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kurganska hipoteza" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurgaanikulttuuri" title="Kurgaanikulttuuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kurgaanikulttuuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurganhypotesen" title="Kurganhypotesen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kurganhypotesen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurgan_hipotezi" title="Kurgan hipotezi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kurgan hipotezi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Theory of Indo-European origin</div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_expansions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Indo-European_expansions.jpg/300px-Indo-European_expansions.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Indo-European_expansions.jpg/450px-Indo-European_expansions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Indo-European_expansions.jpg/600px-Indo-European_expansions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2094" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption> Scheme of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European language">Indo-European language</a> dispersals from c. 4000 to 1000 BC according to the Kurgan hypothesis. <b>Center</b>: <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Steppe</a> cultures <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:solid black;"> </span> <b>1</b>: <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian languages</a> (archaic <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">PIE</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:solid black;"> </span> <b>2</b>: <a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo culture</a> (early PIE)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:solid black;"> </span> <b>3</b>: <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya culture</a> expansion (<a href="/wiki/Pontic-Caspian_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic-Caspian steppe">Pontic-Caspian steppe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danube_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Danube Valley">Danube Valley</a>) (late PIE)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:solid black;"> </span> <b>4A</b>: Western <a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:solid #4287f5;"> </span> <b>4B</b>: <a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker culture</a> (adopted by Indo-European speakers)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:solid blue;"> </span> <b>4C</b>: Bell Beaker</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:solid red;"> </span> <b>5A-B</b>: Eastern Corded ware; <b>5C</b>: <a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta culture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian">proto-Indo-Iranian</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:solid magenta;"> </span> <b>6</b>: <a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:solid purple;"> </span> <b>7</b>: <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryans" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryans">Indo-Aryans</a> (<b>A</b>: <a href="/wiki/Mittani" class="mw-redirect" title="Mittani">Mittani</a>; <b>B</b>: <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_India" title="Linguistic history of India">India</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:solid grey;"> </span> <b>8</b>: <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Greek</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:solid yellow;"> </span> <b>9</b>: <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:solid orange;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a></div> <b>Not shown</b>: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, expanding from western steppe </figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;background:rgb(220,245,220);"><a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">Indo-European topics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_migrations.gif" title="File:Indo-European migrations.gif"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/140px-Indo-European_migrations.gif" decoding="async" width="140" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/210px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/280px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="598" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indo-European_languages" title="List of Indo-European languages">List of Indo-European languages</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Extant</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">Albanoid</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Extinct</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Liburnian_language" title="Liburnian language">Liburnian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mysian_language" title="Mysian language">Mysian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Paeonian_language" title="Paeonian language">Paeonian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Reconstructed</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Phonology</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_sound_laws" title="Indo-European sound laws">Sound laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_accent" title="Proto-Indo-European accent">Accent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Ablaut</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Hypothetical</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Balkanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Thracian">Daco-Thracian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Albanian" title="Graeco-Albanian">Graeco-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Celtic" title="Italo-Celtic">Italo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Illyrian" title="Thraco-Illyrian">Thraco-Illyrian</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Grammar</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_vocabulary" title="Indo-European vocabulary">Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_root" title="Proto-Indo-European root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_verbs" title="Proto-Indo-European verbs">Verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_nominals" title="Proto-Indo-European nominals">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_pronouns" title="Proto-Indo-European pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_numerals" title="Proto-Indo-European numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_particles" title="Proto-Indo-European particles">Particles</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Other</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Anatolian_language" title="Proto-Anatolian language">Proto-Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Italo-Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Italo-Celtic language">Proto-Italo-Celtic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Proto-Italic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">Proto-Baltic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Philology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_inscriptions" title="Hittite inscriptions">Hittite inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphic_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphic Luwian">Hieroglyphic Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_inscriptions" title="Greek inscriptions">Greek epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language#Inscriptions" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language#Inscriptions" title="Messapic language">Messapic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin#Corpus" title="Old Latin">Latin epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish#Corpus" title="Gaulish">Gaulish epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_inscriptions" title="Runic inscriptions">Runic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Armenian" title="Bible translations into Armenian">Bible translations into Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish#Sources" title="Old Irish">Old Irish glosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Albanian Kanun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_society" title="Proto-Indo-European society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Mainstream<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kurgan hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomads</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Alternative and fringe<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hypothesis" title="Anatolian hypothesis">Anatolian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_hypothesis" title="Armenian hypothesis">Armenian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech_argument" title="Beech argument">Beech argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryanism" title="Indigenous Aryanism">Indigenous Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland#Baltic_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Baltic homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_continuity_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleolithic continuity theory">Paleolithic continuity theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Archaeology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic (Copper Age)</a><br /></dt></dl> <p><i>Pontic Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">Domestication of the horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">Kurgan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_stelae" title="Kurgan stelae">Kurgan stelae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgan culture">Kurgan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">Steppe cultures</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Dniester_culture" title="Bug–Dniester culture">Bug–Dniester</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sredny_Stog_culture" title="Sredny Stog culture">Sredny Stog</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Donets_culture" title="Dnieper–Donets culture">Dnieper–Donets</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Samara_culture" title="Samara culture">Samara</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Khvalynsk_culture" title="Khvalynsk culture">Khvalynsk</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mikhaylovka_culture" title="Mikhaylovka culture">Mikhaylovka culture</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Novotitarovskaya_culture" title="Novotitarovskaya culture">Novotitarovskaya culture</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p><i>Caucasus</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop</a></li></ul> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo</a></li></ul> <p><i>Eastern Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Usatovo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Usatovo culture">Usatovo</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83_culture" title="Cernavodă culture">Cernavodă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni</a></li></ul> <p><i>Northern Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baden_culture" title="Baden culture">Baden</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dnieper_culture" title="Middle Dnieper culture">Middle Dnieper</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a><br /></dt></dl> <p><i>Pontic Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">Chariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-cordoned_ware_culture" title="Multi-cordoned ware culture">Multi-cordoned ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltavka_culture" title="Poltavka culture">Poltavka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya</a></li></ul> <p><i>Northern/Eastern Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globular_Amphora_culture" title="Globular Amphora culture">Globular Amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trzciniec_culture" title="Trzciniec culture">Trzciniec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian</a></li></ul> <p><i>South Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaz_culture" title="Yaz culture">Yaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara_grave_culture" title="Gandhara grave culture">Gandhara grave</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> <p><i>Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chernoles_culture" title="Chernoles culture">Chernoles</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Cimmerian" title="Thraco-Cimmerian">Thraco-Cimmerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jastorf_culture" title="Jastorf culture">Jastorf</a></li></ul> <p><i>Caucasus</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian</a></li></ul> <p><i>India</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Peoples and societies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_peoples" title="Anatolian peoples">Anatolian peoples</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a></span>) <br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> <p><i>Indo-Aryans</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryans</a></li></ul> <p><i>Iranians</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a></li></ul> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celts" title="Insular Celts">Insular Celts</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Hellenic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Anatolia">Anatolia</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Paeonians" title="Paeonians">Paeonians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></dt></dl> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a>/<a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples" title="North Germanic peoples">Medieval Scandinavians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li></ul> <p><i>Indo-Aryan</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li></ul> <p><i>Iranian</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Religion and mythology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><i>Reconstructed</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_paganism" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism">Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Historical Vedic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Ancient Iranian religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Historical</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indo-Aryan</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></span></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_mythology" title="Kurdish mythology">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <p><i>Others</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/European_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="European paganism">European</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_paganism" title="Albanian paganism">Albanian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Dacian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian religion">Dacian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Practices</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship#Indo-European_religions" title="Fire worship">Fire rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_sacrifice" title="Horse sacrifice">Horse sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">Winter solstice</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-European studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><i>Scholars</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">J. P. Mallory</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Institutes</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Studies_in_Indo-European" title="Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European">Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Publications</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">The Horse, the Wheel, and Language</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Indo-European_Studies" title="Journal of Indo-European Studies">Journal of Indo-European Studies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indogermanisches_etymologisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch">Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_Etymological_Dictionary" title="Indo-European Etymological Dictionary">Indo-European Etymological Dictionary</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-European_topics" title="Template talk:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kurgan hypothesis</b> (also known as the <b>Kurgan theory</b>, <b>Kurgan model</b>, or <b>steppe theory</b>) is the most widely accepted proposal to identify the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Proto-Indo-European homeland</a> from which the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> spread out <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">throughout Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_migration_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryan migration theory">parts of Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallory1989p._185,_"The_Kurgan_solution_is_attractive_and_has_been_accepted_by_many_archaeologists_and_linguists,_in_part_or_total._It_is_the_solution_one_encounters_in_the_''Encyclopædia_Britannica''_and_the_''Grand_Dictionnaire_Encyclopédique_Larousse''."_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallory1989p._185,_"The_Kurgan_solution_is_attractive_and_has_been_accepted_by_many_archaeologists_and_linguists,_in_part_or_total._It_is_the_solution_one_encounters_in_the_''Encyclopædia_Britannica''_and_the_''Grand_Dictionnaire_Encyclopédique_Larousse''."-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrazny2000163_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrazny2000163-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It postulates that the people of a Kurgan culture in the <a href="/wiki/Pontic_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic steppe">Pontic steppe</a> north of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> were the most likely speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a> (PIE). The term is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> word <i><a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">kurgan</a></i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">курга́н</span></span>), meaning <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">tumulus</a> or burial mound. </p><p>The steppe theory was first formulated by <a href="/wiki/Otto_Schrader_(philologist)" title="Otto Schrader (philologist)">Otto Schrader</a> (1883) and <a href="/wiki/V._Gordon_Childe" title="V. Gordon Childe">V. Gordon Childe</a> (1926),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then systematized in the 1950s by <a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a>, who used the term to group various prehistoric cultures, including the <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamnaya">Yamnaya</a> (or Pit Grave) culture and its predecessors. In the 2000s, <a href="/wiki/David_W._Anthony" title="David W. Anthony">David Anthony</a> instead used the core Yamnaya culture and its relationship with other cultures as a point of reference. </p><p>Gimbutas defined the Kurgan culture as composed of four successive periods, with the earliest (Kurgan I) including the <a href="/wiki/Samara_culture" title="Samara culture">Samara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seroglazovo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Seroglazovo culture">Seroglazovo</a> cultures of the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a>–<a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a> region in the <a href="/wiki/Copper_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper Age">Copper Age</a> (early 4th millennium BC). The people of these cultures were <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">nomadic pastoralists</a>, who, according to the model, by the early 3rd millennium BC had expanded throughout the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a> and into <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGimbutas1985190_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGimbutas1985190-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Genetics studies in the 21st century have demonstrated that populations bearing specific <a href="/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup" title="Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup">Y-DNA haplogroups</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders" title="Western Steppe Herders">distinct genetic signature</a> expanded into Europe and South Asia from the Pontic-Caspian steppe during the third and second millennia BC. These migrations provide a plausible explanation for the spread of at least some of the Indo-European languages, and suggest that the alternative theories such as the <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hypothesis" title="Anatolian hypothesis">Anatolian hypothesis</a>, which places the Proto-Indo-European homeland in <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, are less likely to be correct.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaak_et_al.2015_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaak_et_al.2015-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nature.com_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurgan_hypothesis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predecessors">Predecessors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurgan_hypothesis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Predecessors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arguments for the identification of the Proto-Indo-Europeans as steppe nomads from the Pontic–Caspian region had already been made in the 19th century by the German scholars, <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Benfey" title="Theodor Benfey">Theodor Benfey</a> (1869) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Hehn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor Hehn (page does not exist)">Victor Hehn</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hehn" class="extiw" title="de:Victor Hehn">de</a>]</span> (1870), followed notably by <a href="/wiki/Otto_Schrader_(philologist)" title="Otto Schrader (philologist)">Otto Schrader</a> (1883, 1890).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Poesche" title="Theodor Poesche">Theodor Poesche</a> had proposed the nearby <a href="/wiki/Pinsk_Marshes" title="Pinsk Marshes">Pinsk Marshes</a>. In his standard work<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> about PIE and to a greater extent in a later abbreviated version,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Brugmann" title="Karl Brugmann">Karl Brugmann</a> took the view that the <a href="/wiki/Urheimat" class="mw-redirect" title="Urheimat">urheimat</a> could not be identified exactly by the scholarship of his time, but he tended toward Schrader's view. However, after <a href="/wiki/Karl_Penka" title="Karl Penka">Karl Penka</a>'s 1883<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rejection of non-European PIE origins, most scholars favoured a <a href="/wiki/North_European_hypothesis" title="North European hypothesis">Northern European origin</a>. </p><p>The view of a Pontic origin was still strongly supported, including by the archaeologists <a href="/wiki/V._Gordon_Childe" title="V. Gordon Childe">V. Gordon Childe</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Wahle" title="Ernst Wahle">Ernst Wahle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of Wahle's students was <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Puzinas" title="Jonas Puzinas">Jonas Puzinas</a>, who became one of Marija Gimbutas's teachers. Gimbutas, who acknowledged Schrader as a precursor,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> painstakingly marshalled a wealth of archaeological evidence from the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> that was not readily available to Western scholars,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnLIufwC4szwCpgPA18_18,_495]_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnLIufwC4szwCpgPA18_18,_495]-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> revealing a fuller picture of prehistoric Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurgan_hypothesis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When it was first proposed in 1956, in <i>The Prehistory of Eastern Europe, Part 1</i>, Gimbutas's contribution to the search for Indo-European origins was an <a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdisciplinary">interdisciplinary</a> synthesis of archaeology and linguistics. The Kurgan model of Indo-European origins identifies the Pontic–Caspian steppe as the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) <a href="/wiki/Urheimat" class="mw-redirect" title="Urheimat">urheimat</a>, and a variety of late PIE dialects are assumed to have been spoken across this region. According to this model, the Kurgan culture gradually expanded to the entire Pontic–Caspian steppe, Kurgan IV being identified with the <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamnaya">Yamnaya</a> culture of around 3000 BC. </p><p>The mobility of the Kurgan culture facilitated its expansion over the entire region and is attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">domestication of the horse</a> followed by the use of early <a href="/wiki/Chariots" class="mw-redirect" title="Chariots">chariots</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-blenchspriggsIII181_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blenchspriggsIII181-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first strong archaeological evidence for the domestication of the horse comes from the <a href="/wiki/Sredny_Stog_culture" title="Sredny Stog culture">Sredny Stog culture</a> north of the <a href="/wiki/Azov_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Azov Sea">Azov Sea</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, and would correspond to an early PIE or pre-PIE nucleus of the 5th millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-blenchspriggsIII181_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blenchspriggsIII181-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent expansion beyond the steppes led to hybrid, or in Gimbutas's terms "kurganized" cultures, such as the <a href="/wiki/Globular_Amphora_culture" title="Globular Amphora culture">Globular Amphora culture</a> to the west. From these kurganized cultures came the immigration of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Greeks">Proto-Greeks</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and the nomadic <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranian</a> cultures to the east around 2500 BC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kurgan_culture">Kurgan culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurgan_hypothesis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Kurgan culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_horizon">Cultural horizon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurgan_hypothesis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cultural horizon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gimbutas defined and introduced the term "<b>Kurgan culture</b>" in 1956 with the intention of introducing a "broader term" that would combine <a href="/wiki/Sredny_Stog_culture" title="Sredny Stog culture">Sredny Stog II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pit_Grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Pit Grave">Pit Grave</a> (Yamnaya), and <a href="/wiki/Corded_ware" class="mw-redirect" title="Corded ware">Corded ware</a> horizons (spanning the 4th to 3rd millennia in much of Eastern and Northern Europe).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kurgan <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">archaeological culture</a> or cultural horizon comprises the various cultures of the Pontic–Caspian steppe in the Copper Age to Early Bronze Age (5th to 3rd millennia BC), identified by similar artifacts and structures, but subject to inevitable imprecision and uncertainty. The eponymous <a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">kurgans</a> (mound graves) are only one among several common features. </p><p>Cultures that Gimbutas considered as part of the "Kurgan culture": </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Dniester_culture" title="Bug–Dniester culture">Bug–Dniester</a> (6th millennium)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samara_culture" title="Samara culture">Samara</a> (5th millennium)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khvalynsk_culture" title="Khvalynsk culture">Khvalynsk</a> (5th millennium)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Donets_culture" title="Dnieper–Donets culture">Dnieper–Donets</a> (5th to 4th millennia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sredny_Stog_culture" title="Sredny Stog culture">Sredny Stog</a> (mid-5th to mid-4th millennia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop</a>–<a href="/wiki/Deriivka" title="Deriivka">Deriivka</a> (mid-4th to mid-3rd millennia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya (Pit Grave)</a>: This is itself a varied cultural horizon, spanning the entire Pontic–Caspian steppe from the mid-4th to the 3rd millennium.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usatove_culture" title="Usatove culture">Usatove</a> (late 4th millennium)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stages_of_culture_and_expansion">Stages of culture and expansion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurgan_hypothesis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Stages of culture and expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurgan_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Kurgan_map.png/350px-Kurgan_map.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Kurgan_map.png/525px-Kurgan_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Kurgan_map.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="374" /></a><figcaption>Overview of the Kurgan hypothesis</figcaption></figure> <p>Gimbutas's original suggestion identifies four successive stages of the Kurgan culture: </p> <ul><li><b>Kurgan I</b>, <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a>/<a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a> region, earlier half of the 4th millennium BC. Apparently evolving from cultures of the Volga basin, subgroups include the <a href="/wiki/Samara_culture" title="Samara culture">Samara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seroglazovo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Seroglazovo culture">Seroglazovo</a> cultures.</li> <li><b>Kurgan II–III</b>, latter half of the 4th millennium BC. <a href="/wiki/Stone_circle" title="Stone circle">Stone circles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic">anthropomorphic</a> stone stelae of deities. Includes the <a href="/wiki/Sredny_Stog_culture" title="Sredny Stog culture">Sredny Stog culture</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop culture</a> of the northern <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>.</li> <li><b>Kurgan IV</b> or <a href="/wiki/Pit_Grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Pit Grave">Pit Grave</a> (Yamnaya) culture, first half of the 3rd millennium BC, encompassing the entire steppe region from the <a href="/wiki/Ural_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ural River">Ural</a> to <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>.</li></ul> <p>In other publications<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBojtar199957_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBojtar199957-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she proposes three successive "waves" of expansion: </p> <ul><li><b>Wave 1</b>, predating Kurgan I, expansion from the lower Volga to the Dnieper, leading to coexistence of Kurgan I and the <a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni–Trypillia culture</a>. Repercussions of the migrations extend as far as the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and along the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Vinca_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinca culture">Vinča</a> culture in <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lengyel_culture" title="Lengyel culture">Lengyel culture</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>.</li> <li><b>Wave 2</b>, mid 4th millennium BC, originating in the <a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop culture</a> and resulting in advances of <b>"kurganized"</b> hybrid cultures into northern Europe around 3000 BC (<a href="/wiki/Globular_Amphora_culture" title="Globular Amphora culture">Globular Amphora culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baden_culture" title="Baden culture">Baden culture</a>, and ultimately <a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware culture</a>). According to Gimbutas this corresponds to the first intrusion of Indo-European languages into western and northern Europe.</li> <li><b>Wave 3</b>, 3000–2800 BC, expansion of the Pit Grave culture beyond the steppes, with the appearance of the characteristic pit graves as far as modern Romania, Bulgaria, eastern Hungary and Georgia, coincident with the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni–Trypillia culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trialeti_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialeti culture">Trialeti culture</a> in Georgia (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2750 BC</span>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timeline">Timeline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurgan_hypothesis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Special:EditPage/Kurgan hypothesis">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>4500–4000: <b>Early PIE</b>. Sredny Stog, Dnieper–Donets and <a href="/wiki/Samara_culture" title="Samara culture">Samara</a> cultures, <a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">domestication of the horse</a> (<b>Wave 1</b>).</li> <li>4000–3500: The Pit Grave culture (a.k.a. Yamnaya culture), the prototypical <a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">kurgan</a> builders, emerges in the steppe, and the <a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop culture</a> in the northern <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a> models postulate the separation of <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Proto-Anatolian</a> before this time.</li> <li>3500–3000: <b>Middle PIE</b>. The Pit Grave culture is at its peak, representing the classical reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_society" title="Proto-Indo-European society">Proto-Indo-European society</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_stone_stela" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian stone stela">stone idols</a>, predominantly practicing <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a> in permanent settlements protected by <a href="/wiki/Hillfort" title="Hillfort">hillforts</a>, subsisting on agriculture, and fishing along rivers. Contact of the Pit Grave culture with late <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a> cultures results in the "kurganized" <a href="/wiki/Globular_Amphora_culture" title="Globular Amphora culture">Globular Amphora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baden_culture" title="Baden culture">Baden</a> cultures (<b>Wave 2</b>). The Maykop culture shows the earliest evidence of the beginning <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, and Bronze weapons and artifacts are introduced to Pit Grave territory. Probable early <a href="/wiki/Satemization" class="mw-redirect" title="Satemization">Satemization</a>.</li> <li>3000–2500: <b>Late PIE</b>. The Pit Grave culture extends over the entire Pontic steppe (<b>Wave 3</b>). The <a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware culture</a> extends from the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a>, corresponding to the latest phase of Indo-European unity, the vast "kurganized" area disintegrating into various independent languages and cultures, still in loose contact enabling the spread of technology and early loans between the groups, except for the Anatolian and Tocharian branches, which are already isolated from these processes. The <a href="/wiki/Centum_and_satem_languages" title="Centum and satem languages">centum–satem</a> break is probably complete, but the phonetic trends of Satemization remain active.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_expansion_during_the_Bronze_Age">Further expansion during the Bronze Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurgan_hypothesis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further expansion during the Bronze Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a></div> <p>The Kurgan hypothesis describes the initial spread of Proto-Indo-European during the 5th and 4th millennia BC.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As used by Gimbutas, the term "kurganized" implied that the culture could have been spread by no more than small bands who <a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)" title="Stratum (linguistics)">imposed themselves</a> on local people as an elite. This idea of PIE and its <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">daughter languages</a> diffusing east and west without mass movement proved popular with archaeologists in the 1970s (the <i>pots-not-people</i> paradigm).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The question of further Indo-Europeanization of Central and Western Europe, Central Asia and Northern India during the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> is beyond the scope of the Kurgan hypothesis, and far more uncertain than the events of the Copper Age, and subject to some controversy. The rapidly developing fields of <a href="/wiki/Archaeogenetics" title="Archaeogenetics">archaeogenetics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genetic_genealogy" title="Genetic genealogy">genetic genealogy</a> since the late 1990s have not only confirmed a migratory pattern out of the Pontic Steppe at the relevant time<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaak_et_al.2015_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaak_et_al.2015-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nature.com_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also suggest the possibility that the population movement involved was more substantial than earlier anticipated<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaak_et_al.2015_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaak_et_al.2015-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and invasive.<sup id="cite_ref-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revisions">Revisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurgan_hypothesis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Revisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invasion_versus_diffusion_scenarios_(1980s_onward)"><span id="Invasion_versus_diffusion_scenarios_.281980s_onward.29"></span>Invasion versus diffusion scenarios (1980s onward)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurgan_hypothesis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Invasion versus diffusion scenarios (1980s onward)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gimbutas believed that the expansions of the Kurgan culture were a series of essentially-hostile military incursions in which a new warrior culture imposed itself on the peaceful, <a href="/wiki/Matrilineality" title="Matrilineality">matrilinear</a>, and matrifocal (but not <a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">matriarchal</a>) cultures of "<a href="/wiki/Old_European_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Old European culture">Old Europe</a>" and replaced it with a <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchal</a> <a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">warrior</a> society,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGimbutas19821_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGimbutas19821-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a process visible in the appearance of fortified settlements and hillforts and the graves of warrior-chieftains: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The process of Indo-Europeanization was a cultural, not a physical, transformation. It must be understood as a military victory in terms of successfully imposing a new administrative system, language, and religion upon the indigenous groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGimbutas1997309_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGimbutas1997309-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In her later life, Gimbutas increasingly emphasized the authoritarian nature of this transition from the egalitarian society centered on the nature/earth <a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">mother goddess</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaia" title="Gaia">Gaia</a>) to a patriarchy worshipping the father/sun/weather god (<a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dyaus" title="Dyaus">Dyaus</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">J. P. Mallory</a> (in 1989) accepted the Kurgan hypothesis as the <i>de facto</i> standard theory of Indo-European origins, but he distinguished it from an implied "radical" scenario of military invasion. Gimbutas' actual main scenario involved slow accumulation of influence through coercion or extortion, as distinguished from general raiding shortly followed by conquest: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>One might at first imagine that the economy of argument involved with the Kurgan solution should oblige us to accept it outright. But critics do exist and their objections can be summarized quite simply: Almost all of the arguments for invasion and cultural transformations are far better explained without reference to Kurgan expansions, and most of the evidence so far presented is either totally contradicted by other evidence, or is the result of gross misinterpretation of the cultural history of Eastern, Central, and Northern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallory1989185_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallory1989185-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alignment_with_Anatolian_hypothesis_(2000s)"><span id="Alignment_with_Anatolian_hypothesis_.282000s.29"></span>Alignment with Anatolian hypothesis (2000s)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurgan_hypothesis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Alignment with Anatolian hypothesis (2000s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hypothesis" title="Anatolian hypothesis">Anatolian hypothesis</a></div> <p>In the 2000s, Alberto Piazza and <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Luca_Cavalli-Sforza" title="Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza">Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza</a> tried to align the Anatolian hypothesis with the steppe theory. According to Piazza, "[i]t is clear that, genetically speaking, peoples of the Kurgan steppe descended at least in part from people of the Middle Eastern Neolithic who immigrated there from <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Anatolia" title="Prehistory of Anatolia">Anatolia</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECavalli-Sforza2000_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECavalli-Sforza2000-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Piazza and Cavalli-Sforza (2006), the Yamna-culture may have been derived from Middle Eastern Neolithic farmers who migrated to the Pontic steppe and developed pastoral nomadism.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wells agrees with Cavalli-Sforza that there is "<i>some</i> genetic evidence for migration from the Middle East."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the Anatolian hypothesis is incompatible with the linguistic evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthonyRinge2015_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthonyRinge2015-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anthony's_revised_steppe_theory_(2007)"><span id="Anthony.27s_revised_steppe_theory_.282007.29"></span>Anthony's revised steppe theory (2007)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurgan_hypothesis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Anthony's revised steppe theory (2007)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/David_W._Anthony" title="David W. Anthony">David Anthony</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel_and_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="The Horse, the Wheel and Language">The Horse, the Wheel and Language</a></i> describes his "revised steppe theory". He considers the term "Kurgan culture" so imprecise as to be useless, and instead uses the core <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya culture</a> and its relationship with other cultures as points of reference.<sup id="cite_ref-DA306_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DA306-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He points out: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Kurgan culture was so broadly defined that almost any culture with burial mounds, or even (like the Baden culture) without them could be included.<sup id="cite_ref-DA306_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DA306-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>He does not include the <a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop culture</a> among those that he considers to be Indo-European-speaking and presumes instead that they spoke a <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Caucasian language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007297_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007297-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurgan_hypothesis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamangia_culture" title="Hamangia culture">Hamangia culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna_culture" title="Varna culture">Varna culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">Animal sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvamedha" title="Ashvamedha">Ashvamedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaft_tomb" title="Shaft tomb">Shaft tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Kurgan_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Revised Kurgan theory">Revised Kurgan theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Germanic substrate hypothesis">Germanic substrate hypothesis</a></li></ul> <p><b>Genetics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeogenetics_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeogenetics of Europe">Archaeogenetics of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a" title="Haplogroup R1a">Haplogroup R1a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactase_persistence" title="Lactase persistence">Lactase persistence</a></li></ul> <p><b>Competing hypotheses</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_Urheimat_hypotheses" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European Urheimat hypotheses">Proto-Indo-European Urheimat hypotheses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_hypothesis" title="Armenian hypothesis">Armenian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hypothesis" title="Anatolian hypothesis">Anatolian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out_of_India_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Out of India theory">Out of India theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_continuity_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleolithic continuity theory">Paleolithic continuity theory</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurgan_hypothesis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallory1989p._185,_"The_Kurgan_solution_is_attractive_and_has_been_accepted_by_many_archaeologists_and_linguists,_in_part_or_total._It_is_the_solution_one_encounters_in_the_''Encyclopædia_Britannica''_and_the_''Grand_Dictionnaire_Encyclopédique_Larousse''."-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallory1989p._185,_"The_Kurgan_solution_is_attractive_and_has_been_accepted_by_many_archaeologists_and_linguists,_in_part_or_total._It_is_the_solution_one_encounters_in_the_''Encyclopædia_Britannica''_and_the_''Grand_Dictionnaire_Encyclopédique_Larousse''."_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallory1989">Mallory 1989</a>, p. 185, "The Kurgan solution is attractive and has been accepted by many archaeologists and linguists, in part or total. It is the solution one encounters in the <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> and the <i>Grand Dictionnaire Encyclopédique Larousse</i>.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrazny2000163-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrazny2000163_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrazny2000">Strazny 2000</a>, p. 163. "The single most popular proposal is the Pontic steppes (see the Kurgan hypothesis)..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRenfrew1990" class="citation book cs1">Renfrew, Colin (1990). <i>Archaeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins</i>. CUP Archive. pp. 37–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-38675-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-38675-3"><bdi>978-0-521-38675-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+and+Language%3A+The+Puzzle+of+Indo-European+Origins&rft.pages=37-38&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-38675-3&rft.aulast=Renfrew&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurgan+hypothesis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones-Bley2008" class="citation journal cs1">Jones-Bley, Karlene (2008). 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(2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6822619">"The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>365</b> (6457): eaat7487. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aat7487">10.1126/science.aat7487</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6822619">6822619</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31488661">31488661</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+formation+of+human+populations+in+South+and+Central+Asia&rft.volume=365&rft.issue=6457&rft.pages=eaat7487&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6822619%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31488661&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aat7487&rft.aulast=Narasimhan&rft.aufirst=Vagheesh+M.&rft.au=Patterson%2C+Nick&rft.au=Moorjani%2C+Priya&rft.au=Rohland%2C+Nadin&rft.au=Bernardos%2C+Rebecca&rft.au=Mallick%2C+Swapan&rft.au=Lazaridis%2C+Iosif&rft.au=Nakatsuka%2C+Nathan&rft.au=Olalde%2C+I%C3%B1igo&rft.au=Lipson%2C+Mark&rft.au=Kim%2C+Alexander+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6822619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurgan+hypothesis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShindeNarasimhanRohlandMallick2019" class="citation journal cs1">Shinde, Vasant; Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Mah, Matthew; Lipson, Mark; Nakatsuka, Nathan; Adamski, Nicole; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Ferry, Matthew; Lawson, Ann Marie (2019-10-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6800651">"An Ancient Harappan Genome Lacks Ancestry from Steppe Pastoralists or Iranian Farmers"</a>. <i>Cell</i>. <b>179</b> (3): 729–735.e10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2019.08.048">10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.048</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0092-8674">0092-8674</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6800651">6800651</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31495572">31495572</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=An+Ancient+Harappan+Genome+Lacks+Ancestry+from+Steppe+Pastoralists+or+Iranian+Farmers&rft.volume=179&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=729-735.e10&rft.date=2019-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6800651%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0092-8674&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31495572&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2019.08.048&rft.aulast=Shinde&rft.aufirst=Vasant&rft.au=Narasimhan%2C+Vagheesh+M.&rft.au=Rohland%2C+Nadin&rft.au=Mallick%2C+Swapan&rft.au=Mah%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Lipson%2C+Mark&rft.au=Nakatsuka%2C+Nathan&rft.au=Adamski%2C+Nicole&rft.au=Broomandkhoshbacht%2C+Nasreen&rft.au=Ferry%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Lawson%2C+Ann+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6800651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurgan+hypothesis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrünthalKallio2012" class="citation book cs1">Grünthal, Riho; Kallio, Petri (2012). <i>A Linguistic Map of Prehistoric Northern Europe</i>. Société Finno-Ougrienne. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-5667-42-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-952-5667-42-4"><bdi>978-952-5667-42-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Linguistic+Map+of+Prehistoric+Northern+Europe&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Finno-Ougrienne&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-952-5667-42-4&rft.aulast=Gr%C3%BCnthal&rft.aufirst=Riho&rft.au=Kallio%2C+Petri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurgan+hypothesis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Brugmann, <i>Grundriss der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen</i>, vol. 1.1, Strassburg 1886, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Brugmann, <i>Kurze vergleichende Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen</i>, vol. 1, Strassburg 1902, pp. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Penka, <i>Origines Ariacae: Linguistisch-ethnologische Untersuchungen zur ältesten Geschichte der arischen Völker und Sprachen</i> (Vienna: Taschen, 1883), 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vere Gordon Childe, <i>The Aryans: A Study of Indo-European Origins</i> (London: Kegan Paul, 1926).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ernst Wahle (1932). <i>Deutsche Vorzeit</i>, Leipzig 1932.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGimbutas1963" class="citation book cs1">Gimbutas, Marija (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131030062207/http://www.vaidilute.com/books/gimbutas/gimbutas-02.html"><i>The Balts</i></a>. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 38. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vaidilute.com/books/gimbutas/gimbutas-02.html">the original</a> on 2013-10-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balts&rft.place=London&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Gimbutas&rft.aufirst=Marija&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vaidilute.com%2Fbooks%2Fgimbutas%2Fgimbutas-02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurgan+hypothesis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnLIufwC4szwCpgPA18_18,_495]-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnLIufwC4szwCpgPA18_18,_495]_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnthony2007">Anthony 2007</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nLIufwC4szwC&pg=PA18">18, 495</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blenchspriggsIII181-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blenchspriggsIII181_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blenchspriggsIII181_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Parpola in <a href="#CITEREFBlenchSpriggs1999">Blench & Spriggs 1999</a>, p. 181. "The history of the Indo-European words for 'horse' shows that the Proto-Indo-European speakers had long lived in an area where the horse was native and / or domesticated.(<a href="#CITEREFMallory1989">Mallory 1989</a>, pp. 161–163). The first strong archaeological evidence for the domestication of the horse comes from the Ukrainian Srednij Stog culture, which flourished <i>c.</i> 4200–3500 BC and is likely to represent an early phase of the Proto-Indo-European culture (<a href="#CITEREFAnthony1986">Anthony 1986</a>, pp. 295f.; <a href="#CITEREFMallory1989">Mallory 1989</a>, pp. 162, 197–210). During the <a href="/wiki/Pit_Grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Pit Grave">Pit Grave</a> culture (<i>c.</i> 3500–2800 BCE), which continued the cultures related to Srednij Stog and probably represents the late phase of the Proto-Indo-European culture – full-scale pastoral technology, including the domesticated horse, wheeled vehicles, stock breeding and limited horticulture, spread all over the Pontic steppes, and, <i>c.</i> 3000 BCE, in practically every direction from that centre (<a href="#CITEREFAnthony1986">Anthony 1986</a>; <a href="#CITEREFAnthony1991">Anthony 1991</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMallory1989">Mallory 1989</a>, vol. 1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGimbutas1970">Gimbutas 1970</a>, p. 156: "The name <i>Kurgan culture</i> (the Barrow culture) was introduced by the author in 1956 as a broader term to replace [something] and <a href="/wiki/Pit-Grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Pit-Grave">Pit-Grave</a> (Russian <i>Yamnaya</i>), names used by Soviet scholars for the culture in the eastern Ukraine and south Russia, and <a href="/wiki/Corded_ware" class="mw-redirect" title="Corded ware">Corded Ware, Battle-Axe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ochre-Grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Ochre-Grave">Ochre-Grave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Single-Grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-Grave">Single-Grave</a> and other names given to complexes characterized by elements of <a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">Kurgan</a> appearance that formed in various parts of Europe".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBojtar199957-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBojtar199957_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBojtar1999">Bojtar 1999</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The New Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th edition, 22:587–588</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRazib_Khan2012" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Razib_Khan" title="Razib Khan">Razib Khan</a> (28 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130609041146/http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/gnxp/2012/04/facing-the-ocean/">"Facing the ocean"</a>. <i>Discover Magazine Blog – Gene Expression</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/gnxp/2012/04/facing-the-ocean/">the original</a> on 2013-06-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discover+Magazine+Blog+%E2%80%93+Gene+Expression&rft.atitle=Facing+the+ocean&rft.date=2012-04-28&rft.au=Razib+Khan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.discovermagazine.com%2Fgnxp%2F2012%2F04%2Ffacing-the-ocean%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurgan+hypothesis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReich2019" class="citation journal cs1">Reich, David (15 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6436108">"The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>363</b> (6432): 1230–1234. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Sci...363.1230O">2019Sci...363.1230O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aav4040">10.1126/science.aav4040</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6436108">6436108</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30872528">30872528</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+genomic+history+of+the+Iberian+Peninsula+over+the+past+8000+years&rft.volume=363&rft.issue=6432&rft.pages=1230-1234&rft.date=2019-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6436108%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30872528&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aav4040&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019Sci...363.1230O&rft.aulast=Reich&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6436108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurgan+hypothesis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Preston, Douglas (December 7, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/12/14/the-skeletons-at-the-lake">"The Skeletons at the Lake"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i>. No. Annals of Science<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Skeletons+at+the+Lake&rft.issue=Annals+of+Science&rft.date=2020-12-07&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2020%2F12%2F14%2Fthe-skeletons-at-the-lake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurgan+hypothesis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGimbutas19821-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGimbutas19821_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGimbutas1982">Gimbutas 1982</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGimbutas1997309-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGimbutas1997309_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGimbutas1997">Gimbutas 1997</a>, p. 309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGimbutas1993" class="citation journal cs1">Gimbutas, Marija (1993-08-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00437956.1993.11435900">"The Indo-Europeanization of Europe: the intrusion of steppe pastoralists from south Russia and the transformation of Old Europe"</a>. <i>WORD</i>. <b>44</b> (2): 205–222. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00437956.1993.11435900">10.1080/00437956.1993.11435900</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-7956">0043-7956</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WORD&rft.atitle=The+Indo-Europeanization+of+Europe%3A+the+intrusion+of+steppe+pastoralists+from+south+Russia+and+the+transformation+of+Old+Europe&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=205-222&rft.date=1993-08-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00437956.1993.11435900&rft.issn=0043-7956&rft.aulast=Gimbutas&rft.aufirst=Marija&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F00437956.1993.11435900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurgan+hypothesis" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00437956.1993.11435900">Free PDF download</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallory1989185-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallory1989185_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallory1989">Mallory 1989</a>, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECavalli-Sforza2000-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECavalli-Sforza2000_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCavalli-Sforza2000">Cavalli-Sforza 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPiazzaCavalli-Sforza2006">Piazza & Cavalli-Sforza 2006</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>: "...if the expansions began at 9,500 years ago from Anatolia and at 6,000 years ago from the <a href="/wiki/Yamna_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamna culture">Yamnaya culture</a> region, then a 3,500-year period elapsed during their migration to the <a href="/wiki/Volga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River">Volga</a>-<a href="/wiki/Don_River_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Don River (Russia)">Don</a> region from Anatolia, probably through the Balkans. There a completely new, mostly pastoral culture developed under the stimulus of an environment unfavorable to standard agriculture, but offering new attractive possibilities. Our hypothesis is, therefore, that Indo-European languages derived from a secondary expansion from the <a href="/wiki/Yamna_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamna culture">Yamnaya culture</a> region after the Neolithic farmers, possibly coming from Anatolia and settled there, developing pastoral nomadism.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWellsRead2002">Wells & Read 2002</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>: "... while we see substantial genetic and archaeological evidence for an Indo-European migration originating in the southern Russian steppes, there is little evidence for a similarly massive Indo-European migration from the Middle East to Europe. One possibility is that, as a much earlier migration (8,000 years old, as opposed to 4,000), the genetic signals carried by Indo-European-speaking farmers may simply have dispersed over the years. There is clearly <i>some</i> genetic evidence for migration from the Middle East, as Cavalli-Sforza and his colleagues showed, but the signal is not strong enough for us to trace the distribution of Neolithic languages throughout the entirety of Indo-European-speaking Europe."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthonyRinge2015-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthonyRinge2015_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnthonyRinge2015">Anthony & Ringe 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DA306-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DA306_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DA306_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnthony2007">Anthony 2007</a>, pp. 306–307, "Why not a Kurgan Culture?"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007297-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007297_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnthony2007">Anthony 2007</a>, p. 297.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurgan_hypothesis&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony1991" class="citation journal cs1">Anthony, David W (1991). "The Archaeology of Indo-European Origins". <i>The Archaeology of Indo-European Origins</i>. <b>19</b> (3–4): 193–222. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0092-2323">0092-2323</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Archaeology+of+Indo-European+Origins&rft.atitle=The+Archaeology+of+Indo-European+Origins&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=193-222&rft.date=1991&rft.issn=0092-2323&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=David+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurgan+hypothesis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony2007" class="citation cs2">Anthony, David W. (2007), <a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel_and_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="The Horse, the Wheel and Language"><i>The Horse, The Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World</i></a>, Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05887-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05887-0"><bdi>978-0-691-05887-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Horse%2C+The+Wheel%2C+and+Language%3A+How+Bronze-Age+Riders+from+the+Eurasian+Steppes+Shaped+the+Modern+World&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-691-05887-0&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurgan+hypothesis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony1986" class="citation journal cs1">Anthony, David W.; Bogucki, Peter; Comşa, Eugen; Gimbutas, Marija; Jovanović, Borislav; Mallory, J. P.; Milisaukas, Sarunas (1986). "The "Kurgan Culture," Indo-European Origins, and the Domestication of the Horse: A Reconsideration". <i>Current Anthropology</i>. <b>27</b> (4): 291–313. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F203441">10.1086/203441</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0011-3204">0011-3204</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2743045">2743045</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143388176">143388176</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=The+%22Kurgan+Culture%2C%22+Indo-European+Origins%2C+and+the+Domestication+of+the+Horse%3A+A+Reconsideration&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=291-313&rft.date=1986&rft.issn=0011-3204&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143388176%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2743045%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F203441&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft.au=Bogucki%2C+Peter&rft.au=Com%C5%9Fa%2C+Eugen&rft.au=Gimbutas%2C+Marija&rft.au=Jovanovi%C4%87%2C+Borislav&rft.au=Mallory%2C+J.+P.&rft.au=Milisaukas%2C+Sarunas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurgan+hypothesis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthonyRinge2015" class="citation cs2">Anthony, David W.; Ringe, Donald (January 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/10597023">"The Indo-European Homeland from Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives"</a>, <i>Annual Review of Linguistics</i>, <b>1</b> (1): 199–219, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-linguist-030514-124812">10.1146/annurev-linguist-030514-124812</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+Indo-European+Homeland+from+Linguistic+and+Archaeological+Perspectives&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=199-219&rft.date=2015-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-linguist-030514-124812&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft.au=Ringe%2C+Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F10597023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurgan+hypothesis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthonyVinogradov1995" class="citation cs2">Anthony, David; Vinogradov, Nikolai (1995), "Birth of the Chariot", <i>Archaeology</i>, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 36–41, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41771098">41771098</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology&rft.atitle=Birth+of+the+Chariot&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=36-41&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41771098%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Vinogradov%2C+Nikolai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurgan+hypothesis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlenchSpriggs1999" class="citation cs2">Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew, eds. 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Farrar Straus & Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86547-529-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86547-529-8"><bdi>978-0-86547-529-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genes%2C+peoples%2C+and+languages&rft.pub=Farrar+Straus+%26+Giroux&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-86547-529-8&rft.aulast=Cavalli-Sforza&rft.aufirst=Luigi+Luca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPhBjQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurgan+hypothesis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGimbutas1956" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Gimbutas, Marija</a> (1956), <i>The Prehistory of Eastern Europe. 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P.</a> (1997), "Kurgan Tradition", <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture (page does not exist)">Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture</a></i>, London: Fitzroy Dearborn, pp. 338–341, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-884964-98-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-884964-98-2"><bdi>1-884964-98-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kurgan+Tradition&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indo-European+culture&rft.place=London&rft.pages=338-341&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-884964-98-2&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurgan+hypothesis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallory1989" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">Mallory, J. P.</a> (1989), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofindoeu00jpma"><i>In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth</i></a></span>, London: Thames & Hudson, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-27616-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-27616-1"><bdi>0-500-27616-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+the+Indo-Europeans%3A+Language%2C+Archaeology%2C+and+Myth&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-500-27616-1&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsearchofindoeu00jpma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurgan+hypothesis" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallory1996" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">Mallory, J. P.</a> (1996), Fagan, Brian M. (ed.), <i>The Oxford Companion to Archaeology</i>, New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-507618-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-507618-4"><bdi>0-19-507618-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Archaeology&rft.place=New+York+%26+Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-19-507618-4&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurgan+hypothesis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiazzaCavalli-Sforza2006" class="citation book cs1">Piazza, Alberto; Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211073628/http://www.isrl.uiuc.edu/~amag/langev/paper/piazza06evolang.html">"Diffusion of genes and languages in human evolution"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on the Evolution of Language</i>. pp. 255–266. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isrl.uiuc.edu/~amag/langev/paper/piazza06evolang.html">the original</a> on 2008-12-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Diffusion+of+genes+and+languages+in+human+evolution&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+6th+International+Conference+on+the+Evolution+of+Language&rft.pages=255-266&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Piazza&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rft.au=Cavalli-Sforza%2C+Luigi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isrl.uiuc.edu%2F~amag%2Flangev%2Fpaper%2Fpiazza06evolang.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurgan+hypothesis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenfrew1999" class="citation cs2">Renfrew, Colin (1999), "Time depth, convergence theory, and innovation in Proto-Indo-European: 'Old Europe' as a PIE linguistic area", <i>Journal of Indo-European Studies</i>, <b>27</b> (3–4): 257–293</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Indo-European+Studies&rft.atitle=Time+depth%2C+convergence+theory%2C+and+innovation+in+Proto-Indo-European%3A+%27Old+Europe%27+as+a+PIE+linguistic+area&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=257-293&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Renfrew&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurgan+hypothesis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmoeckel1999" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schmoeckel, Reinhard (1999), <i>Die Indoeuropäer. Aufbruch aus der Vorgeschichte</i> [<i>The Indo-Europeans: Rising from pre-history</i>] (in German), Bergisch-Gladbach (Germany): Bastei Lübbe, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-404-64162-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-404-64162-0"><bdi>3-404-64162-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Indoeurop%C3%A4er.+Aufbruch+aus+der+Vorgeschichte&rft.place=Bergisch-Gladbach+%28Germany%29&rft.pub=Bastei+L%C3%BCbbe&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=3-404-64162-0&rft.aulast=Schmoeckel&rft.aufirst=Reinhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurgan+hypothesis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrazny2000" class="citation book cs1">Strazny, Philipp, ed. (2000). <i>Dictionary of Historical and Comparative Linguistics</i> (1st ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-218-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-218-0"><bdi>978-1-57958-218-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Historical+and+Comparative+Linguistics&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-57958-218-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurgan+hypothesis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellsRead2002" class="citation cs2">Wells, Spencer; Read, Mark (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WAsKm-_zu5sC&pg=PA168"><i>The journey of man: a genetic odyssey</i></a>, Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11532-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11532-0"><bdi>978-0-691-11532-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+journey+of+man%3A+a+genetic+odyssey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-691-11532-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rft.au=Read%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWAsKm-_zu5sC%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurgan+hypothesis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZanotti1982" class="citation cs2">Zanotti, D. G. (1982), "The Evidence for Kurgan Wave One As Reflected By the Distribution of 'Old Europe' Gold Pendants", <i>Journal of Indo-European Studies</i>, vol. 10, pp. 223–234</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Indo-European+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Evidence+for+Kurgan+Wave+One+As+Reflected+By+the+Distribution+of+%27Old+Europe%27+Gold+Pendants&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=223-234&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Zanotti&rft.aufirst=D.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurgan+hypothesis" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurgan_hypothesis&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanjourney.us/indoEurope.html">Humanjourney.us, <i>The Indo-Europeans</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Proto-Indo-European_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #c9ffd9"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Template:Proto-Indo-European language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Template talk:Proto-Indo-European language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Proto-Indo-European language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Proto-Indo-European_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #c9ffd9"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Phonology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_accent" title="Proto-Indo-European accent">Accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centum_and_satem_languages" title="Centum and satem languages">Centum and satem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glottalic_theory" title="Glottalic theory">Glottalic theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_theory" title="Laryngeal theory">Laryngeal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_s-mobile" title="Indo-European s-mobile">s-mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_sound_laws" title="Indo-European sound laws">Sound laws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouk%C3%B3los_rule" title="Boukólos rule"><i>boukólos</i> rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/*k%CA%B7etw%C3%B3res_rule" title="*kʷetwóres rule"><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text">*<i lang="ine">kʷetwóres</i></span> rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_sound_laws_in_the_Indo-European_languages" title="Glossary of sound laws in the Indo-European languages">Glossary of sound laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brugmann%27s_law" title="Brugmann's law">Brugmann's </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomae%27s_law" title="Bartholomae's law">Bartholomae's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortunatov%27s_law" title="Fortunatov's law">Fortunatov's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassmann%27s_law" title="Grassmann's law">Grassmann's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osthoff%27s_law" title="Osthoff's law">Osthoff's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinault%27s_law" title="Pinault's law">Pinault's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siebs%27s_law" title="Siebs's law">Siebs's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sievers%27s_law" title="Sievers's law">Sievers's</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sievers%27s_law#Edgerton" title="Sievers's law">Edgerton's converse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stang%27s_law" title="Stang's law">Stang's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szemer%C3%A9nyi%27s_law" title="Szemerényi's law">Szemerényi's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weise%27s_law" title="Weise's law">Weise's</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #c9ffd9">Morphology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Ablaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caland_system" title="Caland system">Caland system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E2%82%82e-conjugation_theory" title="H₂e-conjugation theory"><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text"><i lang="ine">h₂e</i></span>-conjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narten_present" title="Narten present">Narten present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_infix" title="Nasal infix">Nasal infix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_root" title="Proto-Indo-European root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thematic_vowel" title="Thematic vowel">Thematic vowel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%E1%B9%9Bddhi" title="Vṛddhi">Vṛddhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #c9ffd9">Parts of speech</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_nominals" title="Proto-Indo-European nominals">Nominals</a> (nouns and adjectives)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_numerals" title="Proto-Indo-European numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_particles" title="Proto-Indo-European particles">Particles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_pronouns" title="Proto-Indo-European pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_verbs" title="Proto-Indo-European verbs">Verbs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_copula" title="Indo-European copula">copula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_vocabulary" title="Indo-European vocabulary">Vocabulary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #c9ffd9">Main sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Indogermanisches_etymologisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch">Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</a> (IEW)</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lexikon_der_indogermanischen_Verben" title="Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben">Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben</a> (LIV)</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lexikon_der_indogermanischen_Partikeln_und_Pronominalst%C3%A4mme" title="Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme">Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme</a> (LIPP)</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nomina_im_Indogermanischen_Lexikon" title="Nomina im Indogermanischen Lexikon">Nomina im Indogermanischen Lexikon</a> (NIL)</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_Etymological_Dictionary" title="Indo-European Etymological Dictionary">Indo-European Etymological Dictionary</a> (IEED)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #c9ffd9">Artificial compositions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schleicher%27s_fable" title="Schleicher's fable">Schleicher's fable</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_king_and_the_god" title="The king and the god">The king and the god</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #c9ffd9">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kurgan hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schleicher_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Schleicher theories">Schleicher theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hypothesis" title="Anatolian hypothesis">Anatolian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_hypothesis" title="Armenian hypothesis">Armenian hypothesis</a></li> <li>Outdated theories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beech_argument" title="Beech argument">Beech argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_European_hypothesis" title="North European hypothesis">North European hypothesis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #c9ffd9">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_society" title="Proto-Indo-European society">Proto-Indo-European society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Proto-Indo-European homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_problem" title="Salmon problem">Salmon problem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #c9ffd9">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-European studies</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a> (EIE)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bronze_Age" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bronze_Age_footer" title="Template:Bronze Age footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bronze_Age_footer" title="Template talk:Bronze Age footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bronze_Age_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bronze Age footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bronze_Age" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>↑ <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilization" title="Aegean civilization">Aegean civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorican_Tumulus_culture" title="Armorican Tumulus culture">Armorican Tumulus culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Bronze_Age" title="Atlantic Bronze Age">Atlantic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Britain" title="Bronze Age Britain">Bronze Age Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bronze_Age_sites_in_China" title="List of Bronze Age sites in China">Chinese Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_stones_culture" title="Deer stones culture">Deer stones culture</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Liaoning_bronze_dagger_culture" title="Liaoning bronze dagger culture">Liaoning bronze dagger culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumun_pottery_period" title="Mumun pottery period">Mumun pottery period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okunev_culture" title="Okunev culture">Okunev culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_culture" title="Ordos culture">Ordos culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penard_Period" title="Penard Period">Penard Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samus_culture" title="Samus culture">Samus culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-Western_Iberian_Bronze" title="South-Western Iberian Bronze">South-Western Iberian Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagar_culture" title="Tagar culture">Tagar culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarim_mummies" title="Tarim mummies">Tarim Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trzciniec_culture" title="Trzciniec culture">Trzciniec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wessex_culture" title="Wessex culture">Wessex culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilburton-Wallington_Phase" title="Wilburton-Wallington Phase">Wilburton-Wallington Phase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(North Caucasus<br />and Transcaucasia)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgan culture">Kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koban_culture" title="Koban culture">Koban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri-Shomu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialeti_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialeti culture">Trialeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leyla-Tepe_culture" title="Leyla-Tepe 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