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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Logga in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Sidor för utloggade redigerare <a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A4lp:Introduktion" aria-label="Läs mer om redigering"><span>läs mer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Mina_bidrag" title="En lista över redigeringar från denna IP-adress [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bidrag</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Min_diskussion" title="Diskussion om redigeringar från det här IP-numret [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Webbplats"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Innehåll" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innehåll</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Källor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Källor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Källor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Källor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externa_länkar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externa_länkar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Externa länkar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externa_länkar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Innehållsförteckning" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ryska snuvan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 25 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7_(1889%E2%80%931890)" title="وباء الإنفلونزا (1889–1890) – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وباء الإنفلونزا (1889–1890)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grip_russa" title="Grip russa – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Grip russa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemie_1889%E2%80%931890" title="Pandemie 1889–1890 – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pandemie 1889–1890" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1889-1890-pandemien" title="1889-1890-pandemien – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1889-1890-pandemien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russische_Grippe_(1889%E2%80%931895)" title="Russische Grippe (1889–1895) – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Russische Grippe (1889–1895)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1889%E2%80%931890_pandemic" title="1889–1890 pandemic – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="1889–1890 pandemic" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia_de_gripe_de_1889-1890" title="Pandemia de gripe de 1889-1890 – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pandemia de gripe de 1889-1890" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1889-1890eko_Errusiako_gripea" title="1889-1890eko Errusiako gripea – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1889-1890eko Errusiako gripea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grippe_russe_de_1889-1890" title="Grippe russe de 1889-1890 – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grippe russe de 1889-1890" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemi_flu_1889%E2%80%931890" title="Pandemi flu 1889–1890 – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pandemi flu 1889–1890" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_russa" title="Influenza russa – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Influenza russa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%AA_(1889%E2%80%931890)" title="מגפת השפעת (1889–1890) – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מגפת השפעת (1889–1890)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81" title="रसियन फ्लु – maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="रसियन फ्लु" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7_1889-1890" title="وباء الانفلونزا 1889-1890 – egyptisk arabiska" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="وباء الانفلونزا 1889-1890" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemik_selesema_1889%E2%80%931890" title="Pandemik selesema 1889–1890 – malajiska" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pandemik selesema 1889–1890" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russische_griep" title="Russische griep – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Russische griep" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E3%81%8B%E3%81%9C" title="ロシアかぜ – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロシアかぜ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russisk_snue" title="Russisk snue – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Russisk snue" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia_de_gripe_de_1889%E2%80%931890" title="Pandemia de gripe de 1889–1890 – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pandemia de gripe de 1889–1890" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0_(1889%E2%80%931890)" title="Пандемия гриппа (1889–1890) – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пандемия гриппа (1889–1890)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1889-1890_pandemic" title="1889-1890 pandemic – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1889-1890 pandemic" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%C3%A4l%C3%A4inen_influenssa" title="Venäläinen influenssa – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Venäläinen influenssa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1889-1890_Rus_gribi" title="1889-1890 Rus gribi – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1889-1890 Rus gribi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%83_1889%E2%80%941890_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Пандемія грипу 1889—1890 років – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пандемія грипу 1889—1890 років" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1889%E2%80%941890%E5%B9%B4%E6%B5%81%E6%84%9F%E5%A4%A7%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C" title="1889—1890年流感大流行 – kinesiska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="1889—1890年流感大流行" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10658304#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigera interwikilänkar" class="wbc-editpage">Redigera länkar</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namnrymder"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ryska_snuvan" title="Visa innehållssidan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diskussion:Ryska_snuvan&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Diskussion om innehållssidan [inte skriven än] [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ändra språkvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">svenska</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visningar"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ryska_snuvan"><span>Läs</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ryska_snuvan&veaction=edit" title="Redigera denna sida [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redigera</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ryska_snuvan&action=edit" title="Redigera 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Verktyg</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet 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mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Allmänt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:L%C3%A4nkar_hit/Ryska_snuvan" title="Lista över alla wikisidor som länkar hit [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Sidor som länkar hit</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Senaste_relaterade_%C3%A4ndringar/Ryska_snuvan" rel="nofollow" title="Visa senaste ändringarna av sidor som den här sidan länkar till [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Relaterade ändringar</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ryska_snuvan&oldid=55143854" title="Permanent länk till den här versionen av sidan"><span>Permanent länk</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ryska_snuvan&action=info" title="Mer information om denna sida"><span>Sidinformation</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citera&page=Ryska_snuvan&id=55143854&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information om hur den här artikeln kan användas som referens"><span>Använd som referens</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsv.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRyska_snuvan"><span>Hämta förkortad url</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsv.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRyska_snuvan"><span>Ladda ner QR-kod</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Skriv ut/exportera </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Bok&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Ryska+snuvan"><span>Skapa en bok</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Ryska_snuvan&action=show-download-screen"><span>Ladda ned som PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ryska_snuvan&printable=yes" title="Utskriftsvänlig version av den här sidan [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Utskriftsvänlig version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> På andra projekt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1889%E2%80%9390_flu_pandemic" hreflang="en"><span>Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10658304" title="Länk till anslutet databasobjekt [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-objekt</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sidverktyg"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Utseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">dölj</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Från Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sv" dir="ltr"><dl><dd><i>För filmen med samma namn, se <a href="/wiki/Ryska_snuvan_(film)" title="Ryska snuvan (film)">Ryska snuvan (film)</a></i></dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r47640362">@media screen and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .infobox{display:block;width:100%!important}}</style><div class="infobox" style="clear:right;margin:0 0 0.4em 0.4em;background-color:#f9f9f9;float:right;padding:0 0.4em;border:1px solid #aaa;width:260px"><div style="background-color:LightGrey;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;padding:0em 0.4;margin:0em 0;font-size:120%">Ryska snuvan</div><div style="line-height:140%;text-align:center;margin:0.0em 0.4;padding-bottom:0.5em;padding:0.2em 0.4;vertical-align:text-top;font-size:90%">Influensapandemi 1889–1892<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"> <span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10658304" title="Redigera Wikidata"><img alt="Redigera Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/8px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/12px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/16px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></sup></div><div style="text-align:center;padding:0.0em 0.4"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Everyone_has_Influenza_-_The_Round_of_Doctors_and_Druggists.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Everyone_has_Influenza_-_The_Round_of_Doctors_and_Druggists.jpg/214px-Everyone_has_Influenza_-_The_Round_of_Doctors_and_Druggists.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Everyone_has_Influenza_-_The_Round_of_Doctors_and_Druggists.jpg/320px-Everyone_has_Influenza_-_The_Round_of_Doctors_and_Druggists.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Everyone_has_Influenza_-_The_Round_of_Doctors_and_Druggists.jpg/427px-Everyone_has_Influenza_-_The_Round_of_Doctors_and_Druggists.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4330" data-file-height="4864" /></a></span></div><table style="line-height:140%;table-layout:fixed;text-align:left;word-break:break-word;padding-bottom:0.5em;width:100%;hyphens:auto;font-size:90%"><caption style="background-color:LightGrey;margin-top:0.4em;font-weight:bold;margin:0.5em 0;padding:1em 1"><span><span><a href="/wiki/Sjukdomsutbrott" title="Sjukdomsutbrott">Sjukdomsutbrott</a></span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"> <span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10658304#P31" title="Redigera Wikidata"><img alt="Redigera Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/8px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/12px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/16px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></sup></caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:text-top">Land</th><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:text-top"><span><span><a href="/wiki/Kejsard%C3%B6met_Ryssland" title="Kejsardömet Ryssland">Kejsardömet Ryssland</a></span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"> <span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10658304#P17" title="Redigera Wikidata"><img alt="Redigera Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/8px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/12px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/16px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:text-top">Tidpunkt</th><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:text-top"><span><span><a href="/wiki/1889" title="1889">1889</a></span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"> <span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10658304#P585" title="Redigera Wikidata"><img alt="Redigera Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/8px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/12px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/16px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:text-top">Startdatum</th><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:text-top"><span><span>maj <a href="/wiki/1889" title="1889">1889</a></span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"> <span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10658304#P580" title="Redigera Wikidata"><img alt="Redigera Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/8px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/12px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/16px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:text-top">Slutdatum</th><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:text-top"><span><span><a href="/wiki/1892" title="1892">1892</a></span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"> <span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10658304#P582" title="Redigera Wikidata"><img alt="Redigera Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/8px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/12px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/16px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:text-top">Startplats</th><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:text-top"><span><span><a href="/wiki/Buchara" title="Buchara">Buchara</a></span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"> <span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10658304#P1427" title="Redigera Wikidata"><img alt="Redigera Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/8px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/12px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/16px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:text-top">Antal döda</th><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:text-top"><span><span>1 000 000</span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"> <span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10658304#P1120" title="Redigera Wikidata"><img alt="Redigera Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/8px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/12px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/16px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:text-top">Orsak</th><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:text-top"><span><span><a href="/wiki/H3N8" title="H3N8">H3N8</a></span>, <span>Human coronavirus OC43</span>, <span>H2N2</span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"> <span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10658304#P828" title="Redigera Wikidata"><img alt="Redigera Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/8px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/12px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/16px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></sup></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><b>Ryska snuvan</b> var en <a href="/wiki/Influensa" title="Influensa">influensapandemi</a> som varade mellan <a href="/wiki/1889" title="1889">1889</a> och <a href="/wiki/1892" title="1892">1892</a>. Pandemin spreds över hela världen på ungefär fyra månader<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och beräknas totalt ha orsakat runt en miljon dödsfall.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efter två år kulminerade ryska snuvan för att därefter avta. </p><p>Namnet kommer av att influensan kom till Europa österifrån. <a href="/wiki/Sankt_Petersburg" title="Sankt Petersburg">Sankt Petersburg</a> var den första plats i Europa där fall rapporteras. Ryska snuvan är den första influensapandemi för vilken det finns detaljerad information. De första fallen i Sverige rapporterades i december 1889.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Närmast föregående härjade influensan i Sverige vintern 1874–1875 och närmast efterföljande allvarligare influensa utbröt 1918 (<a href="/wiki/Spanska_sjukan" title="Spanska sjukan">spanska sjukan</a>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Influensavirus_typ_A" title="Influensavirus typ A">Influensavirus typ A</a> subtyp <a href="/wiki/H3N8" title="H3N8">H3N8</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, liksom <a href="/wiki/H2N2" class="mw-redirect" title="H2N2">H2N2</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> har pekats ut som möjliga patogener bakom pandemin. Även <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6rkylning" title="Förkylning">förkylningsviruset</a> <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus">coronavirus HCov-OC43</a> har pekats ut som en möjlig orsak, eftersom genetiska analyser tyder på att det började smitta människor omkring denna tid.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coronateorin understöds också av att patologin liknar den som förekommer hos <a href="/wiki/Covid-19" title="Covid-19">Covid-19</a> mer än influensa.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Även då var det de äldre som blev svårast sjuka medan barn fick lindrigt symptom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Källor"><span id="K.C3.A4llor"></span>Källor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ryska_snuvan&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Källor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ryska_snuvan&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Källor"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFAlexis_Madrigal2025">Alexis Madrigal (26 april 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100429163011/http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2010/04/1889-russian-flu-pandemic/">”1889 Pandemic Didn’t Need Planes to Circle Globe in 4 Months”</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wired.com">Wired Science</a>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2010/04/1889-russian-flu-pandemic/">originalet</a> den 29 april 2010<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100429163011/http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2010/04/1889-russian-flu-pandemic/">https://web.archive.org/web/20100429163011/http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2010/04/1889-russian-flu-pandemic/</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=1889+Pandemic+Didn%E2%80%99t+Need+Planes+to+Circle+Globe+in+4+Months&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Alexis+Madrigal&rft.au=Alexis+Madrigal&rft.date=26+april+2025&rft.pub=%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwired.com+Wired+Science%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20100429163011%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fwiredscience%2F2010%2F04%2F1889-russian-flu-pandemic%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ryska_snuvan"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Elgh F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lakartidningen.se/engine.php?articleId=6140">Pandemiers påverkan på samhället</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131127061311/http://www.lakartidningen.se/engine.php?articleId=6140">Arkiverad</a> 27 november 2013 hämtat från the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive#Wayback_Machine" title="Internet Archive">Wayback Machine</a>. Läkartidningen. Nr 8 2007. Läst 2010-12-05.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Nordisk familjebok, 2 upplagan</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFTaubenbergerMorensFauci2007-05-09">Taubenberger, Jeffery K.; Morens, David M.; Fauci, Anthony S. (2007-05-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2504708/">”The Next Influenza Pandemic: Can It Be Predicted?”</a>. <i>JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association</i> 297 (18): sid. 2025–2027. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.297.18.2025">10.1001/jama.297.18.2025</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0098-7484">0098-7484</a>. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17488968?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:17488968">PMID 17488968</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2504708">2504708</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2504708/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2504708/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 27 april 2021</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Next+Influenza+Pandemic%3A+Can+It+Be+Predicted%3F&rft.jtitle=JAMA+%3A+the+journal+of+the+American+Medical+Association&rft.aulast=Taubenberger&rft.aufirst=Jeffery+K.&rft.au=Taubenberger%2C+Jeffery+K.&rft.au=Morens%2C+David+M.&rft.au=Fauci%2C+Anthony+S.&rft.date=2007-05-09&rft.volume=297&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B2025%E2%80%932027&rft_id=info:doi/10.1001%2Fjama.297.18.2025&rft_id=info:pmid/17488968&rft.issn=0098-7484&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2504708%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ryska_snuvan"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFMulderMasurel1958-04-19">Mulder, J.; Masurel, N. (1958-04-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13526279/">”Pre-epidemic antibody against 1957 strain of Asiatic influenza in serum of older people living in the Netherlands”</a>. <i>Lancet (London, England)</i> 1 (7025): sid. 810–814. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2858%2991738-0">10.1016/s0140-6736(58)91738-0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0140-6736">0140-6736</a>. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13526279?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:13526279">PMID 13526279</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13526279/">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13526279/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 27 april 2021</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pre-epidemic+antibody+against+1957+strain+of+Asiatic+influenza+in+serum+of+older+people+living+in+the+Netherlands&rft.jtitle=Lancet+%28London%2C+England%29&rft.aulast=Mulder&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Mulder%2C+J.&rft.au=Masurel%2C+N.&rft.date=1958-04-19&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=7025&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B810%E2%80%93814&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2858%2991738-0&rft_id=info:pmid/13526279&rft.issn=0140-6736&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F13526279%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ryska_snuvan"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFVijgenKeyaertsMoësThoelen2005-2">Vijgen, Leen; Keyaerts, Els; Moës, Elien; Thoelen, Inge; Wollants, Elke; Lemey, Philippe (2005-2). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC544107/">”Complete Genomic Sequence of Human Coronavirus OC43: Molecular Clock Analysis Suggests a Relatively Recent Zoonotic Coronavirus Transmission Event”</a>. <i>Journal of Virology</i> 79 (3): sid. 1595–1604. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.79.3.1595-1604.2005">10.1128/JVI.79.3.1595-1604.2005</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0022-538X">0022-538X</a>. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15650185?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:15650185">PMID 15650185</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC544107/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC544107/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 27 april 2021</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Complete+Genomic+Sequence+of+Human+Coronavirus+OC43%3A+Molecular+Clock+Analysis+Suggests+a+Relatively+Recent+Zoonotic+Coronavirus+Transmission+Event&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Virology&rft.aulast=Vijgen&rft.aufirst=Leen&rft.au=Vijgen%2C+Leen&rft.au=Keyaerts%2C+Els&rft.au=Mo%C3%ABs%2C+Elien&rft.au=Thoelen%2C+Inge&rft.au=Wollants%2C+Elke&rft.au=Lemey%2C+Philippe&rft.date=2005-2&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B1595%E2%80%931604&rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FJVI.79.3.1595-1604.2005&rft_id=info:pmid/15650185&rft.issn=0022-538X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC544107%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ryska_snuvan"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFBrüssowBrüssow2021">Brüssow, Harald; Brüssow, Lutz (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1751-7915.13889">”Clinical evidence that the pandemic from 1889 to 1891 commonly called the Russian flu might have been an earlier coronavirus pandemic”</a> (på engelska). <i>Microbial Biotechnology</i> 14 (5): sid. 1860–1870. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2F1751-7915.13889">10.1111/1751-7915.13889</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1751-7915">1751-7915</a>. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34254725?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:34254725">PMID 34254725</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMCPMC8441924">PMC8441924</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1751-7915.13889">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1751-7915.13889</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 27 januari 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Clinical+evidence+that+the+pandemic+from+1889+to+1891+commonly+called+the+Russian+flu+might+have+been+an+earlier+coronavirus+pandemic&rft.jtitle=Microbial+Biotechnology&rft.aulast=Br%C3%BCssow&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft.au=Br%C3%BCssow%2C+Harald&rft.au=Br%C3%BCssow%2C+Lutz&rft.date=2021&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B1860%E2%80%931870&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2F1751-7915.13889&rft_id=info:pmid/34254725&rft.issn=1751-7915&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2F1751-7915.13889&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ryska_snuvan"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externa_länkar"><span id="Externa_l.C3.A4nkar"></span>Externa länkar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ryska_snuvan&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Externa länkar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ryska_snuvan&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Externa länkar"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> Wikimedia Commons har media som rör <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1889%E2%80%9390_flu_pandemic" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:1889–90 flu pandemic">Ryska snuvan</a>.<div class="interProject commons" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1889%E2%80%9390_flu_pandemic" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:1889–90 flu pandemic">Bilder & media</a></div></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56287950">.mw-parser-output table.navbox{border:#aaa 1px solid;width:100%;margin:auto;margin-top:1em;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output link+table.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title button,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title .mw-collapsible-text,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title 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style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:3em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:80%; border:none;; color: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mall:Pandemier_och_epidemier" title="Mall:Pandemier och epidemier"><span title="Visa denna mall" style="border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Pandemier_och_epidemier&action=edit"><span style="border:none;;" title="Redigera den här mallen">r</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Pandemi" title="Pandemi">Pandemier</a> och <a href="/wiki/Epidemi" title="Epidemi">epidemier</a> hos människor</span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Pandemier</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Justinianska_pesten" title="Justinianska pesten">Justinianska pesten</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Digerd%C3%B6den" title="Digerdöden">Digerdöden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Digerd%C3%B6den_i_Danmark" title="Digerdöden i Danmark">Danmark</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Digerd%C3%B6den_i_England" title="Digerdöden i England">England</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Digerd%C3%B6den_i_Frankrike" title="Digerdöden i Frankrike">Frankrike</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Digerd%C3%B6den_i_Italien" title="Digerdöden i Italien">Italien</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Digerd%C3%B6den_i_Mellan%C3%B6stern" title="Digerdöden i Mellanöstern">Mellanöstern</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Digerd%C3%B6den_i_Norge" title="Digerdöden i Norge">Norge</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Digerd%C3%B6den_i_Ryssland" title="Digerdöden i Ryssland">Ryssland</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Digerd%C3%B6den_i_Spanien" title="Digerdöden i Spanien">Spanien</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Digerd%C3%B6den_i_Sverige" title="Digerdöden i Sverige">Sverige</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Digerd%C3%B6den_i_Tysk-romerska_riket" title="Digerdöden i Tysk-romerska riket">Tyskland</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kolera" title="Kolera">Kolerapandemier</a> (<a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6rsta_kolerapandemin" title="Första kolerapandemin">första</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Andra_kolerapandemin" title="Andra kolerapandemin">andra</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Tredje_kolerapandemin" title="Tredje kolerapandemin">tredje</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%A4rde_kolerapandemin" title="Fjärde kolerapandemin">fjärde</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Femte_kolerapandemin" title="Femte kolerapandemin">femte</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%A4tte_kolerapandemin" title="Sjätte kolerapandemin">sjätte</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Sjunde_kolerapandemin" title="Sjunde kolerapandemin">sjunde</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Tredje_pestpandemin" title="Tredje pestpandemin">Tredje pestpandemin</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ryska snuvan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Spanska_sjukan" title="Spanska sjukan">Spanska sjukan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanska_sjukan_i_Sverige" title="Spanska sjukan i Sverige">Sverige</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Asiaten" title="Asiaten">Asiaten</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Hongkonginfluensan" title="Hongkonginfluensan">Hongkonginfluensan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/H1N1-pandemin_2009" title="H1N1-pandemin 2009">H1N1-pandemin 2009</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Covid-19-pandemin" title="Covid-19-pandemin">Covid-19-pandemin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Covid-19-pandemin_i_Europa" title="Covid-19-pandemin i Europa">Europa</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Covid-19-pandemin_i_Finland" title="Covid-19-pandemin i Finland">Finland</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Covid-19-pandemin_i_Norge" title="Covid-19-pandemin i Norge">Norge</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Covid-19-pandemin_i_Sverige" title="Covid-19-pandemin i Sverige">Sverige</a>)</div></td><td style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;" rowspan="5"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:1918FluVictimsStLouis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spanska sjukan."><img alt="Spanska sjukan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/1918FluVictimsStLouis.jpg/150px-1918FluVictimsStLouis.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/1918FluVictimsStLouis.jpg/225px-1918FluVictimsStLouis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/1918FluVictimsStLouis.jpg/300px-1918FluVictimsStLouis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="642" /></a></span></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Epidemier</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Pesten_i_Aten" title="Pesten i Aten">Pesten i Aten</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Antoninska_pesten" title="Antoninska pesten">Antoninska pesten</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Cyprianska_pesten" title="Cyprianska pesten">Cyprianska pesten</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Engelska_svetten" title="Engelska svetten">Engelska svetten</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Cocoliztli" title="Cocoliztli">Cocoliztli</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Pesten_i_London_(1563)" title="Pesten i London (1563)">Pesten i London (1563)</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Stora_pesten_i_London" title="Stora pesten i London">Stora pesten i London</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Pesten_i_Sverige_1710%E2%80%931713" title="Pesten i Sverige 1710–1713">Pesten i Sverige 1710–1713</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pesten_i_Stockholm_1710%E2%80%931711" title="Pesten i Stockholm 1710–1711">Stockholm</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Stora_pesten_i_Marseille" title="Stora pesten i Marseille">Stora pesten i Marseille</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Pesten_i_Ryssland_1770%E2%80%931772" title="Pesten i Ryssland 1770–1772">Pesten i Ryssland 1770–1772</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kolera_i_Sverige" title="Kolera i Sverige">Koleraepidemier i Sverige</a> (<a href="/wiki/Koleraepidemin_i_G%C3%B6teborg_1834" title="Koleraepidemin i Göteborg 1834">Göteborg 1834</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Koleraepidemin_i_Stockholm_1834" title="Koleraepidemin i Stockholm 1834">Stockholm 1834</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Koleraepidemin_i_J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6ping_1834" title="Koleraepidemin i Jönköping 1834">Jönköping 1834</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Koleraepidemin_i_Stockholm_1853" title="Koleraepidemin i Stockholm 1853">Stockholm 1853</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Koleraepidemin_i_G%C3%B6teborg_1866" title="Koleraepidemin i Göteborg 1866">Göteborg 1866</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Koleraepidemin_i_K%C3%B6penhamn_1853" title="Koleraepidemin i Köpenhamn 1853">Koleraepidemin i Köpenhamn 1853</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Koleraepidemin_i_Hamburg_1892" title="Koleraepidemin i Hamburg 1892">Koleraepidemin i Hamburg 1892</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Ebolautbrottet_i_Kongo-Kinshasa_2014" title="Ebolautbrottet i Kongo-Kinshasa 2014">Ebolautbrottet i Kongo-Kinshasa 2014</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Ebolautbrottet_i_V%C3%A4stafrika_2014" title="Ebolautbrottet i Västafrika 2014">Ebolautbrottet i Västafrika 2014</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Se även</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid 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