CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91349e2dba8b3e14',cH: '_2NMbG4nFsc084aFhXil9FHrcQCuRsRFlWyntKceLHE-1739783149-1.2.1.1-1pQ6zVe3i.NPuWTOXIVaG_aY087hwiZNra3nXoN6EF0xHmW3pNC_jXPcpyqkpzzS',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Rajaa%20Benabbou&__cf_chl_tk=IACVF1LyAIRUvSAjC_IJG.x0c_ha16pAiMmj0zkNRqM-1739783149-1.0.1.1-7T_JnQuhycZSMgWbrzL_orSnOvQyZEoo8D3ZBPAb.g4",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739783149',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Rajaa%20Benabbou&__cf_chl_f_tk=IACVF1LyAIRUvSAjC_IJG.x0c_ha16pAiMmj0zkNRqM-1739783149-1.0.1.1-7T_JnQuhycZSMgWbrzL_orSnOvQyZEoo8D3ZBPAb.g4",md: "CBaInIynWILN3sEUIwUrt6xyg_Z7SM_RGhFNxrhUPxs-1739783149-1.2.1.1-_wNESXIDTOz.DQPSWsenEjHi0ax0QjOZAl8HVYSwPBFPgNwQAoS9nYsKsuGp1RAhVhcB22F7rhtCLYu3psp6v1Cwd35JRiWiys87kMkXn0Em2rHGBvrIL0uuzhm9J3yR9kkja_txlhI7oj1qIhUZXSvhjhVHjKQ4O6.NYNw8WBRAR3EQrA3mGmODT0YL8ewQvfipGhOdxSEKCQUkvQPD_ZUHl4h4Qh6tpU8nGEj38HDM3mMp9KyqtmS6.w0XZ1ajRbYc5dWyccPGOwGCrRLfiweRR.8XCGGN0NPLgXknf7dqjzJT0zdyL7jJLvZaZwiK_H3rbJqi8206xNPFW46w3SpQpWBgmh6alRoXP8rWBaS1e04i5UDbgPxESXBXoIUMYiScLXRTbCAhrp2u7tR_mGSZ9UIZ8f5129h7j0j5lsHpq0g0usdEtt1Ur5lxAzwOB0mmwsm6VkJuRJ5gCqb7770dfRwMYbhSrJ4XCSEEZvjcz5ONi4wK.ploiTPtAYLZlGFHKgJmA2bzIbIa.j67V6w3t1nb9DuVB8e4t2TR8XrBgjRldleC42UP9IdHacsO.D.nTRKUs0k.2vuD1S7g_VjJi7NzmQujNYcoKOoYYBXjHXq5LszVFqxAFZChGL_WBUQK6hdIj_.SXjTRWrnXmsF1sgUR3CB8HE.4vxC94DCtqZSFAwSG.tb_Z2TnjpJIPLsIviXobwSEoUY5I3sMIQXJ3w61vJG1kl3vHRE3lrguSO.SrS6oCztN7csCVkVTLj1w74VW6T1fL65lkDNPRIhp.z927a1rpR1FSTRkPTG0JYrh76rLozTJ1PZg0TXfA1NRqwKcWMlcHN18dgish2lA2_B6Y5zTGEyau21raF0DjRxDnyP.KGMToIKx6SvS5oFSixi2on3H2TTYfqzjXY27umQ2z.DnOVXCVbXduTfCThnp3z9SL.lEe6ZMXYAgK.q9XJjnUW1dukoh1dI0mxh0sTGAHiMXqORUxUcWg5p2Qnz.Sp7Phkt354mzqtl7HhFgm.IlMSg.JouwoKaMjBmUIAAO7vjpOmRCUBwJtKVcjR3y2wxdmBliPNjlsTniIkGKKJ69k7LbwlclFMK9ZVu6fYl.wvndZOL19Z1Yxu3NG1InH7WCgd9gSjGX5WCazvjgWE.1xZE04hkdaJt1bxOnSQ4OptMcUW83WeSAG22qZXrk48QQlx7EPAru23S.RSnuBf_Sxz_P8GhswylOfbt0cZGopi.MNhhDSEoJscddqiFZRF_fwaZwitU6Qhdqw8hzBBYxN5PKrSfBdhB0Wz9EZlvUiLXhsK_C9exF3gC0DC1QBtXgTirD6iwGwY.A8CW.Jd1DCElmCKhuJ9Mh6mDVhbJ_7Qm51MnQ8RGR1m1ApUoF9vmRJ7DJ_dilxSN1moDBqCI6Iaa15yLIgV9g6gybl2zR7nJiqGU11OTqIyzjrTb1c2jhu3S9dzdKINdUXjBtXjW2i_uAfEVyHWNTnJJiietxdVadi1mzYBMp3UTpRkpp.oloPUeBT9_zJRPazOJzOynktuzVqCIsmL9yRtSoViCspjO.v4TD5nL..ATInv2san245GQHyhMKCHirStLmPfKeDKfFOEebzCfKUhQsqmHAD1tdIoz5DkcoNODBOZf.TXZOxufUrwp.0CkQxDto09LnLeyxgXyRHcI2AL_1lqkU9KG3vIeRCB22rVIiwIfA7X0TRfBqmUmQr.PfJl5SPYBF6JF3oIFl2wOyTopJlzZ.zOLX.6SFofHFPlt7W2lsgyhpnxFXOrIWYqiwECBlS.d7yG4wPhVmYl88jT9jatp3wBrn1TxGPZvb07z5KFS8puo5BkUjv42Zk6_3R1GAMMBf41fQFvn91rI2C5unGsXwQYahJ_Fdst_YSZjmxaQbyYv.1DdbLBP7CHpofpylRkfZ0bFlEvlZAMPNlRp.JQZW2Qdd96AT6RghQH0",mdrd: "v2NYqhOqrgJ1c4S4w49L6UHA3XTdiL5GytIIeJWNfdM-1739783149-1.2.1.1-nakBq2ZN_Z0zkT4GBHSZfdAWS2lRExeReVjRVbhFff0.KTPqKtG6fpf4Knmx6o.0JD.F41svl08.2pHljO8cp9SO7YfNzpxdgFugbsGbqbIZ3wB32_AlCwpCkVpLibaE.JCs0lXd0j_Cje9Knt2qWHce5HjjoqQWGUSFMXIz4b5eC_H3NmG_joMkN2ExGcNMJiIJXKIMXbTdBLQK6XB6bo6ZezWYg7yu38Pqb3rvNTOeQCXgej.0QoXFrXngw6tDnMoB7toNTK.chL22XhcD05lIy4M7A8KyMpIQgXJ.pEhso1aty.PfS8MB7DObXtLYn6C_fxWsoY4nhWm2IUxinkqLfkRqZfjgLaRnwUmWjLHhXV75DFriNUdgux3Q3gfHx.fAOE.tccZUgcTMXSPDv898_VMvsO_J3o3RztMdrSp7jhJroNZ3Xy4lTPtuVniCf.O.coCsbLA8d96RE_5x5XNqaPwPv1PZrEhXEyq4tZYv6TJy5l3sWQRf9MOFSNOpAskoT3SWzi_TIVtGMATK3AeR3Iy_XeGDl.t9j1kGgMROAPozVZ4Z_bPmBqJzLymbP4.YMPY5kGL0oqVQXvCxAW57Fc9MvupeznFJt.QoEaiAJO6pd9vwvXLjwUpNFvhrbUSM8jFk7I_9aychIycABUbeM.eUYQBMNXgq10aWbzpQYyrrWXUSlWaxnLZMxi2qlV2PS.JHnvfawcjyee5_ktVOWu2wyNwYHw4IPTvklbz8S9Y7RzEVSKDOEbwqkLVcTmJNchoIsvlTiEBG.Se1R2Jiaf5P9_bHcMlndX.m.SIy3oTanZWYzWIfi_kyGA8Gbn9ak74lAT5kilbiFau0LsMs.3X.d31jvn0g804dMr.krM27e3Ttwt_F7Q7cAJgVkBf_P9jpv2qlTUBQ3QmBz6IeED7v8X3VpzUM_ooNmUUb4Q3USwn3Ztpfv23zlxF0V5JucQsGJF9R5jgTztygM05Qko2FYzICW8fnBclP_nUsNH6GtayvpZPkybpnuHtFUYUis3HFH8JWeak9L31OJBPb6ikSt.Lrw9cw6dpcWEcngLWVhyxYyCNr2LfzMFEVF6SJ6STWSHoz.TcuUoTFht4_8sUZIRlLskBCQN6Cpa34WZROCXOpaWnxWuQyv2OJHDkvEeLfvEdrdM2kR6hxapGxWsDRi5Ty7tQr6b67aPV3licL.m401uGhBeO7ivzUcw_nuWMqTXLbxGC1Tw3XztGpouF98DUK7rKQA4_1xUIioVBicOeU9uOjk221oNlFSRGcwK3RPTRqN5FpLr9JOJAw8OM0i_gDCAMf.XSSKvTEM1tQWEEYmy9cNqm.mQenuD4GKPr9pslOlQPtvah023iF0AaTgQOCCL_asEbJRwQTF.JOcW2LOspypaFdJeSSCpCtPFAlUv4E6m.e5mTMH_ZChBhDmhGuYGqodKg6DGvyqYpm09Hjtb8gqVVo6quMO939Tdn2C0.Z3PGLoM42sZKNfP0qwseQVskq4P_afzYvtDlr7eVxToUNa2_xoXLA05ChaofbwIwb2Fyp.29IeD5MRDkH8P69Kq3apbU9guVUNx2GyfUw_e_Y7C1cL5Kq5C5v9nvrqgRudfTh5S5fAjACipi1RKl923k6NPwur5UvKXMRGBnLMNhGb_F.4P3w0XVMQeaU2r3CJj6GnU7QVxty7XCEdfVbF4450KgG2e8VjqeVdfIKDWvoQ4Dz_z7dQVtHuQ7flpX50ama__lUH5qiGTW763ZL7XND0j1BdiLDw.DwpYjRtw7thlt3oEa1oAGsF1fqn6PGq9DRGPRlPtHyl.XRC2SoDyILnd_hHtXLye4mot07LGgR2XVVDS8TxN3qiCyl41vEl445NMp.NxD6w9T5JKiVtb0eLiIeUKN2sTtZgwzH..DFR4zqkHa2qRSXrtYC8ckQJgNC_6kGF6Qli.xO0VqghlGr.vcV9R.7w3Wuxo4o_2mxqOHew3XD"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91349e2dba8b3e14';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=Rajaa%20Benabbou&__cf_chl_rt_tk=IACVF1LyAIRUvSAjC_IJG.x0c_ha16pAiMmj0zkNRqM-1739783149-1.0.1.1-7T_JnQuhycZSMgWbrzL_orSnOvQyZEoo8D3ZBPAb.g4" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>