CINXE.COM
U.Porto Journal of Engineering – DOAJ
<!DOCTYPE html> <html dir="ltr" lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1"> <title> U.Porto Journal of Engineering – DOAJ</title> <!-- Favicons --> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/assets/img/favicon/apple-touch-icon.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/assets/img/favicon/favicon-32x32.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/assets/img/favicon/favicon-16x16.png"> <link rel="manifest" href="/assets/img/favicon/site.webmanifest"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="/assets/img/favicon/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#fd5a3b"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/assets/img/favicon/favicon.ico"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#da532c"> <meta name="msapplication-config" content="/assets/img/favicon/browserconfig.xml"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <meta name="description" content="A peer-reviewed, open access journal in & engineering. "> <!-- OpenGraph --> <meta property="og:url" content="https://doaj.org/toc/2183-6493"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <meta property="og:title" content=" U.Porto Journal of Engineering – DOAJ"> <meta property="og:description" content="A peer-reviewed, open access journal in & engineering. "> <meta property="og:image" content="https://doaj.org/assets/img/opengraph/img.png"> <!-- Twitter Meta Tags --> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"> <meta property="twitter:domain" content="doaj.org"> <meta property="twitter:creator" content="@DOAJplus"> <meta property="twitter:url" content="https://doaj.org"> <meta name="twitter:title" content=" U.Porto Journal of Engineering – DOAJ"> <meta name="twitter:description" content="A peer-reviewed, open access journal in & engineering. "> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://doaj.org/assets/img/opengraph/img.png"> <!-- Faster Google font loading from https://csswizardry.com/2020/05/the-fastest-google-fonts/ --> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin /> <link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Source+Sans+Pro:ital,wght@0,400;0,600;0,700;1,400;1,600;1,700&family=Spectral:ital,wght@0,400;0,600;0,700;1,400;1,600;1,700&display=swap" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Source+Sans+Pro:ital,wght@0,400;0,600;0,700;1,400;1,600;1,700&family=Spectral:ital,wght@0,400;0,600;0,700;1,400;1,600;1,700&display=swap" media="print" onload="this.media='all'" /> <noscript> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Source+Sans+Pro:ital,wght@0,400;0,600;0,700;1,400;1,600;1,700&family=Spectral:ital,wght@0,400;0,600;0,700;1,400;1,600;1,700&display=swap" /> </noscript> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/vendor/select2-3.5.4/select2.css"> <!-- Main CSS --> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/doaj/css/main.css?v=7.0.4"> </head> <body class="journal-details" id="body" data-spy="scroll" data-offset="70"> <div id="cookie-consent" class="cookie-consent"> <p>This website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience. <a href="/privacy/" style="text-decoration: underline;">Learn more about DOAJ’s privacy policy.</a></p> <p> <a class="button" id="cookie-consent-hide" href="/cookie_consent?continue=/toc/2183-6493">Hide this message</a> </p> </div> <a href="#maincontent" class="skip-to-main"><span aria-hidden="true" data-feather="arrow-down"></span></a> <header class="page-header"> <!--[if IE]> <p class="browserupgrade">You are using an outdated browser. Please <a href="https://browsehappy.com/">upgrade your browser</a> to improve your experience and security.</p> <![endif]--> <div class="primary-nav" id="primary-nav"> <div class="container"> <div class="row flex-center primary-nav__content"> <div class="col-xs-4"> <a href="/" class="logo"> <h2 class="sr-only">The Directory of Open Access Journals</h2> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 1854 400"> <title>DOAJ Logotype</title> <path fill="#982e0a" d="M275.861 400c110.457 0 200-89.543 200-200V0c-110.457 0-200 89.543-200 200z" class="logo__leaf"/> <path fill="#fd5a3b" d="M137.93 400c110.457 0 200-89.543 200-200V0c-110.457 0-200 89.543-200 200z" class="logo__leaf"/> <path fill="#fa9a87" d="M0 400c110.457 0 200-89.543 200-200V0C89.543 0 0 89.543 0 200z" class="logo__leaf"/> <g fill="currentColor"> <path d="M576 7.692v384.616h131.868c103.297 0 158.242-51.099 158.242-156.044v-72.528c0-104.945-54.945-156.044-158.242-156.044zm72.527 65.934h60.44c62.088 0 84.615 31.869 84.615 87.912v76.924c0 56.044-22.527 87.912-84.615 87.912h-60.44zM910.182 159.341v81.318c0 101.099 59.89 159.341 158.238 159.341 98.36 0 158.25-58.242 158.25-159.341v-81.318C1226.67 60.989 1166.78 0 1068.42 0c-98.348 0-158.238 60.989-158.238 159.341zm72.527-3.297c0-52.198 30.221-91.209 85.711-91.209 53.85 0 85.72 36.813 85.72 91.209v87.912c0 53.297-25.83 91.209-85.72 91.209-58.24 0-85.711-35.714-85.711-91.209zM1353.64 7.692l-106.59 384.616h74.72l23.08-85.715h134.06l23.08 85.715h74.73L1470.12 7.692zm8.24 232.967 46.7-172.527h6.6l46.7 172.527zM1853.37 7.692h-72.52v269.231c0 36.264-18.69 57.143-51.1 57.143-34.62 0-54.4-21.429-54.4-57.143v-36.264h-72.53v36.264c0 77.473 50 123.077 129.12 123.077 75.28 0 121.43-43.407 121.43-123.077z"/> </g> </svg> <span class="logo__tagline"> Open <br/>Global <br/>Trusted </span> </a> </div> <nav class="col-xs-8 flex-end"> <h2 class="sr-only">Main actions</h2> <ul class="nav-bar" role="menubar" id="main_actions"> <li class="dropdown primary-nav__item_desktop" role="menuitem"> <a href="#" data-toggle="dropdown" class="dropdown__trigger nav-bar__link label" id="action-menu-support" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" role="menuitem"> Support <span data-feather="heart" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span data-feather="chevron-down" aria-hidden="true"></span> </a> <ul class="dropdown__menu" aria-labelledby="action-menu-support" role="menu" aria-label="Support"> <li> <a href="/support/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Institutions and libraries </a> </li> <li> <a href="/support/publisher-supporters/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Publishers </a> </li> <li> <a href="/support/supporters/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Institutional and library supporters </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="dropdown primary-nav__item_desktop" role="menuitem"> <a href="#" data-toggle="dropdown" class="dropdown__trigger nav-bar__link label" id="action-menu-apply" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" role="menuitem"> Apply <span data-feather="chevron-down" aria-hidden="true"></span> </a> <ul class="dropdown__menu" aria-labelledby="action-menu-apply" role="menu" aria-label="Apply"> <li> <a href="/apply/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Application form </a> </li> <li> <a href="/apply/guide/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Guide to applying </a> </li> <li> <a href="/apply/seal/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> The DOAJ Seal </a> </li> <li> <a href="/apply/transparency/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Transparency & best practice </a> </li> <li> <a href="/apply/publisher-responsibilities/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Publisher information </a> </li> <li> <a href="/apply/copyright-and-licensing/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Licensing & copyright </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="flex-center primary-nav__search" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-search" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="label"> Search</span> <span data-feather="search" aria-hidden="true"></span> </li> </ul> <div class="nav-bar secondary-nav__menu-toggle" aria-label="Click to open menu" role="button"> <span class="label">Menu</span> <span data-feather="menu" aria-hidden="true"></span> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="secondary-nav "> <div class="container"> <h2 class="sr-only">Secondary actions</h2> <div class="flex-space-between"> <ul class="nav-bar secondary-nav__menu" role="menu"> <li class="dropdown " role="menuitem"> <a href="#" class="dropdown__trigger nav-bar__link" data-toggle="dropdown" id="menu-journals-articles" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" role="menuitem"> Search <span data-feather="chevron-down" aria-hidden="true"></span> </a> <ul class="dropdown__menu" aria-labelledby="menu-journals-articles" aria-label="Search" role="menu"> <li> <a href="/search/journals" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Journals </a> </li> <li> <a href="/search/articles" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Articles </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="dropdown " role="menuitem"> <a href="#" class="dropdown__trigger nav-bar__link" data-toggle="dropdown" id="menu-documentation" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" role="menuitem"> Documentation <span data-feather="chevron-down" aria-hidden="true"></span> </a> <ul class="dropdown__menu" aria-labelledby="menu-documentation" aria-label="Documentation" role="menu"> <li> <a href="/docs/api/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> API </a> </li> <li> <a href="/docs/oai-pmh/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> OAI-PMH </a> </li> <li> <a href="/docs/widgets/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Widgets </a> </li> <li> <a href="/docs/public-data-dump/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Public data dump </a> </li> <li> <a href="/docs/openurl/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> OpenURL </a> </li> <li> <a href="/docs/xml/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> XML </a> </li> <li> <a href="/docs/faq/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Metadata help </a> </li> <li> <a href="/preservation/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Preservation </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="dropdown " role="menuitem"> <a href="#" class="dropdown__trigger nav-bar__link" data-toggle="dropdown" id="menu-about" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" role="menuitem"> About <span data-feather="chevron-down" aria-hidden="true"></span> </a> <ul class="dropdown__menu" aria-labelledby="menu-about" aria-label="About" role="menu"> <li> <a href="/about/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> About DOAJ </a> </li> <li> <a href="/at-20/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> DOAJ at 20 </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/team/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> DOAJ team </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/ambassadors/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Ambassadors </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/advisory-board-council/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Advisory Board & Council </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/editorial-policy-advisory-group/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Editorial Policy Advisory Group </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/volunteers/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Volunteers </a> </li> <li> <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://blog.doaj.org" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> News </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="dropdown secondary-nav__item_mobile" role="menuitem"> <a href="#" class="dropdown__trigger nav-bar__link" data-toggle="dropdown" id="menu-support" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" role="menuitem"> Support <span data-feather="chevron-down" aria-hidden="true"></span> </a> <ul class="dropdown__menu" aria-labelledby="menu-support" aria-label="Support" role="menu"> <li> <a href="/support/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Institutions and libraries </a> </li> <li> <a href="/support/publisher-supporters/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Publishers </a> </li> <li> <a href="/support/supporters/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Institutional and library supporters </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="dropdown secondary-nav__item_mobile" role="menuitem"> <a href="#" class="dropdown__trigger nav-bar__link" data-toggle="dropdown" id="menu-apply" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" role="menuitem"> Apply <span data-feather="chevron-down" aria-hidden="true"></span> </a> <ul class="dropdown__menu" aria-labelledby="menu-apply" aria-label="Apply" role="menu"> <li> <a href="/apply/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Application form </a> </li> <li> <a href="/apply/guide/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Guide to applying </a> </li> <li> <a href="/apply/seal/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> The DOAJ Seal </a> </li> <li> <a href="/apply/transparency/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Transparency & best practice </a> </li> <li> <a href="/apply/publisher-responsibilities/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Publisher information </a> </li> <li> <a href="/apply/copyright-and-licensing/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Licensing & copyright </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="secondary-nav__item_mobile" role="menuitem"> <a href="/account/login" class="nav-bar__link"> Login <span data-feather="log-in" aria-hidden="true"></span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="nav-bar secondary-nav__menu" role="menu"> <li class="" role="menuitem"> <a href="/account/login" class="nav-bar__link"> Login <span data-feather="log-in" aria-hidden="true"></span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="container"> </div> </header> <section class="modal" id="modal-search" tabindex="-1" role="dialog"> <div class="modal__dialog" role="document"> <header class="flex-space-between modal__heading"> <h2 class="modal__title">Quick search</h2> <span type="button" data-dismiss="modal" class="type-01"><span class="sr-only">Close</span>×</span> </header> <form class="quick-search__form doaj-minisearch--container" role="search" action="/search" method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="ref" value="quick-search"> <input type="hidden" name="origin" value="ui"> <input type="radio" id="quick-search-journals" name="content-type" value="journals" checked> <label for="quick-search-journals">Journals</label> <input type="radio" id="quick-search-articles" name="content-type" value="articles"> <label for="quick-search-articles">Articles</label> <div class="input-group"> <label for="quick-search-keywords" class="sr-only">Search by keywords:</label> <input type="text" name="keywords" id="quick-search-keywords" required> <label for="quick-search-fields" class="sr-only">In the field:</label> <select name="fields" id="quick-search-fields" class="input-group__input"> <option value="all">In all fields</option> <option value="title">Title</option> <option value="issn">ISSN</option> <option value="subject">Subject</option> <option value="publisher">Publisher</option> <option value="country">Country of publisher</option> </select> <button type="submit"> <span data-feather="search" aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="sr-only"> Search</span> </button> </div> </form> </div> </section> <main id="maincontent"> <div class="container page-content"> <header> <h1 class="row"> <span class="col-xs-9 col-md-8"> U.Porto Journal of Engineering </span> </h1> <p> <span class="label"> <span data-feather="book-open" aria-hidden="true"></span> 2183-6493 (Online) </span> </p> <ul class="tags"> <li class="tag"> <a href="https://journalengineering.fe.up.pt" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <span data-feather="external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span> Website </a> </li> <li class="tag"> <a href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/ISSN/2183-6493" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <span data-feather="external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span> ISSN Portal </a> </li> </ul> </header> <div class="tabs"> <nav class="tabs__menu"> <ul class="tabs__list"> <li class="tabs__item"> <a href="/toc/2183-6493" aria-selected="true"> About </a> </li> <li class="tabs__item"> <a href="/toc/2183-6493/articles" aria-selected="false"> Articles </a> </li> </ul> </nav> <div class="tabs__content"> <section id="about-journal" class="tabs__panel" role="tabpanel" aria-hidden="false"> <h2 class="sr-only">About</h2> <div class="three-col"> <section> <h3 class="label label--underlined">Publishing with this journal</h3> <article class="card card--with-icon"> <span data-feather="dollar-sign" aria-hidden="true"></span> <div> <p>There are <strong class="label label--large">no publication fees</strong> (<a href="https://journalengineering.fe.up.pt/openaccess" target="_blank" rel="noopener">article processing charges or APCs</a>) to publish with this journal.</p> </div> </article> <article class="card card--with-icon"> <span data-feather="user-check" aria-hidden="true"></span> <div> <p>Look up the journal's:</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://journalengineering.fe.up.pt/about" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Aims & scope </a></li> <li><a href="https://journalengineering.fe.up.pt/about/submissions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Instructions for authors </a></li> <li><a href="https://journalengineering.fe.up.pt/about/editorialTeam" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Editorial Board </a></li> <li> <a href="https://journalengineering.fe.up.pt/peerreview" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Double anonymous peer review </a> </li> </ul> <p> → This journal <a href="https://journalengineering.fe.up.pt/ethics" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">checks for plagiarism</a>. </p> </div> </article> <article class="card card--with-icon"> <span data-feather="clock" aria-hidden="true"></span> <div> Expect on average <strong>20 weeks</strong> from submission to publication. </div> </article> </section> <section> <h3 class="label label--underlined">Best practice</h3> <article class="card card--with-icon"> <span data-feather="unlock" aria-hidden="true"></span> <div> <p> This journal began publishing in <strong>open access in 2015</strong>. <a href="https://blog.doaj.org/2020/11/17/what-does-doaj-define-as-open-access/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <span data-feather="help-circle" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="sr-only"> What does DOAJ define as Open Accesss? </span> </a> </p> <p>This journal uses a <strong>CC BY</strong> license. </p> <p> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" style="text-decoration: none;"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.0" id="Layer_1" x="0px" y="0px" width="64px" height="64px" viewBox="5.5 -3.5 64 64" enable-background="new 5.5 -3.5 64 64" xml:space="preserve" class="cc-icon"> <g> <circle fill="#FFFFFF" cx="37.785" cy="28.501" r="28.836"/> <path d="M37.441-3.5c8.951,0,16.572,3.125,22.857,9.372c3.008,3.009,5.295,6.448,6.857,10.314 c1.561,3.867,2.344,7.971,2.344,12.314c0,4.381-0.773,8.486-2.314,12.313c-1.543,3.828-3.82,7.21-6.828,10.143 c-3.123,3.085-6.666,5.448-10.629,7.086c-3.961,1.638-8.057,2.457-12.285,2.457s-8.276-0.808-12.143-2.429 c-3.866-1.618-7.333-3.961-10.4-7.027c-3.067-3.066-5.4-6.524-7-10.372S5.5,32.767,5.5,28.5c0-4.229,0.809-8.295,2.428-12.2 c1.619-3.905,3.972-7.4,7.057-10.486C21.08-0.394,28.565-3.5,37.441-3.5z M37.557,2.272c-7.314,0-13.467,2.553-18.458,7.657 c-2.515,2.553-4.448,5.419-5.8,8.6c-1.354,3.181-2.029,6.505-2.029,9.972c0,3.429,0.675,6.734,2.029,9.913 c1.353,3.183,3.285,6.021,5.8,8.516c2.514,2.496,5.351,4.399,8.515,5.715c3.161,1.314,6.476,1.971,9.943,1.971 c3.428,0,6.75-0.665,9.973-1.999c3.219-1.335,6.121-3.257,8.713-5.771c4.99-4.876,7.484-10.99,7.484-18.344 c0-3.543-0.648-6.895-1.943-10.057c-1.293-3.162-3.18-5.98-5.654-8.458C50.984,4.844,44.795,2.272,37.557,2.272z M37.156,23.187 l-4.287,2.229c-0.458-0.951-1.019-1.619-1.685-2c-0.667-0.38-1.286-0.571-1.858-0.571c-2.856,0-4.286,1.885-4.286,5.657 c0,1.714,0.362,3.084,1.085,4.113c0.724,1.029,1.791,1.544,3.201,1.544c1.867,0,3.181-0.915,3.944-2.743l3.942,2 c-0.838,1.563-2,2.791-3.486,3.686c-1.484,0.896-3.123,1.343-4.914,1.343c-2.857,0-5.163-0.875-6.915-2.629 c-1.752-1.752-2.628-4.19-2.628-7.313c0-3.048,0.886-5.466,2.657-7.257c1.771-1.79,4.009-2.686,6.715-2.686 C32.604,18.558,35.441,20.101,37.156,23.187z M55.613,23.187l-4.229,2.229c-0.457-0.951-1.02-1.619-1.686-2 c-0.668-0.38-1.307-0.571-1.914-0.571c-2.857,0-4.287,1.885-4.287,5.657c0,1.714,0.363,3.084,1.086,4.113 c0.723,1.029,1.789,1.544,3.201,1.544c1.865,0,3.18-0.915,3.941-2.743l4,2c-0.875,1.563-2.057,2.791-3.541,3.686 c-1.486,0.896-3.105,1.343-4.857,1.343c-2.896,0-5.209-0.875-6.941-2.629c-1.736-1.752-2.602-4.19-2.602-7.313 c0-3.048,0.885-5.466,2.658-7.257c1.77-1.79,4.008-2.686,6.713-2.686C51.117,18.558,53.938,20.101,55.613,23.187z"/> </g> </svg> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.0" id="Layer_1" x="0px" y="0px" width="64px" height="64px" viewBox="5.5 -3.5 64 64" enable-background="new 5.5 -3.5 64 64" xml:space="preserve" class="cc-icon"> <g> <circle fill="#FFFFFF" cx="37.637" cy="28.806" r="28.276"/> <g> <path d="M37.443-3.5c8.988,0,16.57,3.085,22.742,9.257C66.393,11.967,69.5,19.548,69.5,28.5c0,8.991-3.049,16.476-9.145,22.456 C53.879,57.319,46.242,60.5,37.443,60.5c-8.649,0-16.153-3.144-22.514-9.43C8.644,44.784,5.5,37.262,5.5,28.5 c0-8.761,3.144-16.342,9.429-22.742C21.101-0.415,28.604-3.5,37.443-3.5z M37.557,2.272c-7.276,0-13.428,2.553-18.457,7.657 c-5.22,5.334-7.829,11.525-7.829,18.572c0,7.086,2.59,13.22,7.77,18.398c5.181,5.182,11.352,7.771,18.514,7.771 c7.123,0,13.334-2.607,18.629-7.828c5.029-4.838,7.543-10.952,7.543-18.343c0-7.276-2.553-13.465-7.656-18.571 C50.967,4.824,44.795,2.272,37.557,2.272z M46.129,20.557v13.085h-3.656v15.542h-9.944V33.643h-3.656V20.557 c0-0.572,0.2-1.057,0.599-1.457c0.401-0.399,0.887-0.6,1.457-0.6h13.144c0.533,0,1.01,0.2,1.428,0.6 C45.918,19.5,46.129,19.986,46.129,20.557z M33.042,12.329c0-3.008,1.485-4.514,4.458-4.514s4.457,1.504,4.457,4.514 c0,2.971-1.486,4.457-4.457,4.457S33.042,15.3,33.042,12.329z"/> </g> </g> </svg> <span class="sr-only">Attribution</span> </a> </p> <p> → Look up their <a href="https://journalengineering.fe.up.pt/openaccess" target="_blank" rel="noopener">open access statement</a> and their <a href="https://journalengineering.fe.up.pt/openaccess" target="_blank" rel="noopener">license terms</a>. </p> </div> </article> <article class="card card--with-icon"> <svg width="48" height="48" viewBox="0 0 48 48" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M24.2222 0.5C11.1208 0.5 0.5 11.1208 0.5 24.2222C0.5 37.3236 11.1208 47.9444 24.2222 47.9444C37.3236 47.9444 47.9444 37.3236 47.9444 24.2222C47.9444 11.1208 37.3236 0.5 24.2222 0.5ZM3.5 24.2222C3.5 12.7777 12.7777 3.5 24.2222 3.5C35.6668 3.5 44.9444 12.7777 44.9444 24.2222C44.9444 35.6668 35.6668 44.9444 24.2222 44.9444C12.7777 44.9444 3.5 35.6668 3.5 24.2222ZM22.9438 14.7252C25.0271 14.2633 27.2052 14.5163 29.1272 15.4434C31.0492 16.3704 32.6031 17.9176 33.5385 19.8355C33.9017 20.5801 34.7997 20.8893 35.5443 20.5261C36.2889 20.163 36.5981 19.265 36.2349 18.5204C35.0041 15.9968 32.9595 13.9611 30.4306 12.7413C27.9016 11.5215 25.0357 11.1886 22.2945 11.7963C19.5533 12.404 17.0966 13.9169 15.3201 16.0912C13.5436 18.2655 12.5509 20.9745 12.5019 23.7818C12.4529 26.5892 13.3505 29.3312 15.05 31.5662C16.7495 33.8011 19.1519 35.3988 21.8702 36.1018C24.5885 36.8048 27.4644 36.5722 30.0343 35.4414C32.6043 34.3106 34.7187 32.3475 36.0368 29.8684C36.4258 29.1369 36.1481 28.2287 35.4166 27.8398C34.6852 27.4508 33.7769 27.7285 33.388 28.46C32.3862 30.3441 30.7792 31.836 28.8261 32.6954C26.8729 33.5549 24.6873 33.7317 22.6214 33.1974C20.5555 32.6631 18.7296 31.4489 17.438 29.7503C16.1464 28.0517 15.4642 25.9678 15.5014 23.8342C15.5387 21.7006 16.2932 19.6418 17.6433 17.9893C18.9934 16.3368 20.8605 15.1871 22.9438 14.7252Z" fill="black"/> </svg> <div> <p> The author <strong>retains</strong> <strong>unrestricted</strong> copyrights and publishing rights. </p> <p> → Learn more about their <a href="https://journalengineering.fe.up.pt/about/submissions" target="_blank" rel="noopener">copyright policy</a>. </p> </div> </article> <article class="card card--with-icon"> <span data-feather="upload-cloud" aria-hidden="true"></span> <div> <p>Permanent article identifier:</p> <ul> <li>DOI</li> </ul> </div> </article> </section> <section> <h3 class="label label--underlined">Journal metadata</h3> <article class="card card--with-icon"> <span data-feather="map-pin" aria-hidden="true"></span> <dl> <dt>Publisher</dt> <dd> <a href="/search/journals?ref=toc&source=%7B%22query%22%3A+%7B%22bool%22%3A+%7B%22must%22%3A+%5B%7B%22terms%22%3A+%7B%22bibjson.publisher.name.exact%22%3A+%5B%22Universidade+do+Porto%22%5D%7D%7D%5D%7D%7D%7D">Universidade do Porto</a> , Portugal </dd> <dt>Other organisation</dt> <dd>Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Engenharia (FEUP)</dd> <dt>Manuscripts accepted in</dt> <dd>English</dd> </dl> </article> <article class="card card--with-icon"> <span data-feather="tag" aria-hidden="true"></span> <dl> <dt>LCC subjects <a href="https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/lcco/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <span data-feather="help-circle" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="sr-only">Look up the Library of Congress Classification Outline</span> </a> </dt> <dd> <a href="/search/journals?ref=toc&source=%7B%22query%22%3A+%7B%22bool%22%3A+%7B%22must%22%3A+%5B%7B%22terms%22%3A+%7B%22index.schema_codes_tree.exact%22%3A+%5B%22LCC%3ATA1-2040%22%5D%7D%7D%5D%7D%7D%7D"> Technology: Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) </a> </dd> <dd> <a href="/search/journals?ref=toc&source=%7B%22query%22%3A+%7B%22bool%22%3A+%7B%22must%22%3A+%5B%7B%22terms%22%3A+%7B%22index.schema_codes_tree.exact%22%3A+%5B%22LCC%3AT1-995%22%5D%7D%7D%5D%7D%7D%7D"> Technology: Technology (General) </a> </dd> <dt>Keywords</dt> <dd> <a href="/search/journals?ref=toc&source=%7B%22query%22%3A+%7B%22bool%22%3A+%7B%22must%22%3A+%5B%7B%22query_string%22%3A+%7B%22default_operator%22%3A+%22AND%22%2C+%22query%22%3A+%22engineering%22%7D%7D%5D%7D%7D%7D" class="tag">engineering</a> </dd> </dl> </article> </section> </div> </section> </div> </div> <footer id="updated" class="page-content__footer"> <p> Added 28 April 2019 • Updated 30 August 2019 </p> </footer> </div> <script> (function(h,o,t,j,a,r){ h.hj=h.hj||function(){(h.hj.q=h.hj.q||[]).push(arguments)}; h._hjSettings={hjid:1039257,hjsv:6}; a=o.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]; r=o.createElement('script');r.async=1; r.src=t+h._hjSettings.hjid+j+h._hjSettings.hjsv; a.appendChild(r); })(window,document,'https://static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-','.js?sv='); </script> </main> <div class="modal" id="modal-wechat" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="modalLabel-wechat"> <div class="modal__dialog" role="document" style="width: 25vw;"> <h3 class="modal__title sr-only" id="modalLabel-wechat"> WeChat QR code </h3> <img src="/assets/img/wechat/wechat-qr.jpeg" alt="" style="width: 100%;"/> <div class="flex-center"> <button type="button" data-dismiss="modal" class="no-margins">Close</button> </div> </div> </div> <footer class="page-footer"> <div class="container"> <a class="back-to-top" data-spy="affix" href="#" id="top"> <span aria-hidden="true" data-feather="arrow-up"></span> <span class="sr-only">Back to top</span> </a> <section class="row"> <div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-4 col-lg-2"> <h2> Search </h2> <ul> <li> <a href="/search/journals"> Journals </a> </li> <li> <a href="/search/articles"> Articles </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-4 col-lg-2"> <h2> Documentation </h2> <ul> <li> <a href="/docs/api/"> API </a> </li> <li> <a href="/docs/oai-pmh/"> OAI-PMH </a> </li> <li> <a href="/docs/widgets/"> Widgets </a> </li> <li> <a href="/docs/public-data-dump/"> Public data dump </a> </li> <li> <a href="/docs/openurl/"> OpenURL </a> </li> <li> <a href="/docs/xml/"> XML </a> </li> <li> <a href="/docs/faq/"> Metadata help </a> </li> <li> <a href="/preservation/"> Preservation </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-4 col-lg-2"> <h2> About </h2> <ul> <li> <a href="/about/"> About DOAJ </a> </li> <li> <a href="/at-20/"> DOAJ at 20 </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/team/"> DOAJ team </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/ambassadors/"> Ambassadors </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/advisory-board-council/"> Advisory Board & Council </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/editorial-policy-advisory-group/"> Editorial Policy Advisory Group </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/volunteers/"> Volunteers </a> </li> <li> <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://blog.doaj.org"> News </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-4 col-lg-2"> <h2> Support </h2> <ul> <li> <a href="/support/"> Institutions and libraries </a> </li> <li> <a href="/support/publisher-supporters/"> Publishers </a> </li> <li> <a href="/support/supporters/"> Institutional and library supporters </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-4 col-lg-2"> <h2> Apply </h2> <ul> <li> <a href="/apply/"> Application form </a> </li> <li> <a href="/apply/guide/"> Guide to applying </a> </li> <li> <a href="/apply/seal/"> The DOAJ Seal </a> </li> <li> <a href="/apply/transparency/"> Transparency & best practice </a> </li> <li> <a href="/apply/publisher-responsibilities/"> Publisher information </a> </li> <li> <a href="/apply/copyright-and-licensing/"> Licensing & copyright </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-4 col-lg-2"> <h2> Stay up to date </h2> <ul> <li> <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/DOAJplus"> <span aria-hidden="true" data-feather="twitter"></span> Twitter </a> </li> <li> <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/DirectoryofOpenAccessJournals/"> <span aria-hidden="true" data-feather="facebook"></span> Facebook </a> </li> <li> <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://github.com/DOAJ"> <span aria-hidden="true" data-feather="github"></span> Github </a> </li> <li> <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/directory-of-open-access-journals-doaj-/"> <span aria-hidden="true" data-feather="linkedin"></span> Linkedin </a> </li> <li> <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="#" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-wechat" role="button"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" viewBox="0 0 24 24" style="height: 1em;" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M21.502 19.525C23.026 18.42 24 16.787 24 14.971c0-3.326-3.237-6.023-7.229-6.023s-7.229 2.697-7.229 6.023c0 3.327 3.237 6.024 7.229 6.024.825 0 1.621-.117 2.36-.33l.212-.032c.139 0 .265.043.384.111l1.583.914.139.045a.241.241 0 00.241-.241l-.039-.176-.326-1.215-.025-.154a.48.48 0 01.202-.392zM8.675 2.297C3.884 2.297 0 5.533 0 9.526c0 2.178 1.168 4.139 2.997 5.464a.575.575 0 01.243.471l-.03.184-.391 1.458-.047.211c0 .16.13.29.289.29l.168-.054 1.899-1.097a.908.908 0 01.46-.133l.255.038c.886.255 1.842.397 2.832.397l.476-.012a5.586 5.586 0 01-.291-1.771c0-3.641 3.542-6.593 7.911-6.593l.471.012c-.653-3.453-4.24-6.094-8.567-6.094zm5.686 11.711a.964.964 0 11.001-1.927.964.964 0 01-.001 1.927zm4.82 0a.964.964 0 110-1.928.964.964 0 010 1.928zM5.783 8.369a1.156 1.156 0 110-2.312 1.156 1.156 0 010 2.312zm5.783 0a1.156 1.156 0 110-2.312 1.156 1.156 0 010 2.312z"/> </svg> WeChat </a> </li> <li> <a href="/feed"> <span aria-hidden="true" data-feather="rss"></span> Atom feed </a> </li> </ul> </div> </section> <section class="legal"> <h2 class="sr-only"> Legal & admin </h2> <div> <a href="/" class="logo"> <h2 class="sr-only">The Directory of Open Access Journals</h2> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 1854 400"> <title>DOAJ Logotype</title> <path fill="#982e0a" d="M275.861 400c110.457 0 200-89.543 200-200V0c-110.457 0-200 89.543-200 200z" class="logo__leaf"/> <path fill="#fd5a3b" d="M137.93 400c110.457 0 200-89.543 200-200V0c-110.457 0-200 89.543-200 200z" class="logo__leaf"/> <path fill="#fa9a87" d="M0 400c110.457 0 200-89.543 200-200V0C89.543 0 0 89.543 0 200z" class="logo__leaf"/> <g fill="currentColor"> <path d="M576 7.692v384.616h131.868c103.297 0 158.242-51.099 158.242-156.044v-72.528c0-104.945-54.945-156.044-158.242-156.044zm72.527 65.934h60.44c62.088 0 84.615 31.869 84.615 87.912v76.924c0 56.044-22.527 87.912-84.615 87.912h-60.44zM910.182 159.341v81.318c0 101.099 59.89 159.341 158.238 159.341 98.36 0 158.25-58.242 158.25-159.341v-81.318C1226.67 60.989 1166.78 0 1068.42 0c-98.348 0-158.238 60.989-158.238 159.341zm72.527-3.297c0-52.198 30.221-91.209 85.711-91.209 53.85 0 85.72 36.813 85.72 91.209v87.912c0 53.297-25.83 91.209-85.72 91.209-58.24 0-85.711-35.714-85.711-91.209zM1353.64 7.692l-106.59 384.616h74.72l23.08-85.715h134.06l23.08 85.715h74.73L1470.12 7.692zm8.24 232.967 46.7-172.527h6.6l46.7 172.527zM1853.37 7.692h-72.52v269.231c0 36.264-18.69 57.143-51.1 57.143-34.62 0-54.4-21.429-54.4-57.143v-36.264h-72.53v36.264c0 77.473 50 123.077 129.12 123.077 75.28 0 121.43-43.407 121.43-123.077z"/> </g> </svg> <span class="logo__tagline"> Open <br/>Global <br/>Trusted </span> </a> <p> © DOAJ 2024 default by all rights reserved <a href="/terms/" style="text-decoration: underline;">unless otherwise specified</a>. </p> <ul> <li> <a href="/accessibility/"> Accessibility </a> </li> <li> <a href="/privacy/"> Privacy </a> </li> <li> <a href="/contact/"> Contact </a> </li> <li> <a href="/terms/"> T&Cs </a> </li> <li> <a href="/media/"> Media </a> </li> </ul> <ul> <li> <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://is4oa.org/"> IS4OA </a> </li> <li> <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://cottagelabs.com"> Cottage Labs </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="page-footer__licensing"> <p> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="See license summary"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.0" id="Layer_1" x="0px" y="0px" width="64px" height="64px" viewBox="5.5 -3.5 64 64" enable-background="new 5.5 -3.5 64 64" xml:space="preserve" class="cc-icon"> <g> <circle fill="#FFFFFF" cx="37.785" cy="28.501" r="28.836"/> <path d="M37.441-3.5c8.951,0,16.572,3.125,22.857,9.372c3.008,3.009,5.295,6.448,6.857,10.314 c1.561,3.867,2.344,7.971,2.344,12.314c0,4.381-0.773,8.486-2.314,12.313c-1.543,3.828-3.82,7.21-6.828,10.143 c-3.123,3.085-6.666,5.448-10.629,7.086c-3.961,1.638-8.057,2.457-12.285,2.457s-8.276-0.808-12.143-2.429 c-3.866-1.618-7.333-3.961-10.4-7.027c-3.067-3.066-5.4-6.524-7-10.372S5.5,32.767,5.5,28.5c0-4.229,0.809-8.295,2.428-12.2 c1.619-3.905,3.972-7.4,7.057-10.486C21.08-0.394,28.565-3.5,37.441-3.5z M37.557,2.272c-7.314,0-13.467,2.553-18.458,7.657 c-2.515,2.553-4.448,5.419-5.8,8.6c-1.354,3.181-2.029,6.505-2.029,9.972c0,3.429,0.675,6.734,2.029,9.913 c1.353,3.183,3.285,6.021,5.8,8.516c2.514,2.496,5.351,4.399,8.515,5.715c3.161,1.314,6.476,1.971,9.943,1.971 c3.428,0,6.75-0.665,9.973-1.999c3.219-1.335,6.121-3.257,8.713-5.771c4.99-4.876,7.484-10.99,7.484-18.344 c0-3.543-0.648-6.895-1.943-10.057c-1.293-3.162-3.18-5.98-5.654-8.458C50.984,4.844,44.795,2.272,37.557,2.272z M37.156,23.187 l-4.287,2.229c-0.458-0.951-1.019-1.619-1.685-2c-0.667-0.38-1.286-0.571-1.858-0.571c-2.856,0-4.286,1.885-4.286,5.657 c0,1.714,0.362,3.084,1.085,4.113c0.724,1.029,1.791,1.544,3.201,1.544c1.867,0,3.181-0.915,3.944-2.743l3.942,2 c-0.838,1.563-2,2.791-3.486,3.686c-1.484,0.896-3.123,1.343-4.914,1.343c-2.857,0-5.163-0.875-6.915-2.629 c-1.752-1.752-2.628-4.19-2.628-7.313c0-3.048,0.886-5.466,2.657-7.257c1.771-1.79,4.009-2.686,6.715-2.686 C32.604,18.558,35.441,20.101,37.156,23.187z M55.613,23.187l-4.229,2.229c-0.457-0.951-1.02-1.619-1.686-2 c-0.668-0.38-1.307-0.571-1.914-0.571c-2.857,0-4.287,1.885-4.287,5.657c0,1.714,0.363,3.084,1.086,4.113 c0.723,1.029,1.789,1.544,3.201,1.544c1.865,0,3.18-0.915,3.941-2.743l4,2c-0.875,1.563-2.057,2.791-3.541,3.686 c-1.486,0.896-3.105,1.343-4.857,1.343c-2.896,0-5.209-0.875-6.941-2.629c-1.736-1.752-2.602-4.19-2.602-7.313 c0-3.048,0.885-5.466,2.658-7.257c1.77-1.79,4.008-2.686,6.713-2.686C51.117,18.558,53.938,20.101,55.613,23.187z"/> </g> </svg> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.0" id="Layer_1" x="0px" y="0px" width="64px" height="64px" viewBox="5.5 -3.5 64 64" enable-background="new 5.5 -3.5 64 64" xml:space="preserve" class="cc-icon"> <g> <circle fill="#FFFFFF" cx="37.637" cy="28.806" r="28.276"/> <g> <path d="M37.443-3.5c8.988,0,16.57,3.085,22.742,9.257C66.393,11.967,69.5,19.548,69.5,28.5c0,8.991-3.049,16.476-9.145,22.456 C53.879,57.319,46.242,60.5,37.443,60.5c-8.649,0-16.153-3.144-22.514-9.43C8.644,44.784,5.5,37.262,5.5,28.5 c0-8.761,3.144-16.342,9.429-22.742C21.101-0.415,28.604-3.5,37.443-3.5z M37.557,2.272c-7.276,0-13.428,2.553-18.457,7.657 c-5.22,5.334-7.829,11.525-7.829,18.572c0,7.086,2.59,13.22,7.77,18.398c5.181,5.182,11.352,7.771,18.514,7.771 c7.123,0,13.334-2.607,18.629-7.828c5.029-4.838,7.543-10.952,7.543-18.343c0-7.276-2.553-13.465-7.656-18.571 C50.967,4.824,44.795,2.272,37.557,2.272z M46.129,20.557v13.085h-3.656v15.542h-9.944V33.643h-3.656V20.557 c0-0.572,0.2-1.057,0.599-1.457c0.401-0.399,0.887-0.6,1.457-0.6h13.144c0.533,0,1.01,0.2,1.428,0.6 C45.918,19.5,46.129,19.986,46.129,20.557z M33.042,12.329c0-3.008,1.485-4.514,4.458-4.514s4.457,1.504,4.457,4.514 c0,2.971-1.486,4.457-4.457,4.457S33.042,15.3,33.042,12.329z"/> </g> </g> </svg> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.0" id="Layer_1" x="0px" y="0px" width="64px" height="64px" viewBox="5.5 -3.5 64 64" enable-background="new 5.5 -3.5 64 64" xml:space="preserve" class="cc-icon"> <g> <circle fill="#FFFFFF" cx="36.944" cy="28.631" r="29.105"/> <g> <path d="M37.443-3.5c8.951,0,16.531,3.105,22.742,9.315C66.393,11.987,69.5,19.548,69.5,28.5c0,8.954-3.049,16.457-9.145,22.514 C53.918,57.338,46.279,60.5,37.443,60.5c-8.649,0-16.153-3.143-22.514-9.429C8.644,44.786,5.5,37.264,5.5,28.501 c0-8.723,3.144-16.285,9.429-22.685C21.138-0.395,28.643-3.5,37.443-3.5z M37.557,2.272c-7.276,0-13.428,2.572-18.457,7.715 c-5.22,5.296-7.829,11.467-7.829,18.513c0,7.125,2.59,13.257,7.77,18.4c5.181,5.182,11.352,7.771,18.514,7.771 c7.123,0,13.334-2.609,18.629-7.828c5.029-4.876,7.543-10.99,7.543-18.343c0-7.313-2.553-13.485-7.656-18.513 C51.004,4.842,44.832,2.272,37.557,2.272z M23.271,23.985c0.609-3.924,2.189-6.962,4.742-9.114 c2.552-2.152,5.656-3.228,9.314-3.228c5.027,0,9.029,1.62,12,4.856c2.971,3.238,4.457,7.391,4.457,12.457 c0,4.915-1.543,9-4.627,12.256c-3.088,3.256-7.086,4.886-12.002,4.886c-3.619,0-6.743-1.085-9.371-3.257 c-2.629-2.172-4.209-5.257-4.743-9.257H31.1c0.19,3.886,2.533,5.829,7.029,5.829c2.246,0,4.057-0.972,5.428-2.914 c1.373-1.942,2.059-4.534,2.059-7.771c0-3.391-0.629-5.971-1.885-7.743c-1.258-1.771-3.066-2.657-5.43-2.657 c-4.268,0-6.667,1.885-7.2,5.656h2.343l-6.342,6.343l-6.343-6.343L23.271,23.985L23.271,23.985z"/> </g> </g> </svg> </a> <br> <strong>Content</strong> on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" rel="noopener" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;">Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0) license</a>. </p> <p> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="See license summary"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.0" id="Layer_1" x="0px" y="0px" width="64px" height="64px" viewBox="5.5 -3.5 64 64" enable-background="new 5.5 -3.5 64 64" xml:space="preserve" class="cc-icon"> <g> <circle fill="#FFFFFF" cx="37.785" cy="28.501" r="28.836"/> <path d="M37.441-3.5c8.951,0,16.572,3.125,22.857,9.372c3.008,3.009,5.295,6.448,6.857,10.314 c1.561,3.867,2.344,7.971,2.344,12.314c0,4.381-0.773,8.486-2.314,12.313c-1.543,3.828-3.82,7.21-6.828,10.143 c-3.123,3.085-6.666,5.448-10.629,7.086c-3.961,1.638-8.057,2.457-12.285,2.457s-8.276-0.808-12.143-2.429 c-3.866-1.618-7.333-3.961-10.4-7.027c-3.067-3.066-5.4-6.524-7-10.372S5.5,32.767,5.5,28.5c0-4.229,0.809-8.295,2.428-12.2 c1.619-3.905,3.972-7.4,7.057-10.486C21.08-0.394,28.565-3.5,37.441-3.5z M37.557,2.272c-7.314,0-13.467,2.553-18.458,7.657 c-2.515,2.553-4.448,5.419-5.8,8.6c-1.354,3.181-2.029,6.505-2.029,9.972c0,3.429,0.675,6.734,2.029,9.913 c1.353,3.183,3.285,6.021,5.8,8.516c2.514,2.496,5.351,4.399,8.515,5.715c3.161,1.314,6.476,1.971,9.943,1.971 c3.428,0,6.75-0.665,9.973-1.999c3.219-1.335,6.121-3.257,8.713-5.771c4.99-4.876,7.484-10.99,7.484-18.344 c0-3.543-0.648-6.895-1.943-10.057c-1.293-3.162-3.18-5.98-5.654-8.458C50.984,4.844,44.795,2.272,37.557,2.272z M37.156,23.187 l-4.287,2.229c-0.458-0.951-1.019-1.619-1.685-2c-0.667-0.38-1.286-0.571-1.858-0.571c-2.856,0-4.286,1.885-4.286,5.657 c0,1.714,0.362,3.084,1.085,4.113c0.724,1.029,1.791,1.544,3.201,1.544c1.867,0,3.181-0.915,3.944-2.743l3.942,2 c-0.838,1.563-2,2.791-3.486,3.686c-1.484,0.896-3.123,1.343-4.914,1.343c-2.857,0-5.163-0.875-6.915-2.629 c-1.752-1.752-2.628-4.19-2.628-7.313c0-3.048,0.886-5.466,2.657-7.257c1.771-1.79,4.009-2.686,6.715-2.686 C32.604,18.558,35.441,20.101,37.156,23.187z M55.613,23.187l-4.229,2.229c-0.457-0.951-1.02-1.619-1.686-2 c-0.668-0.38-1.307-0.571-1.914-0.571c-2.857,0-4.287,1.885-4.287,5.657c0,1.714,0.363,3.084,1.086,4.113 c0.723,1.029,1.789,1.544,3.201,1.544c1.865,0,3.18-0.915,3.941-2.743l4,2c-0.875,1.563-2.057,2.791-3.541,3.686 c-1.486,0.896-3.105,1.343-4.857,1.343c-2.896,0-5.209-0.875-6.941-2.629c-1.736-1.752-2.602-4.19-2.602-7.313 c0-3.048,0.885-5.466,2.658-7.257c1.77-1.79,4.008-2.686,6.713-2.686C51.117,18.558,53.938,20.101,55.613,23.187z"/> </g> </svg> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.0" x="0px" y="0px" width="64px" height="64px" viewBox="-0.5 0.5 64 64" enable-background="new -0.5 0.5 64 64" xml:space="preserve" class="cc-icon"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M9.479 9.3C15.574 3.09 23.056 0 31.933 0C40.885 0 48.525 3.119 54.813 9.367C57.822 12.377 60.108 15.812 61.67 19.697C63.23 23.546 64 27.657 64 32C64 36.383 63.23 40.5 61.669 44.347C60.146 48.156 57.868 51.52 54.857 54.453C51.732 57.54 48.198 59.895 44.236 61.534C40.273 63.173 36.162 63.999 31.933 63.999C27.703 63.999 23.65 63.203 19.764 61.601C15.915 59.963 12.451 57.613 9.366 54.564C6.318 51.48 3.997 48.018 2.397 44.168C0.797 40.32 0 36.268 0 32C0 27.771 0.797 23.719 2.397 19.832C4.036 15.907 6.392 12.387 9.479 9.3ZM50.621 13.468C45.479 8.325 39.305 5.759 32.067 5.759C24.752 5.759 18.592 8.318 13.602 13.421C11.088 15.975 9.147 18.849 7.776 22.049C6.443 25.211 5.759 28.531 5.759 31.998C5.759 35.427 6.443 38.726 7.776 41.925C9.147 45.088 11.087 47.927 13.602 50.441C16.117 52.919 18.955 54.823 22.118 56.157C25.279 57.452 28.599 58.105 32.067 58.105C35.496 58.105 38.794 57.445 41.994 56.111C45.232 54.777 48.142 52.846 50.734 50.33C55.724 45.454 58.24 39.354 58.24 32C58.24 28.457 57.587 25.101 56.291 21.939C54.996 18.778 53.098 15.945 50.621 13.468ZM18.778 32C18.778 23.549 21.435 13.58 32 13.58C42.564 13.58 45.221 23.549 45.221 32C45.221 40.452 42.564 50.42 32 50.42C21.434 50.42 18.778 40.452 18.778 32ZM33.188 20.683C32.82 20.592 32.429 20.526 32 20.526C26.566 20.526 26.308 28.277 26.308 31.999C26.308 33.196 26.339 34.8 26.555 36.436L33.591 23.506C34.321 22.244 33.949 21.339 33.188 20.683ZM37.692 32C37.692 30.543 37.639 28.471 37.266 26.487L29.402 40.069C28.304 41.716 29.066 42.647 30.276 43.162C30.382 43.204 30.5 43.24 30.612 43.272C30.68 43.296 30.744 43.318 30.814 43.339C31.18 43.43 31.574 43.475 32.002 43.475C37.434 43.475 37.692 35.723 37.692 32Z" fill="black"/> </svg> </a> <br> Copyrights and related rights for <strong>article metadata</strong> waived via <a href="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/" rel="noopener" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;">CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0) Public Domain Dedication</a>. </p> <p style="line-height: 1.05;"> <small> Photos used throughout the site by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@davidjorre" target="_blank" rel="noopener">David Jorre</a>, <a href="https://unsplash.com/@jipy32" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Jean-Philippe Delberghe</a>, <a href="https://unsplash.com/@jjying" target="_blank" rel="noopener">JJ Ying</a>, <a href="https://unsplash.com/@lucabravo" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Luca Bravo</a>, <a href="https://unsplash.com/@brandi1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Brandi Redd</a>, & <a href="https://unsplash.com/@christianperner" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Christian Perner</a> from <a href="https://unsplash.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Unsplash</a>. </small> </p> </div> </section> </div> </footer> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/vendor/feather-4.28.0/feather.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/vendor/jquery-3.4.1/jquery-3.4.1.min.js"></script> <script src="/static/js/vendors/jquery.hoverIntent.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/bootstrap.doaj.js"></script><!-- Plausible Analytics --> <script defer data-domain="doaj.org" src="https://plausible.io/js/script.outbound-links.file-downloads.js"></script> <!-- get tablesorter --> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/vendor/tablesorter-2.3.10/js/jquery.tablesorter.js?v=7.0.4"></script> <!-- get our autocomplete function for select2 --> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/autocomplete.js?v=7.0.4"></script> <!-- get our functions for handling form fields fixme: should there be a form_page flag?--> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/formutils.js?v=7.0.4"></script> <!-- get select2 --> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/vendor/select2-3.5.4/select2.min.js?v=7.0.4"></script> <script type="text/javascript">var current_domain = document.location.host;</script> <script type="text/javascript">var current_scheme = window.location.protocol;</script> <script type="text/javascript">var es_domain = current_domain;</script> <script type="text/javascript">var es_scheme = current_scheme;</script> <!-- get the app's js --> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/doaj.js?v=7.0.4"></script> <script> jQuery (document).ready (function($) { doaj.init(); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery(document).ready(function() { $(".cookie-consent #cookie-consent-hide").on("click", setCookieConsent); $(".site-note-dismiss").on("click", dissmissSiteNote); }); </script> </body> </html>