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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Design_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Design elements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design_elements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Design elements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exterior_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exterior_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Exterior design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exterior_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interior_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interior_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Interior design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interior_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color_and_trim_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_and_trim_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Color and trim design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_and_trim_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graphic_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graphic_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Graphic design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graphic_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computer-Aided_Design_and_Class-A_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer-Aided_Design_and_Class-A_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Computer-Aided Design and Class-A development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer-Aided_Design_and_Class-A_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Development process</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development_process-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Development process subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Development_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Design_development_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_development_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Design development cycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design_development_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_team" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_team"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Development team</span> </div> 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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Great Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scandinavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scandinavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>Scandinavia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scandinavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czechoslovakia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czechoslovakia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.6</span> <span>Czechoslovakia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czechoslovakia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> 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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobildesign" title="Automobildesign – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Automobildesign" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dise%C3%B1o_de_autom%C3%B3viles" title="Diseño de automóviles – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Diseño de automóviles" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobilen_diseinua" title="Automobilen diseinua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Automobilen diseinua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88" title="طراحی خودرو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طراحی خودرو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conception_d%27une_automobile" title="Conception d'une automobile – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Conception d'une automobile" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desain_otomotif" title="Desain otomotif – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Desain otomotif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progettazione_di_automobili" title="Progettazione di automobili – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Progettazione di automobili" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%82%B6%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3" title="カーデザイン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カーデザイン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Автомобильный дизайн – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Автомобильный дизайн" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%94%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="ඔටෝමෝටිව් සැලසුම්කරණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඔටෝමෝටිව් සැලසුම්කරණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_design" title="Car design – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Car design" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Дизајн аутомобила – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дизајн аутомобила" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajoneuvosuunnittelu" title="Ajoneuvosuunnittelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ajoneuvosuunnittelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomotiv_tasar%C4%B1m%C4%B1" title="Otomotiv tasarımı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Otomotiv tasarımı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Дизайн автомобіля – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дизайн автомобіля" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%BD%E8%BB%8A%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" title="汽車設計 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="汽車設計" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q787489#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Process of developing the design of motor vehicles</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid 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href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Automotive_design" title="Special:EditPage/Automotive design">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Automotive+design%22">"Automotive design"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Automotive+design%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Automotive+design%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Automotive+design%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Automotive+design%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Automotive+design%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1961_AMC_PRfoto_Designers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/1961_AMC_PRfoto_Designers.jpg/250px-1961_AMC_PRfoto_Designers.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/1961_AMC_PRfoto_Designers.jpg/375px-1961_AMC_PRfoto_Designers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/1961_AMC_PRfoto_Designers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>Designers at work in 1961. Standing by the scale model's left front fender is <a href="/wiki/Dick_Teague" title="Dick Teague">Dick Teague</a>, an automobile designer at <a href="/wiki/American_Motors" class="mw-redirect" title="American Motors">American Motors Corporation</a> (AMC).</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Automotive design</b> is the process of developing the appearance (and to some extent the <a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">ergonomics</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle" title="Motor vehicle">motor vehicles</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle" title="Motorcycle">motorcycles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Truck" title="Truck">trucks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">buses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coach_(vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coach (vehicle)">coaches</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Van" title="Van">vans</a>. </p><p>The functional <a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">design</a> and development of a modern motor vehicle is typically done by a large <a href="/wiki/Team" title="Team">team</a> from many different disciplines also included within <a href="/wiki/Automotive_engineering" title="Automotive engineering">automotive engineering</a>, however, design roles are not associated with requirements for <a href="/wiki/Professional_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional engineer">professional- or chartered-engineer</a> qualifications. Automotive design in this context focuses primarily on developing the visual appearance or aesthetics of vehicles, while also becoming involved in the creation of <a href="/wiki/Product_concept" title="Product concept">product concepts</a>. Automotive design as a professional vocation<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is practiced by designers who may have an art background and a degree in <a href="/wiki/Industrial_design" title="Industrial design">industrial design</a> or in transportation design. For the terminology used in the field, see the <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_automotive_design" title="Glossary of automotive design">glossary of automotive design</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_elements">Design elements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_design&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Design elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bertone_Birusa_2003_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Bertone_Birusa_2003_1.jpg/220px-Bertone_Birusa_2003_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Bertone_Birusa_2003_1.jpg/330px-Bertone_Birusa_2003_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Bertone_Birusa_2003_1.jpg/440px-Bertone_Birusa_2003_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The 2003 <a href="/wiki/Bertone_Birusa" title="Bertone Birusa">Bertone Birusa</a> concept car on display at the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Motor_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Motor Show">Geneva Motor Show</a>. In the background are some concept sketches.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4-OScar1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/4-OScar1.jpg/220px-4-OScar1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/4-OScar1.jpg/330px-4-OScar1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/4-OScar1.jpg/440px-4-OScar1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Draft of <a href="/wiki/OScar" title="OScar">OScar</a> design proposal</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schizzo1_lat..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Schizzo1_lat..jpg/220px-Schizzo1_lat..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Schizzo1_lat..jpg/330px-Schizzo1_lat..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Schizzo1_lat..jpg/440px-Schizzo1_lat..jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="328" /></a><figcaption>A futuristic original sketch for the <a href="/wiki/Ferrari_Modulo" title="Ferrari Modulo">Ferrari Modulo</a> 512-S concept car by Paul Martin in 1967. There are already many features of the final product, including the reduced height, wheels coved for low drag, and the characteristic entry system.</figcaption></figure> <p>The task of the design team is usually split into three main aspects: exterior design, interior design, and color and <a href="/wiki/Trim_package" class="mw-redirect" title="Trim package">trim</a> design. <a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">Graphic design</a> is also an aspect of automotive design; this is generally shared amongst the design team as the lead designer sees fit. The design focuses not only on the isolated outer shape of automobile parts, but concentrates on the combination of form and function, starting from the vehicle package. </p><p>The aesthetic value will need to correspond to ergonomic functionality and utility features as well. In particular, vehicular electronic components and parts will give more challenges to automotive designers who are required to update on the latest information and knowledge associated with emerging vehicular gadgetry, particularly <a href="/wiki/Dashtop_mobile" title="Dashtop mobile">dashtop mobile</a> devices, like GPS navigation, <a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">satellite radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/HD_Radio" title="HD Radio">HD radio</a>, mobile TV, MP3 players, video playback, and smartphone interfaces. Though not all the new vehicular gadgets are to be designated as factory standard items, some of them may be integral to determining the future course of any specific vehicular models. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exterior_design">Exterior design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_design&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Exterior design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The design team(s) responsible for the exterior of the vehicle develops the proportions, shape, and surface details of the vehicle. Exterior design is first done by a series of manual sketches and digital drawings. Progressively, more detailed drawings are executed and approved by appropriate layers of management, followed by digital rendering to images. Consumer feedback is generally sought at this point to help iteratively refine vehicle concepts according to the targeted market and will continue throughout the rest of the design refinement process. After more progressive refinement, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_plasticine" title="Industrial plasticine">industrial plasticine</a> and or digital models are developed from and along with the drawings and images. The data from these models are then used to create quarter-scale and finally full-sized mock-ups of the final design. With three- and five-axis CNC milling machines, the <a href="/wiki/Clay_modeling" title="Clay modeling">clay model</a> is first designed in a computer program and then "carved" using the machine and large amounts of clay. Even in times of photorealistic (three-dimensional) software and virtual models on power walls, the clay model is still the most important tool for a final evaluation of the exterior design of a vehicle and, therefore, is used throughout the industry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interior_design">Interior design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_design&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Interior design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The designer responsible for the vehicles' interior develops the proportions, shape, placement, and surfaces for the instrument panel, seats, door trim panels, headliner, pillar trims, etc. Here the emphasis is on ergonomics and the comfort of the passengers. The procedure here is the same as with exterior design (sketch, digital model, and clay model). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color_and_trim_design">Color and trim design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_design&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Color and trim design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The color and <a href="/wiki/Trim_package" class="mw-redirect" title="Trim package">trim</a> (or color and materials) designer is responsible for the research, design, and development of all interior and exterior colors and materials used on a vehicle. These include <a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">paints</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">fabric</a> designs, <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a>, grains, <a href="/wiki/Carpet" title="Carpet">carpet</a>, headliner, wood trim, and so on. <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">Color</a>, contrast, <a href="/wiki/Texture_(visual_arts)" title="Texture (visual arts)">texture</a>, and pattern must be carefully combined to give the vehicle a unique interior environment experience. Designers work closely with exterior and interior designers. </p><p>Designers draw inspiration from other design disciplines such as industrial design, <a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">fashion</a>, home furnishing, <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>, and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Product_design" title="Product design">product design</a>. Specific research is done into global trends to design for projects two to three <a href="/wiki/Model_year" title="Model year">model years</a> in the future. Trend boards are created from this research to keep track of design influences as they relate to the automotive industry. The designer then uses this information to develop themes and concepts that are then further refined and tested on the vehicle models. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graphic_design">Graphic design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_design&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Graphic design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The design team also develops graphics for items, such as badges, decals, dials, switches, kick or tread strips, or liveries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer-Aided_Design_and_Class-A_development">Computer-Aided Design and Class-A development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_design&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Computer-Aided Design and Class-A development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sketches and rendering are transformed into 3D digital surface modeling and rendering for real-time evaluation with Math data in the initial stages. During the development process succeeding phases will require the 3D model fully developed to meet the aesthetic requirements of a designer as well as all engineering and manufacturing requirements. The fully developed CAS digital model will be re-developed for manufacturing meeting the Class-A surface standards that involve both technical as well as aesthetics. A Product Engineering team will further develop this data. These modelers usually have a background in industrial design or sometimes tooling engineering in the case of some Class-A modelers. <a href="/wiki/Autodesk_Alias" title="Autodesk Alias">Autodesk Alias</a> and <a href="/wiki/ICEM_Surf" title="ICEM Surf">ICEM Surf</a> are the two most widely used software tools for Class-A development. Uniform surface continuity is critical to ensure Class-A surface standards. The continuity of the areas is between the quality grades G0 through G3, with G3 guaranteeing the cleanest patch-to-patch transitions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_process">Development process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_design&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Development process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taurusdesign2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Taurusdesign2.jpg/220px-Taurusdesign2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Taurusdesign2.jpg/330px-Taurusdesign2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Taurusdesign2.jpg/440px-Taurusdesign2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A 1986 <a href="/wiki/Ford_Taurus" title="Ford Taurus">Ford Taurus</a> clay model on display in Ford Detroit Styling Studio</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opel_50_Jahre_Design_(14541643013).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Opel_50_Jahre_Design_%2814541643013%29.jpg/220px-Opel_50_Jahre_Design_%2814541643013%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Opel_50_Jahre_Design_%2814541643013%29.jpg/330px-Opel_50_Jahre_Design_%2814541643013%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Opel_50_Jahre_Design_%2814541643013%29.jpg/440px-Opel_50_Jahre_Design_%2814541643013%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Opel_Monza#2013_Monza_Concept" title="Opel Monza">Opel Monza Concept</a> in its early design stages</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design_development_cycle">Design development cycle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_design&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Design development cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several manufacturers have slightly varied development cycles for designing an automobile, but in practice, these are the following: </p> <ul><li>Design and <a href="/wiki/Marketing_research" title="Marketing research">consumer research</a></li> <li>Concept development <a href="/wiki/Sketch_(drawing)" title="Sketch (drawing)">sketching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_A_surfaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Class A surfaces">CAS (Computer Aided Styling)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_modeling" title="Clay modeling">Clay modeling</a></li> <li>Interior buck model</li> <li>Vehicle ergonomics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_A_surfaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Class A surfaces">Class-A Surface Development</a></li> <li>Color and trim</li> <li>Vehicle graphics</li></ul> <p>The design process occurs concurrently with other product engineers who will be engineering the styling data for meeting performance, manufacturing, and safety regulations. From mid-phase, back-and-forth interactions between the designers and product engineers culminate into a finished product being manufacturing-ready. </p><p>Apart from this the engineering team parallelly works in the following areas. Product Engineering (Body In White Sheetmetal Design and Plastic engineering), NVH Development team, <a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">Prototype</a> development, <a href="/wiki/Powertrain" title="Powertrain">Powertrain</a> engineering, Physical Vehicle validation, Tool and Die development, and <a href="/wiki/Production_line" title="Production line">Manufacturing process</a> design. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_team">Development team</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_design&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Development team"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The design team for a specific model consists of a chief designer and an exterior as well as an interior designer. In some cases, all three roles are done by one designer. Several junior designers are involved in the development process as well and make specific contributions all overseen by the chief designer. Apart from this, the color and trim designer works closely with other designers. The clay model team and digital model team work closely with the styling team all located within the studio. Apart from this, there would be studio heads, studio managers, and prototype engineers who would work across all teams in the studio. The total team size for developing a full car usually ranges from 25 to 40 members and the development time lasts for more than 24 months until signed-off for tooling and production. After that, a smaller team would be working until the vehicle launch. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_design&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_design&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BuickY-Job(1938)1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/BuickY-Job%281938%291.JPG/220px-BuickY-Job%281938%291.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/BuickY-Job%281938%291.JPG/330px-BuickY-Job%281938%291.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/BuickY-Job%281938%291.JPG/440px-BuickY-Job%281938%291.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>An early example of Harley Earl's work seen in the 1938 <a href="/wiki/Buick_Y-Job" title="Buick Y-Job">Buick Y-Job</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:56_Plymouth_Belvedere_4_Door_Hardtop_(Sports_sedan).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/56_Plymouth_Belvedere_4_Door_Hardtop_%28Sports_sedan%29.jpg/220px-56_Plymouth_Belvedere_4_Door_Hardtop_%28Sports_sedan%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/56_Plymouth_Belvedere_4_Door_Hardtop_%28Sports_sedan%29.jpg/330px-56_Plymouth_Belvedere_4_Door_Hardtop_%28Sports_sedan%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/56_Plymouth_Belvedere_4_Door_Hardtop_%28Sports_sedan%29.jpg/440px-56_Plymouth_Belvedere_4_Door_Hardtop_%28Sports_sedan%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="287" /></a><figcaption>An early example of the <i><a href="/wiki/Forward_Look" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward Look">Forward Look</a></i> design, along with the tailfin by <a href="/wiki/Virgil_Exner" title="Virgil Exner">Virgil Exner</a> on the 1956 <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Fury" title="Plymouth Fury">Plymouth Fury</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeep_Cherokee_2.5_1988_(15289674633).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jeep_Cherokee_2.5_1988_%2815289674633%29.jpg/220px-Jeep_Cherokee_2.5_1988_%2815289674633%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jeep_Cherokee_2.5_1988_%2815289674633%29.jpg/330px-Jeep_Cherokee_2.5_1988_%2815289674633%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jeep_Cherokee_2.5_1988_%2815289674633%29.jpg/440px-Jeep_Cherokee_2.5_1988_%2815289674633%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jeep_Cherokee_(XJ)" title="Jeep Cherokee (XJ)">Jeep Cherokee (XJ)</a>, a design that other automakers later imitated</figcaption></figure> <p>In the United States, automotive design reached a turning point in the 1920s when the American national automobile market began reaching saturation. To maintain unit sales, <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> head <a href="/wiki/Alfred_P._Sloan" title="Alfred P. Sloan">Alfred P. Sloan Jr.</a> suggested annual model-year design changes to convince car owners that they needed to buy a new replacement each year, an idea borrowed from the bicycle industry (though Sloan usually gets the credit or blame).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics called his strategy <a href="/wiki/Planned_obsolescence" title="Planned obsolescence">planned obsolescence</a>. Sloan preferred the term "dynamic obsolescence". This strategy had far-reaching effects on the auto business, the field of product design, and eventually the American economy. </p><p>The smaller automakers could not maintain the pace and expense of yearly re-styling. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a> did not like the model-year change because he clung to an engineer's notions of simplicity, the economics of scale, and design integrity. GM surpassed Ford's sales in 1931 and became the dominant company in the industry thereafter. The frequent design changes also made it necessary to use a <a href="/wiki/Body-on-frame" title="Body-on-frame">body-on-frame</a> rather than the lighter but less adaptable <a href="/wiki/Monocoque" title="Monocoque">monocoque</a> design used by most European automakers. </p><p>In the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a>'s innovations with aerodynamics helped launch the <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Airflow" title="Chrysler Airflow">Chrysler Airflow</a> in 1934, which was revolutionary and radical compared to contemporary vehicles. However, inadequate consumer acceptance of the advanced appearance of the cars forced a re-design of succeeding models of the Airflow. This marketing experience made the entire industry take note of the high risks involved in incorporating major design advancements into their production cars. </p><p>A major influence on American auto styling and marketing was <a href="/wiki/Harley_Earl" title="Harley Earl">Harley Earl</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who is credited with inventing the idea of a <a href="/wiki/Concept_car" title="Concept car">concept car</a>, and who brought the <a href="/wiki/Car_tailfin" title="Car tailfin">tailfin</a> and other aeronautical design references to auto design starting with the rear fenders of the 1948 Cadillac. Another notable designer was <a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a> group's designer <a href="/wiki/Virgil_Exner" title="Virgil Exner">Virgil Exner</a>, who developed the <a href="/wiki/Forward_look" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward look">Forward look</a> design in the mid-1950s. Exner is also credited with using wind tunnel testing to justify incorporating tailfins, thus moving the company away from boxy-looking cars into more aerodynamic and futuristic designs that were influenced by rockets after WWII. Other influential automotive designers include <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Loewy" title="Raymond Loewy">Raymond Loewy</a>, who was responsible for a number of <a href="/wiki/Studebaker" title="Studebaker">Studebaker</a> vehicles such as the <a href="/wiki/Studebaker_Avanti" title="Studebaker Avanti">Avanti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Buehrig" title="Gordon Buehrig">Gordon Buehrig</a>, who was responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Auburn_Automobile" title="Auburn Automobile">Auburn</a> 851, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Cord_810/812" title="Cord 810/812">Cord 810</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cord_810/812" title="Cord 810/812">812</a>. </p><p>Starting in the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Dick_Teague" title="Dick Teague">Dick Teague</a>, who spent most of his career with <a href="/wiki/American_Motors" class="mw-redirect" title="American Motors">American Motors Corporation</a> (AMC), originated the concept of using interchangeable body panels so as to create a wide array of different vehicles using the same <a href="/wiki/Stamping_(metalworking)" title="Stamping (metalworking)">stampings</a>, starting with the <a href="/wiki/AMC_Cavalier" title="AMC Cavalier">AMC Cavalier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teague was responsible for automotive designs such as the two-seat <a href="/wiki/AMC_AMX" title="AMC AMX">AMC AMX</a> muscle car, the subcompact <a href="/wiki/AMC_Gremlin" title="AMC Gremlin">Gremlin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/AMC_Pacer" title="AMC Pacer">Pacer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/AMC_Matador" title="AMC Matador">Matador coupe</a>, as well as the original and market segment-creating, <a href="/wiki/Jeep_Cherokee_(XJ)" title="Jeep Cherokee (XJ)">Jeep Cherokee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally during the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford</a>'s first-generation <a href="/wiki/Ford_Mustang" title="Ford Mustang">Ford Mustang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ford_Thunderbird" title="Ford Thunderbird">Thunderbird</a> marked another era leading into new <a href="/wiki/Market_segmentation" title="Market segmentation">market segments</a> from <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>. The Ford Mustang achieved record sales in its first year of production and established the <a href="/wiki/Pony_car" title="Pony car">pony car</a> segment. </p><p>Personal injury litigation has affected the design and appearance of the car in the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_design&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Automotive_design" title="Special:EditPage/Automotive design">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Automotive+design%22">"Automotive design"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Automotive+design%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Automotive+design%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Automotive+design%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Automotive+design%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Automotive+design%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Voisin_C26_Catalogue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Voisin_C26_Catalogue.jpg/220px-Voisin_C26_Catalogue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Voisin_C26_Catalogue.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="163" /></a><figcaption>An early radical French <a href="/wiki/Avions_Voisin" title="Avions Voisin">Voisin C26</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Until <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, most automakers were concerned with mechanical reliability rather than the external appearance of their cars.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Later, luxury and <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a> became a demand, and also an effective marketing tool. Designs from each nation with their own strong cultural identity are reflected in their exterior and interior designs. <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> slowed the progress, but after the early 1950s, Italian designers set the trend and remained the driving force until the early part of the 1980s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_design&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:12-03-01-autostadtr-by-RalfR-25_6_7_8_9_fused_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/12-03-01-autostadtr-by-RalfR-25_6_7_8_9_fused_edit.jpg/220px-12-03-01-autostadtr-by-RalfR-25_6_7_8_9_fused_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/12-03-01-autostadtr-by-RalfR-25_6_7_8_9_fused_edit.jpg/330px-12-03-01-autostadtr-by-RalfR-25_6_7_8_9_fused_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/12-03-01-autostadtr-by-RalfR-25_6_7_8_9_fused_edit.jpg/440px-12-03-01-autostadtr-by-RalfR-25_6_7_8_9_fused_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4279" data-file-height="2835" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS">Citroën DS</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> notable designs came from <a href="/wiki/Bugatti" title="Bugatti">Bugatti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avions_Voisin" title="Avions Voisin">Avions Voisin</a>. Of the mass-selling cars, <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn" title="Citroën">Citroën</a> launched their vehicles with innovative designs and engineering, aided by the styling of <a href="/wiki/Flaminio_Bertoni" title="Flaminio Bertoni">Flaminio Bertoni</a> as evident from the <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS">Citroën DS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After World War II, with the decline of the <a href="/wiki/Coachbuilder" title="Coachbuilder">coachbuilding</a> industry,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French automakers (except Citroën) followed British and other popular trends until they gained financial stability.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> During the 1980s, manufacturers like <a href="/wiki/Renault" title="Renault">Renault</a> cultivated their own strong design identities with designers like <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Le_Qu%C3%A9ment" title="Patrick Le Quément">Patrick Le Quément</a>. <a href="/wiki/Peugeot" title="Peugeot">Peugeot</a>, which was dependent on <a href="/wiki/Pininfarina" title="Pininfarina">Pininfarina</a> since the early post-war period, later established its own brand identity from the 1980s onwards. Its other company, Citroën, still retains its distinctive French innovations for its designs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Great_Britain">Great Britain</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_design&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Great Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sierra_3_door_-_an_early_one.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sierra_3_door_-_an_early_one.jpg/220px-Sierra_3_door_-_an_early_one.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sierra_3_door_-_an_early_one.jpg/330px-Sierra_3_door_-_an_early_one.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sierra_3_door_-_an_early_one.jpg/440px-Sierra_3_door_-_an_early_one.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>1981 <a href="/wiki/Ford_Sierra" title="Ford Sierra">Ford Sierra</a> with "jelly-mold" or "aero look" (low CD) styling was advanced for its time.</figcaption></figure> <p>Great Britain was Europe's leading manufacturer of automobiles until the late-1960s. During that era, there were more British-based automakers than in the rest of Europe combined.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The British automobile industry catered to all segments ranging from compact, budget, sports, utility, and luxury-type cars. Car design in Britain was markedly different from other European designs largely because British designers were not influenced by other European art or design movements, as well as the British clay modelers, used a different sweep set.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>British cars until World War II were sold in most of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British colonies</a>. Innovations in vehicle packaging and chassis engineering combined with global familiarity with British designs meant vehicles were acceptable to public tastes at that time. British skilled resources such as panel beaters, die machinists, and clay modelers were also available partly due to their involvement with the motorsport industry. </p><p>Still, during the 1960s, British manufacturers sought professional help from Italian designers and studios such as <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Michelotti" title="Giovanni Michelotti">Giovanni Michelotti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ercole_Spada" title="Ercole Spada">Ercole Spada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pininfarina" title="Pininfarina">Pininfarina</a>. Notable British contributions to automobile designs were the <a href="/wiki/Morris_Mini" class="mw-redirect" title="Morris Mini">Morris Mini</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alec_Issigonis" title="Alec Issigonis">Alec Issigonis</a>, several <a href="/wiki/Jaguar_Cars" title="Jaguar Cars">Jaguar Cars</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Lyons" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir William Lyons">Sir William Lyons</a> and Malcolm Sayer,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aston_Martin" title="Aston Martin">Aston Martin</a> DB Series, and several cars from <a href="/wiki/Triumph_Motor_Company" title="Triumph Motor Company">Triumph</a> and <a href="/wiki/MG_Cars" class="mw-redirect" title="MG Cars">MG</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford</a> Europe, based in Great Britain, is notable for the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Sierra" title="Ford Sierra">Ford Sierra</a> line, a work of <a href="/wiki/Uwe_Bahnsen" title="Uwe Bahnsen">Uwe Bahnsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Lutz_(businessman)" title="Bob Lutz (businessman)">Robert Lutz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Patrick_le_Qu%C3%A9ment" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick le Quément">Patrick le Quément</a>. Other notable British designers include <a href="/wiki/William_Towns" title="William Towns">William Towns</a> for <a href="/wiki/Aston_Martin" title="Aston Martin">Aston Martin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Bache" title="David Bache">David Bache</a> for <a href="/wiki/Land_Rover" title="Land Rover">Land Rover</a> and <a href="/wiki/Range_Rover" title="Range Rover">Range Rover</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ian_Callum" title="Ian Callum">Ian Callum</a> for <a href="/wiki/Jaguar_Cars" title="Jaguar Cars">Jaguar</a>. </p><p>In the late 1980s, Royden Axe (previously Chrysler UK Design Director) and Gordon Sked along with Gerry McGovern produced most notably the MGF and Rover 800 </p><p>During the complex changes in the British car industry in the 1990's and beyond a mix of designers worked on all of the remaining mainstream brands under one design director and in one studio. The director most involved was Geoff Upex, with his team of Richard Woolley, Dave Saddington, George Thomson, Alan Mobberley, and Martin Peach (colour and trim). Together they created the Rover 75, 45, and 25 (previously 400 and 200) the L322 Range Rover, the T5 platform-based Discovery and Range Rover sport, the Freelander 2, and the Mini as requested by BMW before the company was sold </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_design&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1972_BMW_2002_NY.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/1972_BMW_2002_NY.jpg/220px-1972_BMW_2002_NY.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/1972_BMW_2002_NY.jpg/330px-1972_BMW_2002_NY.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/1972_BMW_2002_NY.jpg/440px-1972_BMW_2002_NY.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2512" data-file-height="1608" /></a><figcaption>1972 <a href="/wiki/BMW_02_Series" title="BMW 02 Series">BMW 2002</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Michelotti" title="Giovanni Michelotti">Giovanni Michelotti</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Germany is often considered the birthplace of industrial design with the <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a> School of Design, before it was closed down by the <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> regime. <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche">Ferdinand Porsche</a> and his family played a significant role in German design. <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes-Benz</a> passenger cars were also in the luxury segment and played an important role in German car design. After the 1980s, German design evolved into a distinctive Teutonic style often to complement their highly engineered cars suited to <a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Autobahns</a>. The early German design clues of the present-day owe some part to Italian designers like <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Michelotti" title="Giovanni Michelotti">Giovanni Michelotti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ercole_Spada" title="Ercole Spada">Ercole Spada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Sacco" title="Bruno Sacco">Bruno Sacco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Giorgetto_Giugiaro" title="Giorgetto Giugiaro">Giorgetto Giugiaro</a>. During the mid- and late-20th century one of the most influential coach builders/designers in Germany was <a href="/wiki/Karmann" title="Karmann">Karmann</a>. </p><p>German designs started gaining popularity after the 1980s, notable after the formation of <a href="/wiki/Audi" title="Audi">Audi</a>. <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a>, which was dependent on <a href="/wiki/Marcello_Gandini" title="Marcello Gandini">Marcello Gandini</a>, Giorgetto Giugiaro, and Karmann, later formed the contemporary design language along with Audi. BMW entered the automobile design with sporty-looking everyday sedans using Giovanni Michelotti. These models were later enhanced by Ercole Spada into the 1980s, and Klaus Luthe until the mid-1990s. The American-born designer <a href="/wiki/Chris_Bangle" title="Chris Bangle">Chris Bangle</a> was hired by BMW in the late-1990s to redefine the brand. Bangle incorporated new single-press technology for compound curves to add controversial styling elements to his designs. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Porsche" title="Porsche">Porsche</a> family contribution was instrumental in the evolution of Porsche cars, while the Italian designer <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Sacco" title="Bruno Sacco">Bruno Sacco</a> helped create various Mercedes Models from the 1960s to the 1990s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italy">Italy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_design&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:12-01-03-autostadtl-by-RalfR-32.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/12-01-03-autostadtl-by-RalfR-32.jpg/220px-12-01-03-autostadtl-by-RalfR-32.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/12-01-03-autostadtl-by-RalfR-32.jpg/330px-12-01-03-autostadtl-by-RalfR-32.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/12-01-03-autostadtl-by-RalfR-32.jpg/440px-12-01-03-autostadtl-by-RalfR-32.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lamborghini_Miura" title="Lamborghini Miura">Lamborghini Miura</a> from <a href="/wiki/Gruppo_Bertone" title="Gruppo Bertone">Bertone Studios</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Marcello_Gandini" title="Marcello Gandini">Marcello Gandini</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In Italy, Fiat and Alfa Romeo played a major role in car design. Many <a href="/wiki/Coachbuilder" title="Coachbuilder">coachbuilders</a> were dependent on these two major manufacturers. Italian manufacturers had a large presence in motorsports leading to several sport car manufacturers like <a href="/wiki/Ferrari" title="Ferrari">Ferrari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancia" title="Lancia">Lancia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamborghini" title="Lamborghini">Lamborghini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maserati" title="Maserati">Maserati</a>, etc. During the late-1950s, Italian automobile designs gained global popularity coinciding with the modern fashion and architecture at that time around the world. Various design and technical schools in <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a> turned out designers on a large scale. By the late-1960s, almost all Italian coachbuilders transformed into design studios catering to automakers around the world. The trend continued in the 1990s when the <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">Korean</a> manufacturers sourced designs from these styling studios. One example is <a href="/wiki/Pininfarina" title="Pininfarina">Pininfarina</a>. </p><p>Some Italian designers whose design services were sought globally include <a href="/wiki/Aldo_Brovarone" title="Aldo Brovarone">Aldo Brovarone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Michelotti" title="Giovanni Michelotti">Giovanni Michelotti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ercole_Spada" title="Ercole Spada">Ercole Spada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Sacco" title="Bruno Sacco">Bruno Sacco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcello_Gandini" title="Marcello Gandini">Marcello Gandini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giorgetto_Giugiaro" title="Giorgetto Giugiaro">Giorgetto Giugiaro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Silva" title="Walter de Silva">Walter de Silva</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_design&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Scandinavia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursaab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ursaab.jpg/220px-Ursaab.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ursaab.jpg/330px-Ursaab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ursaab.jpg/440px-Ursaab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="471" /></a><figcaption>Ursaab, an early <a href="/wiki/Saab_Automobile" title="Saab Automobile">Saab</a> concept illustrating an advanced headlamp treatment</figcaption></figure> <p>Sweden had Volvo and Saab as domestic automakers, and the nation's northern location required that cars needed to withstand Nordic climate conditions. The <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_design" title="Scandinavian design">Scandinavian design</a> elements are known for their minimalism and simplicity. One of the early original Scandinavian designs was the <a href="/wiki/Saab_92001" class="mw-redirect" title="Saab 92001">Saab 92001</a> by Sixten Sason and Gunnar Ljungström. <a href="/wiki/Koenigsegg" title="Koenigsegg">Koenigsegg</a>, founded in the 1990s, became Sweden's first domestic producer of high end sports cars, with many of their models featuring in house designs by Swedish designers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_design&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Czechoslovakia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tatra_T_77a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Tatra_T_77a.jpg/220px-Tatra_T_77a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Tatra_T_77a.jpg/330px-Tatra_T_77a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Tatra_T_77a.jpg/440px-Tatra_T_77a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption>1934 Czechoslovakian <a href="/wiki/Tatra_77" title="Tatra 77">Tatra 77</a>, the first serial-produced aerodynamically designed automobile, designed by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Ledwinka" title="Hans Ledwinka">Hans Ledwinka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Jaray" title="Paul Jaray">Paul Jaray</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Before World War II and until the early-1990s, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> had a strong presence in the <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">automotive industry</a> with manufacturers like <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0koda_Auto" title="Škoda Auto">Skoda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jawa_Motors" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawa Motors">Jawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tatra_(company)" title="Tatra (company)">Tatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cesk%C3%A1_zbrojovka_Strakonice" title="Česká zbrojovka Strakonice">CZ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Praga_(company)" title="Praga (company)">Praga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zetor" title="Zetor">Zetor</a>. Czech automobiles were generally known for their originality in mechanical simplicity and designs were remarkably <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemian</a> as evident from Tatra cars and Jawa motorcycles. During the <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communist</a> regime, the design started falling back and ultimately the domestic automakers ended up as subsidiaries of EU-based companies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_design&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_propulsion" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative propulsion">Alternative propulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automobile_layout" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile layout">Automobile layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Automotive Engineering">Automotive Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_aerodynamics" title="Automotive aerodynamics">Automotive aerodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_design_terminology" class="mw-redirect" title="Automotive design terminology">Automotive design terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cab_forward" title="Cab forward">Cab forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_body_style" title="Car body style">Car body style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_classification" title="Car classification">Car classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_model" title="Car model">Car model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Car safety">Car safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coachbuilder" title="Coachbuilder">Coachbuilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_industrial_design" title="Computer-aided industrial design">Computer-aided industrial design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Concept vehicle">Concept vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecodesign" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecodesign">Ecodesign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facelift_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Facelift (automobile)">Facelift (automobile)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-point" title="H-point">H-point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial Design">Industrial Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_auto_parts" title="List of auto parts">List of auto parts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Automobile_designers" title="Category:Automobile designers">List of automotive designers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">Mass production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automobile_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile platform">Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponton_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponton (automobile)">Ponton styling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-production_car" title="Pre-production car">Pre-production car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">Prototype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_freeform_fabrication" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid freeform fabrication">Solid freeform fabrication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-box_styling" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-box styling">Three-box design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_tuning" title="Virtual tuning">Virtual tuning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_tunnel" title="Wind tunnel">Wind tunnel</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_design&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBullock1999" class="citation book cs1">Bullock, Alan (1999). <i>The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought</i>. London: Harper-Collins. p. 689.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Fontana+Dictionary+of+Modern+Thought&rft.place=London&rft.pages=689&rft.pub=Harper-Collins&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Bullock&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabaian1998" class="citation book cs1">Babaian, Sharon (1998). <i>The Most Benevolent Machine: A Historical Assessment of Cycles in Canada</i>. Ottawa: National Museum of Science and Technology. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0660916703" title="Special:BookSources/0660916703"><bdi>0660916703</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Most+Benevolent+Machine%3A+A+Historical+Assessment+of+Cycles+in+Canada&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=National+Museum+of+Science+and+Technology&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0660916703&rft.aulast=Babaian&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070815165654/http://www.idavette.net/HistFact/earl.htm">"Harley Earl 1893~1969"</a>. idavette.net. 2005. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harley+Earl+1893~1969&rft.pub=idavette.net&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.idavette.net%2FHistFact%2Fearl.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2003" class="citation book cs1">Bell, Jonathan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=REQgF0IomccC&q=AMC+Cavalier&pg=PA67"><i>Concept Car Design: Driving the Dream</i></a>. Rotovision. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-88046-564-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-88046-564-3"><bdi>978-2-88046-564-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concept+Car+Design%3A+Driving+the+Dream&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Rotovision&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-2-88046-564-3&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DREQgF0IomccC%26q%3DAMC%2BCavalier%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter1996" class="citation journal cs1">Winter, Drew (1 May 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728075930/http://wardsautoworld.com/ar/auto_men_behind_magic/index.html">"The men behind the magic"</a>. <i>Ward's AutoWorld</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ward%27s+AutoWorld&rft.atitle=The+men+behind+the+magic&rft.date=1996-05-01&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=Drew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwardsautoworld.com%2Far%2Fauto_men_behind_magic%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCumberford2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Cumberford, Robert (April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.automobilemag.com/features/news/20_greatest_cars/0604_jeep_cherokee/index.html">"20 greatest cars"</a>. <i>Automobile</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140109182151/http://www.automobilemag.com/features/news/20_greatest_cars/0604_jeep_cherokee/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Automobile&rft.atitle=20+greatest+cars&rft.date=2009-04&rft.aulast=Cumberford&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.automobilemag.com%2Ffeatures%2Fnews%2F20_greatest_cars%2F0604_jeep_cherokee%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJain2004" class="citation journal cs1">Jain, Sarah S. Lochlann (February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/dept/anthropology/cgi-bin/web/?q=system/files/jain_dangerousinstrumentality.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Dangerous Instrumentality': The Bystander as Subject in Automobility"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Cultural Anthropology</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 61–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fcan.2004.19.1.61">10.1525/can.2004.19.1.61</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17924196">17924196</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130702045256/https://www.stanford.edu/dept/anthropology/cgi-bin/web/?q=system%2Ffiles%2Fjain_dangerousinstrumentality.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cultural+Anthropology&rft.atitle=%27Dangerous+Instrumentality%27%3A+The+Bystander+as+Subject+in+Automobility&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61-94&rft.date=2004-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fcan.2004.19.1.61&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17924196%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Sarah+S.+Lochlann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2Fdept%2Fanthropology%2Fcgi-bin%2Fweb%2F%3Fq%3Dsystem%2Ffiles%2Fjain_dangerousinstrumentality.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.autonews.com/article/20110325/BLOG15/303259998/french-car-%E2%80%93-with-italian-ties-%E2%80%93-is-tops-with-6-famous">"French car – with Italian ties – is tops with 6 famous designers and 1 humble reporter"</a>. <i>Automotive News</i>. 24 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150403031129/http://www.autonews.com/article/20110325/BLOG15/303259998/french-car-%E2%80%93-with-italian-ties-%E2%80%93-is-tops-with-6-famous">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Automotive+News&rft.atitle=French+car+%E2%80%93+with+Italian+ties+%E2%80%93+is+tops+with+6+famous+designers+and+1+humble+reporter&rft.date=2015-03-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.autonews.com%2Farticle%2F20110325%2FBLOG15%2F303259998%2Ffrench-car-%25E2%2580%2593-with-italian-ties-%25E2%2580%2593-is-tops-with-6-famous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.velocetoday.com/france-vs-italy-coachbuilders/">"France vs. Italy: Coachbuilders"</a>. <i>velocetoday.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150415103601/http://www.velocetoday.com/france-vs-italy-coachbuilders/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=velocetoday.com&rft.atitle=France+vs.+Italy%3A+Coachbuilders&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.velocetoday.com%2Ffrance-vs-italy-coachbuilders%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwales2011" class="citation web cs1">Swales, Neville (21 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161024231436/http://www.xj13.eu/XJ13Blog/post/2010/10/22/Designing-the-XJ13.aspx">"Designing the XJ13"</a>. <i>xj13.eu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xj13.eu/XJ13Blog/post/2010/10/22/Designing-the-XJ13.aspx">the original</a> on 24 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=xj13.eu&rft.atitle=Designing+the+XJ13&rft.date=2011-10-21&rft.aulast=Swales&rft.aufirst=Neville&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xj13.eu%2FXJ13Blog%2Fpost%2F2010%2F10%2F22%2FDesigning-the-XJ13.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_design&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikolaos_Gkikas2013" class="citation book cs1">Nikolaos Gkikas, ed. (2013). <i>Automotive Ergonomics: Driver – Vehicle Interaction</i>. Boca Raton, FL.: CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781439894255" title="Special:BookSources/9781439894255"><bdi>9781439894255</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Automotive+Ergonomics%3A+Driver+%E2%80%93+Vehicle+Interaction&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+FL.&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781439894255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+design" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLammHollis1996" class="citation book cs1">Lamm, Michael; Hollis, Dave (1996). <i>A century of automotive style - 100 years of American car design</i>. Stockton, CA: Lamm-Morada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780932128072" title="Special:BookSources/9780932128072"><bdi>9780932128072</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+century+of+automotive+style+-+100+years+of+American+car+design&rft.place=Stockton%2C+CA&rft.pub=Lamm-Morada&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780932128072&rft.aulast=Lamm&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Hollis%2C+Dave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+design" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_design&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/16px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/24px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> Learning materials related to <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/New_car_design" class="extiw" title="v:New car design">New car design</a> at Wikiversity</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" 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title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CarDesign_nav" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CarDesign nav"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Automotive_design" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Automotive design</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Part of a series of articles on <a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">cars</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Coachbuilder" title="Coachbuilder">Body</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_frame" title="Vehicle frame">Framework</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backbone_chassis" title="Backbone chassis">Backbone chassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltline_(automotive)" title="Beltline (automotive)">Beltline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body-on-frame" title="Body-on-frame">Body-on-frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumper_(car)" title="Bumper (car)">Bumper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dagmar_bumper" title="Dagmar bumper">Dagmar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabrio_coach" title="Cabrio coach">Cabrio coach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chassis" title="Chassis">Chassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_tire" title="Continental tire">Continental tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crumple_zone" title="Crumple zone">Crumple zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fender_(vehicle)" title="Fender (vehicle)">Fender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ponton_(car)" title="Ponton (car)">ponton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fender_skirts" title="Fender skirts">skirts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grille_(car)" title="Grille (car)">Grille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_(car)" title="Hood (car)">Hood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hood_scoop" title="Hood scoop">scoop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaker_scoop" title="Shaker scoop">shaker</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocoque" title="Monocoque">Monocoque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhang_(vehicles)" title="Overhang (vehicles)">Overhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillar_(car)" title="Pillar (car)">Pillar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_platform" title="Car platform">Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_panel" title="Quarter panel">Quarter panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automobile_roof" title="Automobile roof">Roof</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roof_rack" title="Roof rack">rack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoiler_(car)" title="Spoiler (car)">Spoiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stressed_member_engine" title="Stressed member engine">Stressed member engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subframe" title="Subframe">Subframe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonneau" title="Tonneau">Tonneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunk_lid" class="mw-redirect" title="Trunk lid">Trunk lid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;">Compartments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hood_(car)" title="Hood (car)">Hood/bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunk_(car)" title="Trunk (car)">Trunk/boot/dickie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Car_door" title="Car door">Doors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_doors" title="Butterfly doors">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_canopy" title="Vehicle canopy">Canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gull-wing_door" title="Gull-wing door">Gull-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scissor_doors" title="Scissor doors">Scissor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sliding_door_(car)" title="Sliding door (car)">Sliding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_door" title="Suicide door">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_doors" title="Swan doors">Swan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_glass" title="Vehicle glass">Glass</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glass_run_channel" title="Glass run channel">Glass run channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_(car)" title="Greenhouse (car)">Greenhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_window" title="Opera window">Opera window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_window" title="Power window">Power window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_glass" title="Quarter glass">Quarter glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunroof" title="Sunroof">Sunroof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windshield" title="Windshield">Windshield/windscreen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windshield_washer_fluid" title="Windshield washer fluid">washer fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windscreen_wiper" title="Windscreen wiper">wiper</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;">Other elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bumper_sticker" title="Bumper sticker">Bumper sticker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curb_feeler" title="Curb feeler">Curb feeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front-end_bra" title="Front-end bra">Front-end bra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_ornament" title="Hood ornament">Hood ornament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vehicle_instruments" title="List of vehicle instruments">Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_black" title="Japan black">Japan black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerf_bar" title="Nerf bar">Nerf bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omniview_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Omniview technology">Omniview technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_auto_parts" title="List of auto parts">Parts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">Tire/tyre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Run-flat_tire" title="Run-flat tire">run-flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spare_tire" title="Spare tire">spare</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;">Geometry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Approach_and_departure_angles" title="Approach and departure angles">Approach and departure angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakover_angle" title="Breakover angle">Breakover angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhang_(vehicles)" title="Overhang (vehicles)">Overhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ride_height" title="Ride height">Ride height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll_center" title="Roll center">Roll center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_radius" title="Turning radius">Turning radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_distribution" title="Weight distribution">Weight distribution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Exterior<br />equipment</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Automotive_lighting" title="Automotive lighting">Lighting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automotive_light_bulb_types" title="List of automotive light bulb types">Automotive light bulb types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daytime_running_lamp" title="Daytime running lamp">Daytime running lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headlamp" title="Headlamp">Headlamp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_headlamp" title="Hidden headlamp">hidden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-intensity_discharge_lamp" title="High-intensity discharge lamp">high-intensity discharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabolic_aluminized_reflector" title="Parabolic aluminized reflector">sealed beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafficators" title="Trafficators">trafficators</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;">Other elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_horn" title="Vehicle horn">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side-view_mirror" title="Side-view mirror">Side-view mirror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_side-view_mirror" title="Power side-view mirror">power</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tow_hitch" title="Tow hitch">Tow hitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Window_deflector" title="Window deflector">Window deflector</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;">Legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Registration plate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vanity_plate" title="Vanity plate">vanity plate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle_theft" title="Motor vehicle theft">Theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_identification_number" title="Vehicle identification number">Vehicle identification number (VIN)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cars" title="Category:Cars">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Automobiles" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Automobiles">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cars" title="Portal:Cars">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Design" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Design" title="Template:Design"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Design" title="Template talk:Design"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Design" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Design"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Design" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">Design</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_design" title="Outline of design">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designer" title="Designer">Designer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Disciplines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Disciplines</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communication_design" title="Communication design">Communication<br />design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_design" title="Book design">Book design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">Brand design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhibit_design" title="Exhibit design">Exhibit design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_title_design" title="Film title design">Film title design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">Graphic design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_graphic_design" title="Motion graphic design">Motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp_design" title="Postage stamp design">Postage stamp design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_design" title="Print design">Print design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustration" title="Illustration">Illustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_design" title="Information design">Information design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instructional_design" title="Instructional design">Instructional design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_design" title="News design">News design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail_design" title="Retail design">Retail design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signage" title="Signage">Signage</a> / <a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign_design" title="Traffic sign design">Traffic sign design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">Typography</a> / <a href="/wiki/Type_design" title="Type design">Type design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_design" title="Video design">Video design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_merchandising" title="Visual merchandising">Visual merchandising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">Environmental<br />design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_lighting_design" title="Architectural lighting design">Architectural lighting design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_design" title="Building design">Building design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passive_solar_building_design" title="Passive solar building design">Passive solar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">Ecological design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_design" title="Environmental impact design">Environmental impact design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_design" title="Garden design">Garden design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_garden_design" title="Computer-aided garden design">Computer-aided</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_community_design" title="Healthy community design">Healthy community design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_design" title="Hotel design">Hotel design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_architecture" title="Interior architecture">Interior architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_design" title="Interior design">Interior design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Experiential_interior_design" title="Experiential interior design">EID</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyline_design" title="Keyline design">Keyline design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_landscape_architecture" title="Sustainable landscape architecture">Sustainable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_design" title="Landscape design">Landscape design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_design" title="Spatial design">Spatial design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_design" title="Industrial design">Industrial<br />design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Automotive design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_suspension_design_process" title="Automotive suspension design process">Automotive suspension design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMF_design" title="CMF design">CMF design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_box_design" title="Corrugated box design">Corrugated box design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar_design" title="Electric guitar design">Electric guitar design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furniture" title="Furniture">Furniture design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_furniture_design" title="Sustainable furniture design">Sustainable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_interface_design" title="Hardware interface design">Hardware interface design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_design" title="Motorcycle design">Motorcycle design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_and_labeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Packaging and labeling">Packaging and labeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_lens_design" title="Photographic lens design">Photographic lens design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_design" title="Product design">Product design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_designer" title="Production designer">Production design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_design" title="Sensory design">Sensory design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_design" title="Service design">Service design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">Interaction<br />design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Experience_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Experience design">Experience design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Employee_experience_design" title="Employee experience design">EED</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_design" title="Game design">Game design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Level_(video_games)" title="Level (video games)">Level design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_design" title="Video game design">Video game design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_interface_design" title="Hardware interface design">Hardware interface design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon_design" title="Icon design">Icon design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersive_design" title="Immersive design">Immersive design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_design" title="Information design">Information design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonic_interaction_design" title="Sonic interaction design">Sonic interaction design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_experience_design" title="User experience design">User experience design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_interface_design" title="User interface design">User interface design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_design" title="Web design">Web design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br /><a href="/wiki/Applied_arts" title="Applied arts">applied arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">Public art design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_art" title="Ceramic art">Ceramic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Glass_art" title="Glass art">glass design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_design" title="Fashion design">Fashion design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Costume_design" title="Costume design">Costume design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery_design" title="Jewellery design">Jewellery design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_design" title="Floral design">Floral design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_art_design" title="Game art design">Game art design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Property designer">Property design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scenic_design" title="Scenic design">Scenic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_design" title="Sound design">Sound design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting_design" title="Lighting design">Stage/set lighting design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_design" title="Textile design">Textile design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />design<br />& <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithm_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithm design">Algorithm design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_design" title="Behavioural design">Behavioural design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiler_design" title="Boiler design">Boiler design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_design" title="Database design">Database design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_design" title="Drug design">Drug design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_system_design" title="Electrical system design">Electrical system design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_of_experiments" title="Design of experiments">Experimental design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_design" title="Filter design">Filter design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_design" title="Geometric design">Geometric design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_design" title="Work design">Work design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit_design" title="Integrated circuit design">Integrated circuit design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_design" title="Circuit design">Circuit design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_design_(electronics)" title="Physical design (electronics)">Physical design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_network_design_(IC)" title="Power network design (IC)">Power network design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_design" title="Mechanism design">Mechanism design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_design" title="Nuclear weapon design">Nuclear weapon design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_design" title="Nucleic acid design">Nucleic acid design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_architecture" title="Organizational architecture">Organization design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_design" title="Process design">Process design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processor_design" title="Processor design">Processor design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_design" title="Protein design">Protein design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_design" title="Research design">Research design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_design" title="Social design">Social design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_design" title="Spacecraft design">Spacecraft design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_design" title="Strategic design">Strategic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_design" title="Systems design">Systems design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Approaches" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Approaches</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activity-centered_design" title="Activity-centered design">Activity-centered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_web_design" title="Adaptive web design">Adaptive web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_design" title="Affective design">Affective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainstorming" title="Brainstorming">Brainstorming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_by_committee" title="Design by committee">By committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_by_contract" title="Design by contract">By contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-K_theory" title="C-K theory">C-K theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_closure" title="Design closure">Closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_design" title="Participatory design">Co-design</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concept-oriented_design&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Concept-oriented design (page does not exist)">Concept-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Configuration_design" title="Configuration design">Configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contextual_design" title="Contextual design">Contextual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_design" title="Continuous design">Continuous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cradle-to-cradle_design" title="Cradle-to-cradle design">Cradle-to-cradle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_problem-solving" title="Creative problem-solving">Creative problem-solving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_techniques" title="Creativity techniques">Creativity techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_design" title="Critical design">Critical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Design_fiction" title="Design fiction">Design fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_design" title="Defensive design">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93bid%E2%80%93build" title="Design–bid–build">Design–bid–build</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93build" title="Design–build">Design–build</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architect-led_design%E2%80%93build" class="mw-redirect" title="Architect-led design–build">architect-led</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_design" title="Diffuse design">Diffuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-driven_design" title="Domain-driven design">Domain-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">Ecological design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_neutral_design" title="Energy neutral design">Energy neutral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_design_process" title="Engineering design process">Engineering design process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Probabilistic_design" title="Probabilistic design">Probabilistic design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Error-tolerant_design" title="Error-tolerant design">Error-tolerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault-tolerant_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Fault-tolerant design">Fault-tolerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framework-oriented_design" title="Framework-oriented design">Framework-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_assembly" title="Design for assembly">For assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_design" title="Behavioural design">For behaviour change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_manufacturability" title="Design for manufacturability">For manufacturability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_Six_Sigma" title="Design for Six Sigma">For Six Sigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_testing" title="Design for testing">For testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_X" title="Design for X">For X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_design" title="Functional design">Functional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_design" title="Generative design">Generative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodesign" title="Geodesign">Geodesign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-centered_design" title="Human-centered design">HCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-level_design" title="High-level design">High-level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_design" title="Inclusive design">Inclusive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_design" title="Integrated design">Integrated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_topside_design" title="Integrated topside design">Integrated topside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence-based_design" title="Intelligence-based design">Intelligence-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iterative_design" title="Iterative design">Iterative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KISS_principle" title="KISS principle">KISS principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-level_design" title="Low-level design">Low-level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metadesign" title="Metadesign">Metadesign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_map" title="Mind map">Mind mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_design" title="Modular design">Modular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_(design)" title="New Wave (design)">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Object-oriented design">Object-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-design_movement" title="Open-design movement">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parametric_design" title="Parametric design">Parametric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_design" title="Participatory design">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform-based_design" title="Platform-based design">Platform-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy-based_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Policy-based design">Policy-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process-centered_design" title="Process-centered design">Process-centered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest_design" title="Public interest design">Public interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_design" title="Rational design">Rational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regenerative_design" title="Regenerative design">Regenerative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliability_engineering" title="Reliability engineering">Reliability engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research-based_design" title="Research-based design">Research-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility-driven_design" title="Responsibility-driven design">Responsibility-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsive_web_design" title="Responsive web design">RWD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe-life_design" title="Safe-life design">Safe-life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_design" title="Systemic design">Systemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systems-oriented_design" title="Systems-oriented design">SOD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tableless_web_design" title="Tableless web design">Tableless web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_constraints" title="Theory of constraints">Theory of constraints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top-down_and_bottom-up_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Top-down and bottom-up design">Top-down and bottom-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_design" title="Transformation design">Transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgenerational_design" title="Transgenerational design">Transgenerational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRIZ" title="TRIZ">TRIZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_design" title="Universal design">Universal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_All_(in_ICT)" title="Design for All (in ICT)">Design for All</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usage-centered_design" title="Usage-centered design">Usage-centered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use-centered_design" title="Use-centered design">Use-centered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User-centered_design" title="User-centered design">User-centered</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empathic_design" title="Empathic design">Empathic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_innovation" title="User innovation">User innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value-driven_design" title="Value-driven design">Value-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_sensitive_design" title="Value sensitive design">Value sensitive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_by_design" title="Privacy by design">Privacy by</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Design <a href="/wiki/Design_choice" title="Design choice">choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_computing" title="Design computing">computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_controls" title="Design controls">controls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_culture" title="Design culture">culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_flow_(EDA)" title="Design flow (EDA)">flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_leadership" title="Design leadership">leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_management" title="Design management">management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_marker" title="Design marker">marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_methods" title="Design methods">methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_pattern" title="Design pattern">pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_research" title="Design research">research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_science" title="Design science">science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_sprint" title="Design sprint">sprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="Design strategy">strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_theory" title="Design theory">theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_thinking" title="Design thinking">thinking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="ToolsIntellectual_propertyOrganizationsAwards" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Tools</li><li>Intellectual property</li><li>Organizations</li><li>Awards</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Design_tool" title="Design tool">Tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithms-Aided_Design" title="Algorithms-Aided Design">AAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_model" title="Architectural model">Architectural model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueprint" title="Blueprint">Blueprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_layout" title="Comprehensive layout">Comprehensive layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">CAD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_industrial_design" title="Computer-aided industrial design">CAID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_home_design_software" title="Virtual home design software">Virtual home design software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-automated_design" title="Computer-automated design">CAutoD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_quality_indicator" title="Design quality indicator">Design quality indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">Electronic design automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowchart" title="Flowchart">Flowchart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockup" title="Mockup">Mockup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_specification" title="Design specification">Design specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">Prototype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sketch_(drawing)" title="Sketch (drawing)">Sketch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storyboard" title="Storyboard">Storyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">Technical drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML_editor" title="HTML editor">HTML editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Website_wireframe" title="Website wireframe">Website wireframe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intellectual<br />property</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_design" title="Community design">Community design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_around" title="Design around">Design around</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_infringement" title="Design infringement">Design infringement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_patent" title="Design patent">Design patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_design_copyright" title="Fashion design copyright">Fashion design copyright</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geschmacksmuster" title="Geschmacksmuster">Geschmacksmuster</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_design_right" title="Industrial design right">Industrial design rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_design_rights_in_the_European_Union" title="Industrial design rights in the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Graphic_Arts" title="American Institute of Graphic Arts">American Institute of Graphic Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Society_of_Designers" title="Chartered Society of Designers">Chartered Society of Designers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_and_Industries_Association" title="Design and Industries Association">Design and Industries Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_Council" title="Design Council">Design Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Forum_Design" title="International Forum Design">International Forum Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_Research_Society" title="Design Research Society">Design Research Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Design_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="European Design Award">European Design Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Design_Award" title="German Design Award">German Design Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Design_Award_(Museum_of_Modern_Art)" title="Good Design Award (Museum of Modern Art)">Good Design Award (Museum of Modern Art)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Design_Award_(Chicago_Athenaeum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Good Design Award (Chicago Athenaeum)">Good Design Award (Chicago Athenaeum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphex" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphex">Graphex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IF_Product_Design_Award" title="IF Product Design Award">IF Product Design Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dyson_Award" title="James Dyson Award">James Dyson Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip_Designers_Prize" title="Prince Philip Designers Prize">Prince Philip Designers Prize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept_art" title="Concept art">Concept art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_design" title="Conceptual design">Conceptual design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_industries" title="Creative industries">Creative industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_icon" title="Cultural icon">Cultural icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.design" title=".design">.design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_architecture" title="Enterprise architecture">Enterprise architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(design)" title="Form factor (design)">Form factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futures_studies" title="Futures studies">Futures studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_design" title="Indie design">Indie design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovation_management" title="Innovation management">Innovation management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lean_startup" title="Lean startup">Lean startup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_product_development" title="New product development">New product development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OODA_loop" title="OODA loop">OODA loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_design" title="Philosophy of design">Philosophy of design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_simulation" title="Process simulation">Process simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Slow design">Slow design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEAM_fields" class="mw-redirect" title="STEAM fields">STEAM fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_poor_design" title="Argument from poor design">Unintelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicked_problem" title="Wicked problem">Wicked problem</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Design <a href="/wiki/Design_brief" title="Design brief">brief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_change" title="Design change">change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_classic" title="Design classic">classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_competition" title="Design competition">competition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_design_competition" title="Architectural design competition">architectural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_design_competition" title="Student design competition">student</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_director" title="Design director">director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_education" title="Design education">education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_elements" title="Design elements">elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_engineer" title="Design engineer">engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_firm" class="mw-redirect" title="Design firm">firm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_history" title="Design history">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_knowledge" title="Design knowledge">knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_language" title="Design language">language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_life" title="Design life">life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_load" title="Design load">load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_museum" title="Design museum">museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_paradigm" title="Design paradigm">paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_principles" title="Design principles">principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_rationale" title="Design rationale">rationale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_review" title="Design review">review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_specification" title="Design specification">specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_studies" title="Design studies">studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Design studio">studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_technology" title="Design technology">technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Design" class="extiw" title="commons:category:Design"> <span class="tmp-color" style="color:#002bb8">Commons</span> </a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Design" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Design"> <span class="tmp-color" style="color:#002bb8">Wikibooks</span> </a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Design" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Special:Search/Design"> <span class="tmp-color" style="color:#002bb8">Wikinews</span> </a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Design" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Design"> <span class="tmp-color" style="color:#002bb8">Wikiquote</span> </a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Design" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Category:Design"> <span class="tmp-color" style="color:#002bb8">Wikisource</span> </a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Design" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Design"> <span class="tmp-color" style="color:#002bb8">Wiktionary</span> </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Automotive_industry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Automotive_industry" title="Template:Automotive industry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Automotive_industry" title="Template talk:Automotive industry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Automotive_industry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Automotive industry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Automotive_industry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">Automotive industry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">Car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle" title="Motor vehicle">Motor vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_by_country" title="Automotive industry by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Egypt" title="Automotive industry in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Kenya" title="Automotive industry in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Morocco" title="Automotive industry in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Nigeria" title="Automotive industry in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_South_Africa" title="Automotive industry in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Africa" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Africa">List of manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Automotive industry in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_China" title="Automotive industry in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_China" title="List of automobile manufacturers of China">manufacturers list</a>, <a href="/wiki/Automobile_manufacturers_and_brands_of_China" title="Automobile manufacturers and brands of China">manufacturers detailed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_India" title="Automotive industry in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_India" title="List of automobile manufacturers of India">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Indonesia" title="Automotive industry in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Iran" title="Automotive industry in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Japan" title="Automotive industry in Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Japan" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Japan">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Malaysia" title="Automotive industry in Malaysia">Malaysia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Malaysia" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Malaysia">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_North_Korea" title="Automotive industry in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Automotive industry in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_Philippines" title="Automotive industry in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Russia" title="Automotive industry in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_South_Korea" title="Automotive industry in South Korea">South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_South_Korea" title="List of automobile manufacturers of South Korea">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Taiwan" title="Automotive industry in Taiwan">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_automakers" title="List of Taiwanese automakers">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Thailand" title="Automotive industry in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Turkey" title="Automotive industry in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Uzbekistan" title="Automotive industry in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Vietnam" title="Automotive industry in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Asia" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Asia">List of manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Belarus" title="Automotive industry in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Bulgaria" title="Automotive industry in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Croatia" title="Automotive industry in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Automotive industry in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of automobile manufacturers of the Czech Republic">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_France" title="Automotive industry in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_France" title="List of automobile manufacturers of France">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Germany" title="Automotive industry in Germany">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Germany" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Germany">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Hungary" title="Automotive industry in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Ireland" title="Automotive industry in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Italy" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Italy">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Automotive industry in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Poland" title="Automotive industry in Poland">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Poland" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Poland">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Romania" title="Automotive industry in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Russia" title="Automotive industry in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Russia" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Russia">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Serbia" title="Automotive industry in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Slovakia" title="Automotive industry in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Spain" title="Automotive industry in Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_automobiles" title="List of Spanish automobiles">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Sweden" title="Automotive industry in Sweden">Sweden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Sweden" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Sweden">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Ukraine" title="Automotive industry in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Automotive industry in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_car_manufacturers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Europe" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Europe">List of manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Canada" title="Automotive industry in Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Canada" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Canada">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Mexico" title="Automotive industry in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Automotive industry in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_the_United_States" title="List of automobile manufacturers of the United States">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Argentina" title="Automotive industry in Argentina">Argentina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobiles_manufactured_in_Argentina" title="List of automobiles manufactured in Argentina">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Brazil" title="Automotive industry in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobiles_manufactured_in_Brazil" title="List of automobiles manufactured in Brazil">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Australia" title="Automotive industry in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Australia" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Australia">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_New_Zealand" title="Automotive industry in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Data</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_sales_by_model" title="List of automobile sales by model">Automobile sales by model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_automobiles" title="List of best-selling automobiles">Best-selling automobiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_motor_vehicle_production" title="List of countries by motor vehicle production">Countries by motor vehicle production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_vehicles_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by vehicles per capita">Countries by vehicles per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manufacturers_by_motor_vehicle_production" title="List of manufacturers by motor vehicle production">Top manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_crisis_of_2008%E2%80%932010" class="mw-redirect" title="Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2010">Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_automobile" title="History of the automobile">History of the automobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_internal_combustion_engine" title="History of the internal combustion engine">History of the internal combustion engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_motorcycle" title="History of the motorcycle">History of the motorcycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_motor_vehicle_brands" title="Timeline of motor vehicle brands">Timeline of motor vehicle brands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers" title="List of automobile manufacturers">Automobile manufacturers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_car_brands" title="List of car brands">marques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_by_parent_company" title="List of automobile manufacturers by parent company">by parent company</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bus_manufacturers" title="Category:Bus manufacturers">Bus manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_motorcycle_manufacturers" title="List of motorcycle manufacturers">Motorcycle manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_truck_manufacturers" title="List of truck manufacturers">Truck manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_automotive_manufacturing_groups" title="Minor automotive manufacturing groups">Minor automotive manufacturing groups</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Standardisation_of_Automation_and_Measuring_Systems" title="Association for Standardisation of Automation and Measuring Systems">Association for Standardisation of Automation and Measuring Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Automobile_Manufacturers_Association" title="European Automobile Manufacturers Association">European Automobile Manufacturers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_Internationale_des_Constructeurs_d%27Automobiles" title="Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles">Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_auto_shows_and_motor_shows_by_continent" title="List of auto shows and motor shows by continent">Auto and motor shows</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Automotive design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_engineering" title="Automotive engineering">Automotive engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drive_time" title="Drive time">Drive time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facelift_(automotive)" title="Facelift (automotive)">Facelift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebadging" title="Rebadging">Rebadging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_badge-engineered_vehicles" title="List of badge-engineered vehicles">list of vehicles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debadging" title="Debadging">Debadging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_automotive_terms" title="Glossary of automotive terms">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="hlist"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Automotive_industry" title="Category:Automotive industry">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span 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