CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns# article: https://ogp.me/ns/article#"><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","author":{"@type":"Person","description":"Robert N. Charette is a Contributing Editor to IEEE Spectrum and an acknowledged international authority on information technology and systems risk management. A self-described “risk ecologist,” he is interested in the intersections of business, political, technological, and societal risks. Charette is an award-winning author of multiple books and numerous articles on the subjects of risk management, project and program management, innovation, and entrepreneurship. A Life Senior Member of the IEEE, Charette was a recipient of the IEEE Computer Society’s Golden Core Award in 2008.","identifier":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/u/robert-n-charette","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNjY0NTkxNC9vcmlnaW4ucG5nIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTc1NDM4NzE3M30.MTQySQ4SkKwqBh31wur--gqjA9a52wpqPBFrbbae81E/image.png?width=210"},"knowsAbout":"Robert N. Charette is a Contributing Editor and an acknowledged international authority on information technology and systems risk management.","name":"Robert N. Charette","sameAs":[""],"url":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/u/robert-n-charette"},"dateModified":"2023-06-21T02:28:07Z","datePublished":"2023-06-20T15:46:40Z","description":"\u003Cp>Atom Power’s solid-state circuit breaker might deliver the cheap charging landlords seek\u003C/p>","headline":"EV Chargers for All!","image":"https://assets.rbl.ms/34145894/origin.jpg","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-ev-transition-explained-2661260581","@type":"WebPage"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","height":210,"url":"https://assets.rbl.ms/26794698/origin.png","width":2000},"name":"IEEE Spectrum"},"url":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-ev-transition-explained-2661260581"}</script><meta charset="utf-8"/><script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer ||[]; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('consent','default',{ 'ad_storage':'denied', 'analytics_storage':'denied', 'ad_user_data':'denied', 'ad_personalization':'denied', 'personalization_storage':'denied', 'functionality_storage':'granted', 'security_storage':'granted', 'wait_for_update': 500 }); gtag("set", "ads_data_redaction", true); </script><script src="https://cmp.osano.com/AzyzptTmRlqVd2LRf/04dfdd03-699a-4224-a9f1-d3ca23cdf4e9/osano.js"></script><link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/FavoritMono/ABCFavoritMono-Light.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin=""/><link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/FavoritMono/ABCFavoritMono-Regular.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin=""/><link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/ABCFavoritProFullWeb/ABCFavoritPro-Light.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin=""/><link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/ABCFavoritProFullWeb/ABCFavoritPro-Bold.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin=""/><link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/IvarCompleteWeb/IvarHeadline-Regular.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin=""/><link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/ABCFavoritProFullWeb/ABCFavoritPro-Regular.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin=""/><link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/IvarCompleteWeb/IvarHeadline-Bold.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin=""/><script type="text/javascript"> navigator.userAgent.includes("Chrome")&&function(e,t,n,r,i){var o,a,c=["click","contextmenu","dblclick","gotpointercapture","keydown","keypress","keyup","lostpointercapture","mousedown","mouseup","mousemove","pointercancel","pointerdown","pointerenter","pointerleave","pointermove","pointerover","pointerup","touchcancel","touchend","touchmove","touchstart"],s=["scroll","wheel"],u=new r,p=new r,l=new r,d=25,f=25,v="_rmStopped",m="_rmImmediatelyStopped",h=e.setTimeout,y=e.clearTimeout,g=n.prototype,E=null;function L(e){return function(e){return new Promise((function(t){h(t,e||0)}))}(e)}function w(e){return i&&"scheduling"in i&&"isInputPending"in i.scheduling&&i.scheduling.isInputPending({includeContinuous:!0})?L(e).then((function(){return w(e)})):L(e)}function I(e,t,r,i,o){if(!(r[m]||i===n.BUBBLING_PHASE&&r[v]&&element!==r.target)){var a,c={get:(a={currentTarget:o},function(e,t,n){if(t in a)return a[t];var r=Reflect.get(e,t);return r instanceof Function?function(){return Reflect.apply(r,e,arguments)}:r})},s=new Proxy(r,c);try{e&&"handleEvent"in e?e.handleEvent.call(e,s):e.call(t,s)}catch(e){console.error(e)}}}function P(e){return function(t){var n=this,r=t.eventPhase,i=t.currentTarget,o={canceled:!1};"dataset"in n&&n.dataset.inpZillaSkip?I(e,n,t,r,i):(l.has(e)&&(l.get(e).canceled=!0),l.set(e,o),w(f).then((function(){o.canceled||(I(e,n,t,r,i),l.delete(e))})))}}function _(e){return function(t){var r=this,i=t.eventPhase,o=t.currentTarget,a=t.timeStamp;new n("rm").timeStamp-a<d||"dataset"in r&&r.dataset.inpZillaSkip?I(e,r,t,i,o):(E&&(E.style.display="none",E.style.opacity="0",E.style.display="block",E.style.opacity="1"),w().then((function(){I(e,r,t,i,o)})))}}function k(e,t,n,r,i){if(!n.has(r)){var o=i(r);n.set(r,o)}var a=Array.from(t);a[1]=n.get(r),e._rmInpAddEventListener.apply(e,a)}function A(t,n){var r=this||e;if(n){if(s.includes(t))return void k(r,arguments,p,n,P);if(c.includes(t))return void k(r,arguments,u,n,_)}r._rmInpAddEventListener.apply(r,arguments)}function x(t,n){var r=this||e,i=n;n&&(c.includes(t)&&u.has(n)?i=u.get(n):s.includes(t)&&p.has(n)&&(i=p.get(n)));var o=Array.from(arguments);o[1]=i,r._rmInpRemoveEventListener.apply(r,o)}function T(e){e._rmInpAddEventListener=e.addEventListener,e._rmInpRemoveEventListener=e.removeEventListener,e.addEventListener=A,e.removeEventListener=x}function S(e){c.forEach((function(t){var n="on"+t;Object.defineProperty(e,n,{set:function(e){var n=this,r="__rmInpOn"+t;n[r]&&n.removeEventListener(t,n[r],{passive:!0}),n[r]=e,n.addEventListener(t,e,{passive:!0})}})}))}function b(e,t){return function(){this[e]=!0,t.apply(this,arguments)}}function C(e,t,n){return w().then((function(){e.apply(t,n)})).catch(console.error)}t.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",(function(){var e;(e=t.createElement("div")).style.height="100px",e.style.width="100px",e.style.backgroundColor="#ffffff03",e.style.position="fixed",e.style.top="1px",e.style.left="1px",e.style.transform="translateX(-100px)",t.body.appendChild(e),E=e})),T(e),T(t),T(Element.prototype),S(e),S(t),S(HTMLElement.prototype),o=g.stopPropagation,a=g.stopImmediatePropagation,g.stopPropagation=b(v,o),g.stopImmediatePropagation=b(m,a),function(){var t=new r;function n(e){t.has(e)?y(t.get(e)):y(e)}e.setTimeout=function(e,t){var n=this,r=Array.from(arguments).splice(2);return h((function(){C(e,n,r)}),t)},e.setInterval=function(e,n){var r=this,i=Array.from(arguments).splice(2);function o(){var e=h(a,n);t.set(c,e)}function a(){C(e,r,i).then(o)}var c=h(a,n);t.set(c,c)},e.clearInterval=n,e.clearTimeout=n}()}(window,document,Event,Map,navigator); </script><meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"/><link fetchpriority="high" rel="preload" imagesrcset="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/white-boxes-with-different-colored-stickers-on-top-with-an-orange-rod-sticking-out-of-top.jpg?id=34145894&width=3600&height=2700 3x, https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/white-boxes-with-different-colored-stickers-on-top-with-an-orange-rod-sticking-out-of-top.jpg?id=34145894&width=2400&height=1800 2x, https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/white-boxes-with-different-colored-stickers-on-top-with-an-orange-rod-sticking-out-of-top.jpg?id=34145894&width=1200&height=900 1x" as="image"/><link rel="canonical" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-ev-transition-explained-2661260581"/><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta name="twitter:site" content="@"/><meta name="twitter:site:id" content=""/><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/white-boxes-with-different-colored-stickers-on-top-with-an-orange-rod-sticking-out-of-top.jpg?id=34145894&width=1200&height=600&coordinates=0%2C312%2C0%2C313"/><meta property="fb:app_id" content="200167090048537"/><meta property="og:type" content="article"/><meta property="article:section" content="Transportation"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-ev-transition-explained-2661260581"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="IEEE Spectrum"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/white-boxes-with-different-colored-stickers-on-top-with-an-orange-rod-sticking-out-of-top.jpg?id=34145894&width=1200&height=600&coordinates=0%2C312%2C0%2C313"/><meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"/><meta property="og:image:height" content="600"/><meta property="og:title" content="EV Chargers for All!"/><meta property="og:description" content="Atom Power’s solid-state circuit breaker might deliver the cheap charging landlords seek"/><meta name="description" content="Atom Power’s solid-state circuit breaker might deliver the cheap charging landlords seek"/><meta name="keywords" content="climate tech, electric vehicles, ev charging, circuit breakers"/><meta name="referrer" content="always"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://user-stats.rbl.ms/" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://pages-stats.rbl.ms/" crossorigin="anonymous"/><script class="rm-i-script">window.REBELMOUSE_BOOTSTRAP_DATA = {"isUserLoggedIn": false, "site": {"id": 20265424, "isCommunitySite": false}, "runner": {"id": 20265424}, "post": {"id": 2661260581, "sections": [0, 497728257, 539622579, 544169524, 2221589049, 544169516, 598415773], "shareUrl": "https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fthe-ev-transition-explained-2661260581", "status": 0, "tags": ["climate tech", "electric vehicles", "ev charging", "circuit breakers"]}, "path": "/the-ev-transition-explained-2661260581", "pathParams": {"slug": "the-ev-transition-explained-2661260581"}, "resourceId": "pp_2661260581", "fbId": "200167090048537", "fbAppVersion": "v2.5", "clientGaId": "UA-747464-1", "messageBusUri": "wss://messages.rebelmouse.io", "section": {"id": null}, "tag": {"slug": "electric-vehicles"}, "fullBootstrapUrl": "/res/bootstrap/data.js?site_id=20265424\u0026resource_id=pp_2661260581\u0026path_params=%7B%22slug%22%3A%22the-ev-transition-explained-2661260581%22%7D\u0026warehouse10x=1\u0026override_device=desktop\u0026post_id=2661260581", "whitelabel_menu": {}, "useRiver": true, "engine": {"recaptchaSiteKey": null, "lazyLoadShortcodeImages": true, "backButtonGoToPage": true, "changeParticleUrlScroll": false, "countKeepReadingAsPageview": true, "defaultVideoPlayer": "", "theoPlayerLibraryLocation": "", "trackPageViewOnParticleUrlScroll": false, "webVitalsSampleRate": 100, "overrideDevicePixelRatio": null, "image_quality_level": 85, "sendEventsToCurrentDomain": false, "enableLoggedOutUserTracking": false}}; </script><script class="rm-i-script">window.REBELMOUSE_BASE_ASSETS_URL = "https://spectrum.ieee.org/static/dist/social-ux/"; window.REBELMOUSE_BASE_SSL_DOMAIN = "https://spectrum.ieee.org"; window.REBELMOUSE_TASKS_QUEUE = []; window.REBELMOUSE_LOW_TASKS_QUEUE = []; window.REBELMOUSE_LOWEST_TASKS_QUEUE = []; window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE = []; window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB = {}; window.RM_OVERRIDES = {}; window.RM_AD_LOADER = []; </script><script src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/static/dist/social-ux/main.6dd57737d73e2cefa676.bundle.mjs" class="rm-i-script" type="module" async="async" data-js-app="true" data-src-host="https://spectrum.ieee.org" data-src-file="main.mjs"></script><script src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/static/dist/social-ux/main.5cf2d86defc2a8468262.bundle.js" class="rm-i-script" nomodule="nomodule" defer="defer" data-js-app="true" data-src-host="https://spectrum.ieee.org" data-src-file="main.js"></script><script src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/static/dist/social-ux/runtime.7c6b21900ce170cda6bd.bundle.mjs" class="rm-i-script" type="module" async="async" data-js-app="true" data-src-host="https://spectrum.ieee.org" data-src-file="runtime.mjs"></script><script src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/static/dist/social-ux/runtime.a23ceda6b8448f51fcb3.bundle.js" class="rm-i-script" nomodule="nomodule" defer="defer" data-js-app="true" data-src-host="https://spectrum.ieee.org" data-src-file="runtime.js"></script><script src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/static/dist/social-ux/iabTracking.31cf81e3384788188e0d.bundle.mjs" class="rm-i-script" type="module" async="async" data-js-app="true" data-src-host="https://spectrum.ieee.org" data-src-file="iabTracking.mjs"></script><script src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/static/dist/social-ux/iabTracking.7f23064d1f64f976ca2f.bundle.js" class="rm-i-script" nomodule="nomodule" defer="defer" data-js-app="true" data-src-host="https://spectrum.ieee.org" data-src-file="iabTracking.js"></script><link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json"/><meta name="theme-color" content="#647187"/><script class="rm-i-script"> if ('serviceWorker' in navigator) { window.addEventListener('load', function() { navigator.serviceWorker.register('/sw.js').then(function(registration) { console.log('ServiceWorker registration successful with scope: ', registration.scope); }, function(err) { console.log('ServiceWorker registration failed: ', err); }); }); } else { console.log('ServiceWorker not enabled'); } </script><script class="rm-i-script"> // fallback error prone google tag setup var googletag = googletag || {}; googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || []; </script><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"/><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="IEEE Spectrum" href="/feeds/topic/transportation.rss"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1.0"/><title>EV Chargers for All! - IEEE Spectrum</title><style class="rm-i-styles"> article,aside,details,figcaption,figure,footer,header,hgroup,nav,section{display:block;}audio,canvas,video{display:inline-block;}audio:not([controls]){display:none;}[hidden]{display:none;}html{font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-ms-text-size-adjust:100%;}body{margin:0;font-size:1em;line-height:1.4;}body,button,input,select,textarea{font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif;color:#5A5858;}::-moz-selection{background:#145A7C;color:#fff;text-shadow:none;}::selection{background:#145A7C;color:#fff;text-shadow:none;}:focus{outline:5px auto #2684b1;}a:hover,a:active{outline:0;}abbr[title]{border-bottom:1px dotted;}b,strong{font-weight:bold;}blockquote{margin:1em 40px;}dfn{font-style:italic;}hr{display:block;height:1px;border:0;border-top:1px solid #ccc;margin:1em 0;padding:0;}ins{background:#ff9;color:#000;text-decoration:none;}mark{background:#ff0;color:#000;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;}pre,code,kbd,samp{font-family:monospace,serif;_font-family:'courier new',monospace;font-size:1em;}pre{white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;word-wrap:break-word;}q{quotes:none;}q:before,q:after{content:"";content:none;}small{font-size:85%;}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline;}sup{top:-0.5em;}sub{bottom:-0.25em;}ul,ol{margin:1em 0;padding:0 0 0 40px;}dd{margin:0 0 0 40px;}nav ul,nav ol{list-style:none;list-style-image:none;margin:0;padding:0;}img{border:0;-ms-interpolation-mode:bicubic;vertical-align:middle;}svg:not(:root){overflow:hidden;}figure{margin:0;}form{margin:0;}fieldset{border:0;margin:0;padding:0;}label{cursor:pointer;}legend{border:0;padding:0;}button,input{line-height:normal;}button,input[type="button"],input[type="reset"],input[type="submit"]{cursor:pointer;-webkit-appearance:button;}input[type="checkbox"],input[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}input[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;box-sizing:content-box;}input[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none;}button::-moz-focus-inner,input::-moz-focus-inner{border:0;padding:0;}textarea{overflow:auto;vertical-align:top;resize:vertical;}input:invalid,textarea:invalid{background-color:#fccfcc;}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;}td{vertical-align:top;}.ir{display:block;border:0;text-indent:-999em;overflow:hidden;background-color:transparent;background-repeat:no-repeat;text-align:left;direction:ltr;}.ir br{display:none;}.hidden{display:none !important;visibility:hidden;}.visuallyhidden{border:0;clip:rect(0 0 0 0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;}.visuallyhidden.focusable:active,.visuallyhidden.focusable:focus{clip:auto;height:auto;margin:0;overflow:visible;position:static;width:auto;}.invisible{visibility:hidden;}.clearfix:before,.clearfix:after{content:"";display:table;}.clearfix:after{clear:both;}.clearfix{zoom:1;}.zindex20{z-index:20;}.zindex30{z-index:30;}.zindex40{z-index:40;}.zindex50{z-index:50;}html{font-size:11.25px;font-family:serif;line-height:1.66;color:#0D0D0D;font-weight:normal;}body,button,input,select,textarea{font-family:serif;color:#0D0D0D;}.col,body{font-size:1.6rem;line-height:1.66;}a{color:#FF4C00;text-decoration:none;}a:hover{color:#FF4C00;text-decoration:none;}.with-primary-color{color:#FF4C00;}.with-primary-color:hover{color:#FF4C00;}.js-tab,.js-keep-reading,.js-toggle{cursor:pointer;}.noselect{-webkit-touch-callout:none;-webkit-user-select:none;-khtml-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}.tabs__tab{display:inline-block;padding:10px;}.tabs__tab-content{display:none;}.tabs__tab-content.active{display:block;}button:focus,input[type="text"],input[type="email"]{outline:0;}audio,canvas,iframe,img,svg,video{vertical-align:middle;max-width:100%;}textarea{resize:vertical;}.main{background-color:#bdbdbd;position:relative;overflow:hidden;}.valign-wrapper{display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.valign-wrapper .valign{display:block;}#notification{position:fixed;}.article-module__controls-placeholder{position:absolute;}.display-block{display:block;}.cover-all{position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;}.full-width{width:100%;}.fa{font-family:FontAwesome,"fontawesome-mini" !important;}.fa.fa-instagram{font-size:1.15em;}.fa-googleplus:before{content:"\f0d5";}.post-partial,.overflow-visible{overflow:visible !important;}.attribute-data{margin:0 10px 10px 0;padding:5px 10px;background-color:#FF4C00;color:white;border-radius:3px;margin-bottom:10px;display:inline-block;}.attribute-data[value=""]{display:none;}.badge{display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;}.badge-image{border-radius:100%;}.js-expandable.expanded .js-expand,.js-expandable:not(.expanded) .js-contract{display:none;}.js-scroll-trigger{display:block;width:100%;}.sticky-target:not(.legacy){position:fixed;opacity:0;top:0;will-change:transform;transform:translate3d(0px,0px,0px);}.sticky-target.legacy{position:relative;}.sticky-target.legacy.sticky-active{position:fixed;}.color-inherit:hover,.color-inherit{color:inherit;}.js-appear-on-expand{transition:all 350ms;height:0;overflow:hidden;opacity:0;}.content-container{display:none;}.expanded .content-container{display:block;}.expanded .js-appear-on-expand{opacity:1;height:auto;}.logged-out-user .js-appear-on-expand{height:0;opacity:0;}.h1,.h2{margin:0;padding:0;font-size:1em;font-weight:normal;}.lazyload-placeholder{display:none;position:absolute;text-align:center;background:rgba(0,0,0,0.1);top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;}div[runner-lazy-loading] .lazyload-placeholder,iframe[runner-lazy-loading] + .lazyload-placeholder{display:block;}.abs-pos-center{position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;margin:auto;}.relative{position:relative;}.runner-spinner{position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;margin:auto;width:50px;}.runner-spinner:before{content:"";display:block;padding-top:100%;}.rm-non-critical-loaded .runner-spinner-circular{animation:rotate 2s linear infinite;height:100%;transform-origin:center center;width:100%;position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;margin:auto;}.position-relative{position:relative;}.collection-button{display:inline-block;}.rm-non-critical-loaded .runner-spinner-path{stroke-dasharray:1,200;stroke-dashoffset:0;animation:dash 1.5s ease-in-out infinite,color 6s ease-in-out infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}.pagination-container .pagination-wrapper{display:flex;align-items:center;}.pagination-container .pagination-wrapper a{color:rgba(59,141,242,1);margin:0 5px;}@keyframes rotate{100%{transform:rotate(360deg);}}@keyframes dash{0%{stroke-dasharray:1,200;stroke-dashoffset:0;}50%{stroke-dasharray:89,200;stroke-dashoffset:-35px;}100%{stroke-dasharray:89,200;stroke-dashoffset:-124px;}}@keyframes color{100%,0%{stroke:rgba(255,255,255,1);}40%{stroke:rgba(255,255,255,0.6);}66%{stroke:rgba(255,255,255,0.9);}80%,90%{stroke:rgba(255,255,255,0.7);}}.js-section-loader-feature-container > .slick-list > .slick-track > .slick-slide:not(.slick-active){height:0;visibility:hidden;}.rebellt-item-media-container .instagram-media{margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important;}.js-hidden-panel{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;transition:all 300ms;z-index:10;}.js-hidden-panel.active{transform:translate3d(0,-100%,0);}.content{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;max-width:1100px;width:90%;}.ad-tag{text-align:center;}.ad-tag__inner{display:inline-block;}.content .ad-tag{margin-left:-5%;margin-right:-5%;}@media (min-width:768px){.content .ad-tag{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}}.user-prefs{display:none;}.no-mb:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:0;}.no-mt:not(:first-child){margin-top:0;}.sm-mt-0:not(:empty):before,.sm-mt-1:not(:empty):before,.sm-mt-2:not(:empty):before,.sm-mb-0:not(:empty):after,.sm-mb-1:not(:empty):after,.sm-mb-2:not(:empty):after,.md-mt-0:not(:empty):before,.md-mt-1:not(:empty):before,.md-mt-2:not(:empty):before,.md-mb-0:not(:empty):after,.md-mb-1:not(:empty):after,.md-mb-2:not(:empty):after,.lg-mt-0:not(:empty):before,.lg-mt-1:not(:empty):before,.lg-mt-2:not(:empty):before,.lg-mb-0:not(:empty):after,.lg-mb-1:not(:empty):after,.lg-mb-2:not(:empty):after{content:'';display:block;overflow:hidden;}.sm-mt-0:not(:empty):before{margin-bottom:0;}.sm-mt-0 > *{margin-top:0;}.sm-mt-1:not(:empty):before{margin-bottom:-10px;}.sm-mt-1 > *{margin-top:10px;}.sm-mt-2:not(:empty):before{margin-bottom:-20px;}.sm-mt-2 > *{margin-top:20px;}.sm-mb-0:not(:empty):after{margin-top:0;}.sm-mb-0 > *{margin-bottom:0;}.sm-mb-1:not(:empty):after{margin-top:-10px;}.sm-mb-1 > *{margin-bottom:10px;}.sm-mb-2:not(:empty):after{margin-top:-20px;}.sm-mb-2 > *{margin-bottom:20px;}@media (min-width:768px){.md-mt-0:not(:empty):before{margin-bottom:0;}.md-mt-0 > *{margin-top:0;}.md-mt-1:not(:empty):before{margin-bottom:-10px;}.md-mt-1 > *{margin-top:10px;}.md-mt-2:not(:empty):before{margin-bottom:-20px;}.md-mt-2 > *{margin-top:20px;}.md-mb-0:not(:empty):after{margin-top:0;}.md-mb-0 > *{margin-bottom:0;}.md-mb-1:not(:empty):after{margin-top:-10px;}.md-mb-1 > *{margin-bottom:10px;}.md-mb-2:not(:empty):after{margin-top:-20px;}.md-mb-2 > *{margin-bottom:20px;}}@media (min-width:1024px){.lg-mt-0:not(:empty):before{margin-bottom:0;}.lg-mt-0 > *{margin-top:0;}.lg-mt-1:not(:empty):before{margin-bottom:-10px;}.lg-mt-1 > *{margin-top:10px;}.lg-mt-2:not(:empty):before{margin-bottom:-20px;}.lg-mt-2 > *{margin-top:20px;}.lg-mb-0:not(:empty):after{margin-top:0;}.lg-mb-0 > *{margin-bottom:0;}.lg-mb-1:not(:empty):after{margin-top:-10px;}.lg-mb-1 > *{margin-bottom:10px;}.lg-mb-2:not(:empty):after{margin-top:-20px;}.lg-mb-2 > *{margin-bottom:20px;}}.sm-cp-0{padding:0;}.sm-cp-1{padding:10px;}.sm-cp-2{padding:20px;}@media (min-width:768px){.md-cp-0{padding:0;}.md-cp-1{padding:10px;}.md-cp-2{padding:20px;}}@media (min-width:1024px){.lg-cp-0{padding:0;}.lg-cp-1{padding:10px;}.lg-cp-2{padding:20px;}}.mb-2 > *{margin-bottom:20px;}.mb-2 > :last-child{margin-bottom:0;}.v-sep > *{margin-bottom:20px;}@media (min-width:768px){.v-sep > *{margin-bottom:40px;}}.v-sep > *:last-child{margin-bottom:0;}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.hide-mobile{display:none !important;}}@media only screen and (max-width:1023px){.hide-tablet-and-mobile{display:none !important;}}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.hide-tablet-and-desktop{display:none !important;}}@media only screen and (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1023px){.hide-tablet{display:none !important;}}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.hide-desktop{display:none !important;}}.row.px10{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;}.row.px10 > .col{padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px;}.row.px20{margin-left:-20px;margin-right:-20px;}.row.px20 > .col{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px;}.row{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;}.row:after{content:'';display:table;clear:both;}.row:not(:empty){margin-bottom:-20px;}.col{margin-bottom:20px;}@media (min-width:768px){.col{margin-bottom:40px;}.row:not(:empty){margin-bottom:-40px;}}.row .col{float:left;box-sizing:border-box;}.row .col.pull-right{float:right;}.row .col.s1{width:8.3333333333%;}.row .col.s2{width:16.6666666667%;}.row .col.s3{width:25%;}.row .col.s4{width:33.3333333333%;}.row .col.s5{width:41.6666666667%;}.row .col.s6{width:50%;}.row .col.s7{width:58.3333333333%;}.row .col.s8{width:66.6666666667%;}.row .col.s9{width:75%;}.row .col.s10{width:83.3333333333%;}.row .col.s11{width:91.6666666667%;}.row .col.s12{width:100%;}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.row .col.m1{width:8.3333333333%;}.row .col.m2{width:16.6666666667%;}.row .col.m3{width:25%;}.row .col.m4{width:33.3333333333%;}.row .col.m5{width:41.6666666667%;}.row .col.m6{width:50%;}.row .col.m7{width:58.3333333333%;}.row .col.m8{width:66.6666666667%;}.row .col.m9{width:75%;}.row .col.m10{width:83.3333333333%;}.row .col.m11{width:91.6666666667%;}.row .col.m12{width:100%;}}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.row .col.l1{width:8.3333333333%;}.row .col.l2{width:16.6666666667%;}.row .col.l3{width:25%;}.row .col.l4{width:33.3333333333%;}.row .col.l5{width:41.6666666667%;}.row .col.l6{width:50%;}.row .col.l7{width:58.3333333333%;}.row .col.l8{width:66.6666666667%;}.row .col.l9{width:75%;}.row .col.l10{width:83.3333333333%;}.row .col.l11{width:91.6666666667%;}.row .col.l12{width:100%;}}.widget{position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;}.widget:hover .widget__headline a{color:#FF4C00;}.widget__headline{font-family:Theinhardt-Regular,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#0D0D0D;cursor:pointer;}.widget__headline-text{font-family:inherit;color:inherit;word-break:break-word;}.widget__section-text{display:block;}.image,.widget__image{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;display:block;z-index:0;}.widget__play{position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;text-align:center;}.rm-widget-image-holder{position:relative;}.rm-video-holder{position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:0;left:0;}.rm-zindex-hidden{display:none;z-index:-1;}.rm-widget-image-holder .widget__play{top:0;left:0;}.image.no-image{background-color:#e4e4e4;}.widget__video{position:relative;}.widget__video .rm-scrop-spacer{padding-bottom:56.25%;}.widget__video.rm-video-tiktok{max-width:605px;}.widget__video video,.widget__video iframe{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;height:100%;}.widget__product-vendor{font-size:1.5em;line-height:1.5;margin:25px 0;}.widget__product-buy-link{margin:15px 0;}.widget__product-buy-link-btn{background-color:#000;color:#fff;display:inline-block;font-size:1.6rem;line-height:1em;padding:1.25rem;font-weight:700;}.widget__product-buy-btn:hover{color:#fff;}.widget__product-price{font-size:1.5em;line-height:1.5;margin:25px 0;}.widget__product-compare-at-price{text-decoration:line-through;}.rebellt-item.is--mobile,.rebellt-item.is--tablet{margin-bottom:0.85em;}.rebellt-item.show_columns_on_mobile.col2,.rebellt-item.show_columns_on_mobile.col3{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;}.rebellt-item.show_columns_on_mobile.col2{width:48%;}.rebellt-item.show_columns_on_mobile.col3{width:32%;}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.rebellt-item.col2:not(.show_columns_on_mobile),.rebellt-item.col3:not(.show_columns_on_mobile){display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;}.rebellt-item.col2:not(.show_columns_on_mobile){width:48%;}.rebellt-item.col3:not(.show_columns_on_mobile){width:32%;}}.rebellt-item.parallax{background-size:cover;background-attachment:fixed;position:relative;left:calc(-50vw + 50%);width:100vw;min-height:100vh;padding:0 20%;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:inherit;text-align:center;z-index:3;}.rebellt-item.parallax.is--mobile{background-position:center;margin-bottom:0;padding:0 15%;}.rebellt-item.parallax.has-description:before,.rebellt-item.parallax.has-description:after{content:"";display:block;padding-bottom:100%;}.rebellt-item.parallax.has-description.is--mobile:before,.rebellt-item.parallax.has-description.is--mobile:after{padding-bottom:90vh;}.rebellt-item.parallax h3,.rebellt-item.parallax p{color:white;text-shadow:1px 0 #000;}.rebellt-item.parallax.is--mobile p{font-size:18px;font-weight:400;}.rebellt-ecommerce h3{font-size:1.8em;margin-bottom:15px;}.rebellt-ecommerce--vendor{font-size:1.5em;line-height:1.5;margin:25px 0;}.rebellt-ecommerce--price{font-size:1.5em;line-height:1.5;margin:25px 0;}.rebellt-ecommerce--compare-at-price{text-decoration:line-through;}.rebellt-ecommerce--buy{margin:15px 0;}.rebellt-ecommerce--btn{background-color:#000;color:#fff;display:inline-block;font-size:1.6rem;line-height:1em;padding:1.25rem;font-weight:700;}.rebellt-ecommerce--btn:hover{color:#fff;}.rebelbar.skin-simple{height:50px;line-height:50px;color:#0D0D0D;font-size:1.2rem;border-left:none;border-right:none;background-color:#fff;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__inner{position:relative;height:100%;margin:0 auto;padding:0 20px;max-width:1300px;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .logo{float:left;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .logo__image{max-height:50px;max-width:190px;}.rebelbar--fake.skin-simple{position:relative;border-color:#fff;}.rebelbar--fixed.skin-simple{position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:3;}.with-fixed-header .rebelbar--fixed.skin-simple{position:fixed;top:0;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__menu-toggle{position:relative;cursor:pointer;float:left;text-align:center;font-size:0;width:50px;margin-left:-15px;height:100%;color:#0D0D0D;}.rebelbar.skin-simple i{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block;font-size:20px;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__menu-toggle:hover{color:#FF4C00;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__section-links{display:none;padding:0 100px 0 40px;overflow:hidden;height:100%;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__section-list{margin:0 -15px;height:100%;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__section-links li{display:inline-block;padding:0 15px;text-align:left;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__section-link{color:#0D0D0D;display:block;font-size:1.8rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__section-link:hover{color:#FF4C00;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__sharebar.sharebar{display:none;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__section-list.js--active .rebelbar__more-sections-button{visibility:visible;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__more-sections-button{cursor:pointer;visibility:hidden;}.rebelbar.skin-simple #rebelbar__more-sections{visibility:hidden;position:fixed;line-height:70px;left:0;width:100%;background-color:#1f1f1f;}.rebelbar.skin-simple #rebelbar__more-sections a{color:white;}.rebelbar.skin-simple #rebelbar__more-sections.opened{visibility:visible;}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__menu-toggle{margin-right:15px;}.rebelbar.skin-simple{height:100px;line-height:100px;font-weight:700;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .logo__image{max-width:350px;max-height:100px;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__inner{padding:0 40px;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__sharebar.sharebar{float:left;margin-top:20px;margin-bottom:20px;padding-left:40px;}}@media (min-width:960px){.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__section-links{display:block;}.with-floating-shares .rebelbar.skin-simple .search-form{display:none;}.with-floating-shares .rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__sharebar.sharebar{display:block;}.with-floating-shares .rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__section-links{display:none;}}.menu-global{display:none;width:100%;position:fixed;z-index:3;color:white;background-color:#1a1a1a;height:100%;font-size:1.8rem;overflow-y:auto;overflow-x:hidden;line-height:1.6em;}@media (min-width:768px){.menu-global{display:block;max-width:320px;top:0;-webkit-transform:translate(-320px,0);transform:translate(-320px,0);transform:translate3d(-320px,0,0);}.menu-global,.all-content-wrapper{transition:transform .2s cubic-bezier(.2,.3,.25,.9);}}.menu-overlay{position:fixed;top:-100%;left:0;height:0;width:100%;cursor:pointer;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;transition:opacity 200ms;}.menu-opened .menu-overlay{visibility:visible;height:100%;z-index:1;opacity:1;top:0;}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.menu-opened .menu-overlay{z-index:10;background:rgba(255,255,255,.6);}}@media (min-width:960px){.logged-out-user .rebelbar.skin-simple .menu-overlay{display:none;}}@media (min-width:600px){.rm-resized-container-5{width:5%;}.rm-resized-container-10{width:10%;}.rm-resized-container-15{width:15%;}.rm-resized-container-20{width:20%;}.rm-resized-container-25{width:25%;}.rm-resized-container-30{width:30%;}.rm-resized-container-35{width:35%;}.rm-resized-container-40{width:40%;}.rm-resized-container-45{width:45%;}.rm-resized-container-50{width:50%;}.rm-resized-container-55{width:55%;}.rm-resized-container-60{width:60%;}.rm-resized-container-65{width:65%;}.rm-resized-container-70{width:70%;}.rm-resized-container-75{width:75%;}.rm-resized-container-80{width:80%;}.rm-resized-container-85{width:85%;}.rm-resized-container-90{width:90%;}.rm-resized-container-95{width:95%;}.rm-resized-container-100{width:100%;}}.rm-embed-container{position:relative;}.rm-embed-container.rm-embed-instagram{max-width:540px;}.rm-embed-container.rm-embed-tiktok{max-width:572px;min-height:721px;}.rm-embed-container.rm-embed-tiktok blockquote,.rm-embed-twitter blockquote{all:revert;}.rm-embed-container.rm-embed-tiktok blockquote{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;position:relative;}.rm-embed-container.rm-embed-tiktok blockquote,.rm-embed-container.rm-embed-tiktok blockquote > iframe,.rm-embed-container.rm-embed-tiktok blockquote > section{width:100%;min-height:721px;display:block;}.rm-embed-container.rm-embed-tiktok blockquote > section{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-direction:column;text-align:center;}.rm-embed-container.rm-embed-tiktok blockquote > section:before{content:"";display:block;width:100%;height:300px;border-radius:8px;}.rm-embed-container > .rm-embed,.rm-embed-container > .rm-embed-holder{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;}.rm-embed-holder{display:block;height:100%;width:100%;display:flex;align-items:center;}.rm-embed-container > .rm-embed-spacer{display:block;}.rm-embed-twitter{max-width:550px;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px;}.rm-embed-twitter blockquote{position:relative;height:100%;width:100%;flex-direction:column;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-direction:column;text-align:center;}.rm-embed-twitter:not(.rm-off) .twitter-tweet{margin:0 !important;}.logo__image,.image-element__img,.rm-lazyloadable-image{max-width:100%;height:auto;}.logo__image,.image-element__img{width:auto;}@media (max-width:768px){.rm-embed-spacer.rm-embed-spacer-desktop{display:none;}}@media (min-width:768px){.rm-embed-spacer.rm-embed-spacer-mobile{display:none;}}.sharebar{margin:0 -4px;padding:0;font-size:0;line-height:0;}.sharebar a{color:#fff;}.sharebar a:hover{text-decoration:none;color:#fff;}.sharebar .share,.sharebar .share-plus{display:inline-block;margin:0 4px;font-size:14px;font-weight:400;padding:0 10px;width:20px;min-width:20px;height:40px;line-height:38px;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:2px;}.sharebar .share-plus i,.sharebar .share i{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}.sharebar .hide-button{display:none;}.sharebar.enable-panel .hide-button{display:inline-block;}.sharebar.enable-panel .share-plus{display:none;}.sharebar.with-first-button-caption:not(.enable-panel) .share:first-child{width:68px;}.sharebar.with-first-button-caption:not(.enable-panel) .share:first-child:after{content:'Share';padding-left:5px;vertical-align:middle;}.sharebar--fixed{display:none;position:fixed;bottom:0;z-index:1;text-align:center;width:100%;left:0;margin:20px auto;}.with-floating-shares .sharebar--fixed{display:block;}.sharebar.fly_shared:not(.enable-panel) .share:nth-child(5){display:none;}.share-media-panel .share-media-panel-pinit{position:absolute;right:0;bottom:0;background-color:transparent;}.share-media-panel-pinit_share{background-image:url('/static/img/whitelabel/runner/spritesheets/pin-it-sprite.png');background-color:#BD081C;background-position:-1px -17px;border-radius:4px;float:right;height:34px;margin:7px;width:60px;background-size:194px auto;}.share-media-panel-pinit_share:hover{opacity:.9;}@media (min-width:768px){.sharebar .share-plus .fa,.sharebar .share .fa{font-size:22px;}.sharebar .share,.sharebar .share-plus{padding:0 15px;width:30px;min-width:30px;height:60px;line-height:60px;margin:0 4px;font-size:16px;}.sharebar.with-first-button-caption:not(.enable-panel) .share:first-child{width:180px;}.sharebar.with-first-button-caption:not(.enable-panel) .share:first-child:after{content:'Share this story';padding-left:10px;vertical-align:middle;text-transform:uppercase;}.share-media-panel-pinit_share{background-position:-60px -23px;height:45px;margin:10px;width:80px;}}.action-btn{display:block;font-size:1.6rem;color:#FF4C00;cursor:pointer;border:2px solid #FF4C00;border-color:#FF4C00;border-radius:2px;line-height:1em;padding:1.6rem;font-weight:700;text-align:center;}.action-btn:hover{color:#FF4C00;border:2px solid #FF4C00;border-color:#FF4C00;}.section-headline__text{font-size:3rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1;}.section-headline__text{color:#0D0D0D;}@media (min-width:768px){.section-headline__text{font-size:3.6rem;}.content__main .section-headline__text{margin-top:-.3rem;margin-bottom:2rem;}}.module-headline__text{font-size:3rem;font-weight:700;color:#262626;}@media (min-width:768px){.module-headline__text{font-size:3.6rem;}}.search-form{position:absolute;top:0;right:20px;z-index:1;}.search-form__text-input{display:none;height:42px;font-size:1.3rem;background-color:#f4f4f4;border:none;color:#8f8f8f;text-indent:10px;padding:0;width:220px;position:absolute;right:-10px;top:0;bottom:0;margin:auto;}.search-form .search-form__submit{display:none;position:relative;border:none;bottom:2px;background-color:transparent;}.search-form__text-input:focus,.search-form__submit:focus{border:0 none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;outline:0 none;}.show-search .search-form__close{position:absolute;display:block;top:0;bottom:0;margin:auto;height:1rem;right:-28px;}.search-form__open{vertical-align:middle;bottom:2px;display:inline-block;position:relative;color:#0D0D0D;font-size:1.9rem;}.show-search .search-form__text-input{display:block;}.show-search .search-form__submit{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;padding:0;color:#0D0D0D;font-size:1.9rem;}.search-form__close,.show-search .search-form__open{display:none;}.quick-search{display:block;border-bottom:1px solid #d2d2d2;padding:24px 0 28px;margin-bottom:20px;position:relative;}.quick-search__submit{background-color:transparent;border:0;padding:0;margin:0;position:absolute;zoom:.75;color:#000;}.quick-search__input{background-color:transparent;border:0;padding:0;font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:700;line-height:3em;padding-left:40px;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;}@media (min-width:768px){.search-form{right:40px;}.quick-search{margin-bottom:40px;padding:0 0 20px;}.quick-search__submit{zoom:1;}.quick-search__input{line-height:2.2em;padding-left:60px;}}.search-widget{position:relative;}.search-widget__input,.search-widget__submit{border:none;padding:0;margin:0;color:#0D0D0D;background:transparent;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;}.social-links__link{display:inline-block;padding:12px;line-height:0;width:25px;height:25px;border-radius:50%;margin:0 6px;font-size:1.5em;text-align:center;position:relative;vertical-align:middle;color:white;}.social-links__link:hover{color:white;}.social-links__link > span{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;margin:auto;height:1em;}.article__body{font-family:Theinhardt-Regular,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;}.body-description .horizontal-rule{border-top:2px solid #eee;}.article-content blockquote{border-left:5px solid #FF4C00;border-left-color:#FF4C00;color:#656565;padding:0 0 0 25px;margin:1em 0 1em 25px;}.article__splash-custom{position:relative;}.body hr{display:none;}.article-content .media-caption{color:#9a9a9a;font-size:1.4rem;line-height:2;}.giphy-image{margin-bottom:0;}.article-body a{word-wrap:break-word;}.article-content .giphy-image__credits-wrapper{margin:0;}.article-content .giphy-image__credits{color:#000;font-size:1rem;}.article-content .image-media,.article-content .giphy-image .media-photo-credit{display:block;}.tags{color:#FF4C00;margin:0 -5px;}.tags__item{margin:5px;display:inline-block;}.tags .tags__item{line-height:1;}.slideshow .carousel-control{overflow:hidden;}.shortcode-media .media-caption,.shortcode-media .media-photo-credit{display:block;}@media (min-width:768px){.tags{margin:0 -10px;}.tags__item{margin:10px;}.article-content__comments-wrapper{border-bottom:1px solid #d2d2d2;margin-bottom:20px;padding-bottom:40px;}}.subscription-widget{background:#FF4C00;padding:30px;}.subscription-widget .module-headline__text{text-align:center;font-size:2rem;font-weight:400;color:#fff;}.subscription-widget .social-links{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;text-align:center;font-size:0;}.subscription-widget .social-links__link{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;width:39px;height:39px;color:#fff;box-sizing:border-box;border-radius:50%;font-size:20px;margin:0 5px;line-height:35px;background:transparent;border:2px solid #fff;border-color:#fff;}.subscription-widget .social-links__link:hover{color:#FF4C00;border-color:#FF4C00;background:transparent;}.subscription-widget .social-links__link .fa-instagram{margin:5px 0 0 1px;}.subscription-widget__site-links{margin:30px -5px;text-align:center;font-size:.8em;}.subscription-widget__site-link{padding:0 5px;color:inherit;}.newsletter-element__form{text-align:center;position:relative;max-width:500px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}.newsletter-element__submit,.newsletter-element__input{border:0;padding:10px;font-size:1.6rem;font-weight:500;height:40px;line-height:20px;margin:0;}.newsletter-element__submit{background:#262626;color:#fff;position:absolute;top:0;right:0;}.newsletter-element__submit:hover{opacity:.9;}.newsletter-element__input{background:#f4f4f4;width:100%;color:#8f8f8f;padding-right:96px;box-sizing:border-box;}.gdpr-cookie-wrapper{position:relative;left:0;right:0;padding:.5em;box-sizing:border-box;}.gdpr-cookie-controls{text-align:right;}.runner-authors-list{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-left:0;list-style-type:none;}.runner-authors-author-wrapper{display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:stretch;align-content:stretch;}.runner-authors-avatar-thumb{display:inline-block;border-radius:100%;width:55px;height:55px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center;background-size:cover;}.runner-authors-author-info{width:calc(100% - 55px);}.runner-author-name-container{padding:0 6px;}.rm-breadcrumb__list{margin:0;padding:0;}.rm-breadcrumb__item{list-style-type:none;display:inline;}.rm-breadcrumb__item:last-child .rm-breadcrumb__separator{display:none;}.rm-breadcrumb__item:last-child .rm-breadcrumb__link,.rm-breadcrumb__link.disabled{pointer-events:none;color:inherit;}.social-tab-i .share-fb:after,.social-tab-i .share-tw:after{content:none;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i a{margin-right:0;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i li{line-height:1px;float:left;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i ul{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;}.share-tab-img{max-width:100%;padding:0;margin:0;position:relative;overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i{position:absolute;bottom:0;right:0;margin:0;padding:0;z-index:1;list-style-type:none;}.close-share-mobile,.show-share-mobile{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.75);}.share-buttons .social-tab-i.show-mobile-share-bar .close-share-mobile,.share-buttons .social-tab-i .show-share-mobile,.share-buttons .social-tab-i .share{width:30px;height:30px;line-height:27px;padding:0;text-align:center;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i.show-mobile-share-bar .show-share-mobile,.share-buttons .social-tab-i .close-share-mobile{display:none;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i .icons-share{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block;font:normal normal normal 14px/1 FontAwesome;color:white;}.social-tab-i .icons-share.fb:before{content:'\f09a';}.social-tab-i .icons-share.tw:before{content:'\f099';}.social-tab-i .icons-share.pt:before{content:'\f231';}.social-tab-i .icons-share.tl:before{content:'\f173';}.social-tab-i .icons-share.em:before{content:'\f0e0';}.social-tab-i .icons-share.sprite-shares-close:before{content:'\f00d';}.social-tab-i .icons-share.sprite-shares-share:before{content:'\f1e0';}@media only screen and (max-width:768px){.share-tab-img .social-tab-i{display:block;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i .share{display:none;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i.show-mobile-share-bar .share{display:block;}.social-tab-i li{float:left;}}@media only screen and (min-width:769px){.social-tab-i .close-share-mobile,.social-tab-i .show-share-mobile{display:none !important;}.share-tab-img .social-tab-i{display:none;}.share-tab-img:hover .social-tab-i{display:block;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i .share{width:51px;height:51px;line-height:47px;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i{margin:5px 0 0 5px;top:0;left:0;bottom:auto;right:auto;display:none;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i .share{display:block;}}.accesibility-hidden{border:0;clip:rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;background:#000;color:#fff;}body:not(.rm-non-critical-loaded) .follow-button{display:none;}.posts-custom .posts-wrapper:after{content:"";display:block;margin-bottom:-20px;}.posts-custom .widget{margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;}.posts-custom .widget__headline,.posts-custom .social-date{display:block;}.posts-custom .social-date{color:#a4a2a0;font-size:1.4rem;}.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_headline] .widget{vertical-align:top;}.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_headline="top"] .widget{vertical-align:bottom;}.posts-custom .posts-wrapper{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;font-size:0;line-height:0;}.posts-custom .widget{display:inline-block;}.posts-custom article{margin:0;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:1.6rem;line-height:1.66;}.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_columns="2"] article,.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_columns="3"] article,.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_columns="4"] article{margin:0 10px;}.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_columns="2"] .posts-wrapper,.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_columns="3"] .posts-wrapper,.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_columns="4"] .posts-wrapper{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;}@media (min-width:768px){.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_columns="2"] .widget{width:50%;}.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_columns="3"] .widget{width:33.3333%;}.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_columns="4"] .widget{width:25%;}}.posts-custom .widget__headline{font-size:1em;font-weight:700;word-wrap:break-word;}.posts-custom .widget__section{display:block;}.posts-custom .widget__head{position:relative;}.posts-custom .widget__head .widget__body{position:absolute;padding:5%;bottom:0;left:0;box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;background:rgba(0,0,0,0.4);background:linear-gradient(transparent 5%,rgba(0,0,0,0.5));}.posts-custom .widget__head .social-author__name,.posts-custom .widget__head .main-author__name,.posts-custom .widget__head .social-author__social-name,.posts-custom .widget__head .main-author__social-name,.posts-custom .widget__head .widget__headline,.posts-custom .widget__head .widget__subheadline{color:white;}.posts-custom .widget__subheadline *{display:inline;}.posts-custom .main-author__avatar,.posts-custom .social-author__avatar{float:left;border-radius:50%;margin-right:8px;height:30px;width:30px;min-width:30px;overflow:hidden;position:relative;}.posts-custom .main-author__name,.posts-custom .social-author__name{color:#1f1f1f;font-size:1.4rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.66;display:inline;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;}.posts-custom .main-author__social-name,.posts-custom .social-author__social-name{color:#757575;display:block;font-size:1.2rem;line-height:0.8em;}.posts-custom .main-author__name:hover,.posts-custom .social-author__name:hover,.posts-custom .main-author__social-name:hover,.posts-custom .social-author__social-name:hover{color:#FF4C00;}.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_carousel] .posts-wrapper:after{margin-bottom:0 !important;}.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_carousel] .widget{margin-bottom:0 !important;}.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_carousel][data-attr-layout_columns="1"] .posts-wrapper:not(.slick-initialized) .widget:not(:first-child),.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_carousel]:not([data-attr-layout_columns="1"]) .posts-wrapper:not(.slick-initialized){display:none !important;}.posts-custom .slick-arrow{position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;width:7%;max-width:60px;min-width:45px;min-height:60px;height:15%;color:white;border:0;margin:auto 10px;background:#FF4C00;z-index:1;cursor:pointer;font-size:1.6rem;line-height:1;opacity:0.9;}.posts-custom .slick-prev{left:0;}.posts-custom .slick-next{right:0;}.posts-custom .slick-arrow:before{position:absolute;left:0;right:0;width:13px;bottom:0;top:0;margin:auto;height:16px;}.posts-custom .slick-arrow:hover{background:#FF4C00;opacity:1;}.posts-custom .slick-dots{display:block;padding:10px;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;margin:0 -5px;}.posts-custom .slick-dots li{display:inline-block;margin:0 5px;}.posts-custom .slick-dots button{font-size:0;width:10px;height:10px;display:inline-block;line-height:0;border:0;background:#FF4C00;border-radius:7px;padding:0;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;outline:none;}.posts-custom .slick-dots .slick-active button,.posts-custom .slick-dots button:hover{background:#FF4C00;}.posts-custom hr{display:none;}.posts-custom{font-family:Theinhardt-Regular,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;}.posts-custom blockquote{border-left:5px solid #FF4C00;border-left-color:#FF4C00;color:#656565;padding:0 0 0 25px;margin:1em 0 1em 25px;}.posts-custom .media-caption{color:#9a9a9a;font-size:1.4rem;line-height:2;}.posts-custom a{word-wrap:break-word;}.posts-custom .giphy-image__credits-wrapper{margin:0;}.posts-custom .giphy-image__credits{color:#000;font-size:1rem;}.posts-custom .body .image-media,.posts-custom .body .giphy-image .media-photo-credit{display:block;}.posts-custom .widget__shares.enable-panel .share-plus,.posts-custom .widget__shares:not(.enable-panel) .hide-button{display:none;}.posts-custom .widget__shares{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;font-size:0;}.posts-custom .widget__shares a{display:inline-block;padding:5px;line-height:0;width:25px;height:25px;border-radius:50%;margin:0 10px;font-size:1.5rem;text-align:center;position:relative;vertical-align:middle;color:white;}.posts-custom .widget__shares a:hover{color:white;}.posts-custom .widget__shares i{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;margin:auto;height:1em;}.infinite-scroll-wrapper:not(.rm-loading){width:1px;height:1px;}.infinite-scroll-wrapper.rm-loading{width:1px;}.rm-loadmore-placeholder.rm-loading{display:block;width:100%;}.post-splash-custom,.post-splash-custom .widget__head{position:relative;}.post-splash-custom .widget__head .widget__body{position:absolute;padding:5%;bottom:0;left:0;box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;background:rgba(0,0,0,.4);background:-webkit-linear-gradient(transparent 5%,rgba(0,0,0,.5));background:-o-linear-gradient(transparent 5%,rgba(0,0,0,.5));background:-moz-linear-gradient(transparent 5%,rgba(0,0,0,.5));background:linear-gradient(transparent 5%,rgba(0,0,0,.5));}.post-splash-custom .headline{font-size:2rem;font-weight:700;position:relative;}.post-splash-custom .post-controls{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;z-index:2;}.post-splash-custom hr{display:none;}.post-splash-custom .widget__section{display:block;}.post-splash-custom .post-date{display:block;}.post-splash-custom .photo-credit p,.post-splash-custom .photo-credit a{font-size:1.1rem;margin:0;}.post-splash-custom .widget__subheadline *{display:inline;}.post-splash-custom .widget__image .headline,.post-splash-custom .widget__image .photo-credit,.post-splash-custom .widget__image .photo-credit p,.post-splash-custom .widget__image .photo-credit a,.post-splash-custom .widget__image .post-date{color:#fff;}@media (min-width:768px){.post-splash-custom .headline{font-size:3.6rem;}}.post-splash-custom .widget__shares.enable-panel .share-plus,.post-splash-custom .widget__shares:not(.enable-panel) .hide-button{display:none;}.post-splash-custom .widget__shares{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;font-size:0;}.post-splash-custom .widget__shares a{display:inline-block;padding:5px;line-height:0;width:25px;height:25px;border-radius:50%;margin:0 10px;font-size:1.5rem;text-align:center;position:relative;vertical-align:middle;color:white;}.post-splash-custom .widget__shares a:hover{color:white;}.post-splash-custom .widget__shares i{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;margin:auto;height:1em;}.post-authors{font-size:1.1em;line-height:1;padding-bottom:20px;margin-bottom:20px;color:#9a9a9a;border-bottom:1px solid #d2d2d2;}.post-authors__name,.post-authors__date{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}.post-authors__name{font-weight:600;}.post-authors__date{margin-left:7px;}.post-authors__fb-like{float:right;overflow:hidden;}.post-authors__fb-like[fb-xfbml-state='rendered']:before{content:'Like us on Facebook';line-height:20px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;margin-right:15px;}.post-authors__list{list-style:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;margin:0;padding:0;}.post-author{display:inline;}.post-author__avatar{z-index:0;border-radius:100%;object-fit:cover;width:50px;height:50px;}.post-author__avatar,.post-author__name{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}.post-author__bio p{margin:0;}.post-pager{display:table;width:100%;}.post-pager__spacing{display:table-cell;padding:0;width:5px;}.post-pager__btn{display:table-cell;font-size:1.6rem;background:#FF4C00;color:white;cursor:pointer;line-height:1em;padding:1.6rem;font-weight:700;text-align:center;}.post-pager__btn:hover{background:#FF4C00;color:white;}.post-pager__btn .fa{transition:padding 200ms;}.post-pager__btn:hover .fa{padding:0 5px;}.post-pager__spacing:first-child,.post-pager__spacing:last-child{display:none;}.arrow-link{font-weight:600;font-size:1.5rem;color:#FF4C00;margin:0 -.5rem;text-align:right;position:relative;}.arrow-link__anchor span{vertical-align:middle;margin:0 .5rem;}.list{display:block;margin-left:-1em;margin-right:-1em;padding:0;}.list__item{display:inline-block;padding:1em;}.logo__anchor{display:block;font-size:0;}.logo__image.with-bounds{max-width:190px;max-height:100px;}@media (min-width:768px){.logo__image.with-bounds{max-width:350px;}}.widget__head .rm-lazyloadable-image{width:100%;}.crop-16x9{padding-bottom:56.25%;}.crop-3x2{padding-bottom:66.6666%;}.crop-2x1{padding-bottom:50%;}.crop-1x2{padding-bottom:200%;}.crop-3x1{padding-bottom:33.3333%;}.crop-1x1{padding-bottom:100%;}.rm-crop-16x9 > .widget__img--tag,.rm-crop-16x9 > div:not(.rm-crop-spacer),.rm-crop-3x2 > .widget__img--tag,.rm-crop-3x2 > div:not(.rm-crop-spacer),.rm-crop-2x1 > .widget__img--tag,.rm-crop-2x1 > div:not(.rm-crop-spacer),.rm-crop-1x2 > .widget__img--tag,.rm-crop-1x2 > div:not(.rm-crop-spacer),.rm-crop-3x1 > .widget__img--tag,.rm-crop-3x1 > div:not(.rm-crop-spacer),.rm-crop-1x1 > .widget__img--tag,.rm-crop-1x1 > div:not(.rm-crop-spacer),.rm-crop-custom > .widget__img--tag,.rm-crop-custom > div:not(.rm-crop-spacer){position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;height:100%;width:100%;object-fit:contain;}.rm-crop-16x9 > .rm-crop-spacer,.rm-crop-3x2 > .rm-crop-spacer,.rm-crop-2x1 > .rm-crop-spacer,.rm-crop-1x2 > .rm-crop-spacer,.rm-crop-3x1 > .rm-crop-spacer,.rm-crop-1x1 > .rm-crop-spacer,.rm-crop-custom > .rm-crop-spacer{display:block;}.rm-crop-16x9 > .rm-crop-spacer{padding-bottom:56.25%;}.rm-crop-3x2 > .rm-crop-spacer{padding-bottom:66.6666%;}.rm-crop-2x1 > .rm-crop-spacer{padding-bottom:50%;}.rm-crop-1x2 > .rm-crop-spacer{padding-bottom:200%;}.rm-crop-3x1 > .rm-crop-spacer{padding-bottom:33.3333%;}.rm-crop-1x1 > .rm-crop-spacer{padding-bottom:100%;}.share-plus{background-color:#afafaf;}.share-plus:hover{background-color:#aaaaaa;}.share-facebook,.share-fb{background-color:#1777f2;}.share-facebook:hover,.share-fb:hover{background-color:#318bff;}.share-twitter,.share-tw{background-color:#50abf1;}.share-twitter:hover,.share-tw:hover{background-color:#00a8e5;}.share-apple{background-color:#000000;}.share-apple:hover{background-color:#333333;}.share-linkedin{background-color:#0077b5;}.share-linkedin:hover{background:#006da8;}.share-pinterest{background-color:#ce1e1f;}.share-pinterest:hover{background:#bb2020;}.share-googleplus{background-color:#df4a32;}.share-googleplus:hover{background-color:#c73c26;}.share-reddit{background-color:#ff4300;}.share-email{background-color:#5e7286;}.share-email:hover{background:#48596b;}.share-tumblr{background-color:#2c4762;}.share-tumblr:hover{background-color:#243c53;}.share-sms{background-color:#ff922b;}.share-sms:hover{background-color:#fd7e14;}.share-whatsapp{background-color:#4dc247;}.share-instagram{background-color:#3f729b;}.share-instagram:hover{background-color:#4B88B9;}.share-youtube{background-color:#cd201f;}.share-youtube:hover{background-color:#EA2524;}.share-linkedin{background-color:#0077b5;}.share-linkedin:hover{background-color:#005d8e;}.share-slack{background-color:#36C5F0;}.share-slack:hover{background-color:#0077b5;}.share-openid{background-color:#F7931E;}.share-openid:hover{background-color:#E6881C;}.share-st{background-color:#eb4924;}.share-copy-link{background-color:#159397;}.listicle-slideshow__thumbnails{margin:0 -0.5%;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;min-height:115px;}.listicle-slideshow__thumbnail{width:19%;margin:0.5%;display:inline-block;cursor:pointer;}.listicle-slideshow-pager{display:none;}.rm-non-critical-loaded .listicle-slideshow-pager{display:contents;}.rm-top-sticky-flexible{position:fixed;z-index:4;top:0;left:0;width:100%;transform:translate3d(0px,0px,0px);}.rm-top-sticky-stuck{position:relative;}.rm-top-sticky-stuck .rm-top-sticky-floater{position:fixed;z-index:4;top:0;left:0;width:100%;transform:translate3d(0px,-200px,0px);}.rm-top-sticky-stuck.rm-stuck .rm-top-sticky-floater{transform:translate3d(0px,0px,0px);}.osano-cm-dialog{background-color:#1A1A1A;color:#BFBFBF;padding:44px 20px 24px 20px;font-size:18px;line-height:28px;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif}.osano-cm-info,.osano-cm-info-views{background:#1A1A1A;color:#BFBFBF;font-size:18px;line-height:28px;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;box-shadow:unset}.osano-cm-header,.osano-cm-info-dialog-header{background:#1A1A1A;font-size:20px;color:#fff}.osano-cm-link{color:#f2f2f2}.osano-cm-close{color:#efefef;stroke:#efefef}.osano-cm-close:hover,.osano-cm-close:focus{background-color:#1a1a1a;border-color:#1a1a1a;color:#fff;stroke:#fff;outline:none}.osano-cm-link:focus{color:unset}.osano-cm-buttons button.osano-cm-manage{border-radius:4px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;padding:8px 12px 5px;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:1.4;background-color:#ff4c00;color:white;border:none;margin-top:12px}.osano-cm-buttons button:hover,.osano-cm-buttons button:active{background-color:#A32700;color:#ffffff}.osano-cm-close{stroke-width:1px;border-radius:50%;border-style:solid;border-width:2px;box-sizing:initial;cursor:pointer;height:20px;line-height:normal;margin:16px;min-height:20px;min-width:20px;order:0;outline:none;overflow:hidden;padding:0;text-decoration:none;transition-timing-function:ease-out;width:20px;z-index:2}.osano-cm-link{cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none;transition-duration:0.2s;transition-property:color;transition-timing-function:ease-out}.osano-cm-link:hover,.osano-cm-link:active{cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none;color:#FF4C00}.osano-cm-close:focus,.osano-cm-close:hover{stroke-width:2px;transform:unset}.osano-cm-link:focus{font-weight:normal}.osano-cm-toggle__switch{background-color:#b8b8b8}.osano-cm-toggle__input:checked + .osano-cm-toggle__switch{background-color:#ff4c00;border-color:#ff4c00}.osano-cm-toggle__input:checked:focus + .osano-cm-toggle__switch,.osano-cm-toggle__input:checked:hover + .osano-cm-toggle__switch{background-color:#ff4c00;border-color:#ff4c00}.osano-cm-toggle__input:disabled:checked + .osano-cm-toggle__switch,.osano-cm-toggle__input:disabled:checked:focus + .osano-cm-toggle__switch,.osano-cm-toggle__input:disabled:checked:hover + .osano-cm-toggle__switch{background-color:#ff4c00;border-color:#ff4c00;opacity:0.5}.osano-cm-button{background-color:#ff4b00;border:1px solid #ff4b00;color:#ffffff;border-radius:4px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;padding:8px 12px 5px;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:normal;margin-right:8px}.osano-cm-button:hover{background-color:#A32700;border:1px solid #A32700}.osano-cm-disclosure__toggle,.osano-cm-expansion-panel__toggle{color:#f2f2f2;cursor:pointer}.osano-cm-drawer-toggle .osano-cm-label{font-size:18px;line-height:1.375em;margin:0 auto 0 0;font-weight:normal;color:white;font-family:"Favorit-Pro"}.osano-cm-disclosure__toggle:focus,.osano-cm-expansion-panel__toggle:focus{color:#ff4b00}.osano-cm-disclosure__toggle:hover,.osano-cm-disclosure__toggle:active,.osano-cm-expansion-panel__toggle:hover,.osano-cm-expansion-panel__toggle:active{color:#ff4b00}.osano-cm-disclosure--collapse{border-bottom:1px solid #4a4a4a;padding-bottom:1em}.osano-cm-widget{display:none}.osano-cm-disclosure__toggle:focus,.osano-cm-disclosure__toggle:hover{text-decoration:none}@media screen and (min-width:768px){.osano-cm-dialog{padding:32px 32px 32px 32px}.osano-cm-dialog--type_bar .osano-cm-button{flex:0.3 0.5 70%;margin:0.25em 0.5em;width:auto}}.osano-cm-save{width:40%;float:right;margin:0 16px 24px 0}.osano-cm-powered-by{clear:both;margin-bottom:0}.rblad-ieee_welcome_interstitial{margin-bottom:0;height:0}.rblad-ieee_welcome_interstitial .rbl-ad:before,[id^="google_ads_"]:before{content:none!important}@media (max-width:727px){.top-leader-container.top-leader-container{min-height:147px}.rbl-ad{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;justify-content:center}.rblad-ieee_in_content .rbl-ad,.rblad-ieee_in_content_new .rbl-ad,.rblad-ieee_infinite_new .rbl-ad,.rblad-ieee_infinite_leaderboard .rbl-ad,.rblad-ieee_infinite_leaderboard,.after_main_article_content{min-height:370px;min-width:350px}.feature_post_full + div{min-height:400px;box-sizing:border-box}.rblad-ieee_top_leaderboard .rbl-ad{min-height:180px;min-width:350px}}@media (min-width:1440px){.after_main_article_content,.rblad-ieee_infinite_new,.rblad-ieee_in_content,.feature_post_full + div,.article_column .rbl-ad,.rblad-ieee_infinite_leaderboard,.rblad-ieee_infinite_leaderboard .rbl-ad{box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;align-items:center;min-width:790px}.after_main_article_content{min-height:320px}.rblad-ieee_infinite_new{min-height:125px}.rblad-ieee_in_content{min-height:384px}.feature_post_full + div{min-height:344px}.article_column .rbl-ad{min-height:320px}.rblad-ieee_infinite_leaderboard,.rblad-ieee_infinite_leaderboard .rbl-ad{min-height:280px;min-width:970px}.rblad-ieee_top_leaderboard .rbl-ad{min-height:120px}.top-leader-container.top-leader-container,.rblad-ieee_top_leaderboard.rblad-ieee_top_leaderboard{min-width:970px}}.sidebar_repeat_ad.sidebar_repeat_ad{margin-top:0}.top-leader-container.top-leader-container,.rblad-ieee_top_leaderboard.rblad-ieee_top_leaderboard{height:180px;padding:0!important;margin-top:-10px!important}.sidebar_repeat_ad.sidebar_repeat_ad{justify-content:flex-start}.rbl-ad{width:100%}.sidebar_repeat_ad .rbl-ad-gpt>div{text-align:left!important}.rblad-ieee_in_content{padding-top:20px;padding-bottom:40px;border-top:1px solid lightgray;border-bottom:1px solid lightgray;display:flex;justify-content:center;clear:both}.ad-in-content.ad-in-content{border:0}@font-face{font-family:'Favorit-Mono';font-weight:300;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;src:url('https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/FavoritMono/ABCFavoritMono-Light.woff2') format('woff2')}@font-face{font-family:'Favorit-Mono';font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;src:url('https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/FavoritMono/ABCFavoritMono-Regular.woff2') format('woff2')}@font-face{font-family:'Favorit-Pro-Light';font-weight:300;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;src:url('https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/ABCFavoritProFullWeb/ABCFavoritPro-Light.woff2') format('woff2')}@font-face{font-family:'Favorit-Pro';font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;src:url('https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/ABCFavoritProFullWeb/ABCFavoritPro-Bold.woff2') format('woff2')}@font-face{font-family:'Ivar-Headline';font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;src:url('https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/IvarCompleteWeb/IvarHeadline-Regular.woff2') format('woff2')}@font-face{font-family:'Favorit-Pro';font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;src:url('https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/ABCFavoritProFullWeb/ABCFavoritPro-Regular.woff2') format('woff2')}@font-face{font-family:'Ivar-Headline-Bold';font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;src:url('https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/IvarCompleteWeb/IvarHeadline-Bold.woff2') format('woff2')}.homepage-logo{display:inline;font-size:1.6rem}.lightbox--shown.lightbox--shown .image-media.media-caption,.lightbox--shown.lightbox--shown .image-media.media-photo-credit{display:none}.headline__h1{font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;font-size:42px;line-height:44px;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:-0.5px;padding:16px 16px 0px 16px;margin:0}body>#myframe{position:absolute}.widget.tag-type-webinar .widget__headline-text,.widget.tag-type-whitepaper .widget__headline-text{text-transform:capitalize}@media (min-width:1568px){.main{border-left:1px solid #bdbdbd;border-right:1px solid #bdbdbd}}[id^="google_ads_"]{margin:0 auto!important}[id^="google_ads_"]:before{content:"Advertisement";text-transform:uppercase;display:block;font-size:10px;color:#595959;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;padding-bottom:0px;letter-spacing:1px}.stick_in_parent{top:40px!important}.sidebar_repeat_ad{align-items:flex-start!important}.ad-in-content{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;border-top:1px solid lightgray;border-bottom:1px solid lightgray;display:flex;justify-content:center}.content{width:auto;max-width:none}.search__close{float:right;position:relative;right:30px;padding-top:3px}.search__close:before,.search__close:after{position:absolute;left:14px;content:" ";height:25px;border-left:2px solid}.search__close:before{transform:rotate(45deg)}.search__close:after{transform:rotate(-45deg)}.search-form{position:relative;right:0;margin-left:20px}.search-form__open{font-size:16px;line-height:53px;height:53px;width:53px;text-align:center;bottom:0}.search-form .search-form__submit{position:absolute;display:block;margin-left:3px;top:0;height:32px;z-index:1}.show-search .search-form__submit{color:#fff;position:absolute;right:0;padding:17px;top:0;display:initial}.topbar_sticky{margin:0}.topbar_sticky .sticky-target.sticky-active{z-index:2;width:100%;top:0}@media (max-width:767px){.menu-opened .menu-global{margin-top:53px}.menu-opened .rebelbar__menu-toggle .fa-bars:before{content:"\f00d"}.cta-member__right-column{margin-top:18px;margin-left:16px}}@media (min-width:768px){.container{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0 30px;margin:0 auto}.scrolled .rebelbar .container{padding:15px 30px 10px!important}.welcome-ad-cont{margin-bottom:32px}}#sidebar_1 div{padding:16px}.arrow-link,.custom-field-PodcastTime{display:none}.menu-global{display:none!important}.infinite-scroll-wrapper:not(.rm-loading){margin:0}.main,.all-content-wrapper{background-color:#ecece9;overflow:inherit}body:not(.section-podcast,.section-podcasts,.section-video,.section-chatbot,.section-fixing-the-future){background:#ecece9}.popup_links .list .list__item:nth-child(1){background:#ff4c00;border:1px solid #ff4c00}.popup_links .list .list__item:nth-child(2){border:1px solid #595959!important;margin-left:15px}.popup_links .list .list__item:nth-child(1):hover{background:#a32700}.popup_links .list .list__item:nth-child(2):hover{border:1px solid #bfbfbf!important}.articles-count{margin:0}.posts-custom .social-date,.posts-custom .time-to-read,.updated_post .social-date-modified,.posts-custom .custom-field-TimeofRead{font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;display:inline-block;padding-right:9px;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.5px;line-height:16px;margin:0;vertical-align:middle}.posts-custom .social-date,.posts-custom .time-to-read,.article_post.updated_post .social-date-modified,.posts-custom .custom-field-TimeofRead{color:#404040}.posts-custom .time-to-read,.posts-custom .custom-field-TimeofRead{border-left:1px solid #a6a6a6;padding-left:7px}.story_teaser .widget .row .col{margin:0}.story_teaser .widget{padding-bottom:20px}.story_teaser.infinite .widget{border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf;margin:0;padding:16px 6px}.story_teaser.not_infinite .widget:not(:last-child){border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf;margin-bottom:0px}.dark_layout .story_teaser.infinite .widget{border-bottom:1px solid #404040}.widget .widget__headline-text,.widget .widget__subheadline-text{text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-color:transparent;text-decoration-thickness:1px;text-underline-offset:3px;transition-duration:300ms;transition-property:text-decoration-color}.featured_post .widget .widget__headline-text,.featured_post .widget .widget__subheadline-text,.fullwidth_post .widget .widget__headline-text,.fullwidth_post .widget .widget__subheadline-text,.story_teaser .widget .widget__headline-text,.story_teaser .widget .widget__subheadline-text{text-underline-offset:5px}.widget .widget__subheadline-text{font-weight:normal}.widget .widget__headline:hover .widget__headline-text,.widget .widget__headline:hover + .widget__subheadline .widget__subheadline-text{text-decoration-color:#ff4c00;color:inherit}.widget:hover .widget__headline a{color:inherit}.current_post .widget .widget__headline-text,.current_post .widget .widget__subheadline-text,.feature_post_full .widget .widget__subheadline-text{text-decoration:none}.icon-close:before,.icon-close:after{position:absolute;left:14px;content:" ";height:29px;border-left:2px solid;color:#f2f2f2}.icon-close:before{transform:rotate(45deg)}.icon-close:after{transform:rotate(-45deg)}.footer{color:#8c8c8c}.dark_top_bar,.footer{background-color:#0d0d0d}.rebelbar-wrapper_static,.rebelbar-wrapper{background:#ecece9;border-bottom:1px solid #bdbdbd}.rebelbar-wrapper div .text-element:nth-child(2){color:#0d0d0d}.rebel-use-info-wrapper button{width:24px;height:24px;border-radius:40px;border:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;background-size:105%}.rebel-user-info{display:inline-block}.menu-item__title{font-family:Favorit-Pro,sans-serif;font-size:18px;margin-right:16px;letter-spacing:-0.011111111111111112em;white-space:nowrap;line-height:32px}.menu-item__title:before,.topbar-sticky .rebelbar__menu-toggle:before{content:"";display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom;border-left:1px solid #d9d9d9;height:32px;margin-right:16px}.dark_layout .menu-item__title:before,.dark_layout .topbar-sticky .rebelbar__menu-toggle:before{border-left:1px solid #404040}.menu-item__title:after{content:"";margin-left:8px;vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block;width:13px;height:10px;transition:all 0.3s ease;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:100% auto}.menu-item:hover .menu-item__title:after{transform:rotate(180deg);position:relative;top:-2px}.menu-item{cursor:pointer}.menu-dropdown:before{content:"TOPICS";color:#737373;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:16px;padding-top:19px;display:block}.menu-dropdown{padding:0 16px;background:#fff;box-sizing:border-box;position:absolute;z-index:2;box-shadow:0 5px 5px #00000017;min-width:231px;transition:all 0.2s ease-out;max-height:0;overflow:hidden}.menu-dropdown .list{padding-bottom:10px}.menu-dropdown .list__item{color:#0d0d0d}.menu-dropdown .list__item:before{content:"";background:#ff4c00;vertical-align:baseline;width:0;height:0;border-radius:50%;display:inline-block;transition:all 200ms ease}.menu-dropdown .list__item.active:before,.menu-dropdown .list__item:hover:before{transition:all 200ms ease;width:13px;height:13px;margin-right:5px}.menu-item:hover .menu-dropdown{max-height:471px}.Top_hugeMenu .rebelbar__menu-toggle{border:none!important;padding:9px 0;position:relative;float:right}.notification-counter{background:#fa8;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;padding:0px 8px;border-radius:40px;font-size:12px;padding-top:3px;float:left;margin-top:3px;height:16px;line-height:16px}.user-info__dropdown-wrapper{display:none;right:32px;top:40px;width:224px;box-sizing:border-box;padding:24px 16px 12px;z-index:100;background:#fff;position:absolute;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-size:18px;letter-spacing:-0.011111111111111112em;line-height:22px;text-transform:capitalize}.user-menu-container:hover .user-info__dropdown-wrapper{display:block}.user-info__dropdown{padding:0;margin:0;display:none}.user-info__dropdown-wrapper .user-info__dropdown{display:block}.user-info__dropdown li,.member-link{padding-bottom:12px;list-style:none}.member-link{display:block}.user-info__dropdown li a,.member-link{color:#0d0d0d}.dark_layout .member-link{color:#d9d9d9}.user-info__dropdown .title strong{font-weight:400}.user-info__dropdown .title a:first-child{cursor:text}.river-notification{border-bottom:1px solid #e6e6e6;padding-bottom:16px;padding-top:2px}.river-notification .content-wrp .date,.river-notification .aside{display:none}.river-notification .content-wrp{font-size:14px;letter-spacing:-0.014285714285714287em;line-height:18px}.is_unread .title:before{content:"\f111";font-family:"FontAwesome";color:#ffaa88;padding-right:8px;font-size:11px;vertical-align:text-top}.river-notification .content-wrp a{font-weight:bold}.user-info__dropdown .profile_link:hover:before{content:"\f111";font-family:"FontAwesome";color:#ff4c00;padding-right:5px;float:left}#user_avatar{border-radius:50%;max-width:24px}#user_name{display:inline-block;color:white;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;text-transform:initial;font-size:14px;color:#bfbfbf;padding:0 10px;margin-top:6px;vertical-align:middle}@media (max-width:767px){#user_name{margin-top:0}}.toggle-user-dropdown:after{content:"";box-sizing:border-box;height:8px;width:8px;border:1px solid #bfbfbf;border-bottom:0;border-right:0;transform:scaleX(-1) rotate(-135deg);margin-top:-4px;margin-left:9px;vertical-align:super;display:inline-block}.user-menu-container{display:inline-block;padding:2px 0px;vertical-align:middle}.toggle-user-dropdown{position:relative;top:6px}.user-info__dropdown .mark-all-as-read{text-align:right;font-size:9px;line-height:16px;cursor:pointer;border-top:1px solid #e6e6e6;margin-top:12px;padding:18px 0 21px;text-transform:lowercase;position:relative}.user-info__dropdown .mark-all-as-read:before{content:"NOTIFICATIONS";float:left;font-size:12px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:0.0625em;color:#737373;cursor:initial;position:absolute;left:0;top:18px}.user-info__dropdown-wrapper .notification-counter{float:right;position:relative;top:26px;cursor:text;z-index:1}.user-info__dropdown-wrapper .notification-counter:not(.hidden) + .user-info__dropdown .mark-all-as-read{padding-top:35px;padding-bottom:7px}.user-info__dropdown .title{margin:0}.user-menu-container:hover .toggle-user-dropdown:after{margin-top:0;transform:scaleX(1) rotate(45deg);position:relative;top:4px}.user-menu-container:hover>.rebel-use-info-wrapper .user-info__dropdown{display:block}.rebelbar__menu-toggle svg g g{fill:#0d0d0d}.dark_layout .rebelbar__menu-toggle svg g g{fill:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout .mobile_search_icon path{stroke:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout #mobile_search_icon svg g g,.dark_layout #search_modal svg g g{stroke:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout .search__close:before,.dark_layout .search__close:after{color:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout .user-info__dropdown-wrapper{background:#404040}.dark_layout .user-info__dropdown-wrapper a,.dark_layout .user-info__dropdown{color:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout .river-notification{border-bottom:1px solid #595959}.rebelbar__menu-toggle{min-width:32px;line-height:32px;white-space:nowrap}.rebelbar__menu-toggle svg{margin-top:-4px}.dark_layout .site_logo svg g{fill:#f2f2f2}.dark_layout .site_logo .text-element{color:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout .search-form .search-form__submit svg g{stroke:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout,.dark_layout .rebelbar-wrapper,.dark_layout .rebelbar-wrapper_static{background:#1a1a1a;border-bottom:1px solid #404040}.dark_layout .dark_top_bar{background-color:#262626;border-bottom:1px solid #404040}.dark_layout .menu-dropdown{background:#404040}.dark_layout .rebelbar-wrapper div .text-element:nth-child(2),.dark_layout .list__item{color:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout .fa-search:before,.dark_layout .module-headline__text,.dark_layout .rebelbar-wrapper .text-element{color:#f2f2f2}.dark_layout .menu-item__title{color:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout .search-form__text-input{background:#404040;color:#f2f2f2}.bottom_menu_links .list__item:not(:last-child){border-right:1px solid #404040;padding:0px 7.5px}.bottom_menu_links .list__item:first-child{padding-left:0px;padding-right:15.5px}.js-hidden-panel.active + .featured_columns .sticky_column{top:0px!important}.js-hidden-panel:not(.active) ~ .featured_columns .sticky_column{top:135px!important}.js-hidden-panel:not(.active) ~ .featured_columns .sticky_column .container_head_sticky{top:115px!important}#mobile_search_icon.fa-search:before{padding-right:15px;vertical-align:sub}#search_modal{position:absolute;top:106px;left:0;width:100%;z-index:999;background:#ecece9;border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf;padding:16px;box-sizing:border-box}#search_modal.on-search-page{position:static;margin-bottom:0}.dark_layout #search_modal{border-bottom:1px solid #404040;background:#1a1a1a}#search_mobile{font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;height:30px;width:72%;border-radius:5px;border:0;padding:0 10px}.dark_layout #search_mobile{background:#404040}#search_form button{background:transparent;border:0;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:20px}.search-form__text-input{position:initial;background:white;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;color:#0d0d0d;height:32px;width:130px;border-radius:4px;display:inline-block;font-size:16px;padding:2px 20px 0 30px;box-sizing:border-box}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .search-form__text-input{position:static}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .video-row .story_teaser .widget__headline,_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .video-row .widget__subheadline,_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .video-row .popular_widget .widget__headline{color:rgba(255,76,0,1)!important}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .video-row .story_teaser .widget__headline a.widget__headline-text{text-decoration:none;color:white!important}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .video-row .story_teaser .widget__subheadline .widget__subheadline-text{text-decoration:none;color:#999999!important}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .video-row .popular_widget .widget__headline .widget__headline-text{text-decoration:none;color:white!important}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .video-row .story_teaser .widget__body:hover .widget__headline,_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .video-row .widget__body:hover .widget__subheadline,_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .video-row .popular_widget .widget__headline:hover{text-decoration:underline}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .story_teaser .widget__subheadline,_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .story_teaser .widget__headline{color:rgba(255,76,0,1)!important}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .story_teaser .widget__headline a.widget__headline-text{text-decoration:none;color:#0d0d0d!important}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .story_teaser .widget__subheadline .widget__subheadline-text{text-decoration:none;color:#595959!important}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .story_teaser .widget__body:hover .widget__headline,_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .story_teaser .widget__body:hover .widget__subheadline{text-decoration:underline}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .fullwidth_post .widget__headline.h1,_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .widget__subheadline{display:inline}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .featured_columns .bigger-teaser-headline .widget__headline.h1,_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .featured_columns .bigger-teaser-headline .widget__subheadline{display:inline}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .menu-opened .huge-menu{display:block}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .section-the-next-pandemic .story_teaser .widget .widget__head{width:32.5%}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .section-the-next-pandemic .story_teaser .widget .widget__body{width:66.5%}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .section-the-institute .story_teaser .widget .col:first-child{width:34.7%!important}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .section-the-institute .story_teaser .widget .col:last-child{width:63.3%!important}}.search-form__text-input:active,.search-form__text-input:focus{border:1px solid #ff4c00;color:#0d0d0d;caret-color:#0a7aff}.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:active,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:focus{background:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:active + .search-form__submit svg g,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:focus + .search-form__submit svg g{stroke:#0d0d0d}.search-form__text-input::placeholder,.search-form__text-input:-ms-input-placeholder,.search-form__text-input::-ms-input-placeholder,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:active::placeholder,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:focus::placeholder,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:active:-ms-input-placeholder,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:focus::-ms-input-placeholder,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:active:-ms-input-placeholder,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:focus::-ms-input-placeholder{color:#8c8c8c}.dark_layout .search-form__text-input::placeholder,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:-ms-input-placeholder,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input::-ms-input-placeholder{color:#bfbfbf}.widget_column .sticky-target.legacy.sticky-active{top:0px;z-index:0}.featured_columns .row{overflow:inherit;margin:0!important}.featured_columns .row .home_column .story_teaser .widget{padding:24px 32px 24px 22px}.featured_columns .row .home_column,.featured_columns .row .sticky_column,.featured_columns .row .scroll_column,.featured_columns .row .widget_column{padding:0!important}.featured_columns .row .section_column{padding:0px 0px 20px!important}.widget_column .sticky-target.legacy.sticky-active{width:calc(100% - 75%);top:0px;z-index:0}.featured_columns .row .scroll_column{float:right}.featured_columns .widget .row .col{margin-bottom:0}.scroll_column .row .col{margin-bottom:20px}.scroll_column .widget .widget__headline-text{color:#0d0d0d;font-family:Favorit-Pro,sans-serif;font-size:24px;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.2px;line-height:26px}.scroll_column .widget:hover .widget__headline a{color:#0d0d0d}@media (min-width:992px) and (max-width:1023px){.widget_column.col.l3{width:25%}.article_column.col.l9,.section_column.col.l9{width:75%}}.like-button{display:inline-block;margin:0;margin-top:-4px;line-height:normal;font-size:18px;vertical-align:middle}.like-label{display:none}.like-btn.like,.like-btn.unlike{color:#a6a6a6;border-left:1px solid;padding-left:4px;font-size:14px}.fa-heart:before,.fa-heart-o:before{visibility:hidden}.like-btn.like .heart{background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:bottom;cursor:pointer;background-position:center 0.23em}.like-btn.unlike .heart,.like-btn.like .heart:active,.dark_layout .like-btn.like .heart:active,.widget.tag-type-podcast .like-btn.like .heart:active{background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center 0.23em}.dark_layout .like-btn.like .heart,.widget.tag-type-podcast .like-btn.like .heart{background-position:center 0.25em}.all-related-sections{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.all-related-sections a{display:none}.all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{display:inline;padding:1px 8px 5px 8px;margin-right:7px;border:1px solid transparent;border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf;border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px;line-height:1;letter-spacing:0.0625em;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;margin-bottom:10px;transition-duration:200ms;transition-property:all}.all-related-sections a[href$="/topic/"],.all-related-sections a[href$="/type/"],.all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"]:not([href$="/topic/"]) ~ [href*="/topic/"]{display:none}.all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{color:#404040;order:1}.all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]:hover{background-color:#d9d9d9;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;box-shadow:0px -4px 0px #d9d9d9;color:#404040}.popular_widget .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{color:#bfbfbf;order:1}.popular_widget .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]:hover{background-color:#d9d9d9;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;box-shadow:0px -4px 0px #d9d9d9;color:#bfbfbf}.all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"]{order:2}.FillDark .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"],.dark_layout .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"],.trending_stories_carousel .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{color:#bfbfbf}.FillDark .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.FillDark .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"],.dark_layout .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.dark_layout .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"],.trending_stories_carousel .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.trending_stories_carousel .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{border-left:1px solid #404040;border-bottom:1px solid #404040}.FillDark .time-to-read,.FillDark .like-btn.like,.FillDark .like-btn.unlike,.trending_stories_carousel .like-btn.like,.trending_stories_carousel .like-btn.unlike{border-left:1px solid #404040}.FillDark .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]:hover,.dark_layout .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]:hover,.trending_stories_carousel .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]:hover{background-color:#404040;border:1px solid #404040;box-shadow:0px -4px 0px #404040}.all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"]:hover{border:1px solid #ff4c00;background-color:#ff4c00;box-shadow:0px -4px 0px #ff4c00;color:white}.all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/the-institute"]{color:#005690}.all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/the-institute"]:hover{border:1px solid #005690;background-color:#005690;color:white!important;box-shadow:0 -4px 0 #005690}.widget.tag-type-ti .widget__headline:hover .widget__headline-text,.widget.tag-type-ti .widget__headline:hover + .widget__subheadline .widget__subheadline-text{text-decoration-color:#005690}@media (min-width:1024px){.all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{margin-bottom:10px}}.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline-text:before,.featured_post .widget__subheadline-text:before,.article_post .widget__subheadline-text:before,.story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text:before{content:"";display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center;background-size:100% auto;margin-left:4px;margin-right:5px;height:1em;width:8px;width:0.25em;margin-top:-0.1em}.fullwidth_post{margin-bottom:0}.fullwidth_post .widget .row{margin:0}.fullwidth_post .widget .row .col{padding:0;margin-bottom:10px}.fullwidth_post .widget__body{max-width:50%;position:absolute;bottom:0;padding:32px;margin:32px 32px 20px 32px;height:fit-content;z-index:1}.fullwidth_post.TopLeft .widget__body{top:0;left:0}.fullwidth_post.TopRight .widget__body{top:0;right:0}.fullwidth_post.BottomLeft .widget__body{bottom:0;left:0}.fullwidth_post.BottomRight .widget__body{bottom:0;right:0}.fullwidth_post .widget__head .widget__body{max-width:100%;margin:0;height:auto;background:transparent!important;border:0!important}.fullwidth_post .widget__body{border:1px solid rgba(242,242,242,0.4)}.fullwidth_post .widget:after{content:"";position:absolute;top:25%;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;background:linear-gradient(180deg,rgba(13,13,13,0) 0%,#0d0d0d 100%)}.fullwidth_post .social-date,.fullwidth_post .time-to-read,.fullwidth_post .widget .widget__subheadline{color:#bfbfbf}.fullwidth_post:not(.FillDark,.FillLight) .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"],.fullwidth_post:not(.FillDark,.FillLight) .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"]{color:#bfbfbf;border:solid rgba(191,191,191,0.4);border-width:0 0 1px 1px}.fullwidth_post:not(.FillDark,.FillLight) .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]:hover,.fullwidth_post:not(.FillDark,.FillLight) .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"]:hover{border-color:#f2f2f2;background:transparent;box-shadow:none}.fullwidth_post .widget .widget__headline{color:#f2f2f2}.fullwidth_post:not(.FillDark,.FillLight) .widget__headline:hover .widget__headline-text,.fullwidth_post:not(.FillDark,.FillLight) .widget__headline:hover + .widget__subheadline .widget__subheadline-text{text-decoration-color:#f2f2f2}.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent{border-color:#bfbfbf}.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .social-date,.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .time-to-read,.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"],.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"]{color:#404040}.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .widget .widget__headline,.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .widget:hover .widget__headline{color:#0d0d0d}.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .widget__subheadline{color:#595959}.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"],.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"]{border-left:1px solid rgba(64,64,64,0.4);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(64,64,64,0.4)}.fullwidth_post.FillDark .widget__body{background:#1a1a1a;border:0}.fullwidth_post.FillDark .widget:after{background:none}.fullwidth_post.FillDark .social-date,.fullwidth_post.FillDark .time-to-read,.fullwidth_post.FillDark .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{color:#a6a6a6}.fullwidth_post.FillDark .widget .widget__headline,.fullwidth_post.FillDark .widget:hover .widget__headline{color:#f2f2f2}.fullwidth_post.FillDark .widget .widget__subheadline{color:#8c8c8c}.fullwidth_post.FillLight .widget__body{background:#ecece9;border:0}.fullwidth_post.FillLight .widget:after{background:none}.fullwidth_post.FillLight .social-date,.fullwidth_post.FillLight .time-to-read,.fullwidth_post.FillLight .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{color:#404040}.fullwidth_post.FillLight .widget .widget__headline,.fullwidth_post.FillLight .widget:hover .widget__headline{color:#0d0d0d}.fullwidth_post.FillLight .widget__subheadline{color:#595959}.fullwidth_post.Transparent .widget:after{background:none}.fullwidth_post.DarkBottom .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(180deg,rgba(13,13,13,0) 0%,#0d0d0d 100%)}.fullwidth_post.DarkTop .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(0deg,rgba(13,13,13,0) 0%,#0d0d0d 100%);top:0;bottom:25%}.fullwidth_post.DarkLeft .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(270deg,rgba(13,13,13,0) 0%,#0d0d0d 100%);top:0;right:25%}.fullwidth_post.DarkRight .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(90deg,rgba(13,13,13,0) 0%,#0d0d0d 100%);top:0;left:25%;right:0}.fullwidth_post.LightBottom .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(180deg,rgba(236,236,233,0) 0%,#ecece9 100%)}.fullwidth_post.LightTop .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(0deg,rgba(236,236,233,0) 0%,#ecece9 100%);top:0;bottom:25%}.fullwidth_post.LightLeft .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(270deg,rgba(236,236,233,0) 0%,#ecece9 100%);top:0;right:25%}.fullwidth_post.LightRight .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(90deg,rgba(236,236,233,0) 0%,#ecece9 100%);top:0;left:25%;right:0}@media (max-width:1023px){.fullwidth_post.mb-2:not(.Transparent,.FillLight,.FillDark) .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(180deg,rgba(13,13,13,0) 0%,#0d0d0d 100%);top:20%;bottom:0;left:0;right:0}.fullwidth_post.LightBottom .widget:after,.fullwidth_post.LightTop .widget:after,.fullwidth_post.LightLeft .widget:after,.fullwidth_post.LightRight .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(180deg,rgba(236,236,233,0) 0%,#ecece9 100%)}.fullwidth_post.mb-2:not(.Transparent,.FillLight,.FillDark){padding-bottom:20%;background:#0d0d0d}.fullwidth_post.LightBottom,.fullwidth_post.LightTop,.fullwidth_post.LightLeft,.fullwidth_post.LightRight{background:#ecece9}.fullwidth_post .widget__body{max-width:100%}.fullwidth_post .widget .widget__body{padding:16px;margin:16px;top:auto;left:0;right:0;bottom:0}.fullwidth_post:not(.Transparent,.FillLight,.FillDark) .widget .widget__body{bottom:-20vw}}.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline:before{content:""}.article_post .widget__headline-text,.article_post .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:24px;letter-spacing:-0.010416666666666666em;line-height:24px}.fullwidth_post .widget__headline,.featured_post .widget__headline-text,.article_post .widget__headline-text{font-family:Ivar-Headline-Bold,serif}.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline-text,.featured_post .widget__subheadline-text,.article_post .widget__subheadline-text{font-family:Ivar-Headline,serif}.fullwidth_post .widget__headline,.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline-text,.featured_post .widget__headline-text,.featured_post .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:32px;letter-spacing:-0.2px;line-height:32px}@media (min-width:768px){.article_post .widget__headline-text,.article_post .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:32px;letter-spacing:-0.0046875em;line-height:32px}.fullwidth_post .widget__headline,.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline-text,.featured_post .widget__headline-text,.featured_post .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:42px;line-height:42px}}@media (min-width:1024px){.fullwidth_post .widget__headline,.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline-text,.featured_post .widget__headline-text,.featured_post .widget__subheadline-text,.article_post .widget__headline-text,.article_post .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:48px;letter-spacing:-0.25px;line-height:48px}.dark_layout .article_post .widget__headline-text,.dark_layout .article_post .widget__subheadline-text{letter-spacing:-1.25px}.listicle-slideshow .rebellt-item-media-container>img.rm-shortcode,.rebellt-item-media-container .share-tab-img>img,.rebellt-item-media-container .product-image-container>img{width:auto}}.dark_layout .article_post .widget__headline-text{font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif}.dark_layout .article_post .widget__subheadline-text{font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif}.featured_post .widget__headline,.fullwidth_post .widget__headline,.article_post .widget__headline,.story_teaser .widget__headline{display:contents}.featured_post .widget__headline:before,.article_post .widget__headline:before,.fullwidth_post .widget__headline:before,.story_teaser .widget__headline:before{content:"";display:block;margin:8px}.featured_post .widget__subheadline:after,.article_post .widget__subheadline:after,.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline:after,.story_teaser .widget__subheadline:after{content:"";display:block;margin:5px}.individual_podcast .widget__subheadline:after{margin-bottom:16px}.fullwidth_post.BorderLight .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.fullwidth_post.FillDark .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.fullwidth_post.BorderLight .widget .widget__headline a,.fullwidth_post.FillDark .widget .widget__headline a{color:#f2f2f2}.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline,.featured_post .widget__subheadline,.article_post .widget__subheadline,.story_teaser .widget__subheadline{color:#595959;display:contents}.fullwidth_post.BorderLight .widget__subheadline,.fullwidth_post.BorderLight .widget__subheadline:before{color:#bdbdbd}.story_teaser .widget__body,.story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:24px;letter-spacing:-0.15px;line-height:26px}.story_teaser .widget__headline-text{font-family:Ivar-Headline-Bold,serif}.story_teaser .widget__subheadline{font-family:Ivar-Headline,serif}@media (min-width:768px){.story_teaser .widget__body,.story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:32px;line-height:32px}}@media (min-width:1024px) and (max-width:1151px){.story_teaser .widget__body,.story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:42px;line-height:42px;letter-spacing:-0.2px}.section_column:not(.bigger-teaser-headline) .story_teaser .widget__body,.section_column:not(.bigger-teaser-headline) .story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.section_column:not(.bigger-teaser-headline) .story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:28px;line-height:28px}}@media (min-width:1151px){.story_teaser .widget__body,.story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:42px;line-height:42px;letter-spacing:-0.2px}.section_column:not(.bigger-teaser-headline) .story_teaser .widget__body,.section_column:not(.bigger-teaser-headline) .story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.section_column:not(.bigger-teaser-headline) .story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:36px;line-height:36px;letter-spacing:-0.004722222222222222em}}.fullwidth_post.BorderDark .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.fullwidth_post.FillLight .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.post-custom .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.featured_post .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.featured_post .widget__body:hover .widget__headline a,.article_post .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.article_post .widget__body:hover .widget__headline a,.story_teaser .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.story_teaser .widget__body:hover .widget__headline a{color:#0d0d0d}.dark_layout .article_post .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.dark_layout .article_post .widget__body:hover .widget__headline a{color:#e6e6e6}a[rel="orange_button"],.mktoForm.mktoHasWidth.mktoLayoutLeft .mktoButtonRow .mktoButtonWrap.mktoSkip .mktoButton{border-radius:4px;background-color:#ff4c00;color:#f2f2f2!important;padding:8px 12px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;letter-spacing:0.0625em;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px}a[rel="orange_button"]:hover,.mktoButton:hover{color:white!important;background:#a32700;text-decoration:none}a[rel="gray_button"]{border-radius:4px;background-color:#404040;color:#f2f2f2;padding:8px 12px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;letter-spacing:0.75px;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px}a[rel="gray_button"]:hover{background:#595959}.widget__show-more{text-align:center;padding-bottom:45px}.show-less,.show-more{color:#0d0d0d;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-size:16px;letter-spacing:-0.1px;transition-duration:300ms;transition-property:all}.show-less,.show-more:hover{color:#ff4c00}.show-less{display:none}.dark_layout .widget__headline{color:#e6e6e6}.dark_layout .widget__subheadline{color:#999999}.dark_layout .article_post .social-author:before,.dark_layout .article_post .social-author__name,.dark_layout .article_post .social-date__text{color:#a6a6a6}.dark_layout .posts-custom .social-date{color:#a6a6a6;padding-left:0;padding-right:8px}.dark_layout .posts-custom .social-author + .social-date,.dark_layout .posts-custom .custom-field-PodcastEpisode + .social-date,.dark_layout .posts-custom .custom-field-PodcastVideoTime + .social-date{padding-left:8px}.dark_layout .like-btn.like,.dark_layout .like-btn.unlike{border-left:1px solid #404040}.dark_layout .like-btn.like .heart:before{color:#bfbfbf}.dark_layout .story_teaser .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.dark_layout .story_teaser .widget__headline:hover a{color:inherit}.custom-field-PodcastEpisode,.custom-field-PodcastVideoTime{font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;color:#a6a6a6;text-transform:uppercase;display:inline-block;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:16px;padding-right:7px;margin:0;vertical-align:middle}.custom-field-PodcastVideoTime{padding:0 10px;border-left:1px solid #404040;border-right:1px solid #404040}.custom-field-PodcastEpisode:before{content:"Episode "}.section-podcast,.section-podcasts,.section-video,.section-chatbot,.section-fixing-the-future{background:#1a1a1a}.section-video .story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.section-podcast .story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .widget__headline-text{font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-weight:500}.section-video .story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text,.section-podcast .story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text{font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;font-weight:300}.section-podcast .story_teaser .tag-fixing-the-future .widget__head>a,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .tag-fixing-the-future .widget__head>a,.widget.tag-fixing-the-future .widget__head>a{border-radius:5px;background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;display:block}.section-podcast .story_teaser .tag-chatbot-podcast .widget__head>a,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .tag-chatbot-podcast .widget__head>a,.widget.tag-chatbot-podcast .widget__head>a{border-radius:5px;background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;display:block}.section-podcast .story_teaser .widget__head img,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .widget__head img,.widget.tag-type-podcast .widget__head img{visibility:hidden}@media (max-width:992px){.top_menu_links .list .list__item:not(:nth-child(1)){display:none}}@media (max-width:767px){.widget.tag-type-podcast .widget__head,.section-podcast .posts-custom .widget__head,.section-podcasts .posts-custom .widget__head{width:20%;float:right;padding:0 0 0 8px}.topbar .search-form,.topbar .main-menu-el{display:none}.menu-opened .menu-global{margin-top:100px}.section_column{margin-bottom:20px!important}.widget.tag-type-podcast{padding-bottom:46px!important}.featured_post .widget__subheadline:after,.article_post .widget__subheadline:after,.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline:after,.story_teaser .widget__subheadline:after{margin:0px}.tag-type-podcast .widget__subheadline:after{margin:7px}.section-podcast .story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.section-podcast .story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text{letter-spacing:-0.03125em}.scroll_column .posts-custom .widget__headline{line-height:21px}.scroll_column .widget .widget__headline-text{font-size:18px;letter-spacing:-0.15px;line-height:21px}.section-podcast .story_teaser .widget .widget__image,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .widget .widget__image{border-radius:5px}.scroll_column .all-related-sections{display:none!important}.Top_hugeMenu .rebelbar__menu-toggle{padding:0}}@media (min-width:768px){.featured_columns .row .scroll_column{border-left:1px solid #bdbdbd}.section_column .story_teaser .widget{padding:16px 10px 16px 22px;margin:0}.section_column .story_teaser .all-related-sections{padding-top:8px}.page_headline_container .module-headline{padding:0px 0px 10px 32px}}@media (min-width:768px){#welcome_ad{min-width:640px;min-height:480px}.menu-opened .all-content-wrapper{-webkit-transform:translate(-320px,0);transform:translate(-320px,0);transform:translate3d(-320px,0,0)}.menu-global{right:0;-webkit-transform:translate(320px,0);transform:translate(320px,0);transform:translate3d(320px,0,0)}.search-form{padding:0 16px 0;margin:0}.user-menu-container{margin-right:16px}.featured_columns .story_teaser .widget .row .rm-col-center{padding:0 22px 0 10px}.footer .list a:last-child{padding-left:7.5px}.search-form__text-input{width:200px}}@media (min-width:1568px){.main,.rebelbar-wrapper,.dark_top_bar{max-width:1568px;margin:auto}.widget_column .sticky-target.legacy.sticky-active{max-width:392px}}.ftr-copy:first-letter {font-size:1.3em;margin:0 0 0 2px}.rebelbar-wrapper_static{padding:14px 16px 2px 16px;transition:all 300ms}.topbar-sticky.active .rebelbar-wrapper_static{position:fixed;width:100%;top:0;box-sizing:border-box;z-index:1}.topbar-sticky.active .js-hidden-panel.active + .rebelbar-wrapper_static{transform:translate3d(0,-100%,0)}.topbar__sticky-headline,.topbar__static-headline{display:none}.topbar__sticky-headline{max-width:calc(100% - 214px);box-sizing:border-box}.topbar__sticky-headline .text-element{width:100%;white-space:nowrap;text-overflow:ellipsis;box-sizing:border-box;overflow:hidden;height:100%}.topbar__sticky-headline--post{font-family:"Ivar-Headline-Bold",serif}@media (min-width:768px){.rebelbar-wrapper_static{padding:20px 32px 5px}.topbar-sticky.active .js-hidden-panel:not(.active) + .rebelbar-wrapper_static{padding-top:13px}.topbar-sticky.active .rebelbar-wrapper_static{max-width:1568px;margin:0 auto}.topbar-sticky.active .js-hidden-panel:not(.active) + .rebelbar-wrapper_static .topbar__sticky-headline + .topbar__static-headline{display:none}.topbar-sticky.active .js-hidden-panel:not(.active) + .rebelbar-wrapper_static .topbar__sticky-headline{display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom;padding-left:16px}.topbar__static-headline{font:normal 12px/0.8 "Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;letter-spacing:0.0625em}.topbar__sticky-headline--post{letter-spacing:-0.010416666666666666em;font:bold 24px/24px "Ivar-Headline-Bold",serif;height:26px;position:relative;top:3px}_::-webkit-full-page-media,_:future,:root .topbar__sticky-headline--post{top:5px}.topbar__sticky-headline--section{font:normal 24px/1 "Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;position:relative;top:4px;margin-left:8px}.topbar__sticky-headline--section:before{content:"";display:block;border-left:1px solid #d9d9d9;height:32px;transform:skewX(-15deg);position:absolute;top:-3px;left:6px}}@media (min-width:1024px){.search-form__text-input{width:282px}.topbar__sticky-headline--post{margin-left:8px}.topbar__sticky-headline--post:before{content:"";display:block;border-left:1px solid #d9d9d9;height:32px;transform:skewX(-15deg);position:absolute;top:-4px;left:6px}}@media (min-width:1366px){.topbar__static-headline{display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom;padding-left:16px}}.hide-text.hide-text{font-size:0!important}[data-source-type="multi"] .freeze,[data-attr-source="filtered"] .freeze{display:none!important}@media (max-width:767px){.feature_post_full.current_post .posts-custom .social-author__name{display:inline-flex}}.intro-text:first-letter {color:inherit;padding-top:16px;padding-bottom:16px}.intro-text{padding-top:16px;padding-bottom:16px}.pull-quote em,.ieee-pullquote em,.ieee-pullquote-fullwidth em,.ieee-pullquote-left em{font-family:"Favorit-Pro"!important}.body-description .pull-quote a{text-decoration:unset}.body-description small.image-media.media-caption a{text-decoration:unset}.body-description .ieee-pullquote-fullwidth a{text-decoration:unset}.body-description small.image-media.media-photo-credit a{text-decoration:unset}.body-description h2 a,.body-description h3 a,.body-description h4 a{text-decoration:unset}.body-description h2 em,.body-description h3 em{font-family:"Favorit-Pro"}.body-description h4 em,.body-description h5 em{font-family:"Favorit-Mono"}p.shortcode-media.shortcode-media-youtube .rm-shortcode{margin-bottom:8px}p.shortcode-media.shortcode-media-youtube{line-height:18px}figure.xlrg{line-height:18px}.body-description strong em,.body-description em strong{font-family:IvarText}.pull-quote strong,.ieee-pullquote strong,.ieee-pullquote-fullwidth strong,.ieee-pullquote-left strong,.pull-quote b,.ieee-pullquote b,.ieee-pullquote-fullwidth b,.ieee-pullquote-left b{display:block;line-height:16px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;color:#0d0d0d;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:16px;font-weight:400;text-transform:uppercase;padding-top:16px}@media (min-width:1586px){.rebellt-item.parallax p{width:80%;margin:0 auto}}.ieee-sidebar-small .rblad-ieee_in_content,.ieee-sidebar-medium .rblad-ieee_in_content,.ieee-sidebar-large .rblad-ieee_in_content{display:none}a.shortcode-media-lightbox__toggle.shortcode-media-controls__button.material-icons{display:none}small.image-media.media-caption em{font-family:inherit}.widget__body .photo-credit a{color:unset}.read_also_posts .rm-col-right.col{padding:0 0 0 16px}u{text-underline-offset:1px;text-decoration-thickness:1px;text-underline-position:from-font;color:inherit}@media (max-width:767px){u{text-underline-offset:0px}}.widget__body>.body,.widget__body.clearfix.sm-mt-1 .js-scroll-trigger,.widget__body.clearfix.sm-mt-1 #utm_campaign{margin-top:0}.social-author{font-size:0;margin-top:15px}.posts-custom .social-author:before{margin-right:5px}.tags .tags__item.tags__item,.dark_layout .tags .tags__item.tags__item{margin:0 5px 12px 0}.tags{font-size:0}.tag-type-webinar .photo-credit,.tag-type-webinar .photo-caption,.tag-type-whitepaper .photo-credit,.tag-type-whitepaper .photo-caption{display:none}.ad-in-content [id^="google_ads_"]{padding-bottom:12px}.dark_layout .ad-in-content{border-top:1px solid #404040;border-bottom:1px solid #404040}.feature_post_full .row.px10,.feature_post_full.DarkGray .row.px10{margin-left:0;margin-right:0}.feature_post_full .row.px10>.col,.feature_post_full.DarkGray .row.px10>.col{padding-left:0;padding-right:0}.custom-field-pdf-version{border-top:1px solid #bdbdbd;font-size:0;padding:16px 20px 16px;margin:0px -13px 0}.custom-field-pdf-version:before{content:"PDF VERSION";font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:12px;display:block;padding-bottom:24px;color:#404040;text-align:left}.rm-shortcode[href*=".pdf"]:before,.rm-shortcode[href*="javascript"]:before,.pdf-button:before{content:"Download PDF \2193";font-size:initial;color:#f2f2f2;font:400 12px/32px "Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;letter-spacing:0.0625em;height:32px;border-radius:4px;background-color:#ff4c00;text-transform:uppercase;display:inline-flex;justify-content:center;padding:0 16px;line-height:34px}.rm-shortcode[href*=".pdf"],.rm-shortcode[href*="javascript"]{font-size:0;text-decoration:none}.feature_post_full .custom-field-pdf-version{border:0;float:right;margin:0 32px 0 0;padding:0}.feature_post_full .custom-field-pdf-version:before{content:none}.feature_post_full .custom-field-pdf-version .rm-shortcode[href*=".pdf"]:before,.feature_post_full .custom-field-pdf-version .rm-shortcode[href*="javascript"]:before{background-color:transparent;border:1px solid;border-color:white;color:white}.feature_post_full.LightGreen .custom-field-pdf-version .rm-shortcode[href*=".pdf"]:before,.feature_post_full.LightGreen .custom-field-pdf-version .rm-shortcode[href*="javascript"]:before,.feature_post_full.Yellow .custom-field-pdf-version .rm-shortcode[href*=".pdf"]:before,.feature_post_full.Yellow .custom-field-pdf-version .rm-shortcode[href*="javascript"]:before{border-color:#0d0d0d;color:#0d0d0d}@media (min-width:375px) and (max-width:1120px){.feature_post_full .social-date-modified + .time-to-read{display:inline-block;width:fit-content;border-left:0;margin-left:24px}}@media (min-width:375px) and (max-width:425px){.social-date-modified{border-left:1px solid #a6a6a6;padding-left:8px}.updated_post .posts-custom .time-to-read{border-left:0;padding-left:0}.feature_post_full .social-date-modified + .time-to-read{margin-left:16px}}@media (min-width:992px) and (max-width:1024px){.feature_post_full .social-date-modified{width:48%}}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1023px){.custom-field-pdf-version{padding:0;margin:0;position:absolute;right:32px;top:2px;border:0}.custom-field-pdf-version:before{position:absolute;left:-100px;top:12px}.feature_post_full .custom-field-pdf-version{top:unset;margin:0;transform:translateY(32px)}.feature_post_full.Vertical .widget__body:first-child{position:relative}.infinite_scroll.article_post .custom-field-pdf-version{position:relative;text-align:right;margin-top:-47px}.infinite_scroll.article_post .custom-field-pdf-version:before{position:absolute;top:12px;right:159px;left:initial}}@media (max-width:767px){.feature_post_full .custom-field-pdf-version{top:unset;margin:0 16px 0 0;transform:translateY(66px)}.infinite_scroll.article_post .custom-field-pdf-version{border-top:0;padding:16px 28px 16px}}@media (min-width:1024px){.posts-custom .social-author{margin-bottom:-2px!important}.custom-field-pdf-version{margin:0 -10px 24px;border:0;padding:0 0 24px;border-bottom:1px solid #bdbdbd}.infinite_scroll.article_post .custom-field-pdf-version{position:sticky;top:199px;height:0;width:calc(100% - 80%);margin:0;padding-bottom:92px}.infinite_scroll .custom-field-pdf-version + .tags{top:292px}.infinite_scroll .custom-field-pdf-version + .tags + .body{margin-top:-246px}.infinite_scroll .custom-field-pdf-version + .tags:before{padding-top:24px}}.post-partial .widget__headline-text{pointer-events:none}.share-media-panel{display:none}.photo-caption p{margin:0}p.caption{color:#262626;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:14px;letter-spacing:0.1px}.shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image{line-height:0.6em!important}.media-caption,.posts-custom .media-caption,.photo-caption{color:#262626;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:14px;letter-spacing:0.1px;display:inline;line-height:18px;padding-right:5px}.media-photo-credit,.photo-credit{color:#737373;font-size:12px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:1px;margin-top:5px;line-height:18px}.photo-credit,.photo-caption p{display:inline}.feature_post_full .photo-credit{padding:8px 0}.feature_post_full .photo-caption{padding-right:0}@media screen and (min-width:768px){.feature_post_full .photo-caption{}}.sm-mt-1:not(:empty):before{margin-bottom:0px}.shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image img{width:100%}.posts-custom .body .image-media,.posts-custom .body .image-media p,.posts-custom .body .media-photo-credit p{display:inline}.rm-float-left img{padding-bottom:8px;margin-top:-16px}.rebellt-item p.caption{line-height:20px}.shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image img{display:block;margin-bottom:8px}.articles-count{margin:0}.body-description{color:#0d0d0d;font-family:"IvarText","Ivar-Headline",serif;font-size:24px;letter-spacing:0;line-height:36px;margin-bottom:44px}.rebellt-item em{font-family:"IvarText","Ivar-Headline",serif}.body-description>p:first-child strong{text-transform:uppercase;font-family:"Favorit-Pro"}.body-description a,.body-description a u{text-decoration:underline;text-underline-position:from-font;text-decoration-color:#ff4c00;color:inherit}.body-description .horizontal-rule{border-top:1px solid #bdbdbd}.body-description a:hover{color:#ff4c00}.widget.tag-type-ti .body-description a{text-decoration-color:#005690}.widget.tag-type-ti .body-description a:hover{color:#005690}.body-description em{font-family:"IvarTextItalic"}.body-description h2{font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-size:32px;letter-spacing:-0.5px;line-height:36px;font-weight:400}.body-description h3,.body-description h1[data-role="headline"]{font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-size:24px;letter-spacing:-0.25px;line-height:28px;font-weight:400}.body-description h4{font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:1px;line-height:22px;text-transform:uppercase}.body-description h5{font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:16px;letter-spacing:1px;line-height:20px;font-weight:bold;text-transform:uppercase}.rebellt-item{line-height:20px}.rebellt-item p,.rebellt-item blockquote{line-height:36px}.feature_post_full .rm-col-center{margin-bottom:0}.feature_post_full .posts-custom .social-author{margin:0;line-height:14px;vertical-align:middle}.posts-custom .social-author:before{content:"By ";font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;color:#404040;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;font-weight:normal;display:inline-block}.updated_post .social-date-modified:before{content:"Updated "}.updated_post .social-date:before{content:"Published "}.posts-custom .main-author__avatar,.posts-custom .social-author__avatar{display:none}.posts-custom .main-author__name,.posts-custom .social-author__name{font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;color:#404040;text-transform:uppercase;padding-right:8px;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline}.around-the-web{margin-top:32px}.around-the-web__headline,.from-your-site__headline{font-size:0;line-height:0;padding:16px 0}.from-your-site__headline,.around-the-web__headline{border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf}.around-the-web__headline:before,.from-your-site__headline:before{font-size:12px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:16px;color:#404040;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase}.around-the-web__headline:before{content:"Around the web"}.from-your-site__headline:before{content:"More from Spectrum"}.from-your-site__item,.around-the-web__item{padding:16px 0 24px 0!important;border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf;line-height:normal;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif}.from-your-site__item:last-child,.around-the-web__item:last-child{border-bottom:none}.from-your-site__item a,.around-the-web__item a{margin:0;text-decoration:none}.around-the-web__link:hover,.from-your-site__link:hover{color:#0d0d0d!important;text-decoration-color:#ff4c00}.from-your-site__link:after,.around-the-web__link:after{content:"";border-right:10px solid #ecece9;margin-left:-10px}.article-content__comments-wrapper{border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf}.article-content__comments-wrapper{position:relative}.comment-header{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;padding:13px 0 10px!important}.comment-sort{text-transform:uppercase;color:#404040;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:12px!important;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:16px}.comment--sort{text-transform:uppercase;color:#404040;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:16px;background:transparent;border:none;vertical-align:baseline;margin:0 0 0 8px;padding:0;border:0;-webkit-appearance:none}.comment-headline:before{content:"Reader responses";text-transform:uppercase;color:#404040;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:16px;visibility:visible}.comment-headline{visibility:hidden}.talk--load_more__replies,.comment--show--replies,.comment--hide--replies{background:#ecece8;border:1px solid #bfbfbf;text-transform:uppercase;padding:6px 8px 4px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:16px}.talk--messages{font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif}.comment--item-avatar img{width:80px;height:80px}.comment--item-date{font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase}.comment-item--publish{font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:16px;border:1px solid #bfbfbf;background:#ecece8;color:#404040;padding:3px 12px 0px}.comment-item--publish:hover,.comment--hide--replies:hover,.comment--show--replies:hover{background:#d9d9d9;color:inherit}.feature_wrapper .topbar{margin-bottom:0!important}.feature_post_full .widget__shares.share-panel{margin:0;float:right;padding:0 32px;border:0;display:inline-block;text-align:right}.feature_post_full .widget__shares a{color:white!important}.feature_post_full .widget__shares a i.fa-twitter{-webkit-mask-image:unset;-webkit-mask-box-image:none;background-color:transparent}.feature_post_full .widget__shares i.fa-twitter:before{content:"";background-size:contain;width:20px;height:20px;display:block;margin:0 auto;position:relative}.feature_post_full.DarkGray,.feature_post_full.Green,.feature_post_full.LightGreen,.feature_post_full.Yellow,.feature_post_full.Red,.feature_post_full.Purple,.feature_post_full.Pink,.feature_post_full.Blue,.feature_post_full.LightBlue,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2,.feature_post_full.Green .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.Red .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.Blue .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.LightBlue .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.Pink .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.Purple .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1 .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2 .time-to-read{color:#ffffff}.feature_post_full .widget:hover .widget__headline a{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}.feature_post_full .all-related-sections{padding:0 32px}.feature_post_full .widget__headline{font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;color:white;font-size:92px;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:-3px;line-height:84px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:0 32px}.feature_post_full .widget__subheadline{font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;font-size:24px;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:-0.25px;line-height:28px;padding:0 32px 248px;border-bottom:1px solid #4096c8;margin-bottom:14px}.feature_post_full .widget .widget__body:first-child{padding:24px 0px 30px 0px;margin-bottom:0}.feature_post_full .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.feature_post_full .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{color:white}.feature_post_full .widget .widget__head{margin-bottom:0}.feature_post_full .widget .widget__body:last-child{background:#ecece8;border-bottom:1px solid #bdbdbd;padding-top:8px;padding-left:16px;padding-right:16px;line-height:18px}.feature_post_full .social-author{padding-left:32px}.feature_post_full .social-author:before,.feature_post_full .social-author__name,.feature_post_full .social-date{color:white}.feature_post_full .social-date{padding-left:8px}.feature_post_full .like-btn.like,.feature_post_full .like-btn.unlike{border-left-color:#4096c8}.feature_post_full .widget .widget__body:first-child,.feature_post_full.DarkGray .widget .widget__body:first-child{background:#1a1a1a}.feature_post_full.DarkGray .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.feature_post_full.DarkGray .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{border-left-color:#404040;border-bottom-color:#404040;color:#bfbfbf}.feature_post_full .widget__subheadline,.feature_post_full.DarkGray .widget__subheadline{color:#bfbfbf;border-bottom:1px solid #404040}.feature_post_full.DarkGray .social-author:before,.feature_post_full.DarkGray .social-author__name,.feature_post_full.DarkGray .social-date,.feature_post_full.DarkGray .social-date-modified{color:#a6a6a6}.feature_post_full.DarkGray .like-btn.like,.feature_post_full.DarkGray .like-btn.unlike{border-left-color:#404040}.feature_post_full.DarkGray .social-date,.feature_post_full.DarkGray .social-date-modified{padding-left:16px}.feature_post_full.DarkGray .time-to-read{border-left:1px solid #404040;color:#a6a6a6}.feature_post_full.Green .widget .widget__body:first-child{background:#007d6a}.feature_post_full.Green .widget__subheadline{border-bottom:1px solid #27c3ae;color:#d2f9f3}.feature_post_full.Green .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.feature_post_full.Green .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{border-left-color:#27c3ae;border-bottom-color:#27c3ae}.feature_post_full.LightGreen .widget .widget__body:first-child{background:#27c3ae;color:#0d0d0d}.feature_post_full.LightGreen .widget__headline,.feature_post_full.LightGreen .social-author:before,.feature_post_full.LightGreen .social-author__name,.feature_post_full.LightGreen .social-date,.feature_post_full.LightGreen .social-date-modified,.feature_post_full.LightGreen .time-to-read{color:#0d0d0d}.feature_post_full.LightGreen .widget__subheadline{border-bottom:1px solid #007d6a;color:#004238}.feature_post_full.LightGreen .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.feature_post_full.LightGreen .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{border-left-color:#007d6a;border-bottom-color:#007d6a;color:#0d0d0d}.feature_post_full.LightGreen .like-btn.like,.feature_post_full.LightGreen .like-btn.unlike,.feature_post_full.LightGreen .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.LightGreen .social-date,.feature_post_full.LightGreen .social-date-modified{border-left-color:#007d6a}.feature_post_full.LightGreen .widget__shares a{color:#0d0d0d!important}.feature_post_full.Yellow .widget .widget__body:first-child{background:#ffbc00}.feature_post_full.Yellow .widget__headline,.feature_post_full.Yellow .social-author:before,.feature_post_full.Yellow .social-author__name,.feature_post_full.Yellow .social-date__text,.feature_post_full.Yellow .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.Yellow .social-date,.feature_post_full.Yellow .social-date-modified{color:#0d0d0d}.feature_post_full.Yellow .widget__subheadline{border-bottom:1px solid #c38500;color:#704d00}.feature_post_full.Yellow .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.feature_post_full.Yellow .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{border-left-color:#704d00;border-bottom-color:#704d00;color:#0d0d0d}.feature_post_full.Yellow .widget__shares a{color:#0d0d0d!important}.feature_post_full.Red .widget .widget__body:first-child{background:#a32700}.feature_post_full.Red .widget__subheadline{border-bottom:1px solid #ffaa88;color:#ffded1}.feature_post_full.Red .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.feature_post_full.Red .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{border-left-color:#ffaa88;border-bottom-color:#ffaa88}.feature_post_full.Red .social-date{border-left:1px solid #ffaa88}.feature_post_full.Red .social-date-modified,.feature_post_full.Red .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.Red .like-btn.like,.feature_post_full.Red .like-btn.unlike{border-left-color:#ffaa88}.feature_post_full.Purple .widget .widget__body:first-child{background:#362ba6}.feature_post_full.Purple .widget__subheadline{border-bottom:1px solid #8d8cd6;color:#d8d6ff}.feature_post_full.Purple .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.feature_post_full.Purple .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{border-left-color:#8d8cd6;border-bottom-color:#8d8cd6}.feature_post_full.Pink .widget .widget__body:first-child{background:#ca3674}.feature_post_full.Pink .widget__subheadline{border-bottom:1px solid #fa5f9f;color:#ffcce1}.feature_post_full.Pink .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.feature_post_full.Pink .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{border-left-color:#fa5f9f;border-bottom-color:#fa5f9f}.feature_post_full.Blue .widget .widget__body:first-child{background:#005690}.feature_post_full.Blue .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.feature_post_full.Blue .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{border-left-color:#4096c8;border-bottom-color:#4096c8}.feature_post_full.Blue .widget__subheadline{color:#d0ebfb;border-bottom:1px solid #4096c8}.feature_post_full.Vertical .social-date{border-left:0}.feature_post_full.LightBlue .widget .widget__body:first-child{background:#4096c8}.feature_post_full.LightBlue .widget__subheadline{color:#d0ebfb;border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf}.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1 .widget .widget__body:first-child{background:#101341}.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2 .widget .widget__body:first-child{background:#313662}.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1 .widget__subheadline,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2 .widget__subheadline{border-bottom:1px solid #898ba5;color:#dcdde4}.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1 .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1 .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"],.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2 .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2 .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{border-left-color:#898ba5;border-bottom-color:#898ba5}.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1 .social-date,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2 .social-date{border-left:1px solid #898ba5}.feature_post_full .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]:hover{background:#595959;border:1px solid #595959;box-shadow:0px -4px 0px #595959;color:#bfbfbf}.feature_post_full .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"]:hover{border:1px solid #ff4c00;background-color:#ff4c00;color:white}.dark_layout .body-description em{font-family:inherit!important}.dark_layout .photo-caption,.dark_layout .photo-credit{font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:14px;letter-spacing:0.1px;display:inline-block;padding-right:10px}.dark_layout .media-caption,.dark_layout .posts-custom .media-caption,.dark_layout .photo-caption{color:#bfbfbf}.dark_layout .media-photo-credit,.dark_layout .photo-credit{color:#737373}.dark_layout .photo-credit a{text-decoration:underline;color:inherit}.dark_layout .show-less,.dark_layout .show-more{color:#f2f2f2}.dark_layout .show-less:hover,.dark_layout .show-more:hover{color:#ff4c00}.dark_layout .body-description{color:#f2f2f2;font-family:"FavoritPro-Regular",sans-serif;font-size:24px;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:-0.25px;line-height:36px;margin-bottom:40px}.tags:before{content:"tags"}.widget__shares.share-panel:before,.tags:before,.dark_layout .widget__shares.share-panel:before,.dark_layout .tags:before{font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:12px;display:block;padding-bottom:24px;color:#404040;text-align:left}.dark_layout .time-to-read,.dark_layout .widget__shares.share-panel:before,.dark_layout .tags:before{color:#a6a6a6}.tags .tags__item,.dark_layout .tags .tags__item{border:1px solid transparent;display:inline-block;margin:0px;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;white-space:nowrap;letter-spacing:0.0625em;line-height:1;padding:1px 8px 5px 8px}.tags .tags__item{border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf;border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf;color:#404040}.dark_layout .tags .tags__item{border-left:1px solid #404040;border-bottom:1px solid #404040;color:#bfbfbf}.tags__item[href$="/type-upcoming"],.tags__item[href$="/type-podcast"],.tags__item[href$="/type-video"],.tags__item[href$="/type-cover"],.tags__item[href$="/type-whitepaper"],.tags__item[href$="/type-webinar"],.tags__item[href$="/type-sponsored"],.tags__item[href$="/type-feature"],.tags__item[href$="/type-ti"],.tags__item[href$="/type-slideshow"],.tags__item[href$="/type-departments"]{display:none!important}.tags__item:hover{background-color:#d9d9d9;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;box-shadow:0px -4px 0px #d9d9d9}.dark_layout .tags__item:hover{background-color:#404040;border:1px solid #404040;box-shadow:0px -4px 0px #404040}.posts-custom .widget__shares a{color:#ff4c00;background:transparent;font-size:25px}.posts-custom .widget__shares a i.fa-twitter{-webkit-mask-image:unset;-webkit-mask-box-image:none;background-color:transparent}.posts-custom .widget__shares i.fa-twitter:before{content:"";background-size:contain;width:20px;height:20px;display:block;margin:0 auto;position:relative}.post-author-list{font-size:0;position:relative}.post-author{display:block;overflow:hidden}.post-author-list:before,.post-author + .post-author:before{font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.0625em;line-height:12px;display:block;padding-bottom:16px;color:#404040}.post-author-list:before{content:"About the author"}.post-author:first-child + .post-author:before{content:"s";position:absolute;left:10.6em;top:0}.post-author__avatar{display:none}.post-author + .post-author{margin-top:16px;padding-top:16px;border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf}.post-author__name,.post-author__bio{color:#0d0d0d;font-size:18px;letter-spacing:-0.011111111111111112em;line-height:22px}.post-author__name{font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;float:left;margin-right:5px}.post-author__bio{font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif}.post-author__bio a:first-child{display:none}@media (max-width:767px){.current_post .tags{padding-bottom:36px}.featured_post .widget__headline-text,.featured_post .widget__subheadline-text,.article_post .widget__headline-text,.article_post .widget__subheadline-text,.fullwidth_post .widget__headline,.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:32px;letter-spacing:-0.15px;line-height:32px}.article_post .body{}.post-author{margin-left:-16px;margin-right:-16px;padding-left:16px;padding-right:16px}.post-author-list:before{padding-bottom:24px}.post-partial.article__authors{padding-bottom:32px!important}.rebellt-item{line-height:16px}.rebellt-item p,.rebellt-item blockquote{line-height:28px}.comment-header{right:16px}.feature_post_full .body-description{padding:0}}.widget__shares a{font-size:20px!important;margin:0!important}.share-copy-link i svg{display:none}.share-copy-link i{content:" ";background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;background-position:center}.widget__shares a .fa-envelope:before{content:"";background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='22px'%20height='16px'%20viewBox='0%200%2022%2016'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3EFF38D0EB-1E4A-449A-B5ED-D75AE92C6713%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20id='Podcast-pages'%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20id='1376---Individual-podcast-episode'%20transform='translate(-71.000000,-513.000000)'%20stroke='%23FF4C00'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-12'%20transform='translate(32.000000,509.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-3'%20transform='translate(40.000000,5.000000)'%3E%3Crect%20id='Rectangle'%20x='0'%20y='0'%20width='20'%20height='14'%20rx='2'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3Cpath%20d='M0,2.15810473%20L8.76584115,9.03218556%20C9.49049293,9.60044989%2010.5095071,9.60044989%2011.2341588,9.03218556%20L20,2.15810473%20L20,2.15810473'%20id='Path-6'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding:0 12px;vertical-align:middle}.widget.tag-type-ti .widget__shares a .fa-envelope:before{content:"";background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding:0 12px;vertical-align:middle}.widget.tag-type-ti .share-copy-link i{content:" ";background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;background-position:center}.widget.tag-type-ti .widget__shares a{color:#005690}table{display:block;overflow-x:auto;white-space:nowrap}table th,table td{border-collapse:collapse;padding:8px 16px;background:white;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;color:#0d0d0d;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:16px;letter-spacing:0;line-height:20px;text-align:left}table th{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px}.article__comments{margin-top:-20px}.listicle-slideshow .media-photo-credit i{font-style:normal!important}.listicle-slideshow{margin:32px 0}.listicle-slideshow .rebellt-item{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.listicle-slideshow h3,.listicle-slideshow h1{margin:0}.listicle-slideshow h3,.listicle-slideshow h1,.listicle-slideshow .rebellt-item-media-container{order:0}.listicle-slideshow [data-role="headline"]:empty{display:none}.listicle-slideshow .media-caption{order:1}.listicle-slideshow .media-photo-credit{order:2;font-size:12px}.listicle-slideshow__thumbnails{display:none}.listicle-slideshow__counter{font-family:"Favorit-Mono";font-size:14px;color:#262626;font-weight:bolder;text-shadow:0 0 #262626;display:flex;letter-spacing:0.1px}.listicle-slideshow__counter:before{content:"["}.listicle-slideshow__counter:after{content:"]"}.listicle-slideshow.listicle-slideshow .image-media.media-caption{text-indent:64px;margin-top:-18px}.listicle-slideshow-switch-page-btn i{visibility:hidden}.listicle-slideshow .listicle-slideshow-switch-page-btn{position:static;text-decoration:none;margin:0;line-height:20px;background-color:#404040;border-radius:50%;width:38px;height:38px;display:inline-flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center}.listicle-slideshow-switch-page-btn:before{content:"";height:21px;width:21px;display:inline-block;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:auto 100%}.rm-non-critical-loaded .listicle-slideshow-pager{display:block}a.listicle-slideshow-switch-page-btn.listicle-slideshow--prev{margin-right:10px}.listicle-slideshow-pager .listicle-slideshow--prev:before{background-position:0 center}.listicle-slideshow-pager .listicle-slideshow--next:before{background-position:100% center}.listicle-slideshow .image-media{display:block!important;margin-top:0;padding:0}.listicle-slideshow .image-media p{margin:0}.ieee-sidebar-small p,.ieee-sidebar-medium p,.ieee-sidebar-large p,.listicle-slideshow p{line-height:inherit!important}.listicle-slideshow .rebellt-item-media-container{}.listicle-slideshow-pager{opacity:1;float:right;margin:16px 0}.listicle-slideshow .rebellt-item-media-container{padding-bottom:16px}.listicle-slideshow h3:empty{display:none}.feature_post_full.Vertical .posts-custom .social-author{display:block;padding:0 16px}.feature_post_full.Vertical .posts-custom .social-date{padding-left:32px;border:0}@media (min-width:768px){.feature_post_full.Vertical .posts-custom .social-author{padding:0 32px}.feature_post_full.Vertical .posts-custom .social-date{padding-left:32px}.container_feature_below .read_also_posts .widget .row .col{margin-bottom:0}.container_feature_below>.article__authors{margin-top:-10px}.container_feature_below .read_also_posts .posts-wrapper:after{margin-bottom:0}.infinite_scroll .posts-custom .social-date,.posts-custom .post-partial .social-date,.social-date-modified{border-left:1px solid #a6a6a6;padding-left:8px}.posts-custom .social-author{display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom}.dark_layout .social-author.clearfix{vertical-align:text-bottom}.widget__shares.share-panel{border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf}.dark_layout .widget__shares.share-panel{border-bottom:1px solid #404040;padding-bottom:11px}.body-description h2{font-size:36px;letter-spacing:-0.49px;line-height:40px}.body-description h3,.body-description h1[data-role="headline"]{font-size:28px;line-height:32px}.body-description h4{font-size:20px;letter-spacing:0.83px;line-height:28px}.body-description h5{font-size:18px;letter-spacing:0.9px;line-height:18px}}@media (min-width:769px){.dark_layout .tags{margin-left:0}.feature_post_full .widget .widget__body:last-child .body-description{margin:72px auto 64px;border:1px solid #bfbfbf;padding:45px 40px;padding:calc(45px - 1em) 40px;max-width:768px;box-sizing:border-box}.feature_post_full.Vertical .col{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:center}.feature_post_full.Vertical .widget__body:first-child,.feature_post_full.Vertical .widget__head{width:50%}.feature_post_full.Vertical .widget__head .widget__image{height:100%;padding:inherit!important}.rebellt-item.col3:not(.show_columns_on_mobile){padding:4px}.rebellt-item.col2:not(.show_columns_on_mobile){padding:8px}.read_also_posts .widget .rm-col-center{padding-right:22px}.container_feature_below .tags{margin:16px 0 0}.tags .tags__item{max-width:calc(100% - 32px);overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.listicle-slideshow .rebellt-item-media-container{padding-top:0}.listicle-slideshow-pager{position:absolute;opacity:1;top:auto;right:0}.listicle-slideshow .image-media{max-width:85%}}.read_also_posts .widget:not(:last-child){border-bottom:1px solid #bdbdbd}.read_also_posts .social-date{padding-left:0;border-left:none}.social-author__bio{display:none}.current_post_content .rm-col-center{padding:0!important}@media screen and (max-width:1023px){.post-author__name,.post-author__bio{font-size:16px;letter-spacing:-0.00625em;line-height:20px}.listicle-slideshow{position:relative}.listicle-slideshow__thumbnails{}.listicle-slideshow__thumbnail{width:8px;height:8px;background:#bfbfbf;border-radius:50%;margin:0 2px}.listicle-slideshow__thumbnail.active{background:#404040}.listicle-slideshow__thumbnail .image{display:none}i.icons-share.em.fa.fa-envelope{margin-top:9px}.feature_post_full .photo-credit{padding:8px 0}.feature_post_full .widget__headline{font-size:36px;line-height:36px;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:-1px;padding:0 16px}.feature_post_full .widget__subheadline{padding:0 16px 64px;font-size:18px;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:-0.2px;line-height:20px}.feature_post_full .social-author{padding-left:16px}.feature_post_full .widget .widget__body:first-child{padding:24px 0 16px 0}.feature_post_full .widget__shares.share-panel{text-align:left;padding:0 16px;width:-webkit-fill-available;border-top:1px solid #404040;padding-top:16px;margin:16px 0 0;border-bottom:0}.feature_post_full.Blue .widget__shares.share-panel{border-top:1px solid #4096c8}.feature_post_full.LightBlue .widget__shares.share-panel{border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf}.feature_post_full.Red .widget__shares.share-panel{border-top:1px solid #fa8}.feature_post_full.Green .widget__shares.share-panel{border-top:1px solid #27c3ae}.feature_post_full.Pink .widget__shares.share-panel{border-top:1px solid #fa5f9f}.feature_post_full.Purple .widget__shares.share-panel{border-top:1px solid #8d8cd6}.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1 .widget__shares.share-panel,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2 .widget__shares.share-panel{border-top:1px solid #898ba5}.tags .tags__item{line-height:2.3em}.body-description{font-size:18px;line-height:28px;padding:0 16px}.tags{border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf;padding:16px 16px 48px;margin:auto}.article-content__comments-wrapper{padding:0 16px 32px}.feature_post_full .social-date{padding-left:16px}.feature_post_full .all-related-sections,.current_post_content .body-description{padding:0 16px}.media-photo-credit,.photo-credit{padding:0 6px;line-height:18px}.current_post_content .media-photo-credit,.photo-credit{padding:0}.read_also_posts .rm-col-left{padding:0 16px 0 0!important}.read_also_posts .widget .row{margin:0}.infinite_scroll .widget .widget__body:first-child{padding:16px 16px 0!important}.infinite_scroll .widget .widget__body:nth-child(3){display:grid}.infinite_scroll .widget .rm-col-center{padding:0px}.infinite_scroll .tags{margin:0;order:2}.infinite_scroll .photo-credit{padding:6px 16px}.dark_layout .body-description{color:#d9d9d9;margin:0;letter-spacing:0;line-height:24px;font-size:18px;padding-top:24px!important}.dark_layout .current_post .body-description p:first-child{margin-top:0}.dark_layout .tags{border-top:none;padding:0px}.feature_post_full .photo-caption:before{margin-top:-12px}.feature_post_full .tags{margin:0 -16px}table th,table td{font-size:14px;line-height:18px}.article_post-shares-and-tags .tags{display:none!important}.posts-custom .widget__shares{margin-top:0;padding-bottom:10px}}@media (min-width:769px) and (max-width:1023px){.listicle-slideshow__thumbnails{}}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1023px){.widget__shares.share-panel{border-bottom:0;padding:0px}.body-description p:last-child{padding-bottom:28px}.article_post--body-and-tags{margin-bottom:0}.tag_column{margin-bottom:0}.current_post_media .widget{padding:24px 22px!important}.infinite_scroll .widget__head,.current_post_media .widget__head{margin-top:32px}.tags{margin:0;padding-bottom:40px}.current_post_content .tags{padding-bottom:36px}.container_feature_below .tags{margin:16px 0 0}.infinite_scroll .widget{padding:0px!important}.infinite_scroll .widget .widget__image{margin:0 32px}.infinite_scroll .posts-custom .widget__shares{padding:10px 27px;border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf;border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf;margin:0}.dark_layout .infinite_scroll .posts-custom .widget__shares{border-color:#404040}.read_also_posts:before{padding:16px 32px}.read_also_posts .widget .rm-col-center{padding:0 22px 0 0}.feature_post_full .widget__headline{font-size:68px;line-height:64px;letter-spacing:-0.04411764705882353em}.body-description{font-size:20px;line-height:32px;padding:0 32px}.feature_post_full .all-related-sections,.widget .body-description,.feature_post_full .widget__subheadline,.feature_post_full .widget__headline,.tags,.article-content__comments-wrapper{padding-left:32px;padding-right:32px}.feature_post_full .widget__shares.share-panel,.tag_column .widget__shares{padding-left:27px;padding-right:27px}.read_also_posts .widget,.post-partial.article__authors,.infinite_scroll .widget .widget__body:first-child{padding-left:32px!important;padding-right:32px!important}.feature_post_full .posts-custom .social-author{padding-left:32px!important;display:inline-block}.feature_post_full .social-date{padding-left:8px}.featured_columns .widget_column{display:none}.container_feature_below .feature .col{margin-bottom:0}.comment-header{right:32px}.current_post_content .read_also_posts{margin-top:-22px}.feature_post_full .body-description{padding-left:16px;padding-right:16px}.featured_post .widget__headline-text,.featured_post .widget__subheadline-text,.article_post .widget__headline-text,.article_post .widget__subheadline-text,.fullwidth_post .widget__headline,.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:36px;letter-spacing:-0.2px;line-height:36px}}@media (min-width:1376px){.listicle-slideshow .rebellt-item-media-container{}}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1375px){.listicle-slideshow .rebellt-item-media-container{}}@media (min-width:1024px){.read_also_posts{}.listicle-slideshow-switch-page-btn:before{height:21px;width:21px}.listicle-slideshow .listicle-slideshow-switch-page-btn{width:38px;height:38px}.rebellt-item-media-container .share-tab-img>img{max-height:calc(100vh - 60px);width:auto!important;margin:0 auto}.feature_post_full .photo-caption:before{height:8px}.current_post_content .body-description>p:first-child{margin-top:0}.body-description h2{font-size:42px;letter-spacing:-0.5px;line-height:44px}.body-description h3,.body-description h1[data-role="headline"]{font-size:32px;letter-spacing:-0.5px;line-height:36px}.body-description h4{font-size:24px;letter-spacing:1px;line-height:28px}.body-description h5{font-size:20px;letter-spacing:1px;line-height:18px}.widget__shares.share-panel{margin-bottom:30px;margin-top:30px;padding-bottom:20px}.dark_layout .widget__shares.share-panel{margin:15px 0 30px 0;padding-bottom:14px}.article_post .widget__shares.share-panel:before{content:"share this story"}.dark_layout .article_post .widget__shares.share-panel:before{content:"share this episode"}.infinite_scroll .widget__shares.share-panel{width:calc(100% - 80%);position:sticky;top:80px;margin:35px 0 24px;z-index:1}.infinite_scroll .tags{width:calc(100% - 80%);position:sticky;height:0;top:199px;z-index:0;margin-left:0px}.infinite_scroll .body{margin:-150px 0 0 23.2%}.article_column{border-right:1px solid #bdbdbd}.article_post--body-and-tags .tags{display:none!important}.feature_post_full.current_post .widget .widget__body:last-child .body-description{border-bottom:0;padding-bottom:calc(64px - 1em);margin-bottom:0}.feature_post_full .widget .widget__body:last-child{border-bottom:0;padding-left:32px;padding-right:32px}.feature_post_full.Vertical .widget .widget__body:last-child{width:inherit;margin-bottom:0}.container_feature_below{margin:0 auto 64px;border:solid #bfbfbf;border-width:0 1px 1px;padding:0 56px 29px;max-width:768px;box-sizing:border-box}.container_feature_below .tags{padding-top:16px;border-top:1px solid #bdbdbd;margin-top:0}.body-description a,.body-description a u{text-underline-offset:1px;text-decoration-thickness:1px}}@media (min-width:1376px){.feature_post_full .widget .widget__body:last-child .body-description{padding-left:64px;padding-right:64px;margin-top:96px;max-width:992px}.feature_post_full:not(.current_post) .body-description{margin-bottom:96px}.container_feature_below{padding-left:64px;padding-right:64px;max-width:992px;margin-bottom:96px}}.feature_post_full .photo-caption{padding-right:0}.media-caption,.posts-custom .media-caption,.photo-caption{color:#262626;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:14px;letter-spacing:0.1px;display:inline;line-height:18px;padding-right:5px}.photo-credit,.photo-caption p{display:inline}.feature_post_full .photo-credit{padding:8px 0}.feature_post_full .photo-caption{padding-right:0}@media (max-width:767px){.feature_post_full .body-description{padding:0}.feature_post_full.Vertical .posts-custom .social-date{padding-left:16px;border:0}.article_post.infinite_scroll .photo-caption{padding:0 16px}.feature_post_full .social-date-modified{padding-left:16px}}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1023px){.feature_post_full .body-description{padding-left:16px;padding-right:16px}.article_post.infinite_scroll .photo-caption{padding:0 16px}}@media (max-width:1023px){.feature_post_full .photo-caption:before{margin-top:-12px}.feature_post_full .tags{margin:0 -16px}}@media (min-width:1024px){.feature_post_full .photo-caption:before{height:8px}}.feature_post_full.DarkGray .like-btn.like,.feature_post_full.DarkGray .like-btn.unlike,.feature_post_full.DarkGray .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.DarkGray .social-date-modified,.feature_post_full.DarkGray .social-date{border-left:1px solid #404040}.feature_post_full.Yellow .like-btn.like,.feature_post_full.Yellow .like-btn.unlike,.feature_post_full.Yellow .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.Yellow .social-date-modified,.feature_post_full.Yellow .social-date{border-left:1px solid #c38500}.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1 .like-btn.like,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1 .like-btn.unlike,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1 .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1 .social-date,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1 .social-date-modified,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2 .like-btn.like,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2 .like-btn.unlike,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2 .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2 .social-date,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2 .social-date-modified{border-left:1px solid #898ba5}.feature_post_full.Green .like-btn.like,.feature_post_full.Green .like-btn.unlike,.feature_post_full.Green .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.Green .social-date,.feature_post_full.Green .social-date-modified{border-left:1px solid #27c3ae}.feature_post_full.LightBlue .like-btn.like,.feature_post_full.LightBlue .like-btn.unlike,.feature_post_full.LightBlue .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.LightBlue .social-date,.feature_post_full.LightBlue .social-date-modified{border-left:1px solid #b0d7ed}.feature_post_full.Purple .social-date,.feature_post_full.Purple .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.Purple .like-btn.like,.feature_post_full.Purple .like-btn.unlike,.feature_post_full.Purple .social-date-modified{border-left:1px solid #8d8cd6}.feature_post_full.Pink .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.Pink .like-btn.like,.feature_post_full.Pink .like-btn.unlike,.feature_post_full.Pink .social-date,.feature_post_full.Pink .social-date-modified{border-left:1px solid #fa5f9f}.feature_post_full.Blue .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.Blue .like-btn.like,.feature_post_full.Blue .like-btn.unlike,.feature_post_full.Blue .social-date,.feature_post_full.Blue .social-date-modified{border-left-color:#4096c8}p.ieee-sidebar-medium{width:40%;clear:both;max-width:40%;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;display:block}@media (max-width:767px){p.ieee-sidebar-medium{width:auto;max-width:100%}}@media (min-width:769px){.rebellt-item .fl-scrolly-caption p{font-family:"Favorit-Pro";font-size:2.2rem;line-height:2.6rem}}.ieee-image-small .media-photo-credit p{line-height:inherit}.ieee-sidebar-left h4,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth h4,.ieee-sidebar-left h5,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth h5{margin-bottom:8px}.feature_post_full .ieee-sidebar-large ol li{padding:4px 6px;margin:0 0 0 16px;line-height:inherit!important}.has_voting .vote-down .vote-container:before{content:"No";display:block;font-family:"Favorit-Pro";font-size:16px;padding:16px 8px 4px 8px;color:#0d0d0d}.has_voting .vote-up .vote-container:before{content:"Yes";display:block;font-family:"Favorit-Pro";font-size:16px;padding:16px 8px 4px 8px;color:#0d0d0d}.has_voting .number-container{font-family:"Favorit-Mono";padding:8px}.has_voting .up_down_voting--wrp{margin:0 0 0 8px}.vote-down.disabled.voted .vote-container:before{content:"No";display:block;font-family:"Favorit-Pro";font-size:16px;padding:16px 8px 4px 8px;color:#ffffff}.vote-up.disabled.voted .vote-container:before{content:"Yes";display:block;font-family:"Favorit-Pro";font-size:16px;padding:16px 8px 4px 8px;color:#ffffff}.has_voting .votes{padding:4px 0 0 0}@media (max-width:767px){.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns.col2:nth-of-type(1){margin-bottom:0}.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns.col2:nth-of-type(2){margin-top:0}.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns.col2:nth-of-type(1) ul{margin-bottom:0}.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns.col2:nth-of-type(2) ul{margin-top:0}.rebellt-item{margin:0!important}.rebellt-item.is--mobile,.rebellt-item.is--tablet{margin-bottom:0}.pull-quote p,.ieee-pullquote p,.ieee-pullquote-fullwidth p,.ieee-pullquote-left p{margin-top:0!important;line-height:40px}.body-description .rebellt-item em{line-height:inherit}}.body-description .rebellt-item em{line-height:inherit}.ieee-sidebar-left p em,.ieee-sidebar-medium p em,.ieee-sidebar-small p em,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth p em,.ieee-sidebar-large p em,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns p em,.ieee-sidebar-list-left p em,.ieee-factbox-left p em,.ieee-statbox-left p em,.ieee-number-list-left p em,.ieee-thumbnail-left p em{font-family:"Favorit-Pro"}.body-description .ieee-sidebar-medium em{font-family:unset}.ieee-thumbnail-left>div:first-of-type{float:left;width:100px;padding-right:12px}.ieee-thumbnail-left p:first-of-type{clear:both;padding-top:12px}.post__last-point,.ieee-end-mark{content:"";display:inline-block;width:0.6em;height:0.6em;margin:0 0 0 5px;background-color:#FF4C00}.rebellt-item ol,.rebellt-item ul{line-height:36px}.posts-custom .body .image-media.media-caption p{line-height:18px}pre{font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;background:#ddd;padding:10px;border-radius:4px;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:16px;color:#404040}.rebellt-item.ieee-image-small .image-media.media-caption p,.rebellt-item.ieee-image-medium .image-media.media-caption p,.rebellt-item.ieee-image-large .image-media.media-caption p{line-height:18px}.ieee-sidebar-left,.ieee-sidebar-right,.ieee-sidebar-medium,.ieee-sidebar-small,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth,.ieee-sidebar-large,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns,.ieee-sidebar-list-left,.ieee-sidebar-list-right,.ieee-factbox-left,.ieee-factbox-right,.ieee-statbox-left,.ieee-statbox-right,.ieee-number-list-left{color:#0D0D0D;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-size:16px;letter-spacing:-0.1px;line-height:20px;background:white;padding:16px 16px 32px}.listicle-slideshow-headline{margin:16px 0!important}.ieee-sidebar-right .media-caption p,.ieee-sidebar-right .media-photo-credit p,.ieee-sidebar-left .media-caption p,.ieee-sidebar-left .media-photo-credit p,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth .media-caption p{display:contents}.ieee-sidebar-right p,.ieee-sidebar-left p,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth p,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns p,.ieee-sidebar-list-left p,.ieee-sidebar-list-right p,.ieee-number-list-left p,.ieee-factbox-left p,.ieee-factbox-right p,.ieee-statbox-left p,.ieee-statbox-right p{line-height:20px}.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns p strong,.ieee-sidebar-left p strong,.ieee-sidebar-right p strong,.ieee-sidebar-list-left p strong,.ieee-sidebar-list-right p strong{display:inline-block;padding-top:16px}.ieee-statbox-left,.ieee-statbox-right{padding-bottom:24px}.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth h3,.ieee-sidebar-large h3,.ieee-sidebar-medium h3,.ieee-sidebar-small h3,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns h3,.ieee-number-list-left h3,.ieee-statbox-left h3,.ieee-statbox-right h3,.ieee-sidebar-left h3,.ieee-sidebar-right h3,.ieee-sidebar-list-left h3,.ieee-sidebar-list-right h3{font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;margin:0 0 24px;font-size:32px;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:-0.5px;line-height:36px}.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns h3,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns p,.ieee-sidebar-left p{margin:8px 0 0}.ieee-factbox-left h3,.ieee-factbox-right h3{color:#0D0D0D;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:48px;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:-1.5px;line-height:48px;margin:8px 0 0 0}.ieee-factbox-left p,.ieee-factbox-right p{margin-top:14px}.ieee-statbox-left strong,.ieee-statbox-right strong{color:#404040;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;text-transform:uppercase;font-weight:inherit}.ieee-statbox-left p,.ieee-statbox-right p{margin:8px 0}.ieee-statbox-left p:nth-child(2n + 3):not(:last-child),.ieee-statbox-right p:nth-child(2n + 3):not(:last-child){margin-bottom:24px}.ieee-sidebar-list-left p strong,.ieee-sidebar-list-right p strong{border-top:1px solid #d9d9d9;display:inherit;padding-top:8px}.ieee-sidebar-list-left p{margin:0;padding-top:8px}.ieee-sidebar-list-left h3{margin-bottom:20px}.ieee-sidebar-list-left p:nth-child(odd){margin-bottom:16px}.ieee-number-list-left h4{border-bottom:1px solid #d9d9d9;color:#8c8c8c;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:32px;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:0;line-height:36px;margin:0}.ieee-number-list-left{padding-bottom:24px}.ieee-number-list-left p{margin:8px 0}.ieee-number-list-left h4:not(:nth-child(2)){margin:24px 0 0 0}.pull-quote,.ieee-pullquote,.ieee-pullquote-fullwidth,.ieee-pullquote-left{color:#ff4c00;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-size:32px;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-1px;line-height:40px!important;margin-top:32px!important}.pull-quote p,.ieee-pullquote p,.ieee-pullquote-fullwidth p,.ieee-pullquote-left p{margin-top:0}.pull-quote:before,.ieee-pullquote:before,.ieee-pullquote-fullwidth:before,.ieee-pullquote-left:before{content:"";display:block;width:40px;height:25px;margin-left:-10px;margin-bottom:16px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:100% auto;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")}.ieee-pullquote-left .caption,.ieee-pullquote-fullwidth .caption{line-height:16px;color:#737373;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:16px;font-weight:400;text-transform:uppercase;width:66%}.ieee-pullquote-left .caption strong,.ieee-pullquote-fullwidth .caption strong{color:#0d0d0d;font-weight:inherit}.widget.tag-type-ti .pull-quote,.widget.tag-type-ti .ieee-pullquote,.widget.tag-type-ti .ieee-pullquote-fullwidth,.widget.tag-type-ti .ieee-pullquote-left{color:#005690}.widget.tag-type-ti .pull-quote:before,.widget.tag-type-ti .ieee-pullquote:before,.widget.tag-type-ti .ieee-pullquote-fullwidth:before,.widget.tag-type-ti .ieee-pullquote-left:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='62px'%20height='40px'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20id='Page-1'%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20id='1568---Feature-article-pull-quote'%20transform='translate(-144.000000,-286.000000)'%20stroke='%23005690'%20stroke-width='5'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group'%20transform='translate(144.758053,243.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-3'%20transform='translate(0.000000,44.977510)'%3E%3Cpolyline%20id='Hed/dek-separator'%20transform='translate(17.522490,17.522490)%20rotate(45.000000)%20translate(-17.522490,-17.522490)'%20points='5.24194695%205.0224901%2029.8030332%205.0224901%2029.8030332%2030.0224901'%3E%3C/polyline%3E%3Cpolyline%20id='Hed/dek-separator-Copy'%20transform='translate(39.567470,18.522490)%20rotate(45.000000)%20translate(-39.567470,-18.522490)'%20points='27.2869272%206.0224901%2051.8480135%206.0224901%2051.8480135%2031.0224901'%3E%3C/polyline%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}blockquote,.posts-custom blockquote{border-left:2px solid #D9D9D9;border-left-color:#D9D9D9;color:#0D0D0D;font-family:"IvarTextItalic",sans-serif;font-style:italic}.ieee-sidebar-right ol li,.ieee-sidebar-left ol li,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth ol li,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns ol li,.ieee-sidebar-list-left ol li,.ieee-sidebar-list-right ol li,.ieee-number-list-left ol li,.ieee-factbox-left ol li,.ieee-factbox-right ol li,.ieee-statbox-left ol li,.ieee-statbox-right ol li,.ieee-sidebar-right ul li,.ieee-sidebar-left ul li,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth ul li,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns ul li,.ieee-sidebar-list-left ul li,.ieee-sidebar-list-right ul li,.ieee-number-list-left ul li,.ieee-factbox-left ul li,.ieee-factbox-right ul li,.ieee-statbox-left ul li,.ieee-statbox-right ul li{line-height:20px;padding:8px 0}.ieee-sidebar-small .shortcode-media,.ieee-sidebar-medium .shortcode-media,.ieee-sidebar-large .shortcode-media,.ieee-sidebar-small p.shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image.rm-float-left,.ieee-sidebar-medium p.shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image.rm-float-left,.ieee-sidebar-large p.shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image.rm-float-left{width:100%}.ieee-sidebar-large{display:flow-root;margin-bottom:48px}figcaption{color:#262626;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:14px;letter-spacing:0.1px;display:inline!important;line-height:normal}.ee-ul{padding-left:0;margin:0}.ieee-sidebar-large .ee-ul li,.ieee-sidebar-medium .ee-ul li,.ieee-sidebar-small .ee-ul li{list-style:none;padding:8px 0}.ieee-sidebar-large .ee-ul li:not(:last-child),.ieee-sidebar-medium .ee-ul li:not(:last-child),.ieee-sidebar-small .ee-ul li:not(:last-child){border-bottom:1px solid #d9d9d9}ol,ul{padding-left:1em;margin:49px 0 47px}ul li{padding:12px 0}ol li{padding:12px 0 12px 5px}.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ol,.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ul,.feature_post_full :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ol,.feature_post_full :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ul{padding-left:2em;margin:16px 0 4px}.shortcode-media-brightcove,.shortcode-media-facebook,.shortcode-media-imgur,.shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image,.shortcode-media-rebelmouse-proxy-image,.shortcode-media-twitter_embed{display:inline-block}@media (min-width:769px){.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns.rebellt-item.col2{padding:16px;display:table-cell!important}.shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image.rm-float-right,.shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image.rm-float-left{width:50%}.ieee-image-small{width:45%;float:left;margin-right:32px;margin-bottom:16px}.ieee-image-medium{width:70%}.ieee-statbox-left,.ieee-statbox-right,.ieee-sidebar-small{width:25%}.ieee-pullquote-left,.ieee-sidebar-left,.ieee-number-list-left,.ieee-statbox-left,.ieee-factbox-left,.ieee-sidebar-list-left,.ieee-sidebar-medium,.ieee-sidebar-small{float:left;margin-right:32px;margin-bottom:5px}.ieee-sidebar-right,.ieee-statbox-right,.ieee-factbox-right,.ieee-sidebar-list-right{float:left;margin-right:32px;margin-bottom:5px}.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns.rebellt-item.col2{vertical-align:top;padding:16px 16px 40px}.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns[data-basename*="particle"]{padding-top:60px!important}.feature_post_full.Red .social-date{border-left:1px solid #FFAA88}.feature_post_full.Blue .social-date{border-left:1px solid #4096c8}.feature_post_full.Pink .social-date{border-left:1px solid #FA5F9F}.feature_post_full.Purple .social-date{border-left:1px solid #8D8CD6}.feature_post_full.LightGreen .social-date{border-left-color:#007D6A}.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1 .social-date,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2 .social-date{border-left:1px solid #898BA5}}@media (min-width:769px) and (max-width:1023px){.ieee-pullquote-left,.ieee-sidebar-medium,.ieee-sidebar-left,.ieee-sidebar-right,.ieee-number-list-left,.ieee-sidebar-list-left,.ieee-sidebar-list-right,.ieee-factbox-left,.ieee-factbox-right{width:30%}}@media (max-width:768px){.ieee-sidebar-right p{margin-top:24px}.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ol,.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ul,.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-medium) ol,.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-medium) ul,.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-small) ol,.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-small) ul,.article_post ul:not(around-the-web__list){margin:37px 0 35px}.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns.col2{display:block!important}.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns[data-basename*="particle"]{padding:1px 16px 32px!important}}@media (min-width:1024px){.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ul li,.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ol li,.feature_post_full :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ul li,.feature_post_full :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ol li{line-height:36px}blockquote,.posts-custom blockquote{padding:0 16px;margin:32px 0}.ieee-pullquote-left,.ieee-sidebar-medium,.ieee-sidebar-left,.ieee-sidebar-right,.ieee-number-list-left,.ieee-sidebar-list-left,.ieee-sidebar-list-right,.ieee-factbox-left,.ieee-factbox-right{width:40%}}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1023px){blockquote,.posts-custom blockquote{padding:0 16px;margin:40px 0}.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ul li,.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ol li,.feature_post_full :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ul li,.feature_post_full :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ol li{padding:4px 0;line-height:28px}.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ol,.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ul,.article_post ul:not(around-the-web__list){margin:40px 0}}@media (max-width:767px){.feature_post_full .social-date.social-date{border-left:none}blockquote,.posts-custom blockquote{padding:0 16px;margin:32px 0}.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ul li,.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ol li,.feature_post_full :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ul li,.feature_post_full :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ol li{padding:4px 4px;line-height:28px}.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ol,.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ul,.article_post ul:not(around-the-web__list){margin:16px 0 4px}.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns h3,.ieee-sidebar-left h3{margin:0 0 11px;font-size:24px;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:-0.25px;line-height:28px}.pull-quote p,.ieee-pullquote p,.ieee-pullquote-fullwidth p,.ieee-pullquote-left p,p.pull-quote{margin-bottom:16px}.ieee-pullquote-left .caption,.ieee-pullquote-fullwidth .caption{margin-bottom:32px}.shortcode-media{margin:32px 0 16px}.ieee-sidebar-medium,.ieee-sidebar-large,.pull-quote p,.ieee-pullquote p,.ieee-pullquote-fullwidth p,.ieee-pullquote-left p,p.pull-quote,.pull-quote,.ieee-pullquote,.ieee-pullquote-fullwidth,.ieee-pullquote-left,.rebellt-item{margin:32px 0}.ieee-sidebar-small .shortcode-media,.ieee-sidebar-medium .shortcode-media,.ieee-sidebar-large .shortcode-media,.ieee-sidebar-small .shortcode-media,.ieee-sidebar-medium .shortcode-media,.ieee-sidebar-large .shortcode-media{margin:16px 0}}@media (max-width:768px){.ieee-number-list-left h4{font-size:24px;letter-spacing:-0.25px;line-height:28px}}@media (max-width:768px){.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns.col2{display:block!important;padding-bottom:0px!important}.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns.col2 + .ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns.col2,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns[data-basename*="particle"]{padding:1px 16px 32px!important}}@media (min-width:768px){.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ul li,.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ol li,.feature_post_full :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ul li,.feature_post_full :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ol li{padding:4px 6px}}.article_post .ieee-sidebar-fullwidth ol{list-style-position:inside;padding:0;margin:0}.article_post .ieee-sidebar-fullwidth ol li{line-height:20px;padding:16px 0px}.around-the-web__list{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}@media (max-width:1023px){.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth h3,.ieee-sidebar-large h3,.ieee-sidebar-medium h3,.ieee-sidebar-small h3,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns h3,.ieee-number-list-left h3,.ieee-statbox-left h3,.ieee-statbox-right h3,.ieee-sidebar-left h3,.ieee-sidebar-right h3,.ieee-sidebar-list-left h3,.ieee-sidebar-list-right h3{font-size:24px;letter-spacing:-0.25px;line-height:28px}}:root{}.talk--messages,.talk-linked-comment{font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif}@media screen and (max-width:767px){.comment--item-text{overflow:inherit;background:transparent;padding:0;border-radius:5px;margin-bottom:0}.comment--item-avatar.comment--item-avatar img{margin-right:17px}.comment--item-message.comment--item-message{margin:32px 0 5px 0}.talk-linked-comment .comment--item,.talk--messages .comment--item{margin:0 -16px;position:relative;padding:16px 16px 0 16px}.comment--item-message.comment--item-message p{margin:40px 0 0}.talk--messages .comment--custom-field-member-badges{overflow:auto;margin-top:-1px}}.article__comments .comment-item--publish{background:#ff4c00;border:none;padding-top:1px;transition:all 0.3s}.article__comments .comment-item--publish:hover{background:#A32700}.article__comments .comment--item-date{font-size:0px;line-height:0}.article__comments .comment--item-date::after{content:attr(data-date);font-size:12px;display:block;line-height:1.2}.talk--load_more-wrp.has_load_more.loaded.rm-preact:not(:empty):after{content:"";background:linear-gradient(180deg,rgba(236,236,233,0) 0%,rgba(236,236,233,0.8) 20%,#ECECE9 100%);border:0;display:block;height:200px;margin-top:-263px;position:absolute;width:100%}.talks--load_more:after{content:"\2193";padding-left:8px;font-size:16px}.talks--load_more:before{content:"See all responses";font-size:16px}.talks--load_more.talks--load_more{font-size:0}.article-content__comments-wrapper .talk--messages .material-icons.status-rejected.selected{display:none!important}.talk--load_more-wrp.has_load_more.loaded.rm-preact:not(:empty):after{content:"";background:linear-gradient(180deg,rgba(236,236,233,0) 0%,rgba(236,236,233,0.8) 20%,#ECECE9 100%);border:0;display:block;height:200px;margin-top:-263px;position:absolute;width:100%}.talks--load_more:before{content:"See all responses";font-size:16px}.talks--load_more.talks--load_more{font-size:0}.comment--custom-field-member-badges,.comment--custom-field-grade{display:inline;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;padding:2px 4px 0px;width:fit-content;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:middle}.comment--item-toolbar{background:white!important}.comment--custom-field-grade{visibility:hidden}.comment--custom-field-grade:before{padding:2px 4px 0px;visibility:visible}.comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE GRADUATE STUDENT MEMBER"]{background:#D2F9F3;color:#004238}.comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="GSM"]:before{background:#D2F9F3;color:#004238;content:"IEEE GRADUATE STUDENT MEMBER"}.comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE STUDENT MEMBER"]{background:#D7F2C2;color:#114200}.comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="StM"]:before{background:#D7F2C2;color:#114200;content:"IEEE STUDENT MEMBER"}.comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE ASSOCIATE MEMBER"]{background:#D0EBFB;color:#002E4D}.comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="AM"]:before{background:#D0EBFB;color:#002E4D;content:"IEEE ASSOCIATE MEMBER"}.comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE MEMBER"]{background:#DCDDE4;color:#02032C}.comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="M"]:before,.comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="SA MBR"]:before{background:#DCDDE4;color:#02032C;content:"IEEE MEMBER"}.comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="LM"]:before{background:#DCDDE4;color:#02032C;content:"IEEE LIFE MEMBER"}.comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE SENIOR MEMBER"]{background:#D8D6FF;color:#160F57}.comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="SM"]:before{background:#D8D6FF;color:#160F57;content:"IEEE SENIOR MEMBER"}.comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="LS"]:before{background:#D8D6FF;color:#160F57;content:"IEEE LIFE SENIOR MEMBER"}.comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE FELLOW"]{background:#FFCCE1;color:#6B0F36}.comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="F"]:before{background:#FFCCE1;color:#6B0F36;content:"IEEE FELLOW"}.comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="LF"]:before{background:#FFCCE1;color:#6B0F36;content:"IEEE LIFE FELLOW"}.comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="H"]:before{background:#FFCCE1;color:#6B0F36;content:"IEEE HONORARY MEMBER"}.comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="STAFF EDITOR"]{background:#FFDED1;color:#521400}.comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="CONTRIBUTOR"]{background-color:#FFF0CC;color:#704D00}.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE GRADUATE STUDENT MEMBER"],.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="GSM"]:before,.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE STUDENT MEMBER"],.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="StM"]:before,.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE ASSOCIATE MEMBER"],.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="AM"]:before,.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE MEMBER"],.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="H"]:before,.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="LM"]:before,.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="M"]:before,.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="SA MBR"]:before,.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE SENIOR MEMBER"],.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="LS"]:before,.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="SM"]:before,.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE FELLOW"],.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="F"]:before,.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="LF"]:before,.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="STAFF EDITOR"],.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="CONTRIBUTOR"]{color:white}.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE GRADUATE STUDENT MEMBER"],.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="GSM"]:before{background:#007D6A}.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE STUDENT MEMBER"],.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="StM"]:before{background:#316E1C}.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE ASSOCIATE MEMBER"],.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="AM"]:before{background:#005690}.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE MEMBER"],.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="H"]:before,.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="LM"]:before,.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="M"]:before,.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="SA MBR"]:before{background:#313662}.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE SENIOR MEMBER"],.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="LS"]:before,.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="SM"]:before{background:#362BA6}.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE FELLOW"],.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="F"]:before,.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="LF"]:before{background:#CA3674}.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="STAFF EDITOR"]{background:#A32700}.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="CONTRIBUTOR"]{background-color:#9E6C00}.talks--load_more{background:transparent!important;border:none!important;color:#0D0D0D!important;text-transform:inherit!important;font-size:16px;font-weight:700!important;letter-spacing:-0.1px;font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif}.dark_layout .talks--load_more{color:#F2F2F2!important}.talks--load_more:after{content:"\2193";padding-left:8px;font-size:16px}.talks--load_more:hover{color:#FF4C00!important}.comment--item-message{margin:16px 0 5px 0}.comment--item-word-count-user{background:white;margin-left:-6px}.comment--item.rejected-comment .comment--item__reply,.comment--item.proposed-comment .comment--item__reply{margin-left:-8px}.input__star_rating,.author-rating,.talk__author__desc,.comment--item-word-count-min,.comment--item--short-bio,.comment--item--action .comment-action-icon,.comment--hide--replies svg,.comment--show--replies svg{display:none}.comment--item--action .admin-controls svg{display:block}a.comment--item__reply:after,a.comment--item__share:after{vertical-align:text-top;color:#404040;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:16px;font-weight:100}a.comment--item__reply:after{content:"REPLY"}a.comment--item__share:after{content:"SHARE"}.comment--item__share{margin-right:0!important}a.comment--item__like:after,a.comment--item__dislike:after{content:"";vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block;width:13px;height:10px;transition:all 0.3s ease;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:100% auto}a.comment--item__like:after{transform:rotate(180deg);position:relative;top:-2px}.comment--item--action>div:not(.admin-controls){display:flex}.comment--item--action div a.comment--item__like{border-left:0;border-right:1px solid #BFBFBF;order:0;margin-left:-8px!important}.comment--item--action div a.comment--item__dislike{order:1}.comment--item--action .comment--item__reply{order:2}.comment--item--action .comment--item__share{order:3}a.comment--item__like:hover:after,a.comment--item__dislike:hover:after{filter:opacity(1)}.comment--item__like.selected,.comment--item__dislike.selected{background:#ff4c007a}a.comment--hide--replies,a.comment--show--replies{font-size:0}a.comment--hide--replies:after,a.comment--show--replies:after,a.comment--show--replies .comment--count{vertical-align:bottom;text-transform:capitalize;color:#0D0D0D;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-size:16px;letter-spacing:-0.1px;line-height:24px}a.comment--show--replies:after{content:"Show Responses";color:#0D0D0D;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-size:16px;letter-spacing:-0.1px;line-height:24px}a.comment--hide--replies:after{content:"Hide Responses";color:#0D0D0D;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-size:16px;letter-spacing:-0.1px;line-height:24px}a.comment--show--replies .comment--count{float:right;padding-left:8px}a.comment--show--replies .comment--count:before{content:"("}a.comment--show--replies .comment--count:after{content:")"}.talk--load_more__replies,.comment--show--replies,.comment--hide--replies{padding:2px 8px 0 8px!important;background:#ecece9!important;border:none!important;z-index:3!important}.dark_layout .talk--load_more__replies,.dark_layout .comment--show--replies,.dark_layout .comment--hide--replies{background:#1A1A1A!important}.dark_layout .comment--hide--replies:after,.dark_layout .comment--show--replies:after,.dark_layout .comment--show--replies .comment--count{color:#f2f2f2}.comment--item-date{margin:7px 0 0 0;color:#404040;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:16px;font-weight:100;right:0!important}.comment--item--action a:hover{color:#FF4C00!important}.talk-linked-comment .comment--item,.talk--messages .comment--item{border-bottom:1px solid #BFBFBF!important}.dark_layout .talk-linked-comment .comment--item,.dark_layout .talk--messages .comment--item{border-bottom:1px solid #404040!important}.comment--item--action a{margin:16px 0!important;height:14px;line-height:16px;padding:0 8px}.comment--item--action a:not(:first-child){border-left:1px solid #BFBFBF}.dark_layout .comment--item--action a:not(:first-child){border-left:1px solid #262626}.comment--item-text-field{font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif}.dark_layout .comment--item-text-field{color:#fff}.dark_layout .comment--item-text-input,.dark_layout .redactor-box,.dark_layout .comment--item-toolbar{background:#404040!important}.dark_layout .comment--item-text-input{border-color:#404040}.dark_layout a.comment--item__reply:after,.dark_layout a.comment--item__share:after,.dark_layout .comment--item-date,.dark_layout .redactor-toolbar>li a,.dark_layout .redactor-editor p,.dark_layout .comment-headline:before,.dark_layout .comment-sort,.dark_layout .comment--sort{color:#A6A6A6!important}.dark_layout .comment--item-username{color:#F2F2F2}.dark_layout .comment--item-message p{color:#D9D9D9}.dark_layout .talk-linked-comment .comment--item,.dark_layout .talk--messages .comment--item{border-bottom:1px solid #262626}.dark_layout .article-content__comments-wrapper{border-bottom:1px solid #404040}.dark_layout .comment--item-word-count-user{background:#404040}.comment--item-text .comment--item-username{text-transform:capitalize;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.2px;line-height:22px}.comment--item-message p{font-size:18px;letter-spacing:-0.2px;line-height:28px}.comment--item-avatar img{width:75px!important;height:75px!important}@media (max-width:1023px){.comment--item-message p{font-size:16px;line-height:24px;letter-spacing:-0.1px;margin:16px 0 0}.comment--item-avatar img{margin-right:7px}}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.talk--messages .comment--custom-field-member-badges,.talk--messages .comment--custom-field-grade,.comment--item-text .comment--item-username{display:block}.comment--item-date{right:0!important;position:relative!important}.replies.level-two{margin:0px}}.material-icons.status-featured,.material-icons.status-proposed,.material-icons.status-rejected{right:105px!important;top:16px!important}@media (min-width:769px){.rm-float-right{float:right;margin-left:32px}.rm-float-left{float:left;margin-right:32px}.rm-resized-container-10{width:10%}.rm-resized-container-15{width:15%}.rm-resized-container-20{width:20%}.rm-resized-container-25{width:25%}.rm-resized-container-30{width:30%}.rm-resized-container-35{width:35%}.rm-resized-container-40{width:40%}.rm-resized-container-45{width:45%}.rm-resized-container-50{width:50%}.rm-resized-container-55{width:55%}.rm-resized-container-60{width:60%}.rm-resized-container-65{width:65%}.rm-resized-container-70{width:70%}.rm-resized-container-75{width:75%}.rm-resized-container-80{width:80%}.rm-resized-container-85{width:85%}.rm-resized-container-90{width:90%}}.post-author-list .posts-custom .social-author{margin-top:0;position:relative;font-size:18px;width:100%}.post-author-list .posts-custom .social-author:before{content:""}.post-author-list .posts-custom .social-author__name{text-decoration:none;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;float:left;margin-right:5px;text-transform:none;padding-right:0}.post-author-list .social-author__bio{display:list-item;font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;list-style:none}.post-author-list .posts-custom .social-author__name,.post-author-list .social-author__bio{color:#0D0D0D;font-size:18px;letter-spacing:-0.011111111111111112em;line-height:22px}.post-author-list .social-author__bio p{margin:0;line-height:22px}.post-author-list .posts-custom .social-author__avatar{clear:both;display:block;float:none;height:0;width:0;position:revert}.post-author-list .social-author__bio a:first-child{display:none}.post-author-list:before{margin-bottom:-14px;padding-bottom:0}.post-author-list{padding:16px 0 48px 0;border-top:1px solid #BFBFBF;border-bottom:1px solid #BFBFBF}.container_feature_below .post-author-list{border-top:0;padding-top:6px}.container_feature_below .col{margin-bottom:0}.social-author__bio:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:16px;padding-bottom:16px;border-bottom:1px solid #BFBFBF}.social-author__bio + .social-author__avatar:before{content:"s";position:absolute;left:10.6em;top:2px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.0625em;line-height:12px;display:block;padding-bottom:16px;color:#404040}.post-author-list .social-author__avatar.image .cover-all.image{width:0;height:0}@media screen and (max-width:1023px){.post-author-list .posts-custom .social-author__name,.post-author-list .social-author__bio p,.post-author-list .social-author__bio{font-size:16px;letter-spacing:-0.00625em;line-height:20px}}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1023px){.post-author-list{padding-left:32px;padding-right:32px}}@media (min-width:0) and (max-width:767px){.container_feature_below .post-author-list.post-author-list{padding:28px 16px 52px 16px}.post-author-list.post-author-list{padding:16px 16px 32px 16px}.post-author-list .posts-custom .social-author{margin-top:8px;position:relative}.social-author__bio + .social-author__avatar:before{top:-6px}.post-author-list .social-author__bio{padding-left:16px;padding-right:16px;margin-left:-16px;margin-right:-16px}}#sTop_Bar_0_0_29_0_0_16 {margin:0;position:relative;z-index:200;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#sTop_Bar_0_0_29_0_0_16 {margin-bottom:24px;}}#sTop_Bar_0_0_29_0_0_16_0 {align-items:center;position:relative;}.toggle-user-dropdown{top:0;font-size:0}.rebelbar__user-info .notification-counter:not(.user-info__dropdown-wrapper .notification-counter){position:relative;top:5px}#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1 {margin:0;text-transform:uppercase;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1 {padding-top:6px;}}#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0 {display:flex;margin:auto;padding:0 32px;justify-content:space-between;box-sizing:border-box;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0 {padding:0 16px;}}#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_0_0 {margin:0;}#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_0_0 a {color:#BFBFBF;font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;font-family:'Favorit-Mono',sans-serif;padding:16px 24px 16px 0px;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:10px;}#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_0_0 a:last-child {border:0;}#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_0_0 a:hover {text-decoration:underline;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_0_0 a {padding-bottom:14px;}}#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_1_0_1_1 {display:inline-block;}#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_1_0_1_1_0 {margin:0;}#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_1_0_1_1_0 a {color:#BFBFBF;font-family:'Favorit-Mono',sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:10px;text-decoration:none;padding:16px 24px 16px 0px;letter-spacing:0.0625em;}#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_1_0_1_1_0 a:last-child {border:0;}#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_1_0_1_1_0 a:hover {text-decoration:underline;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_1_0_1_1_0 a {padding:15px 0px 13px 16px;}}#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_1_1 {display:inline-block;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_1_1 {display:none;}}.button-view-hidden{display:none}.section-frontpage .topbar-sticky:not(.active) .rebelbar-wrapper_static.announcement-show,.topbar-sticky.active .js-hidden-panel:not(.active) + .rebelbar-wrapper_static.announcement-show{padding-top:0}.rebelbar-wrapper_static.announcement-show{padding-top:0}.announcement-show .announcement-bar{display:flex}.announcement-bar{background:linear-gradient(45deg,#e9c52e,#d03033,#1e6d6a,#1e6d6a,#d03033,#fdcf0d);padding:0 62px 0 32px;margin:0 -32px 20px;display:none;justify-content:center}.topbar-sticky.active .js-hidden-panel:not(.active) + .rebelbar-wrapper_static.announcement-show .announcement-bar{margin-bottom:10px}.announcement-bar .formatted-text a{color:inherit}.announcement-bar .formatted-text,.announcement-bar .text-element a{font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-weight:100;font-size:12px;text-align:center;display:inline-block}.announcement-bar .formatted-text{color:white!important;text-decoration:none;margin:2px 0 -2px;padding-left:15px;padding-right:15px}.announcement-bar .text-element a{display:inline-block;width:max-content;text-decoration-color:transparent;background-color:#FF4C00;border-radius:4px;line-height:100%;letter-spacing:0.0075em;text-transform:uppercase;margin:8px;color:#f2f2f2;padding:8px 12px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;letter-spacing:0.0625em;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px}.announcement-bar .text-element a:hover{text-decoration:underline}.announcement-bar .text-element{line-height:0;align-self:center}.announcement-bar .icon-close:before,.announcement-bar .icon-close:after{position:absolute;left:12px;right:12px;content:" ";height:24px;border-left:1px solid;color:#0D0D0D}.announcement-bar .icon-close{position:absolute;width:24px;height:24px;align-self:center;right:32px;font-size:0}@media (max-width:767px){.announcement-bar .widget__subheadline{width:65%;text-align:left}.announcement-bar .icon-close{right:13px;top:calc(50% - 12px)}.announcement-bar{padding-left:16px;padding-right:46px;position:relative;margin:0 -16px 40px}.announcement-bar .text-element a{max-width:100px}.announcement-bar .formatted-text{padding-right:8px;padding-left:0}.announcement-bar .formatted-text,.announcement-bar .text-element a{font-size:11px;line-height:12px}.dark_top_bar{position:relative;z-index:1}}#s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_41_0_0_0 {display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_41_0_0_0_0 {width:186px;}}.active .topbar__sticky-headline--post ~ .topbar__static-headline,.floating-shares{display:none}.active .floating-shares{font-size:0;display:inline-block;width:25px;height:25px;background-color:transparent;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='18px'%20height='20px'%20viewBox='0%200%2018%2020'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-207.000000,-1593.000000)'%20stroke='%23FF4C00'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-4-Copy'%20transform='translate(208.000000,1528.500000)'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-12-Copy'%20transform='translate(0.000000,64.500000)'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-2'%20transform='translate(0.000000,1.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M16,8%20L16,16%20C16,17.1045695%2015.1045695,18%2014,18%20L2,18%20C0.8954305,18%200,17.1045695%200,16%20L0,8%20L0,8'%20id='Path'%3E%3C/path%3E%3Cpolyline%20id='Path'%20transform='translate(8.000000,5.656854)%20rotate(-45.000000)%20translate(-8.000000,-5.656854)'%20points='4%201.65685425%2012%201.65685425%2012%209.65685425'%3E%3C/polyline%3E%3Cline%20x1='8'%20y1='0'%20x2='8'%20y2='12'%20id='Path-4'%3E%3C/line%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")!important;background-position:center!important;background-repeat:no-repeat!important;cursor:pointer}.active .site_logo{display:flex}@media (min-width:768px){.active .site_logo{max-width:60%}}@media (max-width:1023px){.active .site_logo svg,.active .mobile_search_icon{display:none}.active .topbar__sticky-headline.topbar__sticky-headline--post{display:inline;width:calc(100% - 30px);max-width:100%}.active .site_logo{width:calc(100% - 50px)!important}}#s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_41_0_0_0_0_1_0_1_0 {text-overflow:ellipsis;}#s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_41_0_0_0_1 {display:flex;align-items:center;padding-bottom:6px;}#sElement_Menu_0_0_8_0_0_0_0_1_0 {padding-top:5px;}#sElement_Menu_0_0_8_0_0_0_0_1_0 a {display:table;font-size:18px;line-height:22px;white-space:initial;font-family:'Favorit-Pro', sans-serif;letter-spacing:-0.2px;padding:6px 20px;}.huge-menu{inset:0px;z-index:5000;position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;margin:0 0 -20px;background-color:#1a1a1a;overflow-y:auto}.huge-menu .dark_layout{background:#1a1a1a;border:solid #404040;border-width:0 1px;box-sizing:border-box;margin:0 auto;max-width:1568px;padding-top:0}.huge-menu .top-menu .list__item.active:before,.huge-menu .top-menu .list__item:hover:before{font-size:16pt;transition:all 100ms ease;padding-right:10px}.huge-menu .top-menu--sm-links .list__item.active:before,.huge-menu .top-menu--sm-links .list__item:hover:before{font-size:12pt}.huge-menu .top-menu .list__item:before{content:"\f111";font-family:"FontAwesome";color:#ff4c00;font-size:0pt;vertical-align:top;transition:all 100ms ease}.huge-menu-opened{overflow:hidden}.huge-menu{display:none}.huge-menu-opened .huge-menu,.huge-menu-opened .topbar--sticky{display:block}.huge-menu-opened .topbar--sticky{position:fixed;left:0;right:0;top:0}.hm__close{position:absolute;right:0;top:0;width:28px;height:28px;color:#fff;transition:color 0.3s ease}.hm__close:before,.hm__close:after{position:absolute;left:14px;content:" ";height:29px;border-left:2px solid}.hm__close:before{transform:rotate(45deg)}.hm__close:after{transform:rotate(-45deg)}.huge-menu .module-headline__text{letter-spacing:0.75px;color:#8c8c8c;font-size:12px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:24px;margin-bottom:5px;font-weight:normal}.huge-menu .list{margin:0}.huge-menu .list__item{padding-left:0;padding-right:0}.top-menu--sm-links .list{margin:0;padding-bottom:8px}.top-menu--sm-links .list__item{display:block;padding:2px 0;font:20px/28px "Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;letter-spacing:-0.0125em}.huge-menu .social-links{margin-left:-16px;margin-right:-16px;display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:flex-start}.huge-menu .social-links__link{color:#bfbfbf;font-size:20px;background:transparent;padding:13px 8px 9px;width:auto;height:auto}.huge-menu .social-links__link:hover{color:#ff4c00}.huge-menu .social-links__link>span{position:static}.huge-menu .social-links__link span.fa-twitter{-webkit-mask-image:unset;-webkit-mask-box-image:none;background-color:transparent}.huge-menu .social-links__link span.fa-twitter:before{content:"";background:url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M15.1563 1.875H17.9141L11.8906 8.75781L18.9766 18.125H13.4297L9.08203 12.4453L4.11328 18.125H1.35156L7.79297 10.7617L1 1.875H6.6875L10.6133 7.06641L15.1563 1.875ZM14.1875 16.4766H15.7148L5.85547 3.4375H4.21484L14.1875 16.4766Z" fill="%23bfbfbf"/></svg>') no-repeat center;background-size:contain;width:20px;height:20px;display:block;margin:0 auto;position:relative}.huge-menu .social-links__link:hover span.fa-twitter:before{background:url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M15.1563 1.875H17.9141L11.8906 8.75781L18.9766 18.125H13.4297L9.08203 12.4453L4.11328 18.125H1.35156L7.79297 10.7617L1 1.875H6.6875L10.6133 7.06641L15.1563 1.875ZM14.1875 16.4766H15.7148L5.85547 3.4375H4.21484L14.1875 16.4766Z" fill="%23ff4c00"/></svg>') no-repeat center}.huge-menu .social-links__link.share-instagram{font-size:18px;padding-left:4px}.huge-menu .fa-tumblr:before{font-family:"FontAwesome",sans-serif;content:"\f09e"}.huge-menu .fa-tiktok::before,.huge-menu .fa-threads::before{width:20px;height:20px;content:"";display:inline-flex;background-image:url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 448 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none"><path d="M448 209.9a210.1 210.1 0 0 1 -122.8-39.3V349.4A162.6 162.6 0 1 1 185 188.3V278.2a74.6 74.6 0 1 0 52.2 71.2V0l88 0a121.2 121.2 0 0 0 1.9 22.2h0A122.2 122.2 0 0 0 381 102.4a121.4 121.4 0 0 0 67 20.1z" fill-rule="nonzero" fill="%23bfbfbf"/></svg>');background-size:contain;background-repeat:no-repeat}.huge-menu .social-links__link:hover .fa-tiktok::before{background-image:url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg width="20" height="20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" fill="none"><path d="M448 209.9a210.1 210.1 0 0 1 -122.8-39.3V349.4A162.6 162.6 0 1 1 185 188.3V278.2a74.6 74.6 0 1 0 52.2 71.2V0l88 0a121.2 121.2 0 0 0 1.9 22.2h0A122.2 122.2 0 0 0 381 102.4a121.4 121.4 0 0 0 67 20.1z" fill-rule="nonzero" fill="%23ff4c00"/></svg>')}.huge-menu .fa-threads::before{background-image:url('data:image/svg+xml, <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 448 512" fill="none"><path d="M331.5 235.7c2.2 .9 4.2 1.9 6.3 2.8c29.2 14.1 50.6 35.2 61.8 61.4c15.7 36.5 17.2 95.8-30.3 143.2c-36.2 36.2-80.3 52.5-142.6 53h-.3c-70.2-.5-124.1-24.1-160.4-70.2c-32.3-41-48.9-98.1-49.5-169.6V256v-.2C17 184.3 33.6 127.2 65.9 86.2C102.2 40.1 156.2 16.5 226.4 16h.3c70.3 .5 124.9 24 162.3 69.9c18.4 22.7 32 50 40.6 81.7l-40.4 10.8c-7.1-25.8-17.8-47.8-32.2-65.4c-29.2-35.8-73-54.2-130.5-54.6c-57 .5-100.1 18.8-128.2 54.4C72.1 146.1 58.5 194.3 58 256c.5 61.7 14.1 109.9 40.3 143.3c28 35.6 71.2 53.9 128.2 54.4c51.4-.4 85.4-12.6 113.7-40.9c32.3-32.2 31.7-71.8 21.4-95.9c-6.1-14.2-17.1-26-31.9-34.9c-3.7 26.9-11.8 48.3-24.7 64.8c-17.1 21.8-41.4 33.6-72.7 35.3c-23.6 1.3-46.3-4.4-63.9-16c-20.8-13.8-33-34.8-34.3-59.3c-2.5-48.3 35.7-83 95.2-86.4c21.1-1.2 40.9-.3 59.2 2.8c-2.4-14.8-7.3-26.6-14.6-35.2c-10-11.7-25.6-17.7-46.2-17.8H227c-16.6 0-39 4.6-53.3 26.3l-34.4-23.6c19.2-29.1 50.3-45.1 87.8-45.1h.8c62.6 .4 99.9 39.5 103.7 107.7l-.2 .2zm-156 68.8c1.3 25.1 28.4 36.8 54.6 35.3c25.6-1.4 54.6-11.4 59.5-73.2c-13.2-2.9-27.8-4.4-43.4-4.4c-4.8 0-9.6 .1-14.4 .4c-42.9 2.4-57.2 23.2-56.2 41.8l-.1 .1z" fill-rule="nonzero" fill="%23bfbfbf" /></svg>')}.huge-menu .social-links__link:hover .fa-threads::before{background-image:url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 448 512" fill="none"><path d="M331.5 235.7c2.2 .9 4.2 1.9 6.3 2.8c29.2 14.1 50.6 35.2 61.8 61.4c15.7 36.5 17.2 95.8-30.3 143.2c-36.2 36.2-80.3 52.5-142.6 53h-.3c-70.2-.5-124.1-24.1-160.4-70.2c-32.3-41-48.9-98.1-49.5-169.6V256v-.2C17 184.3 33.6 127.2 65.9 86.2C102.2 40.1 156.2 16.5 226.4 16h.3c70.3 .5 124.9 24 162.3 69.9c18.4 22.7 32 50 40.6 81.7l-40.4 10.8c-7.1-25.8-17.8-47.8-32.2-65.4c-29.2-35.8-73-54.2-130.5-54.6c-57 .5-100.1 18.8-128.2 54.4C72.1 146.1 58.5 194.3 58 256c.5 61.7 14.1 109.9 40.3 143.3c28 35.6 71.2 53.9 128.2 54.4c51.4-.4 85.4-12.6 113.7-40.9c32.3-32.2 31.7-71.8 21.4-95.9c-6.1-14.2-17.1-26-31.9-34.9c-3.7 26.9-11.8 48.3-24.7 64.8c-17.1 21.8-41.4 33.6-72.7 35.3c-23.6 1.3-46.3-4.4-63.9-16c-20.8-13.8-33-34.8-34.3-59.3c-2.5-48.3 35.7-83 95.2-86.4c21.1-1.2 40.9-.3 59.2 2.8c-2.4-14.8-7.3-26.6-14.6-35.2c-10-11.7-25.6-17.7-46.2-17.8H227c-16.6 0-39 4.6-53.3 26.3l-34.4-23.6c19.2-29.1 50.3-45.1 87.8-45.1h.8c62.6 .4 99.9 39.5 103.7 107.7l-.2 .2zm-156 68.8c1.3 25.1 28.4 36.8 54.6 35.3c25.6-1.4 54.6-11.4 59.5-73.2c-13.2-2.9-27.8-4.4-43.4-4.4c-4.8 0-9.6 .1-14.4 .4c-42.9 2.4-57.2 23.2-56.2 41.8l-.1 .1z" fill-rule="nonzero" fill="%23ff4c00"/></svg>')}@media (min-width:768px){.sticky-active .topbar--sticky{display:block}}@media (max-width:768px){svg.site_logo_menu{width:199px;height:28px}.top-menu--big-links .module-headline__text{margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0}.top-menu--big-links .list{margin-bottom:60px}}@media (min-width:1024px){.huge-menu .site_logo_menu{width:341px;height:auto}.Top_hugeMenu{padding:37px 32px 10px!important}.Top_hugeMenu .text-element{position:relative;top:-5px}.Top_hugeMenu .rebelbar__menu-toggle{padding:10px 0;right:-6px}.top-menu--sm-links .list{margin:0;padding-bottom:28px}.top-menu--sm-links .module-headline__text{margin-bottom:8px}.huge-menu .module-headline__text{margin-bottom:8px}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_0 {margin:0;padding:16px 16px 12px 16px;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_0 {border-bottom:1px solid #404040;}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_0 {border-bottom:1px solid #404040;padding:13px 9px 7px 15px;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_0_0_1 {font-family:'Favorit-Mono', sans-serif;font-size:12px;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:20px;padding-left:16px;display:none;vertical-align:bottom;color: #D9D9D9;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_0_0_1 {display:inline-block;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_1 {padding:16px;margin:0;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_1 {padding:16px 32px;}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_1 {border-bottom:1px solid #404040;margin-bottom:0;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_1_1 {padding-top:10px;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_1_1 {padding-top:0;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_1_1 a {display:block;font-size:32px;line-height:36px;font-family:'Favorit-Pro-Light', sans-serif;letter-spacing:-0.015625em;padding:8px 0;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_1_1 a {font-size:28px;letter-spacing:-0.008928571428571428em;line-height:32px;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2 {padding:0;margin:0;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2 {border-left:1px solid #404040;border-right:1px solid #404040;margin-right:-1px;width:24.5%;padding-bottom:35px;}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2 {border-right:1px solid #404040;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2_0 {border-bottom:1px solid #404040;padding:16px;margin:0;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2_0_1 {padding-bottom:22px;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2_1 {padding:16px;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2_1 {border-bottom:1px solid #404040;margin-bottom:0;}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2_1_1 {padding-bottom:12px;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2_2 {padding:16px;margin:0;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2_2 {display:none;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3 {padding:0;border-left:1px solid #404040;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3 {width:25.5%;}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3 {margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:20px;border-left:0;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_0 {border-bottom:1px solid #404040;padding:16px;margin:0;display:none;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_0 {display:block;}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_0_1 {padding-bottom:13px;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_1 {padding:16px;border-bottom:1px solid #404040;margin:0;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_1 {border:none;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_2 {border-bottom:1px solid #404040;padding:16px 16px 35px;margin:0;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_2 {display:none;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_3 {padding:16px 32px 16px 16px;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_3 {display:none;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_3_1 {color:#D9D9D9;font-family:'Favorit-Mono', sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:0;line-height:20px;padding:5px 0 30px;}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_3_2 {display:inline-block;}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_3_3 {display:inline-block;padding-left:16px;}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_4 {padding:0;border-top:1px solid #404040;display:none;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_4 {display:block;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_5 {padding:0;border-top:1px solid #404040;}#sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0 {margin:0;position:relative;z-index:10;padding:16px 0;}#sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0 {margin:auto;padding:22px 35px 12px;justify-content:space-between;box-sizing:border-box;color:#BFBFBF;font-family:'Favorit-Mono',sans-serif;font-size:12px;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0 {padding:18px 17px;}}#sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0.row-wrapper {padding:0px 0px 20px 0px;}#sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_0 {font-size:12px;}#sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_0_0 {margin:0;}#sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0 {margin:0;}#sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0 a {color:#8C8C8C;font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;font-family:'Favorit-Mono',sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:0.064em;}#sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0 a:last-child {border:0;}#sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0 a:hover {text-decoration:underline;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0 a {border:none;display:block;padding:7px 0px;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:0.12em;}}#sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_0_1 {line-height:1.5em;margin-bottom:6px;margin-top:21px;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_0_1 {line-height:1.5em;margin:0px 0 20px 0px;max-width:1240px;}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_0_1 {margin-top:21px;line-height:1.5em;margin-bottom:6px;}}#sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_1 {float:right;max-width:111px;position:absolute;right:35px;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_1 {margin:5px 15px 0 0;max-width:111px;right:3px;}}#s__Gated_Popup_0_0_34_0_0_0_0 {background-color:#1A1A1A;max-width:630px;}#s__Gated_Popup_0_0_34_0_0_0_0_2 {padding:10px 20px;display:none;}#s__Gated_Popup_0_0_34_0_0_0_0_2_0 a {color:white;font-family:'Favorit-Mono',sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:12px;text-decoration:none;padding:10px;border-radius:5px;}#s__Gated_Popup_0_0_34_0_0_0_0_2_0 a:last-child {border:0;}#s__Gated_Popup_0_0_34_0_0_0_0_3 {padding:10px 20px;display:none;}#s__Gated_Popup_0_0_34_0_0_0_0_3_0 a {color:white;font-family:'Favorit-Mono',sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:12px;text-decoration:none;padding:10px;border-radius:5px;}#s__Gated_Popup_0_0_34_0_0_0_0_3_0 a:last-child {border:0;}.gated-popup{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;z-index:10000;background:rgba(20,20,20,0.9);align-items:center;justify-content:center;display:none;margin:0px!important;padding:20px}.gated-popup a{text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-color:#ff4c00;text-underline-position:under;color:inherit}.gated-popup a:hover{color:#ff4c00}.popup-gated-h2{color:#BFBFBF;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-weight:300;font-size:18px;letter-spacing:-0.2px;line-height:22px}.popup-heading-h2{font-size:32px;font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;letter-spacing:-0.5px;line-height:36px;color:#F2F2F2;margin:0;max-width:500px}.for_pdf .popup_links.for_pdf,.for_save .popup_links.for_save,.for_ebooks .popup_links.for_ebooks,.for_pdf_issues .popup_links.for_pdf_issues,.for_nxtbook .popup_links.for_nxtbook,.for_follow_topics .popup_links.for_follow_topics,.for_comments .popup_links.for_comments,.for_member_content .popup_links.for_member_content,.for_pdf .popup-heading-h2.for_pdf,.for_save .popup-heading-h2.for_save,.for_ebooks .popup-heading-h2.for_ebooks,.for_pdf_issues .popup-heading-h2.for_pdf_issues,.for_nxtbook .popup-heading-h2.for_nxtbook,.for_follow_topics .popup-heading-h2.for_follow_topics,.for_comments .popup-heading-h2.for_comments,.for_member_content .popup-heading-h2.for_member_content,.for_pdf .popup-gated-h2.for_pdf,.for_save .popup-gated-h2.for_save,.for_ebooks .popup-gated-h2.for_ebooks,.for_pdf_issues .popup-gated-h2.for_pdf_issues,.for_nxtbook .popup-gated-h2.for_nxtbook,.for_follow_topics .popup-gated-h2.for_follow_topics,.for_comments .popup-gated-h2.for_comments,.for_member_content .popup-gated-h2.for_member_content{display:block!important}.gated-popup__contents{position:relative;overflow:hidden;padding:20px 25px 40px;max-width:480px;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.gated-popup__close{position:absolute;color:#000;font-size:23px;border-radius:50%;width:40px;height:40px;line-height:40px;text-align:center;right:10px;top:13px}.gated-popup--shown{display:block;display:-webkit-box;display:-moz-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:-webkit-flex;display:flex}#s__Session_Popup_0_0_39_0_0_0_0 {background-color:#1A1A1A;max-width:736px;}#s__Session_Popup_0_0_39_0_0_0_0_2_0 {margin:32px 0 0;}#s__Session_Popup_0_0_39_0_0_0_0_2_0 a {color:white;font-family:'Favorit-Mono',sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:16px;text-decoration:none;padding:8px 12px;border-radius:5px;letter-spacing:0.0625em;}#s__Session_Popup_0_0_39_0_0_0_0_2_0 a:last-child {border:0;padding:7px 11px;}.lightbox-popup{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;z-index:10000;background:rgba(20,20,20,0.9);align-items:center;justify-content:center;display:none;margin:0px!important;padding:16px}.lightbox-popup a{text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-color:#ff4c00;text-underline-offset:2px;text-decoration-thickness:1px;color:inherit}.lightbox-popup a:hover{color:#ff4c00}.popup-ligtbox-h2{color:#BFBFBF;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-weight:300;font-size:18px;letter-spacing:-0.011111111111111112em;line-height:22px}.popup-heading-h2{font-size:24px;font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;letter-spacing:-0.010416666666666666em;line-height:28px;color:#F2F2F2;margin:0;max-width:500px}.lightbox-popup__contents{position:relative;overflow:hidden;padding:24px 24px 32px;max-width:480px;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.lightbox-popup__close{position:absolute;color:#000;font-size:23px;border-radius:50%;width:40px;height:40px;line-height:40px;text-align:center;right:0;top:19px}.lightbox-popup--shown{display:block;display:-webkit-box;display:-moz-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:-webkit-flex;display:flex}.popup_links .list .list__item:nth-child(2){margin-left:16px}@media (max-width:768px){.popup-heading-h2{max-width:250px}.icon-close:before,.icon-close:after{height:24px;left:auto}a.js--close-lightbox.lightbox-popup__close.icon-close.hide-text{padding-right:12px}}@media (min-width:1024px){.popup-heading-h2{font-size:32px;letter-spacing:-0.015625em;line-height:36px}.lightbox-popup__close{right:10px}.lightbox-popup__contents{padding-bottom:48px}}.minibios-group p,.custom-field-mini-bio{font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;color:#404040;padding-right:8px;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;font-weight:normal;margin-top:6px}.minibios-group p{margin-bottom:0}.rblad-ieee_infinite_new{border-bottom:1px solid silver;padding-bottom:30px;position:relative;background-color:#ecece8;z-index:10000}@media (min-width:1024px){.rblad-ieee_infinite_new:after{content:"";display:block;background-color:#ecece9;height:30px;width:100%;position:absolute;bottom:-31px}}.custom-field-lightbox-img-shortcode-ids{display:none}.posts-custom .main-author__name,.posts-custom .social-author__name{text-underline-offset:3px}blockquote,.posts-custom blockquote{font-family:"IvarTextItalic",sans-serif}@media (max-width:1023px){.tags .tags__item{line-height:normal;margin-bottom:4px}.current_post_content .tags{padding-bottom:36px}.current_post_content .body-description{margin-bottom:0}}@media (max-width:727px){#top_leaderboard{height:100px}.top-leader-container{height:128px}}@media (min-width:728px){#top_leaderboard{height:90px}}#top_leaderboard{}.top-leader-container{width:calc(100% - 64px)}@media (min-width:1024px){.widget__shares.share-panel{margin-bottom:24px;padding-bottom:24px;margin-top:10px}}@media (max-width:767px){.expanded .widget__show-more{text-align:center;padding-bottom:30px}}.widget__head .rm-lazyloadable-image{width:100%;height:100%}.rm-shortcode[href*=".pdf"],.rm-shortcode[href*="javascript"]{display:block}@media (max-width:767px){.tag-test-pdf{padding:0!important}.custom-field-pdf-version{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bdbdbd}}.fullwidth_post .widget__body{padding:40px;margin-top:-20px;max-width:100%;position:relative;margin:-20px 0;border:none;background:#ececec}.fullwidth_post .widget__body .body-description{margin-top:50px}.widget_column .sticky-target.legacy.sticky-active{z-index:2}.widget_column{height:100vh;overflow:visible}#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_1 {text-align:center;margin:auto;padding:24px 0 36px 0;display:flex;justify-content:center;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_1 {padding-bottom:0px;padding-top:16px;}}#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2.row-wrapper {margin:0 auto;box-sizing:border-box;border-top:1px solid #bdbdbd;padding-top:32px;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2.row-wrapper {margin-top:24px;}}#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2 > .row {margin-bottom: 0px;}#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2 > .row > * {margin-bottom: 0px;}#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2 > .row {margin-left: -12.5px;margin-right:-12.5px;}#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2 > .row > .col {padding: 0 12.5px;}#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_0 {:padding;padding:0 !important;}#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_0:after {margin-top: -20px;}#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_0 > * {margin-bottom: 20px;} #sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_0_0_1_0 .widget {border-bottom:1px solid #bdbdbd;padding:24px 16px 16px;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_0_0_1_0 .widget {padding:0 6px 0 22px;}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_0_0_1_0 .widget {padding-left:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:24px;}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_0_0_1_0 .widget .widget__head {margin-top:32px;}}#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_0_0_1_0 .widget .widget__body {line-height:normal;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_0_0_1_0 .widget .widget__body {margin-bottom:32px;}}#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_0_1.row-wrapper {box-sizing:border-box;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_0_1.row-wrapper {padding:4px 0 0 32px;}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_0_1.row-wrapper {padding:0px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_0_1_0 {position:sticky;top:24px;width:calc(100% - 80%);}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_0_1_0 {padding:0;margin:0;}}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_0_1_1 {padding:0px 16px 16px 32px;width:80%;}} .post-author-list .social-author__bio a:first-child{display:inline}.post-author-list .posts-custom .social-author{width:100%} #sOpen_Current_Default_Post_0_0_14_0_0_3_1_0:before {color:#404040;content:"READ ALSO";font-family:'Favorit-Mono',sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:16px;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:16px;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sOpen_Current_Default_Post_0_0_14_0_0_3_1_0:before {padding:16px;}}#sOpen_Current_Default_Post_0_0_14_0_0_3_1_0 .widget {margin:0px;padding:16px 0;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sOpen_Current_Default_Post_0_0_14_0_0_3_1_0 .widget {padding:16px;}}#sOpen_Current_Default_Post_0_0_14_0_0_3_1_0 .widget .widget__headline-text {font-family:'Favorit-Pro', sans-serif;font-size:24px;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.25px;line-height:26px;}.lightbox.lightbox{top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%);position:fixed;z-index:10000;margin:auto;cursor:initial;width:auto!important}.lightbox.lightbox img{margin:auto;padding-bottom:0;max-width:100vw!important;max-height:100vh!important;width:auto!important;height:auto!important;box-sizing:border-box}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_1 {margin-top:-16px;}}#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_1:after {margin-top: -20px;}#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_1 > * {margin-bottom: 20px;}.popular_widget .ql-editor{padding:12px 0;color:#BFBFBF;font-size:16px;letter-spacing:-0.1px;line-height:20px}.popular_widget .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.popular_widget .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{border-left:1px solid #595959;border-bottom:1px solid #595959}.popular_widget .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"]:hover{border:1px solid transparent}.popular_widget .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]:hover{background:#595959;border:1px solid #595959;box-shadow:0px -4px 0px #595959}.popular_widget .widget__headline{color:#F2F2F2;font-family:"Favorit-Pro";font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.15px;line-height:21px}.popular_widget .all-related-sections{margin-top:20px}.popular_widget .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.popular_widget .widget__headline:hover a{color:inherit}.section-the-institute .popular_widget .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/the-institute"],.section-the-institute .popular_widget .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf;border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf}.section-the-institute .popular_widget .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{color:#404040}.section-the-institute .popular_widget .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/the-institute"]{color:#005690}.section-the-institute .popular_widget .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]:hover{background-color:#d9d9d9;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;box-shadow:0px -4px 0px #d9d9d9}.section-the-institute .popular_widget .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/the-institute"]:hover{border:1px solid #005690;background-color:#005690;color:white;box-shadow:0 -4px 0 #005690}.section-the-institute .popular_widget .widget__headline:hover .widget__headline-text,.section-the-institute .popular_widget .widget .widget__headline:hover + .widget__subheadline .widget__subheadline-text{text-decoration-color:#005690}@-moz-document url-prefix(){.popular_widget .widget__headline:hover a{text-underline-position:unset}}.popular_widget .widget .rm-col-center{padding:0px}.popular_widget{background:#1A1A1A}.dark_layout .popular_widget{background:#404040}#sPopular_widget_0_0_18_0_0_1_3_0_2_0 {margin:16px;padding:16px 16px 32px 16px;font-family:'Favorit-Pro-Light',sans-serif;color:#BFBFBF;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#sPopular_widget_0_0_18_0_0_1_3_0_2_0 {margin:16px 32px 16px 16px;}}#sPopular_widget_0_0_18_0_0_1_3_0_2_0_0 {padding:8px 0 24px 0;}#sPopular_widget_0_0_18_0_0_1_3_0_2_0_0_0 .module-headline__text {font-size:32px;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:-0.5px;line-height:36px;color:#f2f2f2;} #sPopular_widget_0_0_18_0_0_1_3_0_2_0_1 .widget {border-top:1px solid #595959;margin:0;padding:8px 0 16px;}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px) {#sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_1_0_1_1 {display:none;}}.side-ad-sticky{position:fixed!important;top:40px!important;z-index:4;transition:none;overflow:hidden}.sidebar_sticky_parent{margin-bottom:100px!important;width:calc(100%-30px)}.stick_in_parent{position:-webkit-sticky;position:-moz-sticky;position:-ms-sticky;position:-o-sticky;position:sticky;top:100px;margin:0 0 0 15px;float:left;width:336px}.sidebar_repeat_ad{height:600px;text-align:center;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;margin:20px auto;width:336px}.main,.row{overflow:unset}.lightbox_icon{cursor:pointer;position:relative}.lightbox_icon:before{right:0;top:0;content:"";z-index:3;position:absolute;padding:30px;margin:14px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='60'%20height='60'%20viewBox='0%200%2096%2096'%20fill='none'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M48%2096C74.5097%2096%2096%2074.5097%2096%2048C96%2021.4903%2074.5097%200%2048%200C21.4903%200%200%2021.4903%200%2048C0%2074.5097%2021.4903%2096%2048%2096Z'%20fill='black'%20fill-opacity='0.4'/%3E%3Cpath%20d='M39.8227%2028H32C29.7909%2028%2028%2029.7909%2028%2032V40.2449'%20stroke='%23F5F5F5'%20stroke-width='7'%20stroke-linecap='round'/%3E%3Cpath%20d='M39.8227%2068H32C29.7909%2068%2028%2066.2091%2028%2064V55.7551'%20stroke='%23F5F5F5'%20stroke-width='7'%20stroke-linecap='round'/%3E%3Cpath%20d='M56.1773%2028H64C66.2091%2028%2068%2029.7909%2068%2032V40.2449'%20stroke='%23F5F5F5'%20stroke-width='7'%20stroke-linecap='round'/%3E%3Cpath%20d='M56.1773%2068H64C66.2091%2068%2068%2066.2091%2068%2064V55.7551'%20stroke='%23F5F5F5'%20stroke-width='7'%20stroke-linecap='round'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.rm-float-left.lightbox_icon::before{top:-14px}.custom-field-lightbox-img-shortcode-ids,.lightbox.lightbox_icon:before{display:none}.fixed_scrolling{overflow:hidden}.lightbox-layout{position:fixed;right:0;bottom:0;top:0;left:0;display:none;margin:0px!important;z-index:300;background:rgba(20,20,20)}.lightbox .share-tab-img{display:block}.lightbox{top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%);position:fixed;z-index:10000;margin:auto;cursor:initial;width:auto!important}.lightbox img{margin:auto;padding-bottom:0;max-width:100vw!important;max-height:100vh!important;width:auto!important;height:auto!important;box-sizing:border-box}.lightbox__close{position:absolute;color:#fff;font-size:23px;border-radius:50%;width:40px;height:40px;line-height:40px;text-align:center;right:10px;top:13px;cursor:pointer}.lightbox--shown{display:block}.lightbox--shown h3,.lightbox--shown ul,.lightbox--shown p,.lightbox--shown blockquote{display:none}.lightbox--shown .media-caption p,.lightbox--shown .media-photo-credit p{display:table-cell}.lightbox--shown .image-media.media-caption{padding-right:10px;white-space:nowrap;max-width:450px;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;display:inline-block}.lightbox--shown .image-media.media-caption,.lightbox--shown .image-media.media-photo-credit{text-align:left;color:#BFBFBF;font-size:14px;line-height:16px;vertical-align:top}.lightbox--shown .image-media.media-caption a,.lightbox--shown .image-media.media-photo-credit a{vertical-align:top}.lightbox--shown .image-media.media-photo-credit{color:#737373;font-size:12px}@media print{.topbar,.huge-menu,.gdpr-cookie,.gated-popup,.rblad-ieee_welcome_interstitial,.rblad-ieee_infinite_leaderboard,.rblad-ieee_infinite_new,.rblad-ieee_in_content,.rblad-ieee_mobile_sticky,.top-leader-container,.container_feature_below,.around-the-web,.time-to-read,.like-button,.widget__shares,.user-prefs,.trending_stories_carousel,.trending-stories__headline-wrapper,.tags,.after_main_article_content,.trending_stories_row,.widget_column,.tag_column,.article__comments,.read_also_posts,.post-author-list,.lightbox_icon:before,.footer{display:none!important}html,body,.main,.all-content-wrapper{background:#FFF!important}body{position:absolute!important;top:0!important;left:0!important}.main{max-width:100%!important;width:100%!important;display:block!important;background-color:#FFF!important;position:relative;left:0;top:0}.all-content-wrapper{background-color:#FFF!important;border:none!important;position:relative!important;left:0!important;top:120px!important}.all-content-wrapper:before{width:100%!important;border-bottom:1px solid black!important;height:100px!important;display:block;position:absolute;left:0;top:-120px!important;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;print-color-adjust:exact;z-index:999;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;content:"";background-image:url(https://assets.rbl.ms/32925844/origin.png)}.widget__head,.widget__body:first-child,.widget__body:last-child{width:100%!important;background:#FFF!important}.widget__headline,.widget__subheadline{color:#000!important;text-transform:none!important;padding-bottom:0!important;border-bottom:none!important;padding:0!important}.all-related-sections,.social-author,.social-date{padding:0!important}.all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{border:none!important;color:#000!important;padding:0 16px 0 0!important;margin-right:0!important}.social-author:before,.social-author__name,.social-date{color:#000!important}.photo-credit{color:#000!important}.body-description{max-width:100%!important;width:100%!important}*{color:#000!important;border:none!important;box-shadow:none!important;text-shadow:none!important}*:after,*:before{color:#000!important;border:none!important}.rebellt-item{display:block;clear:both;width:100%;height:auto}.article_column{width:100%!important;border:none!important}.featured_columns{border:none!important;margin:0!important;padding:0!important}.posts-custom .posts-wrapper .widget{padding:0!important}.current_post_content{width:100%!important;padding:0!important}.row-wrapper,.rm-col-center{margin:0!important;padding:0!important}@page{size:8.5in 11in;margin:2cm;margin-bottom:30mm!important}.embed-media,.widget__body{break-inside:avoid;break-after:always;width:600px!important;height:auto}body,.posts-wrapper,.row,.row.px10{background:#FFF!important}img{break-inside:avoid!important;display:block!important;max-width:100%!important}.body-description a,.body-description a u{text-decoration-color:#8f8f8f!important;text-underline-offset:1px!important;text-decoration-thickness:1px!important}.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline-text:before,.featured_post .widget__subheadline-text:before,.article_post .widget__subheadline-text:before,.story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text:before{-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;print-color-adjust:exact}h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{break-after:avoid}ul,ol,img,table{break-inside:avoid}.body-description>p:first-child:first-line ,.body-description div:not(.content-container) p:first-child:first-line {font-weight:800!important;text-transform:uppercase!important;font-family:"Favorit-Pro"!important}.body-description>p:first-child:first-letter ,.body-description div:not(.content-container) p:first-child:first-letter {font-size:120px!important;float:left!important;font-family:"Favorit-Pro"!important;font-weight:400!important;margin:42px 16px 16px 0!important}.post__last-point,.ieee-end-mark{background-color:#343434}.body-description,.widget__body,.ieee-sidebar-large,.ieee-sidebar-medium,.ieee-sidebar-small{margin:0!important;padding:0!important}.rm-resized-container-25 img{width:600px!important;height:auto;float:none;clear:both;display:block!important}.rm-float-left{float:none!important;clear:both}.pull-quote:before,.ieee-pullquote:before,.ieee-pullquote-fullwidth:before,.ieee-pullquote-left:before{filter:brightness(0%);-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;print-color-adjust:exact}}.comment--item-toolbar{padding:10px;}.comment--item-text-field .ProseMirror:focus{outline:none;}.comment--item-text-field .ProseMirror-menubar{background:transparent;border:0px;bottom:-37px !important;box-shadow:none;display:inline-block;min-height:22px;left:7px !important;padding:0px !important;position:absolute !important;right:auto;top:auto !important;visibility:visible !important;width:auto !important;}.comment--item-text-field .ProseMirror-icon.ProseMirror-menu-active{outline:0;background-color:#ccc;color:#444;}.comment--item-text-field .ProseMirror-menuitem div:hover{background-color:#1f78d8;color:#fff;outline:0;}.comment--item-word-count{color:#666;font-size:0.9em;text-align:right;padding-bottom:8px;}.comment-headline{font-size:21px;margin:20px 0;font-family:"Helvetica Neue","Montserrat","Helvetica","sans-serif";font-weight:400;display:block;}.sub-headline{margin:4px 0 21px;font-size:14px;color:#666;display:block;}.comment-sort{font-size:13px;}.comment-sort select{margin-left:4px;}.comment-header{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;padding:10px 0 10px;}.comment--login--feedback{border-radius:4px;color:#333;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;margin:10px auto 10px;max-width:210px;padding:10px;text-align:center;}.comment--login--feedback.errors{background:#fbd3d3;}.comment--login--success{background-color:#dff2bf;color:#4f8a10;}.talk-comments-wrp .edit-mode .site-avatar:before{content:"Optimum size is 100x100px";font-size:13px;width:196px;display:block;text-align:left;margin:0 0 0 -26px;color:#696969;}.avatar-list{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0;}.avatar-list li{display:inline-block;margin:0 2px;}.avatar-list .avatar-list--item-image{position:relative;z-index:3;}.avatar-list li img{width:38px;height:38px;border-radius:50%;border:2px solid transparent;box-shadow:1px 1px 1px #ccc;cursor:pointer;}.talk-linked-comment .comment--item,.talk--messages .comment--item{border-bottom:1px solid #e5e6e6;margin:0;position:relative;padding:10px 0 0 10px;}.talk-linked-comment{border:1px dashed #8dabea;position:relative;margin:0;background:transparent;}.reply-items .comment--item{border:none;padding:0;}.comment--item .comment--item--short-bio,.comment--item .talk_review,.comment--item .author-rating{font-size:12px;color:#848282;padding:3px 0;}.comment--item .material-icons{font-size:12px;vertical-align:middle;direction:rtl;overflow:hidden;}.comment-item .author-rating .wrapper__post_rating--disabled{color:#777;}.comment--item .author-rating .material-icons{color:#ffc000;}.author-rating{cursor:pointer;}.reply-items .comment--item{padding:inherit;}.comment--item{-webkit-animation:fadeInFromNone 0.3s ease-in-out;-moz-animation:fadeInFromNone 0.3s ease-in-out;-o-animation:fadeInFromNone 0.3s ease-in-out;animation:fadeInFromNone 0.3s ease-in-out;}@keyframes fadeInFromNone{0%{display:none;opacity:0;}100%{display:block;opacity:1;}}.comment--item-avatar{float:left;}.comment--item-avatar img{width:38px;height:38px;border-radius:50%;margin:0 10px 0 0;}.comment--item-avatar img[src='https://www.rebelmouse.com/res/avatars/default']{content:url(https://assets.rbl.ms/18273603/2000x.png);}.comment--item-avatar.editable img:hover{opacity:0.2;}.comment--item-avatar.editable .avatar_edit_text{display:none;}.comment--item-avatar.editable img:hover .avatar_edit_text{display:block;}.comment--item-text{overflow:hidden;background:transparent;padding:7px 9px 10px;border-radius:5px;margin-bottom:0;}.material-icons.status-featured,.material-icons.status-proposed,.material-icons.status-rejected{display:none;position:absolute;right:10px;top:10px;font-size:20px;vertical-align:middle;}.featured-comment .status-featured.selected{display:block;}.proposed-comment .status-proposed.selected{display:block;}.rejected-comment .status-rejected.selected{display:block;}.status-rejected,.status-rejected:hover{color:#b15252;}.status-proposed,.status-proposed:hover{color:#adaba9;}.status-featured,.status-featured:hover{color:#f8bb1d;}.talk--messages__featured .featured-comment{background-color:#fefcf2;}.talk__author__add{margin:10px 0 0 0;}.talk__author__add .input__star_rating{margin:-6px 0 8px 0;}.comment--item-text-input{background:#ffffff;border:2px solid #eeeeee;border-radius:4px;padding:13px 0 0;font-size:20px;overflow:hidden;margin:0 0 10px;}.comment--item-text-field{min-height:44px;padding:0 10px;font-size:15px;color:#333;}.comment--item-text-field:focus{outline:none;box-shadow:none;}.comment--item-text-field.message:before{content:"Add comment...";color:#999;}.comment--item-text-field.reply:before{content:"Reply";color:#999;}.comment--item-text-field.reply:focus:before,.comment--item-text-field.message:focus:before{content:none;}.comment--item-toolbar{background:#f1f1f1;text-align:right;padding:5px;}.comment-item--publish{background:#1c2a50;display:inline-block;line-height:26px;color:#fff;padding:0 15px;border-radius:4px;text-decoration:none;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px;}.comment-item--publish:hover{background:#3984b9;color:#fff;}.comment--item-username{text-transform:uppercase;padding-right:10px;font-weight:500;font-size:13px;}.comment--item-date{color:#999;font-size:12px;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;right:45px;margin:3px 0 0 0;}.comment--item-text .follow-wrapper{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}.comment--item--action{padding-bottom:0;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;}.comment--item--action a{font-size:12px;color:#999;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none;margin-right:10px;display:inline-block;}.comment--item--action .admin-controls a{margin-right:0;margin-left:5px;}.comment--item--action .selected{color:#4667be;}.action__featured.selected,.action__approved.selected{color:#479ad2;}.action__rejected.selected{color:#ff3f7f;}.comment--item--action .comment--item__share{margin-right:15px;}.comment--item--action .comment--item__tooltip_share-wrp{position:absolute;top:auto;left:106px;margin:-33px 0 0 16px;background-color:#fff;border-radius:4px;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #d4d6d7,0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.1);padding:10px;z-index:1000;}.comment--item--action .comment--item__tooltip_share-wrp:focus{outline:none;}.comment--item--action .comment--item__tooltip_share{padding:0;}.comment--item--action .comment--item__tooltip_share a{margin:0;padding:0 5px;}.comment--item--action .comment--item__tooltip_share .share-tw,.comment--item--action .comment--item__tooltip_share .share-fb{background:#fff;}.comment--item__copyed-link{color:#999;font-size:12px;}.comment--item--action a:hover{color:#1c2a50;}.comment--item--action .material-icons{font-size:17px;vertical-align:middle;}.comment--item--action .comment-action-icon{fill:currentColor;font-size:17px;vertical-align:middle;}.comment--item--action .comment--item--menu svg{fill:#999;}.comment--item--action .comment-action-icon:hover{fill:#1c2a50;}.action__featured.selected .comment--item--action,.action__approved.selected .comment--item--action{fill:#479ad2;}.status-featured.selected svg{fill:#f8bb1d;}.status-rejected.selected svg,.action__rejected.selected .comment--item--action{fill:#ff3f7f;}.comment--item-message{padding:0;border-radius:4px;font-size:14px;margin:5px 0;line-height:20px;}.comment--item-message p{margin:0;}.comment--hide--replies{display:block;text-transform:capitalize;margin:0;}.level-two{margin-left:40px;margin-top:20px;}.comment--item-reply-to{color:#999;font-size:12px;padding:0 10px;}.comment--item-reply-to .material-icons{vertical-align:middle;font-size:17px;}.comment--login,.comment--signup,.comment--reset,.comment--otp{text-align:center;border:2px solid #eeeeee;background:#fff;border-radius:4px;max-width:50%;margin:0 auto 20px;padding:30px;position:relative;}.comment--login--close{position:absolute;right:10px;top:10px;color:#ccc;cursor:pointer;}.comment--login-headline{font-size:25px;padding:0 0 15px;}.comment--done-button,.comment--signup-button,.comment--login-button,.comment--reset-button{background:#1c2a50;display:block;line-height:36px;color:#fff;padding:0 15px;border-radius:4px;text-decoration:none;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px;width:200px;margin:0 auto;}.comment--done-button:disabled{opacity:0.5;}.comment--login-field{width:196px;padding:0 15px;border-radius:4px;border:2px solid #eeeeee;display:block;line-height:30px;margin:0 auto 10px;font-size:14px;}.comment--login-field.required{background:#ffe4e1;}.comment--login-headline-subheadline{margin:10px 0 15px;position:relative;}.comment--signup .avatar-list,.comment--login .avatar-list{margin:0 0 15px;}.comment--signup .avatar-list .active img,.comment--login .avatar-list .active img{border:2px solid #1c2a50;}.comment--signup .avatar-list .avatar-list--item:hover img,.comment--login .avatar-list .avatar-list--item:hover img{border:2px solid #1c2a50;}.comment--item-text-field{position:relative;}.avatar-list--item-info{position:relative;background:#ffffff;border:4px solid #f7f7f7;min-width:150px;text-align:center;padding:10px;}.avatar-list--item-info:after,.avatar-list--item-info:before{bottom:100%;left:50%;border:solid transparent;content:" ";height:0;width:0;position:absolute;pointer-events:none;}.avatar-list--item-info:after{border-color:rgba(255,255,255,0);border-bottom-color:#ffffff;border-width:12px;margin-left:-12px;}.avatar-list--item-info:before{border-color:rgba(247,247,247,0);border-bottom-color:#f7f7f7;border-width:18px;margin-left:-18px;}.avatar-list--item-drop-down{position:absolute;left:-67px;top:55px;display:none;}.avatar-list--item:hover .avatar-list--item-drop-down{display:block;}.avatar-list--username{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px;font-weight:bold;margin:8px 0 2px 0;}.avatar-list--role{font-size:14px;}.avatar-list--rating .material-icons{font-size:16px;margin:10px 0 0 0;color:#edb823;}.comment-text-wrapper .redactor-toolbar{bottom:-52px !important;left:7px !important;top:auto !important;visibility:visible !important;width:auto !important;display:inline-block;right:auto;background:transparent;box-shadow:none;}.comment-text-wrapper .redactor-box{margin:0;padding:0 0 0 10px;}.comment-text-wrapper .redactor-box .redactor-placeholder:after{top:0;}.comment--show--replies{text-transform:capitalize;display:block;margin-bottom:0;}.comment--hide--replies i.material-icons,.comment--show--replies i.material-icons{font-size:16px;vertical-align:middle;}.talk--load_more__replies,.comment--show--replies,.comment--hide--replies{text-align:center;position:relative;background:#fff;z-index:999;display:inline-block;border:1px solid #e5e6e6;border-radius:4px;padding:0 11px 0 4px;line-height:22px;font-size:11px;color:#666;cursor:pointer;}.replies{position:relative;text-align:center;}.reply-items{text-align:left;padding:10px 0;}.replies.level-two{margin-top:-10px;margin-bottom:-11px;padding-left:0;}.comment--login--message{font-size:12px;padding:8px 0 0;}.comment--login--message a{color:#0a7cc4;text-decoration:underline;}.comment--login--message a:hover{text-decoration:none;}.comment--login--message.requirements{color:#ed143d;}.flip-horizontal{-moz-transform:scaleX(-1);-webkit-transform:scaleX(-1);-o-transform:scaleX(-1);transform:scaleX(-1);-ms-filter:fliph;filter:fliph;}.flip-vertical{-moz-transform:scaleY(-1);-webkit-transform:scaleY(-1);-o-transform:scaleY(-1);transform:scaleY(-1);-ms-filter:flipv;filter:flipv;}.comment--item--menu{display:inline-block;padding:0 0 0 12px;}.comment--item--menu .material-icons{font-size:17px;color:#666;cursor:pointer;}.comment--item--menu--drop-down{position:absolute;background:#fff;top:auto;bottom:25px;z-index:99;width:auto;right:1px;padding:9px 18px;box-shadow:0 1px 5px #ccc;line-height:23px;color:#666;text-transform:capitalize;font-size:12px;display:none;}.comment--item--action .comment--item--menu--drop-down a{text-transform:none;white-space:nowrap;margin:0;}.comment--item--menu:hover .comment--item--menu--drop-down{display:block;}.comment--signup .community-site-logo{width:90px;height:90px;border-radius:50%;background-size:cover;background-position:center;margin:0 auto 5px;}.comment--signup .site-avatar-edit{min-height:150px;}.comment--signup .site-avatar .input-data{display:none;}.community-site-logo .hover-menu.edit{background:url("/static/img/sprites/icons-buttons.png?3") -125px -214px;width:72px;height:72px;border-radius:50%;font-size:0;vertical-align:top;}.comment--login-headline-subheadline .fake-input{display:block;width:80px;height:140px;overflow:hidden;z-index:99;left:0 !important;opacity:0;position:absolute;margin:0 auto !important;right:0;top:-115px !important;}.comment--item-avatar .comment--login-headline-subheadline .fake-input{width:60px;height:60px;top:-60px !important;}.comment--login-headline-subheadline .fake-input input,.comment--login-headline-subheadline .fake-input input::-webkit-file-upload-button{cursor:pointer;}.comment--signup .fake-input input{display:none;}.talk-comments-wrp .community-site-logo .edit-mode .image-by-url{-moz-border-radius:0;-webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0;-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;padding:17px 15px 17px;vertical-align:top;font:18px "PT Sans",Tahoma,sans-serif;width:250px;}.community-site-logo .edit-mode .site-avatar{max-width:600px;max-height:none;margin:0 auto;}.community-site-logo .edit-mode .avatar-form{display:inline-block;}.talk-comments-wrp .community-site-logo .edit-mode .or{color:#a8a8a8;padding:0 11px;text-transform:uppercase;}.talk-comments-wrp .community-site-logo .edit-mode .buttons{padding:83px;}.talk-comments-wrp .community-site-logo .edit-mode .add-image-by-src{padding:18px 21px 17px;}.talk-comments-wrp .community-site-logo .edit-mode .add-image-by-src .upload-arrow{margin:4px 0 3px;display:block;height:12px;width:12px;background-image:url("/static/img/roar/icons.png?31");background-position:-382px -135px;background-size:458px 225px;}.talk-comments-wrp .community-site-logo .edit-mode .ch-cover-upload,.talk-comments-wrp .community-site-logo .edit-mode .buttons .btn{width:175px;margin:0 5px;background:#5d97ce;color:#fff;padding:5px 10px;border-radius:3px;font-size:12px;text-transform:uppercase;}.talk-comments-wrp .community-site-logo .edit-mode label{margin:20px 0 35px;font-size:24px;}.community-native-js-wrp .disabled,.community-native-wrp .disabled{opacity:0.6;}.comment--item--action a.disabled{opacity:0.5;cursor:progress;}.talk--load_more-wrp{text-align:center;}.talks--load_more{background:#8db7e0;border:1px solid #8db7e0;border-radius:3px;color:white;cursor:pointer;font-size:13px;font-weight:500;padding:0;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:35px;position:relative;z-index:1;margin:30px 0 0 0;text-align:center;}.talks--load_more:hover{background:#5e99d4;}.community-site-logo.logo-preview .circle-loader{margin:0 auto;height:85px;width:85px;}.community-native-wrp .circle-loader-box{background:rgba(255,255,255,0.9);z-index:7;min-height:200px;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;margin-top:-60px;}.community-native-wrp .circle-loader{border:2px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.2);border-left-color:#479ad2;animation-name:loader-spin;animation-duration:1s;animation-iteration-count:infinite;animation-timing-function:linear;position:relative;display:block;vertical-align:top;margin:0;}.community-native-wrp .circle-loader,.community-native-wrp .circle-loader:after{border-radius:50%;width:40px;height:40px;}.community-native-wrp .comment--item-avatar.editable .circle-loader,.community-native-wrp .comment--item-avatar.editable .circle-loader:after{margin-top:-40px;width:38px;height:38px;margin-left:-2px;}@keyframes loader-spin{0%{transform:rotate(0deg);}100%{transform:rotate(360deg);}}@keyframes checkmark{0%{height:0;width:0;opacity:1;}20%{height:0;width:2em;opacity:1;}40%{height:4em;width:2em;opacity:1;}100%{height:4em;width:2em;opacity:1;}}@media only screen and (max-width:768px){.replies.level-two{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-left:0;}.comment--login,.comment--signup{max-width:100%;}}.comment_placeholder-wrp{background:#f1f1f1;width:100%;height:94px;}.animated-background{animation-duration:1s;animation-fill-mode:forwards;animation-iteration-count:infinite;animation-name:placeHolderShimmer;animation-timing-function:linear;background:#f6f7f8;background:linear-gradient(to right,#eeeeee 8%,#dddddd 18%,#eeeeee 33%);background-size:800px 104px;height:94px;position:relative;border-radius:4px;padding-top:1px;}.placeholder__textarea_top{background:white;height:15px;margin:2px 2px 0 2px;}.placeholder__textarea_botmiddle_left{background:white;height:20px;margin:0 2px;width:10px;display:inline-block;}.placeholder__textarea_botmiddle_right{background:white;height:20px;margin:-28px 2px 0 117px;}.placeholder__textarea_bottom{background:white;height:15px;margin:0 2px 2px 2px;}.placeholder__button_b{background:#dadada;height:26px;width:20px;border-radius:4px;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:8px;margin-left:19px;display:inline-block;}.placeholder__button_i{background:#dadada;height:26px;width:20px;border-radius:4px;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:8px;margin-left:19px;display:inline-block;}.placeholder__button_publish{background:#1c2a50;height:26px;margin:0 2px 2px 2px;opacity:0.5;width:83px;border-radius:4px;margin-top:6px;float:right;margin-right:5px;margin-bottom:8px;}@keyframes placeHolderShimmer{0%{background-position:-468px 0;}100%{background-position:468px 0;}}.talk--messages .follow-button,.comment--item .comment--user-follow{color:#479ad2;font-size:14px;text-align:center;width:auto;border-radius:0;background:none;transition:unset;text-indent:unset;font-weight:bold;margin:0;height:17px;position:static;border:0;cursor:pointer;}.talk--messages .follow-button:hover{background:none;opacity:0.6;}.talk__review{font-weight:900;padding:8px 0;}.talk__review .wrapper__post_rating{cursor:default;}.input__post_rating_total{font-weight:900;padding:0 12px;}.input__post_rating_count{font-weight:400;}.wrapper__post_rating{cursor:pointer;}.wrapper__post_rating--disabled{cursor:default;}.input__post_rating_item svg,.input__post_rating_item--active svg{vertical-align:middle;fill:#ffc000;width:18px;height:18px;}.wrapper__post_rating--disabled i svg{fill:#777;}.input__post_rating_item .icon__star_empty,.input__post_rating_item--active .icon__star_full{display:inline;}.input__post_rating_item--active .icon__star_empty,.input__post_rating_item .icon__star_full{display:none;}.talk__author__add .talk__avatar .comment--item-avatar .fake-input{width:40px;}.comment--item-text .wrapper__post_rating--disabled i svg{height:12px;width:12px;} </style><script class="rm-i-script"> window.REBELMOUSE_LOW_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function() { window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.loadExternalStylesheet("/static/css-build/roar/runner/social-ux-non-critical.css?v=rmxassetse8b874e39b339059e338b461576785bb", function(){ document.body.classList.add("rm-non-critical-loaded"); }); }); </script><script class="rm-i-script"> var __RUNNER_PUBLIC__ = { root: '#runner-root', events: { PAGE_VIEW: 'page_view.url_change.listicle_switch_page', URL_CHANGE_PAGE_VIEW: 'page_view.url_change', LISTICLE_CHANGE_PAGE_VIEW: 'page_view.listicle_switch_page' } } </script><script class="rm-i-script"> window.__rebelmouseJsBaseUrl = "/static/js-build/"; window.__rebelmousePrimaryColor = "#FF4C00"; </script><link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNjU5NjY0OS9vcmlnaW4ucG5nIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTc4NTc0NjUwNn0.pFbPADvK9fyfasig9FMci3xf6UeB_WJaER5Yea_eRpI/img.png?width=192&height=192" sizes="192x192"/><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNjU5NjY0OS9vcmlnaW4ucG5nIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTc4NTc0NjUwNn0.pFbPADvK9fyfasig9FMci3xf6UeB_WJaER5Yea_eRpI/img.png?width=48&height=48" sizes="48x48"/><meta property="article:published_time" content="2023-06-20T15:46:40+00:00"/><meta property="article:modified_time" content="2023-06-21T02:28:07+00:00"/><meta property="article:author" content="https://www.facebook.com/48576411181"/><link rel="amphtml" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/amp/the-ev-transition-explained-2661260581-2661260581"/><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="cta-climate-tech"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="4"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="bold"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="2348"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="2355"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="2308"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="2284"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="content" data-abtest-value="8"></script><script> window.postid = "2661260581"; window.category = ["", "transportation", "analysis", "climate-tech", "climate-change"]; window.tags = ["climate-tech", "electric-vehicles", "ev-charging", "circuit-breakers"]; window.custom_tags = ['climate tech', 'electric vehicles', 'ev charging', 'circuit breakers', '~rmsc:rebelmouse-image:34145894', '~rmsc:rebelmouse-image:34148416', '~rmsc:rebelmouse-image:34131546', '~rmsc:rebelmouse-image:34149229', 'Automotive', 'Automotive Ownership', 'Automotive Products', 'Auto Technology', 'Green Vehicles', 'Auto Buying and Selling'] console.log('tags - ', window.custom_tags) </script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="2200"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="greek"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="notification"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="content" data-abtest-value="fix"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="featurebylinemobile"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="2308"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="4"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="supercomputing"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="7"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="cssfixes"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="newassemblerclass"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="2225"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="2"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="ieeesignout"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="usermenuosano"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="1719"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="invention"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="anbar" data-abtest-value="off"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="anbar" data-abtest-value="on"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IE" data-abtest-value="2184"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="ieee" data-abtest-value="1422"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="climatetech"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="2288"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="2201"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="footerfixes"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="ppid" data-abtest-value="link"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="audosano"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="140"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="pdf" data-abtest-value="button2"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="7"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="1843"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="6"></script><meta name="google-site-verification" content="TL2pz9TZSlPds24a3mqZClMC79zWmgOKFwO4aYRjdXk"/><meta name="facebook-domain-verification" content="bgsalp9vtqx07wdoczkh2jq79qvonr"/><meta property="fb:pages" content="48576411181"/><meta name="google-site-verification" content="L-skWDKE3KKfxCj4MKcOwZUVoZ1L_MkSRLAsNxx-JIw"/><meta name="google-site-verification" content="CTQnzy87CzDH0ZMNer4KvBtvb7X0tiJoehjRFhqPCis"/><meta name="google-site-verification" content="TL2pz9TZSlPds24a3mqZClMC79zWmgOKFwO4aYRjdXk"/><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="nopod"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="2349"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="cta" data-abtest-value="removed"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="ctaqa"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IE" data-abtest-value="2210"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="notopad"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="page" data-abtest-value="sing"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="2200"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="keepreadingoff"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="1922"></script><style class="rm-i-styles" id="custom-post-styles-2661260581"> </style><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="primarytagfallback"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="primarytag"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="socialux" data-abtest-value="1"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="final" data-abtest-value="3"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="spectrumcover"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="parsely-title"></script><meta name="parsely-title" content="EV Chargers for All!"/><meta name="parsely-link" content="https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-ev-transition-explained-2661260581"/><meta name="parsely-section" content="Transportation"/><meta name="parsely-tags" content="climate tech,electric vehicles,ev charging,circuit breakers,SpectrumType.Analysis"/><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="ieee" data-abtest-value="1436"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="oldarrows"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="promo" data-abtest-value="promo"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="popupsoff"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="combined"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="popupnew"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="socialpopupnew"></script><script class="rm-i-script"> (function() { var cookie = 'rebelmouse_abtests='; cookie += "v1:165477109-A:1,B:2"; document.cookie = cookie + '; Path=/; SameSite=None; Secure'; })(); </script></head><body class="logged-out-user section-transportation"><div id="fb-root"></div><div id="runner-root"></div><div id="curtain" class="curtain"></div><nav class="menu-global"><div class="main-menu-wrapper"><div class="menu-global__search-form hide-tablet-and-desktop"><form action="/search/"><button type="submit" class="menu-global__submit fa fa-search" value="" aria-label="Submit"></button><input name="q" class="menu-global__text-input" type="text" placeholder="Search..." aria-label="Search"/></form></div><div class="divider hide-tablet-and-desktop"></div><div class="divider"></div><ul id="main-menu" class="main-menu"></ul></div></nav><div class="all-content-wrapper"><div class="main v-sep"><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="Post"></span><div class="menu-overlay js-toggle" data-target="body" data-share-status-id="menu-toggle" data-toggle-class="menu-opened"></div><link rel="preload" as="style" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'" href="https://htlbid.com/v3/spectrum.ieee.org/rblbid.css"/><script> window.PARSELY = window.PARSELY || {}; function isPublished(post){ return [0,1,2].includes(post.status) } window.PARSELY.autotrack = false; window.PARSELY.onload = function () { if(Object.keys(window.REBELMOUSE_BOOTSTRAP_DATA.post).length > 0 && !isPublished(window.REBELMOUSE_BOOTSTRAP_DATA.post)){ return; } var event = { url: location.href, urlref: document.referrer, js: 1 }; window.PARSELY.updateDefaults({ data: { level: localStorage.getItem("userMembershipStatus") || "anonymous" } }); window.PARSELY.beacon.trackPageView(event); }; </script><noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5WJB5X2" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="CSS Fonts"></span><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="CSS Spectrum"></span><span class="viewport-css-anchor"></span><svg width="0" height="0" viewbox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" style="position: absolute"><mask id="xLogoMask" style="mask-type: alpha" maskunits="userSpaceOnUse" x="1" y="1" width="18" height="18"><path d="M15.1563 1.875H17.9141L11.8906 8.75781L18.9766 18.125H13.4297L9.08203 12.4453L4.11328 18.125H1.35156L7.79297 10.7617L1 1.875H6.6875L10.6133 7.06641L15.1563 1.875ZM14.1875 16.4766H15.7148L5.85547 3.4375H4.21484L14.1875 16.4766Z" fill="black"></path></mask></svg><span class="viewport-css-anchor"></span><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="CSS for Posts"></span><span class="viewport-css-anchor"></span><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="CSS Article Components"></span><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="CSS for Comments"></span><span class="viewport-css-anchor"></span><div class="topbar topbar--static" id="sTop_Bar_0_0_29_0_0_16"><div class="" id="sTop_Bar_0_0_29_0_0_16_0"><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="Element Bar"></span><div class="dark_top_bar" id="sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1"><div class="" id="sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0"><div class="top_menu_links" id="sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_0"><div class="list" id="sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_0_0"><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/" target="_blank">IEEE.org</a><a class="list__item" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/home.jsp" target="_blank">IEEE Xplore Digital Library</a><a class="list__item" href="https://standards.ieee.org/" target="_blank">IEEE Standards</a><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/sitemap.html" target="_blank">More Sites</a></div></div><div class="" id="sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_1"><div class="access_links" id="sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_1_0_1_1"><div class="list" id="sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_1_0_1_1_0"><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/profile/public/createwebaccount/showCreateAccount.html?ShowMGAMarkeatbilityOptIn=true&sourceCode=spectrum&signinurl=https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/saml/main/login&url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/&autoSignin=Y&car=IEEE-Spectrum" target="_self">Sign In</a><a class="list__item" href="/st/join" target="_self">Join IEEE</a></div></div><div class="" id="sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_1_1"><svg width="70px" height="21px" viewbox="0 0 70 21" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><defs><polygon id="path-1" points="0 0 21.3639449 0 21.3639449 21 0 21"></polygon></defs><g id="Symbols" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><g id="Light-/-IEEE-Bar-/-Signed-out-/-1376" transform="translate(-1274.000000, -14.000000)"><g id="Group-13" transform="translate(1274.000000, 14.000000)"><polygon id="Fill-1" fill="#FEFEFE" points="23.4111174 18.6889405 27.8363724 18.6889405 27.8363724 2.77905063 23.4111174 2.77905063"></polygon><polygon id="Fill-2" fill="#FEFEFE" points="29.7536549 18.6881005 29.7536549 2.77821061 41.9217005 2.77821061 41.9217005 5.8624668 34.17891 5.8624668 34.17891 9.14692664 41.3017712 9.14692664 41.3017712 12.2311828 34.17891 12.2311828 34.17891 15.6024442 41.9217005 15.6024442 41.9217005 18.6881005"></polygon><polygon id="Fill-3" fill="#FEFEFE" points="43.7923126 18.6881005 43.7923126 2.77821061 55.9603583 2.77821061 55.9603583 5.8624668 48.2175677 5.8624668 48.2175677 9.14692664 55.3418347 9.14692664 55.3418347 12.2311828 48.2175677 12.2311828 48.2175677 15.6024442 55.9603583 15.6024442 55.9603583 18.6881005"></polygon><polygon id="Fill-4" fill="#FEFEFE" points="57.8305486 2.77793061 57.8305486 18.6878205 70 18.6878205 70 15.6021642 62.2558037 15.6021642 62.2558037 12.2323028 69.3800707 12.2323028 69.3800707 9.14664663 62.2558037 9.14664663 62.2558037 5.8621868 70 5.8621868 70 2.77793061"></polygon><g id="Group-12"><g id="Group-7"><mask id="mask-2" fill="white"><use xlink:href="#path-1"></use></mask><g id="Clip-6"></g><path d="M20.9520644,9.85449953 L20.8930235,9.84469935 C19.0838421,8.61967703 17.3983653,7.23365178 15.8098843,5.66142314 L14.0555265,3.83578988 C13.3442244,3.05037557 12.6540084,2.18095973 11.9961242,1.35074461 L11.1976665,0.22232405 C11.099265,0.164923005 10.976966,0.0669212192 10.8687244,0.0375206836 C10.6339666,-0.0646811784 10.3795285,0.0571210406 10.1883485,0.202723693 L8.74184673,2.07875787 C6.42378906,4.93900998 3.67838782,7.60885862 0.684171419,9.65429588 C0.448007872,9.84049927 0.0951682866,10.0211026 0.0220700458,10.3235081 C-0.0566511366,10.596513 0.0853281388,10.8219172 0.256827858,10.9913202 C2.65360672,12.6363502 4.94776689,14.5907858 6.98748895,16.8168264 C7.35016869,17.1962333 7.64396739,17.5728401 7.99680697,17.9284466 C8.59424452,18.719461 9.29570648,19.5160755 9.84534902,20.364491 C10.0168487,20.5450943 10.0463692,20.8390996 10.3148646,20.9259012 C10.525725,20.9987026 10.785786,21.0477034 10.9868062,20.9259012 L11.1878263,20.7256976 C13.6675436,17.2256338 16.8149851,14.0825766 20.3293236,11.5429303 C20.6821632,11.2321246 21.3541047,11.1145225 21.3639449,10.5335119 C21.3386417,10.264707 21.182605,10.0015022 20.9520644,9.85449953 M18.5496626,10.7911166 C18.1476223,11.7879348 17.3337015,12.5831492 16.6238051,13.4525651 C15.0845249,15.1017951 13.4623062,16.6992242 11.6432846,17.9718474 C11.2763877,18.2322522 10.7815688,18.4702565 10.3401679,18.2658528 C9.00190778,17.56724 7.87450799,16.4248192 6.7035304,15.3860003 C5.34559001,14.1301774 3.98202667,12.6713508 2.95302836,11.142523 C2.80120893,10.9283191 2.75763114,10.6651143 2.76184834,10.3823091 C2.89398747,9.85449953 3.2566672,9.42049162 3.60107238,8.97668354 C4.81562776,7.43385543 6.30570729,5.96942875 7.80984416,4.63240439 C7.84498755,4.59740376 7.90824564,4.5232024 7.96306932,4.48960179 C8.60970761,3.93379167 9.25212869,3.44098269 9.92828741,2.95657386 C10.6339666,2.41056392 11.5209856,2.86417218 12.114206,3.36678134 C12.7369467,3.83998996 13.383585,4.37759975 13.9529079,4.9236097 L14.0555265,4.98241077 C15.6285445,6.43703727 17.0891035,8.05406673 18.2910073,9.76209785 C18.4864045,10.0603033 18.6579042,10.3963094 18.5496626,10.7911166" id="Fill-5" fill="#FEFEFE" mask="url(#mask-2)"></path></g><path d="M17.8685838,9.92786087 C16.3152462,7.68782006 14.2755241,5.70538394 12.1135031,3.97215236 C11.5554261,3.58154525 10.9087879,2.8983328 10.1876456,3.3869417 C7.9483091,4.92836978 5.79050526,7.01860786 4.05582778,9.15084671 C3.70298819,9.66885615 3.08587035,10.1616651 3.3656117,10.8504777 C3.56663186,11.3586869 4.01646719,11.7240936 4.30604868,12.1735018 C6.00698851,14.2091389 8.01719014,16.1089735 10.1145474,17.6364013 C11.0367098,18.221612 11.6931882,17.2751947 12.4087075,16.8397868 C13.8734838,15.6875658 15.2314242,14.2875403 16.5162664,12.9253155 L16.5162664,12.8917149 C17.0307655,12.2715036 17.5747851,11.6610924 17.9768254,10.9918802 C18.1525424,10.6642743 18.0653868,10.2162661 17.8685838,9.92786087 L17.8685838,9.92786087 Z M10.4477066,5.41697869 L10.6431039,4.79256731 L10.6684071,4.79256731 C11.0704474,5.9391882 11.4865451,7.08300904 11.9181059,8.21422965 L11.0549843,8.22962993 L11.0367098,8.33183179 L11.163226,11.4020877 L11.163226,11.4510886 C10.844124,11.5042896 10.4533296,11.4902893 10.1384449,11.4608888 L10.1145474,11.4258882 L10.2565266,8.26323054 L10.2565266,8.23943011 C10.0161459,8.21422965 9.71250703,8.23943011 9.46790907,8.21422965 L10.4477066,5.41697869 Z M9.93742469,15.6203646 C10.0217688,14.491944 10.0358262,13.4531251 10.0948671,12.3289046 C10.4912844,12.3695053 10.8356896,12.3541051 11.1969636,12.3401048 L11.2222668,12.4913076 L11.3642461,15.6301648 C10.8891076,15.698766 10.3844486,15.6595653 9.93742469,15.6203646 L9.93742469,15.6203646 Z M13.5501647,11.7058933 C11.492168,12.3443049 8.90420917,12.3149044 6.95304844,11.4608888 C6.60020885,11.2900857 6.15459073,11.0268809 6.03650896,10.6166734 C5.94794763,9.86485972 6.75624548,9.44905214 7.30588802,9.17604717 C7.62920717,9.03464459 7.95814925,8.87924176 8.31520604,8.8596414 C8.64836533,9.10324584 8.99698771,9.29924941 9.33998715,9.51765339 C8.67366857,9.69405661 7.87380512,9.84525936 7.56594907,10.5718726 C7.61936702,11.1248827 8.24632501,11.2998859 8.68350872,11.4370884 C10.2565266,11.8514959 11.9574665,11.7968949 13.4672263,11.250885 C13.7511848,11.0842819 14.2024259,10.8840783 14.1630653,10.4752708 C14.1138646,10.0356628 13.6092056,9.84105928 13.256366,9.70245676 C13.0412885,9.73185729 12.8346454,9.78085819 12.6336252,9.84525936 C12.5253836,9.54285385 12.432605,9.23484824 12.3046831,8.94224291 C12.9724074,9.1172461 13.638726,9.29924941 14.3289421,9.41965161 L14.3289421,9.43505189 C14.1869628,9.44905214 14.0309262,9.49805304 13.8931641,9.551254 L13.8931641,9.57645446 C14.2853643,9.77105801 14.8293839,10.0944639 14.8336011,10.6068732 C14.7422283,11.2270845 14.0604466,11.5098897 13.5501647,11.7058933 L13.5501647,11.7058933 Z" id="Fill-8" fill="#FEFEFE"></path><path d="M14.1946944,19.3564726 L14.1946944,19.1646691 L14.3141819,19.1646691 C14.3788457,19.1646691 14.467407,19.1716693 14.467407,19.2528707 C14.467407,19.3410724 14.4224235,19.3564726 14.3465138,19.3564726 L14.1946944,19.3564726 Z M14.1946944,19.4922751 L14.2748213,19.4922751 L14.4603783,19.8268812 L14.6613985,19.8268812 L14.4575669,19.4782749 C14.562997,19.4698747 14.6501526,19.4166737 14.6501526,19.2710711 C14.6501526,19.0890678 14.5278536,19.0302667 14.3226163,19.0302667 L14.0231946,19.0302667 L14.0231946,19.8268812 L14.1946944,19.8268812 L14.1946944,19.4922751 Z M15.0620331,19.429274 C15.0620331,18.9630655 14.7105992,18.6900605 14.3183991,18.6900605 C13.9233874,18.6900605 13.5719536,18.9630655 13.5719536,19.429274 C13.5719536,19.8954825 13.9233874,20.1670874 14.3183991,20.1670874 C14.7105992,20.1670874 15.0620331,19.8954825 15.0620331,19.429274 L15.0620331,19.429274 Z M14.8483613,19.429274 C14.8483613,19.7694802 14.6051691,19.9976843 14.3183991,19.9976843 L14.3183991,19.9962843 C14.0231946,19.9976843 13.7856254,19.7694802 13.7856254,19.429274 C13.7856254,19.0890678 14.0231946,18.8622636 14.3183991,18.8622636 C14.6051691,18.8622636 14.8483613,19.0890678 14.8483613,19.429274 L14.8483613,19.429274 Z" id="Fill-10" fill="#FEFEFE"></path></g></g></g></g></svg></div></div></div></div><div class="topbar-sticky announcement-show" id="sTop_Bar_0_0_29_0_0_16_0_1"><div id="sTop_Bar_0_0_29_0_0_16_0_1_0" class="js-hidden-panel" data-offset="0"></div><div class="rebelbar-wrapper_static announcement-show" id="sTop_Bar_0_0_29_0_0_16_0_1_1"><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="Announcement Bar"></span><div class="announcement-bar" id="sAnnouncement_Bar_0_0_0_0_0_0_1_0"><script> if (sessionStorage.getItem('anbarclose') || window.location.pathname == '/st/join') { document.querySelector('.rebelbar-wrapper_static').classList.toggle('announcement-show'); document.querySelector('.topbar-sticky ').classList.toggle('announcement-show'); document.querySelector('.topbar-sticky ').style.height = '64px'; document.querySelector('.section-frontpage .topbar-sticky ').style.height = '111px'; } </script><div class="formatted-text ql-editor"><p><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/special-reports/reinventing-invention/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">See our latest special report, “Reinventing Invention: Stories From Innovation’s Edge”</a> →</p></div><div class="button-view button-view-hidden" id="sAnnouncement_Bar_0_0_0_0_0_0_1_0_2_1_1"><div class="text-element" id="sAnnouncement_Bar_0_0_0_0_0_0_1_0_2_1_1_0"><a class="color-inherit" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/special-reports/reinventing-invention/" target="_blank">View →</a></div></div><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="icon-close announcement-close" onclick="sessionStorage.setItem('anbarclose',true); document.querySelector('.rebelbar-wrapper_static').classList.toggle('announcement-show'); document.querySelector('.topbar-sticky ').classList.toggle('announcement-show'); document.querySelector('.topbar-sticky ').style.height = '64px'; document.querySelector('.section-frontpage .topbar-sticky ').style.height = '111px';"> Close bar </a></div><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="__TopBar Second Bar"></span><div class="" id="s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_41_0_0_0"><div class="site_logo" id="s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_41_0_0_0_0"><a href="/" title="Spectrum Logo"><svg width="214px" height="30px" viewbox="0 0 214 30" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g id="Symbols" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><g id="Light-/-Sticky-Site-Header-/-1376" transform="translate(-33.000000, -17.000000)" fill="#0D0D0D" fill-rule="nonzero"><g id="IEEE-Spectrum-Logo" transform="translate(32.000000, 15.000000)"><g id="IEEESpectrum-LogoFinal-Black" transform="translate(1.454545, 2.909091)"><path d="M67.5731087,15.3769418 C67.7375958,17.1915012 68.9067885,18.8411007 71.9786975,18.8411007 C74.7749795,18.8411007 75.8285865,17.851341 75.8285865,16.3310345 C75.8285865,14.882062 74.9750314,14.1553466 73.3301597,13.923511 L68.5600317,13.3974225 C64.6123396,12.9515848 62.3361928,10.6911877 62.3361928,6.96398467 C62.3361928,2.83552769 65.4481122,6.3357346e-15 71.7475264,6.3357346e-15 C78.4915004,6.3357346e-15 81.1899792,3.23232323 81.4833887,7.133403 L75.7485657,7.133403 C75.5173945,5.38126088 74.2014972,4.22654127 71.7475264,4.22654127 C69.5247267,4.22654127 68.191047,5.11821665 68.191047,6.57164751 C68.191047,7.6907001 68.8489957,8.51549983 70.5294322,8.71612679 L74.7082955,9.16196447 C79.5095427,9.60780216 81.6834407,11.8994079 81.6834407,15.8495298 C81.6834407,20.1741553 78.984962,23.0765587 71.8764488,23.0765587 C64.6701324,23.0765587 62.1717056,19.3136886 61.9405344,15.390317 L67.5731087,15.3769418 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M101.439684,14.266806 C101.439684,18.8544758 99.3013506,23.0141414 93.8821651,23.0141414 C91.0858831,23.0141414 89.2098403,21.9575061 88.102886,20.1741553 L88.102886,29.0909091 L82.456975,29.0909091 L82.456975,6.00543365 L88.1162228,6.00543365 L88.1162228,8.23462208 C89.2320682,6.48693835 91.1081111,5.46597005 93.8955019,5.46597005 C99.3013506,5.47934518 101.439684,9.53646813 101.439684,14.266806 Z M95.7804359,14.266806 C95.7804359,11.1994427 94.7935129,9.91097179 91.997231,9.91097179 C89.1031459,9.91097179 88.1162228,11.3287356 88.1162228,14.266806 C88.1162228,17.2048763 89.1031459,18.6226402 91.997231,18.6226402 C94.7935129,18.6092651 95.7804359,17.3207941 95.7804359,14.266806 Z" id="Shape"></path><path d="M114.367486,17.5214211 L119.862247,17.5214211 C119.302102,20.3569488 117.065965,23.0319749 111.077743,23.0319749 C104.364888,23.0319749 101.995384,18.7430164 101.995384,14.2222222 C101.995384,9.43838384 104.760546,5.47934518 111.077743,5.47934518 C117.790598,5.47934518 119.928931,9.73263671 119.928931,14.3203065 C119.934228,14.7845667 119.900021,15.2484337 119.826682,15.7068617 L107.490144,15.7068617 C107.819119,18.3462208 109.103897,19.2378962 111.211111,19.2378962 C112.887102,19.2378962 113.905144,18.5111808 114.367486,17.5214211 Z M107.556828,12.4076628 L114.563093,12.4076628 C114.367486,10.3256008 113.349444,9.20654824 111.144427,9.20654824 C109.103897,9.20654824 107.921368,10.031348 107.556828,12.4076628 Z" id="Shape"></path><path d="M129.811498,5.47934518 C135.764156,5.47934518 138.662686,8.84096134 138.791609,12.9649599 L133.247946,12.9649599 C133.083459,11.0211076 132.096536,9.89759666 129.895965,9.89759666 C127.52646,9.89759666 126.174998,10.954232 126.174998,14.2534309 C126.174998,17.5526297 127.459776,18.6092651 129.793716,18.6092651 C132.127655,18.6092651 133.119024,17.3207941 133.31463,15.4884013 L138.876075,15.4884013 C138.742707,19.4162313 136.013109,23.0141966 129.895965,23.0141966 C123.085307,23.0319749 120.520196,18.7251829 120.520196,14.266806 C120.520196,9.80842912 123.018623,5.47934518 129.811498,5.47934518 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M141.77016,16.0011146 L141.77016,10.2542668 L138.876075,10.2542668 L138.876075,7.62382445 L142.228057,6.13472658 L144.566442,2.01072797 L147.429408,2.01072797 L147.429408,6.02326715 L151.901681,6.02326715 L151.901681,10.2542668 L147.429408,10.2542668 L147.429408,18.0163009 L151.3771,18.0163009 L151.3771,22.5014281 L148.380766,22.5014281 C143.348348,22.5014281 141.77016,20.2588645 141.77016,16.0011146 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M164.304903,5.74238941 L164.304903,11.2529432 L162.299938,11.2529432 C159.565894,11.2529432 158.414484,12.5904563 158.414484,15.9030303 L158.414484,22.5014281 L152.755236,22.5014281 L152.755236,6.00543365 L158.263333,6.00543365 L158.263333,9.36259143 C158.921282,7.0174852 160.272744,5.73347266 162.935658,5.73347266 L164.304903,5.74238941 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M182.989757,6.00543365 L182.989757,22.5014281 L177.330509,22.5014281 L177.330509,19.5009404 C176.281347,21.6454197 174.405304,23.0319749 171.511219,23.0319749 C167.198988,23.0319749 165.256261,20.3569488 165.256261,16.0367816 L165.256261,6.00543365 L170.915509,6.00543365 L170.915509,15.0470219 C170.915509,17.2762104 171.804629,18.4443051 173.81404,18.4443051 C176.014611,18.4443051 177.330509,16.9239986 177.330509,13.758551 L177.330509,6.00543365 L182.989757,6.00543365 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M213.090909,12.4834552 L213.090909,22.5148032 L207.431661,22.5148032 L207.431661,13.3305468 C207.431661,11.2172762 206.613671,10.0625566 204.737628,10.0625566 C202.514828,10.0625566 201.479004,11.5159875 201.479004,14.7483107 L201.479004,22.5014281 L195.917559,22.5014281 L195.917559,13.3305468 C195.917559,11.2172762 195.095123,10.0625566 193.223526,10.0625566 C191.000726,10.0625566 189.964902,11.5159875 189.964902,14.7483107 L189.964902,22.5014281 L184.305654,22.5014281 L184.305654,6.00543365 L189.964902,6.00543365 L189.964902,8.8097527 C190.982944,6.76335772 192.725619,5.47934518 195.557466,5.47934518 C198.389312,5.47934518 200.163106,6.81685824 200.985542,9.13967259 C202.003585,6.91048415 203.812943,5.47934518 206.809277,5.47934518 C211.117063,5.47934518 213.090909,8.14991292 213.090909,12.4834552 Z" id="Path"></path><polygon id="Path" points="11.9408796 7.10219436 11.9408796 3.0450714 0 3.0450714 0 7.10219436 3.14303867 7.10219436 3.14303867 18.4086381 0 18.4086381 0 22.4702194 11.9408796 22.4702194 11.9408796 18.4086381 8.80228652 18.4086381 8.80228652 7.10219436"></polygon><polygon id="Path" points="18.8537864 18.4086381 18.8537864 14.467433 26.0378748 14.467433 26.0378748 10.6956461 18.8537864 10.6956461 18.8537864 7.10219436 26.9136579 7.10219436 26.9136579 3.0450714 18.8537864 3.0450714 13.1945386 3.0450714 13.1945386 22.4613027 13.1945386 22.4702194 27.0025699 22.4702194 27.0025699 18.4086381"></polygon><polygon id="Path" points="33.6487408 18.4086381 33.6487408 14.467433 40.8372748 14.467433 40.8372748 10.6956461 33.6487408 10.6956461 33.6487408 7.10219436 41.7086122 7.10219436 41.7086122 3.0450714 33.6487408 3.0450714 27.9939385 3.0450714 27.9939385 22.4613027 27.9939385 22.4702194 41.7975242 22.4702194 41.7975242 18.4086381"></polygon><polygon id="Path" points="48.4481407 18.4086381 48.4481407 14.467433 55.6322291 14.467433 55.6322291 10.6956461 48.4481407 10.6956461 48.4481407 7.10219436 56.5080121 7.10219436 56.5080121 3.0450714 48.4481407 3.0450714 42.7888928 3.0450714 42.7888928 22.4613027 42.7888928 22.4702194 56.5924785 22.4702194 56.5924785 18.4086381"></polygon></g></g></g></g></svg></a><div class="topbar__sticky-headline topbar__sticky-headline--post" id="s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_41_0_0_0_0_1_0_1"><div class="text-element" id="s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_41_0_0_0_0_1_0_1_0">EV Chargers for All!</div></div><span class="floating-shares hide-desktop">Share</span><script> function createElementChangeListener(selector, callback, oneTime) { const initializedNodes = new Set([]); let reported = false; document.querySelectorAll(selector).forEach((node) => { if (oneTime && reported) { return; } reported = true; callback(node); initializedNodes.add(node); }); const mutationObserver = new MutationObserver(() => { const nodes = document.querySelectorAll(selector); nodes.forEach((node) => { if (oneTime && reported) { return; } if (!initializedNodes.has(node)) { reported = true; callback(node); initializedNodes.add(node); if (oneTime) { mutationObserver.disconnect(); } } }); }); if (!oneTime || !reported) { mutationObserver.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true, }); } return mutationObserver; } </script><div class="topbar__static-headline" id="s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_41_0_0_0_0_2"><div class="text-element" id="s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_41_0_0_0_0_2_0">FOR THE TECHNOLOGY INSIDER</div></div></div><div class="" id="s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_41_0_0_0_1"><div class="search-form"><form action="/search/"><label for="q" class="hide-text">Search: </label><input placeholder="Type to search" type="text" name="q" id="q" class="search-form__text-input"/><button aria-label="Search" type="submit" class="search-form__submit" value="Search"><svg width="18px" height="19px" viewbox="0 0 18 19" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g id="Page-1" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><g id="1376---Sample-Front-Page" transform="translate(-826.000000, -102.000000)" stroke="#0D0D0D" stroke-width="1.5"><g id="Light-/-Nav" transform="translate(816.857864, 96.000000)"><g id="Search-Icon" transform="translate(7.307612, 5.000000)"><path d="M11.631728,14.6819805 C15.2215789,14.6819805 18.131728,11.7718314 18.131728,8.18198052 C18.131728,4.59212964 15.2215789,1.68198052 11.631728,1.68198052 C8.04187711,1.68198052 5.13172798,4.59212964 5.13172798,8.18198052 C5.13172798,11.7718314 8.04187711,14.6819805 11.631728,14.6819805 Z M11.631728,14.5814755 L11.631728,21.5814755" id="Combined-Shape" transform="translate(11.631728, 11.631728) rotate(-45.000000) translate(-11.631728, -11.631728) "></path></g></g></g></g></svg></button></form></div><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="Element Menu"></span><div class="main-menu-el" id="sElement_Menu_0_0_8_0_0_0"><div class="menu-item" id="sElement_Menu_0_0_8_0_0_0_0"><div class="menu-item__title">Explore by topic</div><div class="menu-dropdown" id="sElement_Menu_0_0_8_0_0_0_0_1"><div class="list" id="sElement_Menu_0_0_8_0_0_0_0_1_0"><a class="list__item" href="/topic/aerospace/" target="_self">Aerospace</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/artificial-intelligence/" target="_self">Artificial Intelligence</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/biomedical/" target="_self">Biomedical</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/climate-tech/" target="_self">Climate Tech</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/computing/" target="_self">Computing</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/consumer-electronics/" target="_self">Consumer Electronics</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/energy/" target="_self">Energy</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/tech-history/" target="_self">History of Technology</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/robotics/" target="_self">Robotics</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/semiconductors/" target="_self">Semiconductors</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/telecommunications/" target="_self">Telecommunications</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/transportation/" target="_self">Transportation</a></div></div></div></div><div data-share-status-id="huge-menu-toggle" data-toggle-class="huge-menu-opened" class="rebelbar__menu-toggle js-toggle hambg-btn" data-target="body"><svg width="32px" height="18px" viewbox="0 0 32 18" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g id="Page-1" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><g id="992---Search---Open-filters---selected" transform="translate(-928.000000, -75.000000)"><g id="Light-/-Collapsed-Site-Header" transform="translate(0.000000, 56.000000)"><g id="Light-/-Nav" transform="translate(432.857864, 12.000000)"><g id="Group" transform="translate(495.142136, 7.000000)"><rect id="Rectangle" x="0" y="0" width="32" height="2"></rect><rect id="Rectangle-Copy" x="0" y="8" width="32" height="2"></rect><rect id="Rectangle-Copy-2" x="0" y="16" width="32" height="2"></rect></g></g></g></g></g></svg></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="huge-menu" id="sTop_Bar_0_0_29_0_0_17"><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="__Huge Menu Links"></span><div id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1" class="dark_layout row-wrapper clearfix content sm-cp-2 md-cp-4"><div class="row px20"><div id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_0" class="Top_hugeMenu col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m12 l12"><div class="" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_0_0"><a href="/" class="hide-text">IEEE Spectrum<svg width="214px" height="30px" class="site_logo_menu" viewbox="0 0 214 30" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g id="Symbols" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><g id="Light-/-Sticky-Site-Header-/-1376" transform="translate(-33.000000, -17.000000)" fill="#F2F2F2" fill-rule="nonzero"><g id="IEEE-Spectrum-Logo" transform="translate(32.000000, 15.000000)"><g id="IEEESpectrum-LogoFinal-Black" transform="translate(1.454545, 2.909091)"><path d="M67.5731087,15.3769418 C67.7375958,17.1915012 68.9067885,18.8411007 71.9786975,18.8411007 C74.7749795,18.8411007 75.8285865,17.851341 75.8285865,16.3310345 C75.8285865,14.882062 74.9750314,14.1553466 73.3301597,13.923511 L68.5600317,13.3974225 C64.6123396,12.9515848 62.3361928,10.6911877 62.3361928,6.96398467 C62.3361928,2.83552769 65.4481122,6.3357346e-15 71.7475264,6.3357346e-15 C78.4915004,6.3357346e-15 81.1899792,3.23232323 81.4833887,7.133403 L75.7485657,7.133403 C75.5173945,5.38126088 74.2014972,4.22654127 71.7475264,4.22654127 C69.5247267,4.22654127 68.191047,5.11821665 68.191047,6.57164751 C68.191047,7.6907001 68.8489957,8.51549983 70.5294322,8.71612679 L74.7082955,9.16196447 C79.5095427,9.60780216 81.6834407,11.8994079 81.6834407,15.8495298 C81.6834407,20.1741553 78.984962,23.0765587 71.8764488,23.0765587 C64.6701324,23.0765587 62.1717056,19.3136886 61.9405344,15.390317 L67.5731087,15.3769418 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M101.439684,14.266806 C101.439684,18.8544758 99.3013506,23.0141414 93.8821651,23.0141414 C91.0858831,23.0141414 89.2098403,21.9575061 88.102886,20.1741553 L88.102886,29.0909091 L82.456975,29.0909091 L82.456975,6.00543365 L88.1162228,6.00543365 L88.1162228,8.23462208 C89.2320682,6.48693835 91.1081111,5.46597005 93.8955019,5.46597005 C99.3013506,5.47934518 101.439684,9.53646813 101.439684,14.266806 Z M95.7804359,14.266806 C95.7804359,11.1994427 94.7935129,9.91097179 91.997231,9.91097179 C89.1031459,9.91097179 88.1162228,11.3287356 88.1162228,14.266806 C88.1162228,17.2048763 89.1031459,18.6226402 91.997231,18.6226402 C94.7935129,18.6092651 95.7804359,17.3207941 95.7804359,14.266806 Z" id="Shape"></path><path d="M114.367486,17.5214211 L119.862247,17.5214211 C119.302102,20.3569488 117.065965,23.0319749 111.077743,23.0319749 C104.364888,23.0319749 101.995384,18.7430164 101.995384,14.2222222 C101.995384,9.43838384 104.760546,5.47934518 111.077743,5.47934518 C117.790598,5.47934518 119.928931,9.73263671 119.928931,14.3203065 C119.934228,14.7845667 119.900021,15.2484337 119.826682,15.7068617 L107.490144,15.7068617 C107.819119,18.3462208 109.103897,19.2378962 111.211111,19.2378962 C112.887102,19.2378962 113.905144,18.5111808 114.367486,17.5214211 Z M107.556828,12.4076628 L114.563093,12.4076628 C114.367486,10.3256008 113.349444,9.20654824 111.144427,9.20654824 C109.103897,9.20654824 107.921368,10.031348 107.556828,12.4076628 Z" id="Shape"></path><path d="M129.811498,5.47934518 C135.764156,5.47934518 138.662686,8.84096134 138.791609,12.9649599 L133.247946,12.9649599 C133.083459,11.0211076 132.096536,9.89759666 129.895965,9.89759666 C127.52646,9.89759666 126.174998,10.954232 126.174998,14.2534309 C126.174998,17.5526297 127.459776,18.6092651 129.793716,18.6092651 C132.127655,18.6092651 133.119024,17.3207941 133.31463,15.4884013 L138.876075,15.4884013 C138.742707,19.4162313 136.013109,23.0141966 129.895965,23.0141966 C123.085307,23.0319749 120.520196,18.7251829 120.520196,14.266806 C120.520196,9.80842912 123.018623,5.47934518 129.811498,5.47934518 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M141.77016,16.0011146 L141.77016,10.2542668 L138.876075,10.2542668 L138.876075,7.62382445 L142.228057,6.13472658 L144.566442,2.01072797 L147.429408,2.01072797 L147.429408,6.02326715 L151.901681,6.02326715 L151.901681,10.2542668 L147.429408,10.2542668 L147.429408,18.0163009 L151.3771,18.0163009 L151.3771,22.5014281 L148.380766,22.5014281 C143.348348,22.5014281 141.77016,20.2588645 141.77016,16.0011146 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M164.304903,5.74238941 L164.304903,11.2529432 L162.299938,11.2529432 C159.565894,11.2529432 158.414484,12.5904563 158.414484,15.9030303 L158.414484,22.5014281 L152.755236,22.5014281 L152.755236,6.00543365 L158.263333,6.00543365 L158.263333,9.36259143 C158.921282,7.0174852 160.272744,5.73347266 162.935658,5.73347266 L164.304903,5.74238941 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M182.989757,6.00543365 L182.989757,22.5014281 L177.330509,22.5014281 L177.330509,19.5009404 C176.281347,21.6454197 174.405304,23.0319749 171.511219,23.0319749 C167.198988,23.0319749 165.256261,20.3569488 165.256261,16.0367816 L165.256261,6.00543365 L170.915509,6.00543365 L170.915509,15.0470219 C170.915509,17.2762104 171.804629,18.4443051 173.81404,18.4443051 C176.014611,18.4443051 177.330509,16.9239986 177.330509,13.758551 L177.330509,6.00543365 L182.989757,6.00543365 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M213.090909,12.4834552 L213.090909,22.5148032 L207.431661,22.5148032 L207.431661,13.3305468 C207.431661,11.2172762 206.613671,10.0625566 204.737628,10.0625566 C202.514828,10.0625566 201.479004,11.5159875 201.479004,14.7483107 L201.479004,22.5014281 L195.917559,22.5014281 L195.917559,13.3305468 C195.917559,11.2172762 195.095123,10.0625566 193.223526,10.0625566 C191.000726,10.0625566 189.964902,11.5159875 189.964902,14.7483107 L189.964902,22.5014281 L184.305654,22.5014281 L184.305654,6.00543365 L189.964902,6.00543365 L189.964902,8.8097527 C190.982944,6.76335772 192.725619,5.47934518 195.557466,5.47934518 C198.389312,5.47934518 200.163106,6.81685824 200.985542,9.13967259 C202.003585,6.91048415 203.812943,5.47934518 206.809277,5.47934518 C211.117063,5.47934518 213.090909,8.14991292 213.090909,12.4834552 Z" id="Path"></path><polygon id="Path" points="11.9408796 7.10219436 11.9408796 3.0450714 0 3.0450714 0 7.10219436 3.14303867 7.10219436 3.14303867 18.4086381 0 18.4086381 0 22.4702194 11.9408796 22.4702194 11.9408796 18.4086381 8.80228652 18.4086381 8.80228652 7.10219436"></polygon><polygon id="Path" points="18.8537864 18.4086381 18.8537864 14.467433 26.0378748 14.467433 26.0378748 10.6956461 18.8537864 10.6956461 18.8537864 7.10219436 26.9136579 7.10219436 26.9136579 3.0450714 18.8537864 3.0450714 13.1945386 3.0450714 13.1945386 22.4613027 13.1945386 22.4702194 27.0025699 22.4702194 27.0025699 18.4086381"></polygon><polygon id="Path" points="33.6487408 18.4086381 33.6487408 14.467433 40.8372748 14.467433 40.8372748 10.6956461 33.6487408 10.6956461 33.6487408 7.10219436 41.7086122 7.10219436 41.7086122 3.0450714 33.6487408 3.0450714 27.9939385 3.0450714 27.9939385 22.4613027 27.9939385 22.4702194 41.7975242 22.4702194 41.7975242 18.4086381"></polygon><polygon id="Path" points="48.4481407 18.4086381 48.4481407 14.467433 55.6322291 14.467433 55.6322291 10.6956461 48.4481407 10.6956461 48.4481407 7.10219436 56.5080121 7.10219436 56.5080121 3.0450714 48.4481407 3.0450714 42.7888928 3.0450714 42.7888928 22.4613027 42.7888928 22.4702194 56.5924785 22.4702194 56.5924785 18.4086381"></polygon></g></g></g></g></svg></a><div class="text-element" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_0_0_1">FOR THE TECHNOLOGY INSIDER</div><div data-share-status-id="huge-menu-toggle" data-toggle-class="huge-menu-opened" class="rebelbar__menu-toggle js-toggle hm__close js--active" data-target="body" data-loaded="true"></div></div></div><div id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_1" class="top-menu top-menu--big-links col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m12 l6"><h3 class="module-headline__text">Topics</h3><div class="list" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_1_1"><a class="list__item" href="/topic/aerospace/" target="_self">Aerospace</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/artificial-intelligence/" target="_self">Artificial Intelligence</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/biomedical/" target="_self">Biomedical</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/climate-tech/" target="_self">Climate Tech</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/computing/" target="_self">Computing</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/consumer-electronics/" target="_self">Consumer Electronics</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/energy/" target="_self">Energy</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/tech-history/" target="_self">History of Technology</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/robotics/" target="_self">Robotics</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/semiconductors/" target="_self">Semiconductors</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/telecommunications/" target="_self">Telecommunications</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/transportation/" target="_self">Transportation</a></div></div><div id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2" class="top-menu top-menu--sm-links col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s6 m12 l3"><div class="" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2_0"><h3 class="module-headline__text">Sections</h3><div class="list" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2_0_1"><a class="list__item" href="/type/feature/" target="_self">Features</a><a class="list__item" href="/type/news/" target="_self">News</a><a class="list__item" href="/type/opinion/" target="_self">Opinion</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/careers/" target="_self">Careers</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/diy/" target="_self">DIY</a><a class="list__item" href="/engineering-resources/" target="_self">Engineering Resources</a></div></div><div class="" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2_1"><h3 class="module-headline__text">More</h3><div class="list" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2_1_1"><a class="list__item" href="/newsletters/" target="_self">Newsletters</a><a class="list__item" href="/podcasts/" target="_self">Podcasts</a><a class="list__item" href="/special-reports/" target="_self">Special Reports</a><a class="list__item" href="/collections/" target="_self">Collections</a><a class="list__item" href="/type/explainer/" target="_self">Explainers</a><a class="list__item" href="/top-programming-languages" target="_self">Top Programming Languages</a><a class="list__item" href="https://robotsguide.com" target="_blank">Robots Guide ↗</a><a class="list__item" href="https://jobs.ieee.org/" target="_blank">IEEE Job Site ↗</a></div></div><div class="" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2_2"><h3 class="module-headline__text">For IEEE Members</h3><div class="list" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2_2_1"><a class="list__item" href="/magazine/current-issue" target="_self">Current Issue</a><a class="list__item" href="/magazine/" target="_self">Magazine Archive</a><a class="list__item" href="/the-institute/" target="_self">The Institute</a><a class="list__item" href="/the-institute/ti-archive/" target="_self">The Institute Archive</a></div></div></div><div id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3" class="top-menu top-menu--sm-links col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s6 m12 l3"><div class="" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_0"><h3 class="module-headline__text">For IEEE Members</h3><div class="list" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_0_1"><a class="list__item" href="/magazine/current-issue" target="_self">Current Issue</a><a class="list__item" href="/magazine/" target="_self">Magazine Archive</a><a class="list__item" href="/the-institute/" target="_self">The Institute</a><a class="list__item" href="/the-institute/ti-archive/" target="_self">The Institute Archive</a></div></div><div class="" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_1"><h3 class="module-headline__text">IEEE Spectrum</h3><div class="list" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_1_1"><a class="list__item" href="/st/about" target="_self">About Us</a><a class="list__item" href="/st/contact" target="_self">Contact Us</a><a class="list__item" href="https://www.parsintl.com/publications/ieee-media/" target="_blank">Reprints & Permissions ↗</a><a class="list__item" href="https://advertise.ieee.org/ " target="_blank">Advertising ↗</a></div></div><div class="" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_2"><h3 class="module-headline__text">Follow IEEE Spectrum</h3><div class="sm-mb-2" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_2_1"><div class="social-links"><a class="social-links__link share-twitter" href="https://twitter.com/ieeespectrum" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Open twitter"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-twitter"></span></a><a class="social-links__link share-facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/IEEE.Spectrum" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Open facebook"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-facebook"></span></a><a class="social-links__link share-instagram" href="https://www.instagram.com/ieeespectrum/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Open instagram"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-instagram"></span></a><a class="social-links__link share-threads" href="https://www.threads.net/@ieeespectrum " target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Open threads"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-threads"></span></a><a class="social-links__link share-linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/ieee-spectrum/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Open linkedin"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-linkedin"></span></a><a class="social-links__link share-youtube" href="https://www.youtube.com/c/ieeespectrum" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Open youtube"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-youtube"></span></a><a class="social-links__link share-tiktok" href="https://www.tiktok.com/@ieeespectrum " target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Open tiktok"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-tiktok"></span></a><a class="social-links__link share-tumblr" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/customfeeds/feed/all-topics/rss" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Open tumblr"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-tumblr"></span></a></div></div></div><div class="" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_3"><h3 class="module-headline__text">Support IEEE Spectrum</h3><div class="text-element" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_3_1"><i>IEEE Spectrum</i> is the flagship publication of the IEEE — the world’s largest professional organization devoted to engineering and applied sciences. Our articles, podcasts, and infographics inform our readers about developments in technology, engineering, and science.</div><div class="text-element" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_3_2"><a class="color-inherit" href="/st/join" target="_self" rel="orange_button">Join IEEE</a></div><div class="text-element" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_3_3"><a class="color-inherit" href="https://ieee.omeda.com/ieee/r-main.do" target="_blank" rel="orange_button">Subscribe</a></div></div></div><div id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_4" class=" col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m12 l12"></div><div id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_5" class=" col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m12 l12"><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="Footer"></span><div class="footer containerHidden" id="sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0"><div class="" id="sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0"><div id="sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0" class=" row-wrapper clearfix content sm-cp-2 md-cp-4"><div class="row "><div id="sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_0" class=" col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m10 l10"><div class="bottom_menu_links" id="sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_0_0"><div class="list" id="sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0"><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/about/" target="_blank">About IEEE</a><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/about/contact.html" target="_blank">Contact & Support</a><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/accessibility-statement.html" target="_blank">Accessibility</a><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/about/corporate/governance/p9-26.html" target="_blank">Nondiscrimination Policy</a><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/about/help/site-terms-conditions.html" target="_blank">Terms</a><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/security-privacy.html" target="_blank">IEEE Privacy Policy</a><a class="list__item" href="#" target="_self" rel="cookie-preferences">Cookie Preferences</a><a class="list__item" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/st/ppid-info" target="_self">Ad Privacy Options</a></div></div><div class="ftr-copy" id="sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_0_1">© Copyright 2024 IEEE — All rights reserved. A public charity, IEEE is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity.</div></div><div id="sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_1" class=" col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m2 l2"><svg viewbox="0 0 70 21" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><defs><polygon id="path-1" points="0 0 21.3639449 0 21.3639449 21 0 21"></polygon></defs><g id="Symbols" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><g id="Light-/-IEEE-Bar-/-Signed-out-/-1376" transform="translate(-1274.000000, -14.000000)"><g id="Group-13" transform="translate(1274.000000, 14.000000)"><polygon id="Fill-1" fill="#FEFEFE" points="23.4111174 18.6889405 27.8363724 18.6889405 27.8363724 2.77905063 23.4111174 2.77905063"></polygon><polygon id="Fill-2" fill="#FEFEFE" points="29.7536549 18.6881005 29.7536549 2.77821061 41.9217005 2.77821061 41.9217005 5.8624668 34.17891 5.8624668 34.17891 9.14692664 41.3017712 9.14692664 41.3017712 12.2311828 34.17891 12.2311828 34.17891 15.6024442 41.9217005 15.6024442 41.9217005 18.6881005"></polygon><polygon id="Fill-3" fill="#FEFEFE" points="43.7923126 18.6881005 43.7923126 2.77821061 55.9603583 2.77821061 55.9603583 5.8624668 48.2175677 5.8624668 48.2175677 9.14692664 55.3418347 9.14692664 55.3418347 12.2311828 48.2175677 12.2311828 48.2175677 15.6024442 55.9603583 15.6024442 55.9603583 18.6881005"></polygon><polygon id="Fill-4" fill="#FEFEFE" points="57.8305486 2.77793061 57.8305486 18.6878205 70 18.6878205 70 15.6021642 62.2558037 15.6021642 62.2558037 12.2323028 69.3800707 12.2323028 69.3800707 9.14664663 62.2558037 9.14664663 62.2558037 5.8621868 70 5.8621868 70 2.77793061"></polygon><g id="Group-12"><g id="Group-7"><mask id="mask-2" fill="white"><use xlink:href="#path-1"></use></mask><g id="Clip-6"></g><path d="M20.9520644,9.85449953 L20.8930235,9.84469935 C19.0838421,8.61967703 17.3983653,7.23365178 15.8098843,5.66142314 L14.0555265,3.83578988 C13.3442244,3.05037557 12.6540084,2.18095973 11.9961242,1.35074461 L11.1976665,0.22232405 C11.099265,0.164923005 10.976966,0.0669212192 10.8687244,0.0375206836 C10.6339666,-0.0646811784 10.3795285,0.0571210406 10.1883485,0.202723693 L8.74184673,2.07875787 C6.42378906,4.93900998 3.67838782,7.60885862 0.684171419,9.65429588 C0.448007872,9.84049927 0.0951682866,10.0211026 0.0220700458,10.3235081 C-0.0566511366,10.596513 0.0853281388,10.8219172 0.256827858,10.9913202 C2.65360672,12.6363502 4.94776689,14.5907858 6.98748895,16.8168264 C7.35016869,17.1962333 7.64396739,17.5728401 7.99680697,17.9284466 C8.59424452,18.719461 9.29570648,19.5160755 9.84534902,20.364491 C10.0168487,20.5450943 10.0463692,20.8390996 10.3148646,20.9259012 C10.525725,20.9987026 10.785786,21.0477034 10.9868062,20.9259012 L11.1878263,20.7256976 C13.6675436,17.2256338 16.8149851,14.0825766 20.3293236,11.5429303 C20.6821632,11.2321246 21.3541047,11.1145225 21.3639449,10.5335119 C21.3386417,10.264707 21.182605,10.0015022 20.9520644,9.85449953 M18.5496626,10.7911166 C18.1476223,11.7879348 17.3337015,12.5831492 16.6238051,13.4525651 C15.0845249,15.1017951 13.4623062,16.6992242 11.6432846,17.9718474 C11.2763877,18.2322522 10.7815688,18.4702565 10.3401679,18.2658528 C9.00190778,17.56724 7.87450799,16.4248192 6.7035304,15.3860003 C5.34559001,14.1301774 3.98202667,12.6713508 2.95302836,11.142523 C2.80120893,10.9283191 2.75763114,10.6651143 2.76184834,10.3823091 C2.89398747,9.85449953 3.2566672,9.42049162 3.60107238,8.97668354 C4.81562776,7.43385543 6.30570729,5.96942875 7.80984416,4.63240439 C7.84498755,4.59740376 7.90824564,4.5232024 7.96306932,4.48960179 C8.60970761,3.93379167 9.25212869,3.44098269 9.92828741,2.95657386 C10.6339666,2.41056392 11.5209856,2.86417218 12.114206,3.36678134 C12.7369467,3.83998996 13.383585,4.37759975 13.9529079,4.9236097 L14.0555265,4.98241077 C15.6285445,6.43703727 17.0891035,8.05406673 18.2910073,9.76209785 C18.4864045,10.0603033 18.6579042,10.3963094 18.5496626,10.7911166" id="Fill-5" fill="#FEFEFE" mask="url(#mask-2)"></path></g><path d="M17.8685838,9.92786087 C16.3152462,7.68782006 14.2755241,5.70538394 12.1135031,3.97215236 C11.5554261,3.58154525 10.9087879,2.8983328 10.1876456,3.3869417 C7.9483091,4.92836978 5.79050526,7.01860786 4.05582778,9.15084671 C3.70298819,9.66885615 3.08587035,10.1616651 3.3656117,10.8504777 C3.56663186,11.3586869 4.01646719,11.7240936 4.30604868,12.1735018 C6.00698851,14.2091389 8.01719014,16.1089735 10.1145474,17.6364013 C11.0367098,18.221612 11.6931882,17.2751947 12.4087075,16.8397868 C13.8734838,15.6875658 15.2314242,14.2875403 16.5162664,12.9253155 L16.5162664,12.8917149 C17.0307655,12.2715036 17.5747851,11.6610924 17.9768254,10.9918802 C18.1525424,10.6642743 18.0653868,10.2162661 17.8685838,9.92786087 L17.8685838,9.92786087 Z M10.4477066,5.41697869 L10.6431039,4.79256731 L10.6684071,4.79256731 C11.0704474,5.9391882 11.4865451,7.08300904 11.9181059,8.21422965 L11.0549843,8.22962993 L11.0367098,8.33183179 L11.163226,11.4020877 L11.163226,11.4510886 C10.844124,11.5042896 10.4533296,11.4902893 10.1384449,11.4608888 L10.1145474,11.4258882 L10.2565266,8.26323054 L10.2565266,8.23943011 C10.0161459,8.21422965 9.71250703,8.23943011 9.46790907,8.21422965 L10.4477066,5.41697869 Z M9.93742469,15.6203646 C10.0217688,14.491944 10.0358262,13.4531251 10.0948671,12.3289046 C10.4912844,12.3695053 10.8356896,12.3541051 11.1969636,12.3401048 L11.2222668,12.4913076 L11.3642461,15.6301648 C10.8891076,15.698766 10.3844486,15.6595653 9.93742469,15.6203646 L9.93742469,15.6203646 Z M13.5501647,11.7058933 C11.492168,12.3443049 8.90420917,12.3149044 6.95304844,11.4608888 C6.60020885,11.2900857 6.15459073,11.0268809 6.03650896,10.6166734 C5.94794763,9.86485972 6.75624548,9.44905214 7.30588802,9.17604717 C7.62920717,9.03464459 7.95814925,8.87924176 8.31520604,8.8596414 C8.64836533,9.10324584 8.99698771,9.29924941 9.33998715,9.51765339 C8.67366857,9.69405661 7.87380512,9.84525936 7.56594907,10.5718726 C7.61936702,11.1248827 8.24632501,11.2998859 8.68350872,11.4370884 C10.2565266,11.8514959 11.9574665,11.7968949 13.4672263,11.250885 C13.7511848,11.0842819 14.2024259,10.8840783 14.1630653,10.4752708 C14.1138646,10.0356628 13.6092056,9.84105928 13.256366,9.70245676 C13.0412885,9.73185729 12.8346454,9.78085819 12.6336252,9.84525936 C12.5253836,9.54285385 12.432605,9.23484824 12.3046831,8.94224291 C12.9724074,9.1172461 13.638726,9.29924941 14.3289421,9.41965161 L14.3289421,9.43505189 C14.1869628,9.44905214 14.0309262,9.49805304 13.8931641,9.551254 L13.8931641,9.57645446 C14.2853643,9.77105801 14.8293839,10.0944639 14.8336011,10.6068732 C14.7422283,11.2270845 14.0604466,11.5098897 13.5501647,11.7058933 L13.5501647,11.7058933 Z" id="Fill-8" fill="#FEFEFE"></path><path d="M14.1946944,19.3564726 L14.1946944,19.1646691 L14.3141819,19.1646691 C14.3788457,19.1646691 14.467407,19.1716693 14.467407,19.2528707 C14.467407,19.3410724 14.4224235,19.3564726 14.3465138,19.3564726 L14.1946944,19.3564726 Z M14.1946944,19.4922751 L14.2748213,19.4922751 L14.4603783,19.8268812 L14.6613985,19.8268812 L14.4575669,19.4782749 C14.562997,19.4698747 14.6501526,19.4166737 14.6501526,19.2710711 C14.6501526,19.0890678 14.5278536,19.0302667 14.3226163,19.0302667 L14.0231946,19.0302667 L14.0231946,19.8268812 L14.1946944,19.8268812 L14.1946944,19.4922751 Z M15.0620331,19.429274 C15.0620331,18.9630655 14.7105992,18.6900605 14.3183991,18.6900605 C13.9233874,18.6900605 13.5719536,18.9630655 13.5719536,19.429274 C13.5719536,19.8954825 13.9233874,20.1670874 14.3183991,20.1670874 C14.7105992,20.1670874 15.0620331,19.8954825 15.0620331,19.429274 L15.0620331,19.429274 Z M14.8483613,19.429274 C14.8483613,19.7694802 14.6051691,19.9976843 14.3183991,19.9976843 L14.3183991,19.9962843 C14.0231946,19.9976843 13.7856254,19.7694802 13.7856254,19.429274 C13.7856254,19.0890678 14.0231946,18.8622636 14.3183991,18.8622636 C14.6051691,18.8622636 14.8483613,19.0890678 14.8483613,19.429274 L14.8483613,19.429274 Z" id="Fill-10" fill="#FEFEFE"></path></g></g></g></g></svg></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="__Gated_Popup"></span><div class="gated-popup" id="s__Gated_Popup_0_0_34_0_0_0"><div class="gated-popup__contents" id="s__Gated_Popup_0_0_34_0_0_0_0"><a href="javascript:;" class="js--close-gated gated-popup__close icon-close"></a><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 popup-heading-h2 for_pdf" style="display:none"> Enjoy more free content and benefits by creating an account </h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 popup-heading-h2 for_save" style="display:none"> Saving articles to read later requires an IEEE Spectrum account </h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 popup-heading-h2 for_member_content" style="display:none"> The Institute content is only available for members </h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 popup-heading-h2 for_pdf_issues" style="display:none"> Downloading full PDF issues is exclusive for IEEE Members </h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 popup-heading-h2 for_ebooks" style="display:none"> Downloading this e-book is exclusive for IEEE Members </h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 popup-heading-h2 for_nxtbook" style="display:none"> Access to <i>Spectrum</i> 's Digital Edition is exclusive for IEEE Members </h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 popup-heading-h2 for_follow_topics" style="display:none"> Following topics is a feature exclusive for IEEE Members </h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 popup-heading-h2 for_comments" style="display:none"> Adding your response to an article requires an IEEE Spectrum account </h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 for_pdf for_save for_comments" style="display:none"> Create an account to access more content and features on <i>IEEE Spectrum</i> , including the ability to save articles to read later, download Spectrum Collections, and participate in conversations with readers and editors. For more exclusive content and features, consider <a class="ieee_link" href="/st/join">Joining IEEE</a> . </h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 for_pdf_issues for_nxtbook for_follow_topics for_member_content" style="display:none"> Join the world’s largest professional organization devoted to engineering and applied sciences and get access to all of Spectrum’s articles, archives, PDF downloads, and other benefits. <a href="/st/join">Learn more about IEEE →</a></h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 for_ebooks" style="display:none"> Join the world’s largest professional organization devoted to engineering and applied sciences and get access to this e-book plus all of <em>IEEE Spectrum’s</em> articles, archives, PDF downloads, and other benefits. <a href="/st/join">Learn more about IEEE →</a></h2><div class="popup_links for_pdf for_save for_comments create_account" id="s__Gated_Popup_0_0_34_0_0_0_0_2"><div class="list" id="s__Gated_Popup_0_0_34_0_0_0_0_2_0"><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/profile/public/createwebaccount/showCreateAccount.html?ShowMGAMarkeatbilityOptIn=true&sourceCode=spectrum&signinurl=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fcore%2Fsaml%2Fmain%2Flogin%3Fnext_url%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fcore%2Fintegrations%2Fieee%2Fchanges%0A&url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/&autoSignin=Y&car=IEEE-Spectrum" target="_self">CREATE AN ACCOUNT</a><a class="list__item" href="/core/saml/main/login?next_url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/integrations/ieee/changes" target="_self">SIGN IN</a></div></div><div class="popup_links for_pdf_issues for_nxtbook for_follow_topics for_member_content for_ebooks" id="s__Gated_Popup_0_0_34_0_0_0_0_3"><div class="list" id="s__Gated_Popup_0_0_34_0_0_0_0_3_0"><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/membership-application/public/join.html?promo=JOINLITE&style=SPECTRUM&joinlite=TRUE" target="_self">JOIN IEEE</a><a class="list__item" href="/core/saml/main/login?next_url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/integrations/ieee/changes" target="_self">SIGN IN</a></div></div></div></div><script> var popupGatedElement=document.querySelector('.gated-popup'), closeGated, gatedCloseBtn = '.js--close-gated', gatedShownClass = 'gated-popup--shown'; closeGated = function () { popupGatedElement.classList.remove(gatedShownClass); popupGatedElement.classList.remove('for_save'); popupGatedElement.classList.remove('for_pdf'); popupGatedElement.classList.remove('for_ebooks'); popupGatedElement.classList.remove('for_pdf_issues'); popupGatedElement.classList.remove('for_nxtbook'); popupGatedElement.classList.remove('for_follow_topics'); popupGatedElement.classList.remove('for_comments'); popupGatedElement.classList.remove('for_member_content'); }; function openGatedPopup(type){ document.querySelectorAll(".popup_links.create_account .list__item")[0].href = "https://www.ieee.org/profile/public/createwebaccount/showCreateAccount.html?ShowMGAMarkeatbilityOptIn=true&sourceCode=spectrum&signinurl=" + encodeURIComponent(window.location.origin + "/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + window.location.origin + "/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href) + "&url=" + encodeURIComponent(window.location.origin + "/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + window.location.origin + "/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href) + "&autoSignin=Y&car=IEEE-Spectrum"; // update popups for_member_content document.querySelectorAll(".popup_links.for_member_content .list__item")[1].href = "https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + encodeURIComponent("https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href); // update popups for_pdf for_save for_comments document.querySelectorAll(".popup_links.for_save .list__item")[1].href = "https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + encodeURIComponent("https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href); popupGatedElement.classList.add(type); popupGatedElement.classList.add(gatedShownClass); } document.querySelector(gatedCloseBtn).onclick= closeGated; </script><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="__Session_Popup"></span><div class="lightbox-popup" id="s__Session_Popup_0_0_39_0_0_0"><div class="lightbox-popup__contents" id="s__Session_Popup_0_0_39_0_0_0_0"><a href="javascript:;" class="js--close-lightbox lightbox-popup__close icon-close hide-text">Close</a><h2 class="popup-ligtbox-h2 popup-heading-h2">Access Thousands of Articles — Completely Free</h2><h2 class="popup-ligtbox-h2"> Create an account and get exclusive content and features: <strong>Save articles, download collections,</strong> and <strong>talk to tech insiders</strong> — all free! For full access and benefits, <a class="ieee_link" target="_blank" href="https://www.ieee.org/membership-application/public/join.html?promo=JOINLITE&style=SPECTRUM&joinlite=TRUE">join IEEE</a> as a paying member. </h2><div class="popup_links signin_button" id="s__Session_Popup_0_0_39_0_0_0_0_2"><div class="list" id="s__Session_Popup_0_0_39_0_0_0_0_2_0"><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/profile/public/createwebaccount/showCreateAccount.html?ShowMGAMarkeatbilityOptIn=true&sourceCode=spectrum3c&signinurl=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fcore%2Fsaml%2Fmain%2Flogin%3Fnext_url%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fcore%2Fintegrations%2Fieee%2Fchanges%0A&url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/&autoSignin=Y&car=IEEE-Spectrum" target="_self">CREATE AN ACCOUNT</a><a class="list__item" href="/core/saml/main/login?next_url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/integrations/ieee/changes" target="_self">SIGN IN</a></div></div></div></div><script> function addPopSave(){ var save_post_links = document.querySelectorAll(".like-btn:not(.proc)"); for (i = 0; i < save_post_links.length; i++) { save_post_links[i].removeAttribute("href"); save_post_links[i].addEventListener("click", function(event){ openGatedPopup('for_save'); }); save_post_links[i].classList.add('proc'); } } </script><div class="rblad-ieee_welcome_interstitial"></div><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="SS Default Post"></span><div class="" id="sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1"><div class="top-leader-container" id="sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_1"><div class="rblad-ieee_top_leaderboard"></div></div><div id="sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2" class="featured_columns row-wrapper clearfix "><div class="row "><div id="sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_0" class="article_column col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m12 l9"><div class="mb-2 article_post current_post_media current_post" id="sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_0_0_1_0"><div class="posts-custom posts-custom-section section-holder clearfix" data-block="None" data-format="posts-custom" data-source="current_post" data-source-type="current_post" data-source-unique="true" data-section-id="" data-is-reordable="false" data-using-stickers="false" data-has-more="false" data-attr-v="2" data-attr-posts_id="sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_0_0_1_0" data-attr-layout_quality="4" data-attr-node_id="/root/blocks/block[ss_default_post]/abtests/abtest[1]/element_wrapper/row/column[1]/choose/otherwise/posts-" data-attr-use_tag_image_for_lead_media="true" data-attr-source_url="current_post" data-attr-all_element_order="all_sections,headline,subheadline,author,date,time_to_read,like_button,site_field_mini_bio,snark_line,photo_caption,photo_credit,date_modified,custom_field_TimeofRead,post_shares,body,section,primary_tag,page_views,badges,badges_sponsored,source_link,community_name,collection_button,community_comments,main_author,tags,follow_button,custom_field_contact-person-phone,custom_field_event-performer,custom_field_event-street-address,custom_field_job-type,custom_field_event-postal-code,custom_field_contact-person-title,custom_field_event-start,custom_field_company_name,custom_field_event-end,custom_field_hiring-organization,custom_field_event-price,custom_field_job-tags,custom_field_event-city,custom_field_contact_email,custom_field_posted-on-date,custom_field_job-title,custom_field_job-location,custom_field_event-region,custom_field_event-currency,custom_field_base-salary,custom_field_event-country,custom_field_contact_person,custom_field_expire-date,custom_field_lightbox_img_shortcode_ids,custom_field_ContentType,custom_field_CustomFieldTestEG,custom_field_Issue,custom_field_FullwidthCardColor,custom_field_FullwidthCardPosition,product_prices,product_vendor,product_buy_link,site_field_Twitter,site_field_Facebook,site_field_Instagram,site_field_LinkedIn,custom_field_Editor,custom_field_PodcastTime,custom_field_PodcastEpisode,custom_field_PodcastVideoTime,custom_field_FeaturePostColor,site_field_member_badges,custom_field_due_date,custom_field_FeaturePostImgPosition,custom_field_access,custom_field_publication_date,words_count,site_field_first_name,site_field_last_name,site_field_grade,custom_field_pdf_version,custom_field_fullwidthbackgroundposition,custom_field_disable_comments,custom_field_copy_editor,custom_field_is_updated_post" data-attr-layout_headline="top" data-attr-data-rm-device-crops="true" data-attr-layout_all_image_crop="original" data-attr-layout_image_column_width="33" data-attr-limit="1" data-attr-data-rm-advanced="true" data-attr-element_classes="article_post current_post_media current_post" data-attr-layout_subheadline="top" data-attr-layout_date="top" data-attr-layout_all_date_format="%d %b %Y" data-attr-layout_all_date_full_format="false" data-attr-layout_like_button="top" data-attr-layout_author="top" data-attr-update_url_on_post_view="true" data-attr-all_share_buttons="Email,CopyLink,Whatsapp,Facebook,Twitter,Linkedin,Separator,Tumblr,GooglePlus,Pinterest,Reddit,Flipboard,SMS,Slack" data-attr-layout_separator="inactive" data-attr-layout_tumblr="inactive" data-attr-layout_googleplus="inactive" data-attr-layout_pinterest="inactive" data-attr-layout_reddit="inactive" data-attr-layout_flipboard="inactive" data-attr-layout_sms="inactive" data-attr-layout_slack="inactive" data-attr-layout_facebook="inactive" data-attr-layout_twitter="inactive" data-attr-layout_linkedin="inactive" data-attr-layout_copylink="active" data-attr-layout_all_sections="top" data-attr-layout_photo_caption="bottom" data-attr-layout_photo_credit="bottom" data-attr-layout_time_to_read="top" data-attr-layout_all_headline_tag="h1" data-attr-layout_all_subheadline_tag="h2" data-attr-layout_snark_line="top" data-attr-filters="section,post_body_pager" data-attr-section_url="" data-attr-source="" data-attr-format="posts-custom" data-attr-is_current_post="true"><div class="posts-wrapper clearfix"><div class="widget post-partial tag-climate-tech tag-electric-vehicles tag-ev-charging tag-circuit-breakers post-section--topic/transportation" data-category="Transportation"><article elid="2661260581" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix page-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2661260581" data-category="Transportation"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:100.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/transportation/">Transportation</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/analysis/">Analysis</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/climate-tech/">Climate Tech</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/collections/climate-change/">Climate Change</a></div><h1 class="widget__headline h1"><span class="widget__headline-text custom-post-headline" data-type="text"> EV Chargers for All! </span></h1><div class="widget__subheadline"><h2 class="widget__subheadline-text h2" data-type="text"><p>Atom Power’s solid-state circuit breaker might deliver the cheap charging landlords seek</p></h2></div><div class="social-author clearfix"><div class="social-author__avatar image"><div class="cover-all image" style="background-image: url("https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNjY0NTkxNC9vcmlnaW4ucG5nIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTc1NDM4NzE3M30.MTQySQ4SkKwqBh31wur--gqjA9a52wpqPBFrbbae81E/image.png?width=210")"></div></div><a class="social-author__name" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/u/robert-n-charette" data-type="text">Robert N. Charette</a></div><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">20 Jun 2023</span></div><div class="time-to-read">13 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="1"></div><div class="snark-line"><div class="minibios-group"><p>Robert N. Charette is a Contributing Editor and an acknowledged international authority on information technology and systems risk management.</p></div></div></div><div class="widget__head"><picture><source srcset="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/white-boxes-with-different-colored-stickers-on-top-with-an-orange-rod-sticking-out-of-top.jpg?id=34145894&width=3600&height=2700 3x, https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/white-boxes-with-different-colored-stickers-on-top-with-an-orange-rod-sticking-out-of-top.jpg?id=34145894&width=2400&height=1800 2x, https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/white-boxes-with-different-colored-stickers-on-top-with-an-orange-rod-sticking-out-of-top.jpg?id=34145894&width=1200&height=900 1x"/><img fetchpriority="high" role="img" alt="white boxes with different colored stickers on top with an orange rod sticking out of top" aria-label="white boxes with different colored stickers on top with an orange rod sticking out of top" src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/white-boxes-with-different-colored-stickers-on-top-with-an-orange-rod-sticking-out-of-top.jpg?id=34145894&width=1200&height=900" style="object-fit: cover;" class="rm-lazyloadable-image rm-hero-media" width="2500" height="1875"/></picture></div><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="photo-caption"><p>Digital circuit breakers at Atom Power's headquarters in Huntersville, N.C. </p></div><div class="photo-credit"> Rachel Jessen/Bloomberg/Getty Images </div></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2661260581" class="post-context post-context-2661260581"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Robert N. Charette","11":2661260581,"7":"climate tech, electric vehicles, ev charging, circuit breakers","10":"electric vehicles","6":"transportation","8":"06/20/2023"}, "post": {"id": 2661260581, "providerId": 0, "sections": [0, 497728257, 539622579, 544169524, 2221589049, 544169516, 598415773], "authors": [21075158], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div></div></div></div><div id="sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_0_1" class=" row-wrapper clearfix "><div class="row "><div id="sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_0_1_0" class="tag_column col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m12 l3"><div class="wrapper-lazy-loading rm-lazy-load-post-lcp-wrapper next-page-wrapper" data-skl-id="/root/blocks/block[ss_default_post]/abtests/abtest[1]/element_wrapper/row/column[1]/row/column[1]/choose/otherwise/lazyload-" data-has-more="true" data-more-posts-exists="true" data-posts-sources="" data-ignore-page-number="false"></div></div><div id="sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_0_1_1" class="current_post_content col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m12 l9"><div class="" id="sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_0_1_1_0"><div class="non_member_follow" id="sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_0_1_1_0_0_1_0"><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="Open Current Default Post"></span><div class="mb-2 article_post article_post--body-and-tags" id="sOpen_Current_Default_Post_0_0_14_0_0_0_1_0"><div class="posts-custom posts-custom-section section-holder clearfix" data-block="None" data-format="posts-custom" data-source="current_post" data-source-type="current_post" data-source-unique="true" data-section-id="" data-is-reordable="false" data-using-stickers="false" data-has-more="false" data-attr-v="2" data-attr-posts_id="sOpen_Current_Default_Post_0_0_14_0_0_0_1_0" data-attr-layout_quality="1" data-attr-header_template="jinja/post/custom-css.html" data-attr-node_id="/root/blocks/block[open_current_default_post]/abtests/abtest[1]/choose[1]/otherwise/current_post-" data-attr-use_tag_image_for_lead_media="true" data-attr-all_element_order="body,tags,custom_field_lightbox_img_shortcode_ids,author,all_sections,headline,subheadline,custom_field_PodcastEpisode,date,custom_field_PodcastTime,like_button,post_shares,custom_field_TimeofRead,page_views,badges,section,primary_tag,community_name,badges_sponsored,source_link,photo_caption,photo_credit,community_comments,snark_line,collection_button,follow_button,custom_field_contact-person-phone,custom_field_event-performer,custom_field_event-street-address,custom_field_job-type,custom_field_event-postal-code,custom_field_contact-person-title,custom_field_event-start,custom_field_company_name,custom_field_event-end,custom_field_hiring-organization,custom_field_event-price,custom_field_job-tags,custom_field_event-city,custom_field_contact_email,custom_field_posted-on-date,custom_field_job-title,custom_field_job-location,custom_field_event-region,custom_field_event-currency,custom_field_base-salary,custom_field_event-country,custom_field_contact_person,custom_field_expire-date,date_modified,custom_field_ContentType,custom_field_CustomFieldTestEG,main_author,custom_field_FullwidthCardPosition,product_prices,custom_field_Issue,custom_field_FullwidthCardColor,site_field_Twitter,product_vendor,product_buy_link,site_field_LinkedIn,custom_field_Editor,site_field_Instagram,site_field_Facebook,custom_field_PodcastVideoTime,custom_field_FeaturePostColor,custom_field_due_date,custom_field_FeaturePostImgPosition,custom_field_access,site_field_member_badges,custom_field_publication_date,words_count,time_to_read,site_field_first_name,site_field_last_name,site_field_grade,custom_field_pdf_version,custom_field_fullwidthbackgroundposition,custom_field_disable_comments,custom_field_copy_editor,custom_field_is_updated_post,custom_field_youtube_video" data-attr-data-rm-device-crops="true" data-attr-layout_all_image_crop="3x2" data-attr-layout_image_column_width="33" data-attr-limit="1" data-attr-data-rm-advanced="true" data-attr-element_classes="article_post article_post--body-and-tags" data-attr-layout_all_date_format="%d %b %Y" data-attr-layout_all_date_full_format="false" data-attr-layout_body="top" data-attr-all_share_buttons="Email,CopyLink,Whatsapp,Facebook,Twitter,Linkedin,Separator,Tumblr,GooglePlus,Pinterest,Reddit,Flipboard,SMS,Slack" data-attr-layout_separator="inactive" data-attr-layout_tumblr="inactive" data-attr-layout_googleplus="inactive" data-attr-layout_pinterest="inactive" data-attr-layout_reddit="inactive" data-attr-layout_flipboard="inactive" data-attr-layout_sms="inactive" data-attr-layout_slack="inactive" data-attr-layout_facebook="inactive" data-attr-layout_twitter="inactive" data-attr-layout_linkedin="inactive" data-attr-layout_copylink="active" data-attr-layout_remove_image="true" data-attr-show_full_post_body="true" data-attr-layout_tags="bottom" data-attr-show_around_the_web="true" data-attr-layout_custom_field_lightbox_img_shortcode_ids="bottom" data-attr-source="" data-attr-filters="section,post_body_pager" data-attr-section_url="" data-attr-format="posts-custom" data-attr-is_current_post="true"><div class="posts-wrapper clearfix"><div class="widget post-partial tag-climate-tech tag-electric-vehicles tag-ev-charging tag-circuit-breakers post-section--topic/transportation" data-category="Transportation"><article elid="2661260581" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix page-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2661260581" data-category="Transportation"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:100.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><span class="js-scroll-trigger" data-target="body" data-triggers="render-rebelbar" data-toggle-class="with-floating-shares"></span><div id="utm_campaign"></div><div class="body js-expandable clearfix js-listicle-body css-listicle-body-2661260581" data-headline="EV Chargers for All!"><div class="body-description"><p> When <em>IEEE Spectrum’s</em> editor in chief, Harry Goldstein, needed to replace his 2008 Honda Fit in October 2020, he thought seriously about buying an electric vehicle. Two obstacles stood in his way. One was affordability. Even without a son soon to be entering college, the premium prices of <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/evs">EVs</a> were a turnoff. </p><p> The other challenge was where to charge the EV. Harry’s 200-unit condominium building in Minneapolis, Minn., has no EV chargers in its five-story indoor parking garage. There were two <a href="https://www.transportation.gov/rural/ev/toolkit/ev-basics/charging-speeds#:~:text=Level%201,vehicle%20(PHEV)%20from%20empty." rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Level 2 charging stations</a> about six blocks away in a grocery store parking lot, but that was not a convenient or <a href="https://www.autonews.com/mobility-report-newsletter/jd-power-ev-charger-reliability-worsens" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">reliable</a> option. </p><p> Harry decided to forego buying an EV, but he remains open to purchasing one if both the affordability and charging issues are better addressed. </p><p> “I asked about installing charging stations in our garage and was invited to bring the issue up before the HOA (homeowners association) board, where all good ideas go to die,” he said. “They rejected my request to allow cyclists to hose off their bikes in the alley behind the building, which cost nothing. Considering the costs associated with installation and maintenance and anticipating the resistance I’m likely to encounter, I decided to put my charger crusade on hold.” </p><p> Harry is not alone in his EV hesitation—it is widely shared by other condo owners and, even more important in terms of sheer numbers, renters. Consumer surveys from <a href="https://www.jdpower.com" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">J.D. Power</a>, for instance, <a href="https://www.jdpower.com/business/press-releases/2022-us-electric-vehicle-consideration-evc-study" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">indicate</a> that while 27 percent of potential car shoppers are “very likely” to consider an EV as their next purchase, only 17 percent of renters indicate the same level of interest. </p><p class="pull-quote">The transition to EVs in the United States will hit a deep pothole unless the more than one-third of the 124 million households that rent can be convinced to purchase an EV. </p><p> And if they make an EV purchase, they often regret it. For instance, the <a href="https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-offers-incentives-for-ev-chargers-in-new-garages-after-state-code-blocks-requirement/600229871/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Minneapolis <em>Star-Tribune</em></a> <a href="https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-offers-incentives-for-ev-chargers-in-new-garages-after-state-code-blocks-requirement/600229871/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">reports</a> that one auto dealer just outside the city specializing in used EVs actively discourages renters from buying them unless they have access to at-home chargers because of the unreliability of public chargers. The dealer explained that “a huge number of buyers were returning the EVs they bought” until he discouraged them. </p><p> The transition to EVs at scale will hit a deep pothole unless the more than<a href="https://www.jchs.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/reports/files/Harvard_JCHS_Americas_Rental_Housing_2022.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"> one-third</a> of the<a href="https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/HSD410221" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"> 124 million American households</a> who currently reside in rental properties, along with the<a href="https://foundation.caionline.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/2021StatsReview_Web.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"> millions more who live in condos</a> can be convinced to purchase an EV. More importantly, a compelling case must be made to<a href="https://foundation.caionline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/2021-2CAIStatsReviewWeb.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"> tens of thousands of condo community associations</a> as well as the millions of rental property owners that they should install EV chargers. And with the transition now being supercharged by the<a href="https://www.epa.gov/regulations-emissions-vehicles-and-engines" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"> proposed EPA tailpipe emissions standards</a>, the pothole is quickly getting deeper. One company, Atom Power, just might have the solution everyone is looking for.</p><h2>Rental property EV hurdles</h2><p> The EV challenges for renters are vastly underappreciated. Wading through the wealth of rental statistics from sources like the <a href="https://www.nmhc.org/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">National Multifamily Housing Council</a> (NMHC) and the <a href="https://www.urban.org/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Urban Institute</a>, I discovered the full scope and complexity of the impediments involved. For example, <a href="https://www.nmhc.org/research-insight/quick-facts-figures/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">according</a> to NMHC data, the median income of rental households in 2020 was US $45,191 compared to $67,463 for all U.S. households. With new EVs costing <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/10/business/electric-vehicles-price-cost.html#:~:text=Used%20electric%20vehicles%20sometimes%20sold,according%20to%20Kelley%20Blue%20Book." rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">on average $61,488</a> at the end of 2022 and being <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-ev-transition-explained-2658797726" target="_self">scarcely affordable</a> for the average American family, they are out of reach for the average rental household. Even as <a href="https://www.carpro.com/blog/how-much-do-new-and-used-electric-cars-cost" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">used EV</a> prices decline, the vast majority are still out of most renters’ budgets. </p><p class="shortcode-media shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image"><img alt="A woman wearing grey jeans and a jacket charges a red electric vehicle in front of a residential garage." class="rm-shortcode rm-lazyloadable-image" data-rm-shortcode-id="e4fdff44bdb09f593cd1c186052eb6c1" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" data-runner-src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/a-woman-wearing-grey-jeans-and-a-jacket-charges-a-red-electric-vehicle-in-front-of-a-residential-garage.jpg?id=34148416&width=980" height="1875" id="fc164" lazy-loadable="true" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%202500%201875'%3E%3C/svg%3E" width="2500"/><small class="image-media media-caption" placeholder="Add Photo Caption...">On 30 September 2022 Rebecca DeWhitt charges her electric vehicle in the driveway of the Portland, Ore., home she rents. She uses an extension cord that plugs into a standard electrical outlet, since DeWhitt and her partner aren’t allowed to use the rental home’s garage.</small><small class="image-media media-photo-credit" placeholder="Add Photo Credit..."> Gillian Flaccus/AP </small></p><p> Renters in the United States are now <a href="https://www.marketplace.org/2023/01/20/the-average-u-s-renter-now-spends-30-of-their-income-on-rent-a-new-all-time-high/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">spending 30 percent of their income</a> on rent, leaving little to finance the purchase of a vehicle. Even used gasoline-powered cars are <a href="https://www.bankrate.com/loans/auto-loans/average-monthly-car-payment/#:~:text=the%20best%20deal.-,Car%20payment%20statistics,of%202022%20were%20new%20vehicles." rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">averaging</a> a monthly car payment of around $525. On an income of $45,000, the <a href="https://www.thezebra.com/resources/driving/how-much-car-can-i-afford/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">recommended</a> car payment is $416 per month. </p><p> Therefore, it is not surprising that <a href="https://hedgescompany.com/blog/2019/01/new-car-buyer-demographics-2019/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">homeowners</a> (with an median household income of $82,210, <a href="about:blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">according</a> to NMHC data) make up nearly nine out of 10 sales of all new U.S. light-duty vehicle sales. Nor is it surprising, as a <a href="https://www.berkeley.edu/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">University of California, Berkeley</a> <a href="https://faculty.haas.berkeley.edu/ldavis/Davis%20AEL%202019%20Gap.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">study</a> found, that homeowners purchase EVs at nearly six times the rate of renters. Even among affluent renters in EV-friendly California, the UC Berkeley study observed affluent renters purchase EVs at only one-third the rate of similarly affluent homeowners. </p><p class="pull-quote">Several states have passed “right to charge” laws that allow renters to install EV Level 1 and 2 chargers, but they are responsible for all installation costs.</p><p> One reason for this discrepancy is that most EV owners are able to <a href="https://www.forbes.com/wheels/news/jd-power-study-electric-vehicle-owners-prefer-dedicated-home-charging-stations/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">charge</a> at home, with some <a href="https://www.jdpower.com/business/press-releases/2023-us-electric-vehicle-experience-evx-home-charging-study" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">68 percent of EV owners who charge from home</a> using <a href="https://www.transportation.gov/rural/ev/toolkit/ev-basics/charging-speeds#:~:text=Level%201,vehicle%20(PHEV)%20from%20empty." rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Level 2 charging</a>. Additionally, most of the remaining homeowners using <a href="https://www.transportation.gov/rural/ev/toolkit/ev-basics/charging-speeds#:~:text=Level%201,vehicle%20(PHEV)%20from%20empty." rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Level 1 charging</a> indicate they are likely to upgrade to Level 2 as well. </p><p> For a large segment of renting households, charging from home is a <em>possibility</em>. Approximately 14 million households rent single-family homes, and another 2 million households rent mobile homes with a <a href="https://www.energy.gov/eere/vehicles/fact-958-january-2-2017-sixty-three-percent-all-housing-units-have-garage-or-carport" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">significant number</a> having a dedicated parking spot. Both types of single-family dwellings might be able to use <a href="https://www.transportation.gov/rural/ev/toolkit/ev-basics/charging-speeds#:~:text=Level%201,vehicle%20(PHEV)%20from%20empty." rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Level 1</a> charging without incurring any added electrical infrastructure expense or permission from the landlord. Whether EV-owning renters would find Level 1 charging any more satisfying than EV-owning homeowners is, however, an open question. </p><p> Several states, including California, Colorado, Connecticut, Hawaii, Florida, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, and Virginia have also passed “<a href="https://pluginsites.org/legislation-reference-recharging-equipment-at-multi-unit-housing/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">right to charge</a>” laws that allow renters at single or multifamily dwellings to install EV Level 1 and 2 chargers on their rental premises, but the tenants are responsible for all installation costs. Some states, like California, <a href="https://www.autonews.com/mobility-report/ev-charging-issues-deter-renters-condo-dwellers" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">require liability insurance</a> to cover damage or injuries that may result from the charger as well. Furthermore, once installed, many rental home and apartment owners have in their leases that any improvements made to the property by the tenant belong to the owner after their rental agreement expires. </p><p> While there are no statistics on how many EV owning renters in these right-to-charge states have installed chargers, the number is likely to be extremely small given their expense and the relatively short time renters stay in a property. For example, single-family tenants <a href="https://www.wealthmanagement.com/sfr/single-family-rental-housing-tenant-king" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">stay</a> on average three years, while apartment-unit renters remain a <a href="https://www.residentrated.com/blog/2019/6/10/average-us-renter-stays-in-a-building-275-months" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">little over</a> two years before moving on. </p><h2>Renters’ EV predicaments</h2><p> In addition to the 16 million American households living in single-family rental units, according to NMHC data there are roughly 22 million rental households living in apartment buildings with five or more apartment units, as well as some 6 million households occupying buildings with two to four apartment units. Nearly every one of these apartment buildings are without any on-site EV charging. </p><p> For instance, a recent National <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/renewable-energy">Renewable Energy</a> Laboratory (NREL) quarterly EV charging infrastructure trend <a href="https://afdc.energy.gov/files/u/publication/electric_vehicle_charging_infrastructure_trends_fourth_quarter_2022.pdf" target="_blank">report</a> has identified only 1,246 EV charging ports at private multifamily residences across the <em>entire</em> United States, with nearly all being Level 2 chargers. And where they do exist, the ports are often at luxury apartments, which is<a href="https://electriccitycorp.com/apartments-with-ev-charging/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"> true in Minneapolis</a>. </p><p> Of course, the best option would be for apartment building owners to install EV charging stations at their buildings for tenants to use. However, that is not easily done. </p><p> The first hurdle is the installation cost. A detailed 2022 <a href="https://www.energy.ca.gov/publications/2022/assessing-multi-unit-dwelling-barrier-plug-electric-vehicle-adoption-south-bay" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">study</a> by the <a href="https://www.energy.ca.gov" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">California Energy Commission</a> (CEC) investigated the potential costs of installing EV chargers at nearly two dozen existing multiunit dwellings in southwestern Los Angeles County. To support Level 2 charging, nearly every dwelling needed electrical-panel upgrades, and several would need utility service upgrades. In addition, the study found that costs were directly related to the distance from the electrical panel to the parking spot where the charger was located. Distances of more than 100 feet quickly became expensive. While the average cost per Level 2 parking space was estimated to be around $5,400, several approached $17,000 or more. </p><p> The CEC study also found that most of the dwellings it investigated could provide a Level 1 charging space at an estimated cost of around $2,300, although the study acknowledges that Level 1 charging might not satisfy most EV owners. </p><p> The sheer number of U.S. apartment buildings poses another challenge. National Multifamily Housing Council<a href="https://www.nmhc.org/research-insight/quick-facts-figures/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"> data</a> show the 28 million apartment rental households are spread across some 71,000 apartment buildings having 50 or more apartment units, 75,000 buildings with 25 to 49 apartment units, some 419,000 buildings with 5 to 24 apartment units, and a whopping 2.2 million buildings having 2 to 4 units. </p><p> Moreover, complementary <a href="https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/101553/housing_supply_chartbook_0.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">data</a> from the <a href="https://www.urban.org" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Urban Institute</a> indicate 49 percent of apartment buildings with 5 or more units and 66 percent of the buildings with 2 to 4 units are more than 40 years old. A typical age mix of multifamily rental housing can be seen in the greater Philadelphia region as shown in Figure 1, from a Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission <a href="https://www.dvrpc.org/smartgrowth/multifamily/pdf/dvprc_multifamily-housing-research-summary.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">report</a>. Many of the oldest multifamily rental units are in Philadelphia, a situation repeated across most cities in the United States. Low-income and minority renters also tend to live in older rental properties. In addition, the vast number of 2-to-4-unit rental properties were constructed during the 1960s and 1970s, which again is generally true across the United States.</p><h5>Percentage of multifamily rental units built by decade in Delaware Valley</h5><p class="shortcode-media shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image"><img alt="A horizontal bar chart showing the percentage of multifamily rental units built by decade in Delaware Valley." class="rm-shortcode rm-lazyloadable-image" data-rm-shortcode-id="702083ae70bf2a6605ee1f81acdafe23" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" data-runner-src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/a-horizontal-bar-chart-showing-the-percentage-of-multifamily-rental-units-built-by-decade-in-delaware-valley.png?id=34131546&width=980" height="7641" id="0dc5c" lazy-loadable="true" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%2010426%207641'%3E%3C/svg%3E" width="10426"/><small class="image-media media-caption" placeholder="Add Photo Caption...">Percentage of multifamily rental units built by decade in Delaware Valley.</small><small class="image-media media-photo-credit" placeholder="Add Photo Credit..."><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/">IEEE Spectrum</a></small></p><p>Building age creates another impediment to overcome. Buildings more than 40 years old often have suspect electrical systems. <a href="https://www.gny.com/products/electrical-fires-residential-buildings" target="_blank">According</a> to the <a href="https://www.gny.com/" target="_blank">Greater New York Mutual Insurance Co.</a>, “the frequency of electrical fires is disproportionally higher in electrical systems that are more than 40 years old.” The causes, GNY says, include inadequate and overloaded electrical systems, aging electrical components, defeated, compromised, or ineffective circuit breakers, or misuse of extension cords, among others. Generally, auto manufacturers <a href="https://www.kbb.com/car-advice/no-extension-cord-ev-charging/#:~:text=%E2%80%9CWhile%20some%20electric%20car%20owners,cord%20in%20the%20owner's%20manual." target="_blank">frown</a> on using extension cords to power their EVs, and for older buildings, it is not an entirely safe strategy.</p><p> Charging EVs from these older buildings’ electrical systems will almost certainly require extensive and expensive upgrades to support the energy loads required, for Level 2 chargers if not for Level 1 as well. It is doubtful, given the cost, that the building owner will want to install an EV charger. Only the very latest apartment buildings are likely to be wired with EV charging loads in mind.</p><h2>Problems for landlords</h2><p> The apartment renter’s EV dilemma comes into even starker relief when viewed from the apartment building owner’s perspective. Their first question is, “Why should I take on the costs of installing EV chargers when most of my tenants don’t own or can’t afford EVs?” </p><p> A large apartment building of, say, 200 units, is expected to provide about 1.25 parking spots per unit (although it varies per local building code). Of these 250 parking spots, local and state governments are encouraging a minimum of 10 percent be EV ready (that is, have all the wiring ready for an EV charger if a tenant wants to install their own), or better, have those parking spaces outfitted with either Level 1 or Level 2 chargers. </p><p> But as the California Energy Commission study indicates, the cost of retrofitting an existing parking spot with Level 2 chargers can be expensive, and even if the building owner installs them, a positive return on investment in a reasonable time frame is not assured. Even for a public charging station, the return on investment <a href="https://www.ey.com/en_us/power-utilities/how-to-make-ev-charging-pay" target="_blank">can take more than a decade</a>. For apartment building owners, it could be even longer. While a current tenant may have an EV, what is the likelihood that the next tenant will have one as well? An <a href="https://www.nmhc.org/research-insight/research-report/nmhc-grace-hill-renter-preferences-survey-report/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">NMHC/Grace Hill Renter Preferences Survey Report</a> states that the 27 percent of apartment tenants interested in EV charging stations were willing to <a href="https://www.multihousingnews.com/ev-charging-basics-for-multifamily-owners/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">pay</a> $28.12 extra per month in rent for access to an EV charger; by comparison, most renters surveyed were willing to pay an extra $54.73 a month for a washer/dryer unit. </p><p><div class="rebellt-item ieee-sidebar-list-left col1" id="rebelltitem1" data-id="1" data-reload-ads="false" data-is-image="False" data-href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-ev-transition-explained-2661260581/do-renters-really-need-ev-chargers" data-basename="do-renters-really-need-ev-chargers" data-post-id="2661260581" data-published-at="1686841942" data-use-pagination="False"><h3 data-role="headline"> Do Renters Really Need EV Chargers? </h3><p>Only 76 percent of apartment households own a vehicle compared to 92 percent of all households; yet NHMC <a href="https://www.nmhc.org/research-insight/quick-facts-figures/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">data</a> also show 66 percent of apartment households still travel by car, truck, motorcycle, or taxi to work, which is comparable to 76 percent of all U.S. households. Car dependency is as great for apartment residents as for the general population, and for low-income tenants, owning a car is one of the <a href="https://luskin.ucla.edu/manvilles-research-on-universal-auto-access-published" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">only successful means</a> of getting out of poverty.</p></div></p><p>Minneapolis illustrates the landlord EV charging investment dilemma. A <a href="https://www.dot.state.mn.us/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Minnesota Department of Transportation</a> (MnDOT) EV Dashboard shows as of January 2023 there were an <a href="https://www.dot.state.mn.us/sustainability/electric-vehicle-dashboard.html" target="_blank">estimated</a> 35,238 EVs on the road (23,121 battery-electric vehicles (BEVs) and 12,117 plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs)), of which some 13,811 of both types reside in Minneapolis. Assuming the same 6:1 homeowner-to-renter EV buyer ratio found by the UC Berkeley study, then about 1,972 EVs are owned by renters in Minneapolis. Next, assuming that the same 2:1 BEV-to-PHEV ratio reported by the MnDOT EV Dashboard holds as well, then there are about 600 BEVs owned by renters in Minneapolis. This means there is likely one BEV-owning renter for every five apartment buildings of five or more units alone in Minneapolis.</p><p> Not exactly a ratio to entice apartment building owners to begin investing time and monies in providing EV charging. </p><p> What exists today is a vicious cycle where renters, even if they can afford it, are reluctant to buy EVs because there is no convenient, reliable, and convenient charging, and rental property owners, especially of apartment buildings, will not invest in EV chargers because no tenants or only a few use them. </p><p> Paradoxically, the move by the <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/02/15/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-announces-new-standards-and-major-progress-for-a-made-in-america-national-network-of-electric-vehicle-chargers/" target="_blank">federal</a> and <a href="https://www.nlc.org/article/2023/02/23/new-electric-vehicle-charging-grants-coming-soon/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">local governments</a> to provide more urban and city public charging opportunities, as New York City is doing <a href="https://www.electrive.com/2022/08/07/new-york-city-ev-pilot-may-lead-to-10000-on-street-chargers-by-2030/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">by installing thousands of pole-mounted EV chargers</a> or creating <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/electric-vehicle-charging-hub-to-park-itself-in-new-york-city-11612357206?mod=article_inline" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">EV charging hubs</a>, may reduce the motivation of rental property owners to install charging on their properties even more. </p><h2>Cheap, reliable solution to charging</h2><p> Regardless of how affordable <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/electric-vehicles">electric vehicles</a> become for renters, EV charging must make economic sense to rental property owners or it will not be pursued. Many different EV charging companies, such as <a href="https://blinkcharging.com/charging-your-electric-car-in-an-apartment-complex/?locale=en&gclid=Cj0KCQjwxYOiBhC9ARIsANiEIfYStvksycQwD85d-wuPshNyn5YuGQInUlV7Dy9sYO9y9BkxzBGcmR4aAv3pEALw_wcB" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Blink</a> and <a href="https://seekingalpha.com/news/3850658-evgo-lands-grant-funding-in-california-for-fast-charging-infrastructure-near-apartments" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">EVgo</a>, are trying to unravel the rental property Gordian knot. One EV charger maker, <a href="https://www.atompower.com/?gclid=Cj0KCQjwxYOiBhC9ARIsANiEIfa2E5fzx-m5SdXq_GNHpQimGO5WLTpL4FpLqXVjuE7r1P4HQSgBeEwaAjzsEALw_wcB" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Atom Power</a>, located in Charlotte, N.C., might be able to cleave that knot fueled by a <a href="https://www.reuters.com/technology/koreas-sk-invests-100-million-ev-focused-startup-atom-power-2022-08-18/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">$100 million investment</a> from Korea’s giant tech and energy company <a href="https://www.sk-inc.com/en/main/mainpage.aspx" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">SK Inc.</a> and <a href="https://eng.skenergy.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">SK Energy</a>. </p><p> Atom Power, which <em>IEEE Spectrum </em>first <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/atom-power-is-launching-the-era-of-digital-circuit-breakers" target="_self">highlighted</a> in 2019, developed the first and only <a href="https://www.ul.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">UL-</a>listed and commercially available solid-state digital circuit breaker in the world and is turning 100 years of electrical systems-engineering design processes on their head. </p><p class="pull-quote">In Atom Power’s case, the solid-state digital circuit breaker is programmed to become the “EV smart charger,” and the charging station itself is a simple terminal block and inexpensive. </p><p> For example, EV charging stations must by code have a circuit breaker between the charging station itself and its power source. A traditional circuit breaker is an electromechanical switch that incorporates an electromagnet. When the current exceeds a predefined amperage limit, the electromagnet pulls open or “trips” the switch, thereby interrupting the flow of energy. This process takes about 3 milliseconds. </p><p class="shortcode-media shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image"><img alt="Hands hold a white box covered in text and buttons, as well as a small LED screen." class="rm-shortcode rm-lazyloadable-image" data-rm-shortcode-id="6a6b777b9ef7f41c2cb39ee6fc7bba98" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" data-runner-src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/hands-hold-a-white-box-covered-in-text-and-buttons-as-well-as-a-small-led-screen.jpg?id=34149229&width=980" height="2045" id="984bb" lazy-loadable="true" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%202726%202045'%3E%3C/svg%3E" width="2726"/><small class="image-media media-caption" placeholder="Add Photo Caption...">A digital circuit breaker at Atom Power’s headquarters in Huntersville, N.C., on 27 January 2023. Atom Power says its smart circuit breaker will make charging electric cars as cheap and easy as using Wi-Fi. </small><small class="image-media media-photo-credit" placeholder="Add Photo Credit...">Rachel Jessen/Bloomberg/Getty Images</small></p><p> Atom Power’s digital circuit breaker uses <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/semiconductors/">semiconductors</a> to permit the dynamic control of the flow of current, which allows it to vary the current at which to interrupt the energy flow. The digital circuit breaker is also about 3,000 times as fast as most mechanical breakers, enabling circuit interruption capabilities up to 150,000 amperes, the upper limit for today’s circuit breakers. </p><p> In most charger designs, the “smarts” are in the expensive and exposed charging station, and the most protected element is the cheap, dumb, mechanical circuit breaker in an electrical panel somewhere. If something goes wrong with the charging station, it is an expensive and often lengthy proposition to fix it. Someone with knowledge of that specific charging station needs to be called in to troubleshoot it, and that pool of people is relatively small. </p><p> In Atom Power’s case, the solid-state digital circuit breaker is programmed to become the “EV smart charger” and the charging station itself is a simple terminal block and inexpensive. The solid-state digital circuit breaker, which is in an electrical panel out of harm’s way, has embedded firmware and connectivity to on-premise and cloud-based software that allows it to intelligently manage the charging station. If something goes wrong with the charging station, any electrician has the skills to come in and either replace the charging-station hardware or replace the circuit breaker with another. </p><p> Furthermore, with Atom’s cloud software, charging hosts can set load demand limits and can dynamically perform near-instantaneous energy management of the charging station to ensure peak load charges are not incurred from EV charging. Up to 12 of these cybersecured smart circuit breakers can be placed into a single electrical panel that has its own highly secure ISP connection. This allows an almost limitless number of these panels (and their digital circuit breakers) that Atom Power can remotely manage simultaneously, either independently or as a group. </p><p> This reduces the complexity of managing hundreds of EVs charging concurrently that may be “across multiple different electrical feeders, across multiple different branch circuits, across multiple different buildings, all not on the same service,” say <a href="https://ncchamber.com/wp-content/uploads/Kennedy_Ryan_Energy-2022.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Ryan Kennedy, CEO and cofounder</a> of Atom Power. </p><p> Atom Power is doing just that with<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2023-02-17/ev-charging-is-a-mess-this-4-pound-box-could-help-fix-it#xj4y7vzkg" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"> several hundred</a> EV charging stations being installed across several different apartment buildings run by one property company in New York City. Last year, Atom Power had orders for 1,000 breakers programmed to be chargers, while this year the company expects to ship 9,000. </p><h2> What will EV chargers cost me?<br/></h2><p> The first question a rental property owner is going to ask, Kennedy says, is “What is it going to cost me, and how hard is it going to be?” As a result, he says, “EV charging is immediately viewed as a cost center.” </p><p> What needs to be done to change that perspective, Kennedy explains, is to “lower both the cost of entry and operational costs.” What Atom Power has accomplished, he says, is to turn EV charging from a cost for property owners into “an amenity they can use to attract and keep residents, or even a profit center.” </p><p class="pull-quote">“The breaker is the smart infrastructure doing the job of an EV charger, doing the job of an energy management system, and of course, doing the job of a smart circuit breaker.” —Ryan Kennedy, Atom Power</p><p> An objective is to “make it as easy to install and maintain our EV chargers as possible with as little downtime as possible,” Kennedy says, with the ultimate goal being “we want our customers not to have to think about EV charging.” </p><p> The importance of providing extensive power distribution and the capability to manage EV charging loads dynamically, remotely, and at scale cannot be overstated. </p><p> For instance, by having the all-inclusive insight into EV charging loads, Atom Power can ensure that peak demand–the time when EV owners like to charge and when electricity costs also skyrocket–is not reached. In cost comparisons based on actual electricity rate data in New York, Atom Power has <a href="https://www.atompower.com/_files/ugd/40845b_cffcee155b5447be97df286956716479.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">shown</a> that using Atom’s dynamic energy management can save $458 per vehicle per month. The benefits obviously <a href="https://www.atompower.com/_files/ugd/40845b_cffcee155b5447be97df286956716479.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">add up quickly</a>, especially as the number of EV charging stations are scaled up and demand charges are high. </p><p> Energy management has another advantage: It can reduce the amount and costs of electrical upgrades, especially for older rental properties. “A large portion of our business,” Kennedy observes, “is supporting older infrastructure.” </p><p> These types of capabilities and the resulting savings would help renters and condo owners overcome the objections of their building managers and owners to installing EV chargers. Harry’s building manager, for instance, brought up power management and expense as big issues, as she thinks the condo association would have to provision additional capacity for the building for when the load becomes too great. </p><p> The other benefit of a solid-state digital circuit breaker is that it can be integrated into the total electrification of a rental (or commercial) property. Many states and cities are mandating that new rental and commercial properties, including major renovations, not only support EV charging but also electrify every appliance used. Atom Power makes this a much simpler proposition to do. </p><p> “Everything squarely lands on the circuit breaker,” Kennedy explains, “because it is the thing that is between everything that consumes energy. The breaker is the smart infrastructure doing the job of an EV charger, doing the job of an energy management system, and of course, doing the job of a smart circuit breaker.” </p><p> Atom Power may not solve every rental property owner’s EV charging dilemma, but it should help convince many that perhaps they can support EV charging after all. </p><div class="post-pager js-listicle-pager" data-listicle-style="" data-async_load_parameters="settings=%7B%22use_pagination%22%3A+false%2C+%22pagination_order%22%3A+%5B%5D%2C+%22use_ads%22%3A+false%2C+%22ads_order%22%3A+%5B%5D%2C+%22use_numeration%22%3A+false%2C+%22numeration_sort%22%3A+-1%2C+%22items_as_posts%22%3A+false%2C+%22body_text_above%22%3A+false%2C+%22layout_type%22%3A+1%2C+%22show_columns_on_mobile%22%3A+false%2C+%22allow_url_update%22%3A+true%2C+%22is_guest_voting_allowed%22%3A+true%2C+%22cooldown_in_seconds%22%3A+null%2C+%22multiple_answers%22%3A+false%2C+%22up_down_voting%22%3A+false%2C+%22reorder_voting%22%3A+false%2C+%22no_redirect%22%3A+false%2C+%22no_post_section%22%3A+false%2C+%22enter_url%22%3A+false%2C+%22next_post_url%22%3A+null%2C+%22voting_extra_fields%22%3A+%7B%7D%2C+%22_deprecated_allow_url_change%22%3A+true%2C+%22_deprecated_turn_into_posts%22%3A+false%2C+%22source%22%3A+%22post_listicle_settings%22%2C+%22list_breaks%22%3A+null%2C+%22ads_breaks%22%3A+null%2C+%22prevent_last_break_repetition%22%3A+false%7D&display_ads=1&platform=desktop"></div><div class="around-the-web"><div class="from-your-site__headline">From Your Site Articles</div><ul class="around-the-web__list"><li class="from-your-site__item"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-ev-transition-explained-2659602311" class="from-your-site__link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">The EV Transition Is Harder Than Anyone Thinks ›</a></li><li class="from-your-site__item"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/ev-transition-explained-ebook" class="from-your-site__link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Download “The EV Transition Explained” E-book for Free ›</a></li><li class="from-your-site__item"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/ev-charging" class="from-your-site__link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Tiny But Mighty: Nyobolt's Stupid Fast Charging EV - IEEE Spectrum ›</a></li></ul><div class="around-the-web__headline">Related Articles Around the Web</div><ul class="around-the-web__list"><li class="around-the-web__item"><a href="https://globalpolicy.ieee.org/the-ev-transition-explained/" class="around-the-web__link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">The EV Transition Explained | IEEE Global Public Policy ›</a></li><li class="around-the-web__item"><a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2021/policies-to-promote-electric-vehicle-deployment" class="around-the-web__link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Policies to promote electric vehicle deployment – Global EV Outlook ... ›</a></li></ul></div></div></div><span class="" data-elid="2661260581" data-post-url="https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-ev-transition-explained-2661260581" data-authors="Robert N. Charette" data-headline="EV Chargers for All!" data-page-title="EV Chargers for All! - IEEE Spectrum"></span></div><div class="widget__head"></div><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="tags"><a class="tags__item" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/climate-tech">climate tech</a><a class="tags__item" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/electric-vehicles">electric vehicles</a><a class="tags__item" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/ev-charging">ev charging</a><a class="tags__item" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/circuit-breakers">circuit breakers</a></div><div class="custom-field-lightbox-img-shortcode-ids">{"imageShortcodeIds":[]}</div></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2661260581" class="post-context post-context-2661260581"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Robert N. Charette","11":2661260581,"7":"climate tech, electric vehicles, ev charging, circuit breakers","10":"electric vehicles","6":"transportation","8":"06/20/2023"}, "post": {"id": 2661260581, "providerId": 0, "sections": [0, 497728257, 539622579, 544169524, 2221589049, 544169516, 598415773], "authors": [21075158], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div></div></div></div><div class="" id="sOpen_Current_Default_Post_0_0_14_0_0_1"><div class="mb-2 post-author-list" id="sOpen_Current_Default_Post_0_0_14_0_0_1_0"><div class="posts-custom posts-custom-section section-holder clearfix" data-block="None" data-format="posts-custom" data-source="current_post" data-source-type="current_post" data-source-unique="true" data-section-id="" data-is-reordable="false" data-using-stickers="false" data-has-more="false" data-attr-v="2" data-attr-posts_id="sOpen_Current_Default_Post_0_0_14_0_0_1_0" data-attr-layout_quality="1" data-attr-node_id="/root/blocks/block[open_current_default_post]/abtests/abtest[1]/element_wrapper/current_post-" data-attr-use_tag_image_for_lead_media="true" data-attr-layout_all_headline_tag="h1" data-attr-layout_all_subheadline_tag="h2" data-attr-all_element_order="author,headline,subheadline,section,community_name,date,date_modified,badges,badges_sponsored,photo_credit,photo_caption,body,snark_line,page_views,post_shares,follow_button,community_comments,like_button,source_link,collection_button,tags,primary_tag,main_author,all_sections,product_prices,product_vendor,product_buy_link,words_count,time_to_read,site_field_first_name,site_field_last_name,site_field_Instagram,site_field_member_badges,site_field_Twitter,site_field_LinkedIn,site_field_grade,site_field_Facebook,custom_field_due_date,custom_field_FeaturePostImgPosition,custom_field_pdf_version,custom_field_copy_editor,custom_field_FullwidthCardColor,custom_field_disable_comments,custom_field_PodcastVideoTime,custom_field_fullwidthbackgroundposition,custom_field_lightbox_img_shortcode_ids,custom_field_access,custom_field_Editor,custom_field_PodcastEpisode,custom_field_publication_date,custom_field_TimeofRead,custom_field_FeaturePostColor,custom_field_FullwidthCardPosition,custom_field_is_updated_post,custom_field_youtube_video" data-attr-layout_author="top" data-attr-layout_remove_image="true" data-attr-show_authors_bio="true" data-attr-element_classes="post-author-list" data-attr-filters="section,post_body_pager" data-attr-section_url="" data-attr-source="" data-attr-format="posts-custom" data-attr-is_current_post="true"><div class="posts-wrapper clearfix"><div class="widget post-partial tag-climate-tech tag-electric-vehicles tag-ev-charging tag-circuit-breakers post-section--topic/transportation" data-category="Transportation"><article elid="2661260581" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix page-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2661260581" data-category="Transportation"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:100.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="social-author clearfix"><div class="social-author__avatar image"><div class="cover-all image" style="background-image: url("https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNjY0NTkxNC9vcmlnaW4ucG5nIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTc1NDM4NzE3M30.MTQySQ4SkKwqBh31wur--gqjA9a52wpqPBFrbbae81E/image.png?width=210")"></div></div><a class="social-author__name" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/u/robert-n-charette" data-type="text">Robert N. Charette</a><div class="social-author__bio"><p><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/robert-charette-500309/" target="_blank">Robert N. Charette</a> is a Contributing Editor to <em>IEEE Spectrum</em> and an acknowledged international authority on information technology and systems risk management. A self-described “risk ecologist,” he is interested in the intersections of business, political, technological, and societal risks. Charette is an award-winning author of multiple books and numerous articles on the subjects of risk management, project and program management, innovation, and entrepreneurship. A Life Senior Member of the IEEE, Charette was a recipient of the IEEE Computer Society’s Golden Core Award in 2008.</p></div></div></div><div class="widget__head"></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2661260581" class="post-context post-context-2661260581"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Robert N. Charette","11":2661260581,"7":"climate tech, electric vehicles, ev charging, circuit breakers","10":"electric vehicles","6":"transportation","8":"06/20/2023"}, "post": {"id": 2661260581, "providerId": 0, "sections": [0, 497728257, 539622579, 544169524, 2221589049, 544169516, 598415773], "authors": [21075158], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div></div></div></div></div><div class="" id="sOpen_Current_Default_Post_0_0_14_0_0_2_1_0"><div class="post-partial article__comments"><div class="article-content__comments-wrapper"><div id="comments-widget"><div class="talk-comments-wrp community-native-wrp " data-talk_id="post:2661260581:comments" data-limit="3" data-order="best" data-is_amp="" data-count_top_level="0" data-count_featured="0" data-show_rating="False" data-all_element_order="avatar,title,date,site_field_member_badges,site_field_grade,message,update_avatar,follow,bio,review" data-words-per-message="{"min": 1, "max": 100}" data-inactive_layout_attributes="update_avatar,follow,bio,review" data-active_layout_attributes="site_field_member_badges,site_field_grade"><div class="editmode-section-title"></div><a href="#" class="hidden new-comments-notification" aria-label="New coments notification"></a><div class="comment-headline">The Conversation (0)</div><div class="add-comment"><div class="comment_placeholder-wrp"><div class="animated-background"><div class="placeholder__textarea_top"></div><div class="placeholder__textarea_botmiddle_left"></div><div class="placeholder__textarea_botmiddle_right"></div><div class="placeholder__textarea_bottom"></div><div class="placeholder__button_b"></div><div class="placeholder__button_i"></div><div class="placeholder__button_publish"></div></div><div class="comment-login-wrp"></div></div></div><div class="comment-header"></div><div class="talk--messages"><div class="talk--messages__featured"></div><div class="talk--messages__top_level"></div></div><script type="rm-preact-state">{"authors": {}, "forcedComments": [], "topLevelComments": [], "featuredComments": []} </script><div class="talk--load_more-wrp "></div></div></div></div></div><script> var clickeableItems = [ ".talk-comments-wrp .add-comment", ".talk-comments-wrp .comment-item--publish", ".talk-comments-wrp .comment--item__reply", ".talk-comments-wrp .comment--item__like", ".talk-comments-wrp .comment--item__dislike", ".talk-comments-wrp .replies"]; var talkItems = document.querySelectorAll(clickeableItems.join(",")) || []; talkItems.forEach(function(item) { item.addEventListener("click", function(event){ event.preventDefault(); event.stopPropagation(); openGatedPopup('for_comments'); }, true); }); </script></div><div class="mb-2 read_also_posts" id="sOpen_Current_Default_Post_0_0_14_0_0_3_1_0"><div class="posts-custom posts-custom-section section-holder clearfix" data-block="section_1" data-format="posts-custom" data-source="filtered_parent_site" data-source-type="page" data-source-unique="true" data-section-id="" data-is-reordable="false" data-using-stickers="false" data-has-more="true" data-attr-v="2" data-attr-posts_id="sOpen_Current_Default_Post_0_0_14_0_0_3_1_0" data-attr-source_unique="true" data-attr-without_current="true" data-attr-layout_quality="1" data-attr-node_id="/root/blocks/block[open_current_default_post]/abtests/abtest[1]/choose[3]/otherwise/posts-" data-attr-use_tag_image_for_lead_media="true" data-attr-source="filtered" data-attr-from_regular_sections_of_current_post="true" data-attr-from_regular_sections_other_than="webinar,whitepaper,sponsored,podcast,video,tests,issue-cover-posts,paper" data-attr-all_element_order="all_sections,headline,date,time_to_read,like_button,custom_field_TimeofRead,section,primary_tag,author,badges,badges_sponsored,photo_credit,community_name,subheadline,snark_line,page_views,photo_caption,follow_button,community_comments,body,collection_button,tags,source_link,main_author,post_shares,custom_field_contact-person-phone,custom_field_event-performer,custom_field_event-street-address,custom_field_job-type,custom_field_event-postal-code,custom_field_contact-person-title,custom_field_event-start,custom_field_company_name,custom_field_event-end,custom_field_hiring-organization,custom_field_event-price,custom_field_job-tags,custom_field_event-city,custom_field_contact_email,custom_field_posted-on-date,custom_field_job-title,custom_field_job-location,custom_field_event-region,custom_field_event-currency,custom_field_base-salary,custom_field_event-country,custom_field_contact_person,custom_field_expire-date,date_modified,custom_field_ContentType,custom_field_CustomFieldTestEG,custom_field_Issue,custom_field_FullwidthCardColor,custom_field_FullwidthCardPosition,product_prices,product_vendor,product_buy_link,site_field_Twitter,site_field_Facebook,site_field_Instagram,site_field_LinkedIn,custom_field_PodcastVideoTime,custom_field_Editor,custom_field_PodcastEpisode,custom_field_FeaturePostColor,custom_field_due_date,custom_field_FeaturePostImgPosition,custom_field_access,site_field_member_badges,custom_field_publication_date,words_count,site_field_first_name,site_field_last_name,site_field_grade,custom_field_pdf_version,custom_field_fullwidthbackgroundposition,custom_field_copy_editor,custom_field_lightbox_img_shortcode_ids,custom_field_disable_comments,custom_field_is_updated_post,custom_field_youtube_video" data-attr-limit="3" data-attr-layout_headline="right" data-attr-data-rm-device-crops="true" data-attr-layout_desktop_image_crop="original" data-attr-layout_image_column_width="28" data-attr-data-rm-advanced="true" data-attr-element_classes="read_also_posts" data-attr-layout_date="right" data-attr-layout_all_date_format="%d %b %Y" data-attr-layout_all_date_full_format="false" data-attr-layout_all_image_crop="original" data-attr-layout_like_button="right" data-attr-layout_all_sections="right" data-attr-layout_time_to_read="right" data-attr-format="posts-custom" data-attr-source_site="parent_site"><div class="posts-wrapper clearfix"><div class="widget tag-artificial-intelligence tag-driving tag-advanced-driver-assistance-systems tag-monitoring post-section--topic/transportation" elid="2669871843" data-category="Transportation"><article elid="2669871843" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix image-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2669871843"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:28.0%;"><div class="widget__head"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/driver-drowsiness-detection" aria-label="AI Dash Cams Give Wake-Up Calls to Drowsy Drivers"><img role="img" type="lazy-image" alt="Dashboard camera footage of a driver yawning as data generates about his behavior behind the wheel. " aria-label="Dashboard camera footage of a driver yawning as data generates about his behavior behind the wheel. " src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 2672 2004'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-runner-src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/dashboard-camera-footage-of-a-driver-yawning-as-data-generates-about-his-behavior-behind-the-wheel.jpg?id=54751021&width=1200&height=900" style="object-fit: cover;" class="rm-lazyloadable-image" width="2672" height="2004"/></a></div></div><div class="rm-col-right col" style="width:72.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/transportation/">Transportation</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/artificial-intelligence/">AI</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/news/">News</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text custom-post-headline" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/driver-drowsiness-detection" aria-label="AI Dash Cams Give Wake-Up Calls to Drowsy Drivers" data-type="text"> AI Dash Cams Give Wake-Up Calls to Drowsy Drivers </a></h2><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">15h</span></div><div class="time-to-read">5 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="0"></div></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2669871843" class="post-context post-context-2669871843"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Willie D. Jones","11":2669871843,"7":"artificial intelligence, driving, advanced driver assistance systems, monitoring","10":"advanced driver assistance systems","6":"transportation","8":"11/26/2024"}, "post": {"id": 2669871843, "providerId": 0, "sections": [0, 497728257, 497728259, 544169523, 539622579, 544169516], "authors": [20372183], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div><div class="widget tag-virtual-reality tag-interfaces tag-taste tag-extended-reality post-section--topic/consumer-electronics" elid="2669996252" data-category="Consumer Electronics"><article elid="2669996252" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix image-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2669996252"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:28.0%;"><div class="widget__head"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/virtual-reality-taste" aria-label="This “Lollipop” Brings Taste to Virtual Reality"><img role="img" type="lazy-image" alt="3D rendering of a mother and daughter wearing virtual reality headsets to see bubbles containing lollipops floating around them." aria-label="3D rendering of a mother and daughter wearing virtual reality headsets to see bubbles containing lollipops floating around them." src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 2678 1674'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-runner-src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/3d-rendering-of-a-mother-and-daughter-wearing-virtual-reality-headsets-to-see-bubbles-containing-lollipops-floating-around-them.jpg?id=54978089&width=1200&height=750" style="object-fit: cover;" class="rm-lazyloadable-image" width="2678" height="1674"/></a></div></div><div class="rm-col-right col" style="width:72.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/consumer-electronics/">Consumer Electronics</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/news/">News</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text custom-post-headline" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/virtual-reality-taste" aria-label="This “Lollipop” Brings Taste to Virtual Reality" data-type="text"> This “Lollipop” Brings Taste to Virtual Reality </a></h2><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">25 Nov 2024</span></div><div class="time-to-read">3 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="0"></div></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2669996252" class="post-context post-context-2669996252"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Gwendolyn Rak","11":2669996252,"7":"virtual reality, interfaces, taste, extended reality","10":"virtual reality","6":"consumer-electronics","8":"11/25/2024"}, "post": {"id": 2669996252, "providerId": 0, "sections": [0, 497728257, 544169523, 539618616, 544169516], "authors": [26761192], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div><div class="widget tag-type-ti tag-ieee-news tag-ieee-canadian-foundation tag-ieee-scholarships tag-space-mapping tag-engineering-design-optimization tag-students post-section--topic/the-institute" elid="2669997888" data-category="The Institute"><article elid="2669997888" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix image-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2669997888"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:28.0%;"><div class="widget__head"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/ieee-bandler-scholarship" aria-label="New IEEE Scholarship Honors Space-Mapping Pioneer"><img role="img" type="lazy-image" alt="Doctor John Bandler posing with a straight face aboard a boat while holding a camera and wearing a heavy coat." aria-label="Doctor John Bandler posing with a straight face aboard a boat while holding a camera and wearing a heavy coat." src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 3024 2268'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-runner-src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/doctor-john-bandler-posing-with-a-straight-face-aboard-a-boat-while-holding-a-camera-and-wearing-a-heavy-coat.jpg?id=54978163&width=1200&height=900" style="object-fit: cover;" class="rm-lazyloadable-image" width="3024" height="2268"/></a></div></div><div class="rm-col-right col" style="width:72.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/the-institute/">The Institute</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/news/">News</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text custom-post-headline" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/ieee-bandler-scholarship" aria-label="New IEEE Scholarship Honors Space-Mapping Pioneer" data-type="text"> New IEEE Scholarship Honors Space-Mapping Pioneer </a></h2><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">25 Nov 2024</span></div><div class="time-to-read">4 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="0"></div></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2669997888" class="post-context post-context-2669997888"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"David Whyte","11":2669997888,"7":"type:ti, ieee news, ieee canadian foundation, ieee scholarships, space mapping, engineering design optimization, students","10":"ieee news","6":"the-institute","8":"11/25/2024"}, "post": {"id": 2669997888, "providerId": 0, "sections": [0, 497728257, 544169523, 539626938, 544169516], "authors": [26877072], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_1" class="widget_column col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m12 l3"><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="Popular widget"></span><div class="popular_widget" id="sPopular_widget_0_0_18_0_0_1_3_0_2_0"><div class="" id="sPopular_widget_0_0_18_0_0_1_3_0_2_0_0"><div id="sPopular_widget_0_0_18_0_0_1_3_0_2_0_0_0"><div class="module-headline"><h2 class="module-headline__text h2"> Related Stories </h2></div></div></div><div class="mb-2 " id="sPopular_widget_0_0_18_0_0_1_3_0_2_0_1"><div class="posts-custom posts-custom-section section-holder clearfix" data-block="section_2" data-format="posts-custom" data-source="multi_filtered_parent_site_newest_filtered_parent_site_newest" data-source-type="multi" data-source-unique="true" data-section-id="" data-is-reordable="false" data-using-stickers="false" data-has-more="true" data-attr-v="2" data-attr-posts_id="sPopular_widget_0_0_18_0_0_1_3_0_2_0_1" data-attr-source_unique="true" data-attr-without_current="true" data-attr-layout_quality="1" data-attr-node_id="/root/blocks/block[popular_widget]/abtests/abtest[1]/choose/when[post_page==true]/choose/otherwise/element_wrapper/posts-" data-attr-source="multi" data-attr-limit="3" data-attr-strategy="fallback" data-attr-all_element_order="all_sections,headline,subheadline,section,author,community_name,date,date_modified,badges,badges_sponsored,photo_credit,photo_caption,body,snark_line,page_views,post_shares,follow_button,community_comments,like_button,source_link,collection_button,tags,primary_tag,main_author,product_prices,product_vendor,product_buy_link,site_field_Twitter,site_field_Facebook,site_field_Instagram,site_field_LinkedIn,custom_field_FullwidthCardColor,custom_field_PodcastVideoTime,custom_field_Editor,custom_field_PodcastEpisode,custom_field_TimeofRead,custom_field_Issue,custom_field_FullwidthCardPosition,custom_field_due_date,custom_field_FeaturePostImgPosition,custom_field_access,custom_field_publication_date,custom_field_FeaturePostColor,site_field_member_badges,words_count,time_to_read,site_field_first_name,site_field_last_name,site_field_grade,custom_field_pdf_version" data-attr-layout_remove_image="true" data-attr-layout_headline="top" data-attr-layout_all_sections="top" data-attr-format="posts-custom"><div class="posts-wrapper clearfix"><div class="widget tag-supercar tag-batteries tag-silicon-anodes tag-electric-vehicles post-section--topic/transportation" elid="2669881993" data-category="Transportation"><article elid="2669881993" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix image-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2669881993"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:100.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/transportation/">Transportation</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/news/">News</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text custom-post-headline" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/electric-supercar-battery" aria-label="Oilstainlab Creates the First Gas-or-Electric Car" data-type="text"> Oilstainlab Creates the First Gas-or-Electric Car </a></h2></div><div class="widget__head"></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2669881993" class="post-context post-context-2669881993"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Lawrence Ulrich","11":2669881993,"7":"supercar, batteries, silicon anodes, electric vehicles","10":"electric vehicles","6":"transportation","8":"11/24/2024"}, "post": {"id": 2669881993, "providerId": 0, "sections": [497728257, 544169523, 544169516, 539622579], "authors": [21075905], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div><div class="widget tag-mercedes-benz tag-electric-vehicles tag-ev-batteries post-section--topic/transportation" elid="2668188007" data-category="Transportation"><article elid="2668188007" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix image-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2668188007"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:100.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/transportation/">Transportation</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/collections/climate-friendly-cars/">Climate-Friendly Cars</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/collections/">Spectrum Collections</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/news/">News</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text custom-post-headline" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/mercedes-benz-g-580-ev" aria-label="The Best New Off-Roading Vehicle Is an EV" data-type="text"> The Best New Off-Roading Vehicle Is an EV </a></h2></div><div class="widget__head"></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2668188007" class="post-context post-context-2668188007"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Lawrence Ulrich","11":2668188007,"7":"mercedes-benz, electric vehicles, ev batteries","10":"electric vehicles","6":"transportation","8":"05/13/2024"}, "post": {"id": 2668188007, "providerId": 0, "sections": [497728257, 2267909189, 2267909190, 544169516, 559394862, 544169523, 539622579, 550122300], "authors": [21075905], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div><div class="widget tag-electric-vehicles tag-ev-batteries tag-climate-change tag-environment tag-journal-watch post-section--topic/transportation" elid="2667374124" data-category="Transportation"><article elid="2667374124" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix image-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2667374124"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:100.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/transportation/">Transportation</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/energy/">Energy</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/news/">News</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/climate-tech/">Climate Tech</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/collections/journal-watch/">Journal Watch</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/collections/climate-change/">Climate Change</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text custom-post-headline" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/ev-batteries-environment" aria-label="The Lithium-ion Battery May Not Be the Best Bet for EVs" data-type="text"> The Lithium-ion Battery May Not Be the Best Bet for EVs </a></h2></div><div class="widget__head"></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2667374124" class="post-context post-context-2667374124"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Michelle Hampson","11":2667374124,"7":"electric vehicles, ev batteries, climate change, environment, journal watch","10":"electric vehicles","6":"transportation","8":"02/29/2024"}, "post": {"id": 2667374124, "providerId": 0, "sections": [497728257, 539619077, 544169516, 544169523, 539622579, 2221589049, 559931002, 598415773], "authors": [21075168], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div></div></div></div></div><div class="sidebar_ad_container" id="sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_2_1_0_1_1"><div class="sidebar_sticky_parent"><div class="stick_in_parent"><div class="sidebar_repeat_ad rblad-ieee_sidebar"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="" id="sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_3"><div class="non_member_follow" id="sSS_Default_Post_0_0_22_0_0_1_3_0_0_0"></div></div><div class="wrapper-lazy-loading rm-lazy-load-post-lcp-wrapper next-page-wrapper" data-skl-id="/root/blocks/block[ss_default_post]/abtests/abtest[1]/element_wrapper/lazyload-" data-has-more="true" data-more-posts-exists="true" data-posts-sources="multi_filtered_parent_site_filtered_parent_site,post_sponsor_webinar_whitepaper,post_sponsored,post_most_sections" data-ignore-page-number="false"></div></div><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="JS post functions"></span><script> function feature_post_full_style(){ var feature_post_full = document.querySelectorAll(".feature_post_full:not(.proc)"); for (i = 0; i < feature_post_full.length; i++) { var style_post_color = feature_post_full[i].querySelector(".custom-field-FeaturePostColor"); var style_post_position = feature_post_full[i].querySelector(".custom-field-FeaturePostImgPosition"); if(style_post_color){ feature_post_full[i].classList.add(style_post_color.innerText.trim()); }else{ feature_post_full[i].classList.add('DarkGray'); } if(style_post_position){ feature_post_full[i].classList.add(style_post_position.innerText.trim()); } feature_post_full[i].classList.add('proc'); } } </script><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="Parsely Spectrum Tags"></span><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="__Lightbox_Functionality"></span><div class="lightbox-layout" id="s__Lightbox_Functionality_0_0_36_0_0_1_1_1"><div class="lightbox__close hm__close"></div></div><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="__Social_Popup"></span></div></div><script class="rm-i-script" defer="defer" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-747464-1"></script><script class="rm-i-script"> (function (i, s, o, g, r, a, m) { i["GoogleAnalyticsObject"] = r; (i[r] = i[r] || function () { (i[r].q = i[r].q || []).push(arguments);}),(i[r].l = 1 * new Date()); })(window, document, "script", "/", "ga"); ga('create', 'UA-747464-1', 'auto', {'name': 'b'}); window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.gtag = function(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); var utmCampaignData = null;// ADD REFERRER AS SOURCE IF SOURCE IS NOT PRESENT OR IF ISN'T URL UTM if(utmCampaignData && (utmCampaignData.dataSource != "url" || !utmCampaignData['campaignSource'])) { var referrerAnchor = document.createElement('a'); referrerAnchor.setAttribute('href', document.referrer); if(referrerAnchor.href && referrerAnchor.host) { var splitHost = referrerAnchor.host.split("."); var nakedDomain = splitHost.length < 3 ? splitHost[0] : splitHost[1]; if (nakedDomain) { nakedDomain = nakedDomain[0].toUpperCase() + nakedDomain.substring(1); utmCampaignData['campaignSource'] = nakedDomain; } } } var configParams = { transport: 'beacon', send_page_view: false }; // DEFAULTS if (utmCampaignData) { configParams.campaignName = utmCampaignData.campaignName; configParams.campaignSource = utmCampaignData.campaignSource; configParams.campaignMedium = utmCampaignData.campaignMedium; configParams.campaignContent = utmCampaignData.campaignContent; if (utmCampaignData.campaignKeyword) { configParams.campaignKeyword = utmCampaignData.campaignKeyword; } } gtag('config', 'UA-747464-1', configParams);gtag('config', 'G-DPQFLXZCWN', configParams); window._ga_cd_params = window._ga_cd_params || {}; window._ga_cd_params["dimension9"] = 'test,cta-climate-tech';window._ga_cd_params["dimension5"] = "Robert N. Charette"; window._ga_cd_params["dimension11"] = '2661260581'; window._ga_cd_params["dimension7"] = "climate tech, electric vehicles, ev charging, circuit breakers"; window._ga_cd_params["dimension10"] = 'electric vehicles'; window._ga_cd_params["dimension6"] = 'transportation'; window._ga_cd_params["dimension8"] = '06/20/2023'; if(window._ga_cd_params && Object.keys(window._ga_cd_params).length){ gtag('event', 'page_view', window._ga_cd_params); }else{ gtag('event', 'page_view'); } </script><script class="lazy-style" type="css"> .menu-item__title:after{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0iVVRGLTgiPz4KPHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMTNweCIgaGVpZ2h0PSI4cHgiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxMyA4IiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiIHhtbG5zPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8yMDAwL3N2ZyIgeG1sbnM6eGxpbms9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzE5OTkveGxpbmsiPgogICAgPHRpdGxlPlJlY3RhbmdsZSBDb3B5IDk8L3RpdGxlPgogICAgPGcgaWQ9IlN5bWJvbHMiIHN0cm9rZT0ibm9uZSIgc3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoPSIxIiBmaWxsPSJub25lIiBmaWxsLXJ1bGU9ImV2ZW5vZGQiPgogICAgICAgIDxnIGlkPSJEYXJrLS8tTmF2IiB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgtNDUxLjAwMDAwMCwgLTEzLjAwMDAwMCkiIHN0cm9rZT0iIzBEMEQwRCIgc3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoPSIxLjUiPgogICAgICAgICAgICA8ZyBpZD0iR3JvdXAtMyIgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJ0cmFuc2xhdGUoMzE0LjAwMDAwMCwgNi4wMDAwMDApIj4KICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDxwb2x5bGluZSBpZD0iUmVjdGFuZ2xlLUNvcHktOSIgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJ0cmFuc2xhdGUoMTQzLjQ4NTI4MSwgOC4zMTM3MDgpIHNjYWxlKC0xLCAxKSByb3RhdGUoMTM1LjAwMDAwMCkgdHJhbnNsYXRlKC0xNDMuNDg1MjgxLCAtOC4zMTM3MDgpICIgcG9pbnRzPSIxMzkuNDg1MjgxIDQuMzEzNzA4NSAxNDcuNDg1MjgxIDQuMzEzNzA4NSAxNDcuNDg1MjgxIDEyLjMxMzcwODUiPjwvcG9seWxpbmU+CiAgICAgICAgICAgIDwvZz4KICAgICAgICA8L2c+CiAgICA8L2c+Cjwvc3ZnPg==")}.dark_layout .menu-item__title:after{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")}#mobile_search_icon.fa-search:before{content:url(https://assets.rbl.ms/26018263/origin.png)}.like-btn.like .heart{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='12px'%20height='14px'%20viewBox='0%200%2012%2014'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-444.000000,-335.000000)'%20stroke='%23404040'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(208.000000,332.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(237.000000,4.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M1,0%20L9,0%20C9.55228475,-1.01453063e-16%2010,0.44771525%2010,1%20L10,12%20L10,12%20L5,9%20L0,12%20L0,1%20C-6.76353751e-17,0.44771525%200.44771525,1.01453063e-16%201,0%20Z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.like-btn.unlike .heart,.like-btn.like .heart:active,.dark_layout .like-btn.like .heart:active,.widget.tag-type-podcast .like-btn.like .heart:active{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='12px'%20height='14px'%20viewBox='0%200%2012%2014'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='%23FF4C00'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-444.000000,-335.000000)'%20stroke='%23FF4C00'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(208.000000,332.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(237.000000,4.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M1,0%20L9,0%20C9.55228475,-1.01453063e-16%2010,0.44771525%2010,1%20L10,12%20L10,12%20L5,9%20L0,12%20L0,1%20C-6.76353751e-17,0.44771525%200.44771525,1.01453063e-16%201,0%20Z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.dark_layout .like-btn.like .heart,.widget.tag-type-podcast .like-btn.like .heart{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='12px'%20height='14px'%20viewBox='0%200%2012%2014'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-444.000000,-335.000000)'%20stroke='%23BFBFBF'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(208.000000,332.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(237.000000,4.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M1,0%20L9,0%20C9.55228475,-1.01453063e-16%2010,0.44771525%2010,1%20L10,12%20L10,12%20L5,9%20L0,12%20L0,1%20C-6.76353751e-17,0.44771525%200.44771525,1.01453063e-16%201,0%20Z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.like-btn.like .heart:hover,.like-btn.unlike .heart:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='12px'%20height='14px'%20viewBox='0%200%2012%2014'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='%23404040'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-444.000000,-335.000000)'%20stroke='%23404040'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(208.000000,332.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(237.000000,4.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M1,0%20L9,0%20C9.55228475,-1.01453063e-16%2010,0.44771525%2010,1%20L10,12%20L10,12%20L5,9%20L0,12%20L0,1%20C-6.76353751e-17,0.44771525%200.44771525,1.01453063e-16%201,0%20Z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.dark_layout .like-btn.like .heart:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='12px'%20height='14px'%20viewBox='0%200%2012%2014'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='%23bfbfbf'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-444.000000,-335.000000)'%20stroke='%23bfbfbf'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(208.000000,332.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(237.000000,4.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M1,0%20L9,0%20C9.55228475,-1.01453063e-16%2010,0.44771525%2010,1%20L10,12%20L10,12%20L5,9%20L0,12%20L0,1%20C-6.76353751e-17,0.44771525%200.44771525,1.01453063e-16%201,0%20Z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline-text:before,.featured_post .widget__subheadline-text:before,.article_post .widget__subheadline-text:before,.story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")}.dark_layout .widget__subheadline-text:before,.podcast_collection .widget__subheadline-text:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")}.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline-text:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")}.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .widget__subheadline-text:before,.fullwidth_post.FillLight .widget__subheadline-text:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")}.fullwidth_post.FillDark .widget__subheadline-text:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")}.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline:before{content:"";background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='7px'%20height='13px'%20viewBox='0%200%207%2013'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20id='Typography'%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-1152.000000,-384.000000)'%3E%3Crect%20x='0'%20y='0'%20width='1376'%20height='1600'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(1146.136039,384.000000)'%20stroke='%23A6A6A6'%20stroke-width='1.5'%3E%3Cpolyline%20transform='translate(6.363961,6.500000)%20rotate(45.000000)%20translate(-6.363961,-6.500000)'%20points='1.86396103%202%2010.863961%202%2010.863961%2011'%3E%3C/polyline%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.fullwidth_post .like-btn.like .heart{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='12px'%20height='14px'%20viewBox='0%200%2012%2014'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-444.000000,-335.000000)'%20stroke='%23A6A6A6'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(208.000000,332.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(237.000000,4.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M1,0%20L9,0%20C9.55228475,-1.01453063e-16%2010,0.44771525%2010,1%20L10,12%20L10,12%20L5,9%20L0,12%20L0,1%20C-6.76353751e-17,0.44771525%200.44771525,1.01453063e-16%201,0%20Z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .like-btn.like .heart,.fullwidth_post.FillLight .like-btn.like .heart{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='12px'%20height='14px'%20viewBox='0%200%2012%2014'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-444.000000,-335.000000)'%20stroke='%23404040'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(208.000000,332.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(237.000000,4.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M1,0%20L9,0%20C9.55228475,-1.01453063e-16%2010,0.44771525%2010,1%20L10,12%20L10,12%20L5,9%20L0,12%20L0,1%20C-6.76353751e-17,0.44771525%200.44771525,1.01453063e-16%201,0%20Z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.section-podcast .story_teaser .tag-fixing-the-future .widget__head>a,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .tag-fixing-the-future .widget__head>a,.widget.tag-fixing-the-future .widget__head>a{background-image:url(https://assets.rbl.ms/26705823/origin.jpg)}.section-podcast .story_teaser .tag-chatbot-podcast .widget__head>a,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .tag-chatbot-podcast .widget__head>a,.widget.tag-chatbot-podcast .widget__head>a{background-image:url(https://assets.rbl.ms/46469974/origin.jpg)}#notification .success{color:white!important;font-family:"Favorit-Mono"!important;font-size:12px!important;background:#ff4c00!important;text-transform:uppercase!important}.fa-twitter{-webkit-mask-box-image:url(#xLogoMask);-webkit-mask-image:url(#xLogoMask);-webkit-mask-repeat:space;-webkit-mask-position:20px;-webkit-mask-origin:content-box;-webkit-mask-size:24px;background-color:currentColor}.tag-type-ti .body-description a,.tag-type-ti .body-description a u{text-underline-position:from-font;text-decoration-color:#005690;color:inherit;text-underline-offset:1px;text-decoration-thickness:1px}.feature_post_full .widget__shares i.fa-twitter:before{background:url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M15.1563 1.875H17.9141L11.8906 8.75781L18.9766 18.125H13.4297L9.08203 12.4453L4.11328 18.125H1.35156L7.79297 10.7617L1 1.875H6.6875L10.6133 7.06641L15.1563 1.875ZM14.1875 16.4766H15.7148L5.85547 3.4375H4.21484L14.1875 16.4766Z" fill="%23ffffff"/></svg>') no-repeat center!important}.feature_post_full.LightGreen .widget__shares i.fa-twitter:before,.feature_post_full.Yellow .widget__shares i.fa-twitter:before{background:url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M15.1563 1.875H17.9141L11.8906 8.75781L18.9766 18.125H13.4297L9.08203 12.4453L4.11328 18.125H1.35156L7.79297 10.7617L1 1.875H6.6875L10.6133 7.06641L15.1563 1.875ZM14.1875 16.4766H15.7148L5.85547 3.4375H4.21484L14.1875 16.4766Z" fill="%230d0d0d"/></svg>') no-repeat center!important}.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2 .like-btn.unlike .heart,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2 .like-btn.like .heart:active,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1 .like-btn.unlike .heart,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1 .like-btn.like .heart:active,.feature_post_full.LightBlue .like-btn.unlike .heart,.feature_post_full.LightBlue .like-btn.like .heart:active,.feature_post_full.Blue .like-btn.unlike .heart,.feature_post_full.Blue .like-btn.like .heart:active,.feature_post_full.Pink .like-btn.unlike .heart,.feature_post_full.Pink .like-btn.like .heart:active,.feature_post_full.Red .like-btn.unlike .heart,.feature_post_full.Red .like-btn.like .heart:active,.feature_post_full.Purple .like-btn.unlike .heart,.feature_post_full.Purple .like-btn.like .heart:active,.feature_post_full.Green .like-btn.unlike .heart,.feature_post_full.Green .like-btn.like .heart:active,.feature_post_full.DarkGray .like-btn.unlike .heart,.feature_post_full.DarkGray .like-btn.like .heart:active{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='12px'%20height='14px'%20viewBox='0%200%2012%2014'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='%23FFFFFF'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-444.000000,-335.000000)'%20stroke='%23FFFFFF'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(208.000000,332.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(237.000000,4.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M1,0%20L9,0%20C9.55228475,-1.01453063e-16%2010,0.44771525%2010,1%20L10,12%20L10,12%20L5,9%20L0,12%20L0,1%20C-6.76353751e-17,0.44771525%200.44771525,1.01453063e-16%201,0%20Z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.feature_post_full.DarkGray .like-btn.like .heart{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")}.feature_post_full.Green .like-btn.like .heart,.feature_post_full.Purple .like-btn.like .heart,.feature_post_full.Red .like-btn.like .heart,.feature_post_full.Pink .like-btn.like .heart,.feature_post_full.Blue .like-btn.like .heart,.feature_post_full.LightBlue .like-btn.like .heart,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1 .like-btn.like .heart,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2 .like-btn.like .heart{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='12px'%20height='14px'%20viewBox='0%200%2012%2014'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-444.000000,-335.000000)'%20stroke='%23FFFFFF'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(208.000000,332.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(237.000000,4.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M1,0%20L9,0%20C9.55228475,-1.01453063e-16%2010,0.44771525%2010,1%20L10,12%20L10,12%20L5,9%20L0,12%20L0,1%20C-6.76353751e-17,0.44771525%200.44771525,1.01453063e-16%201,0%20Z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.feature_post_full.LightGreen .like-btn.unlike .heart,.feature_post_full.LightGreen .like-btn.like .heart:active,.feature_post_full.Yellow .like-btn.unlike .heart,.feature_post_full.Yellow .like-btn.like .heart:active{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='12px'%20height='14px'%20viewBox='0%200%2012%2014'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='%230D0D0D'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-444.000000,-335.000000)'%20stroke='%230D0D0D'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(208.000000,332.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(237.000000,4.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M1,0%20L9,0%20C9.55228475,-1.01453063e-16%2010,0.44771525%2010,1%20L10,12%20L10,12%20L5,9%20L0,12%20L0,1%20C-6.76353751e-17,0.44771525%200.44771525,1.01453063e-16%201,0%20Z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.feature_post_full.LightGreen .like-btn.like .heart,.feature_post_full.Yellow .like-btn.like .heart{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='12px'%20height='14px'%20viewBox='0%200%2012%2014'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-444.000000,-335.000000)'%20stroke='%230D0D0D'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(208.000000,332.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(237.000000,4.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M1,0%20L9,0%20C9.55228475,-1.01453063e-16%2010,0.44771525%2010,1%20L10,12%20L10,12%20L5,9%20L0,12%20L0,1%20C-6.76353751e-17,0.44771525%200.44771525,1.01453063e-16%201,0%20Z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.feature_post_full .widget__shares a .fa-envelope:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='22px'%20height='16px'%20viewBox='0%200%2022%2016'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3EFF38D0EB-1E4A-449A-B5ED-D75AE92C6713%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20id='Podcast-pages'%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20id='1376---Individual-podcast-episode'%20transform='translate(-71.000000,-513.000000)'%20stroke='%23FFFFFF'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-12'%20transform='translate(32.000000,509.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-3'%20transform='translate(40.000000,5.000000)'%3E%3Crect%20id='Rectangle'%20x='0'%20y='0'%20width='20'%20height='14'%20rx='2'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3Cpath%20d='M0,2.15810473%20L8.76584115,9.03218556%20C9.49049293,9.60044989%2010.5095071,9.60044989%2011.2341588,9.03218556%20L20,2.15810473%20L20,2.15810473'%20id='Path-6'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.feature_post_full .share-copy-link i{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='18px'%20height='24px'%20viewBox='0%200%2018%2024'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3E46EA7BC9-C553-4F97-AD62-250CD1D1C778%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20id='Podcast-pages'%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20id='1376---Individual-podcast-episode'%20transform='translate(-156.000000,-509.000000)'%20stroke='%23FFFFFF'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-12'%20transform='translate(32.000000,509.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-5'%20transform='translate(133.098076,12.000000)%20rotate(-60.000000)%20translate(-133.098076,-12.000000)%20translate(122.098076,9.000000)'%3E%3Crect%20id='Rectangle'%20x='0'%20y='0'%20width='10'%20height='6'%20rx='2'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3Crect%20id='Rectangle-Copy-2'%20x='12'%20y='0'%20width='10'%20height='6'%20rx='2'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3Cline%20x1='5'%20y1='3'%20x2='17'%20y2='3'%20id='Path-7'%20stroke-linecap='round'%3E%3C/line%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.feature_post_full.LightGreen .widget__shares a .fa-envelope:before,.feature_post_full.Yellow .widget__shares a .fa-envelope:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='22px'%20height='16px'%20viewBox='0%200%2022%2016'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3EFF38D0EB-1E4A-449A-B5ED-D75AE92C6713%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20id='Podcast-pages'%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20id='1376---Individual-podcast-episode'%20transform='translate(-71.000000,-513.000000)'%20stroke='%230D0D0D'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-12'%20transform='translate(32.000000,509.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-3'%20transform='translate(40.000000,5.000000)'%3E%3Crect%20id='Rectangle'%20x='0'%20y='0'%20width='20'%20height='14'%20rx='2'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3Cpath%20d='M0,2.15810473%20L8.76584115,9.03218556%20C9.49049293,9.60044989%2010.5095071,9.60044989%2011.2341588,9.03218556%20L20,2.15810473%20L20,2.15810473'%20id='Path-6'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.feature_post_full.LightGreen .share-copy-link i,.feature_post_full.Yellow .share-copy-link i{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='18px'%20height='24px'%20viewBox='0%200%2018%2024'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3E46EA7BC9-C553-4F97-AD62-250CD1D1C778%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20id='Podcast-pages'%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20id='1376---Individual-podcast-episode'%20transform='translate(-156.000000,-509.000000)'%20stroke='%230D0D0D'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-12'%20transform='translate(32.000000,509.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-5'%20transform='translate(133.098076,12.000000)%20rotate(-60.000000)%20translate(-133.098076,-12.000000)%20translate(122.098076,9.000000)'%3E%3Crect%20id='Rectangle'%20x='0'%20y='0'%20width='10'%20height='6'%20rx='2'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3Crect%20id='Rectangle-Copy-2'%20x='12'%20y='0'%20width='10'%20height='6'%20rx='2'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3Cline%20x1='5'%20y1='3'%20x2='17'%20y2='3'%20id='Path-7'%20stroke-linecap='round'%3E%3C/line%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.posts-custom .widget__shares i.fa-twitter:before{background:url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M15.1563 1.875H17.9141L11.8906 8.75781L18.9766 18.125H13.4297L9.08203 12.4453L4.11328 18.125H1.35156L7.79297 10.7617L1 1.875H6.6875L10.6133 7.06641L15.1563 1.875ZM14.1875 16.4766H15.7148L5.85547 3.4375H4.21484L14.1875 16.4766Z" fill="%23ff4c00"/></svg>') no-repeat center}.posts-custom .widget__shares a:hover i.fa-twitter:before{background:url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M15.1563 1.875H17.9141L11.8906 8.75781L18.9766 18.125H13.4297L9.08203 12.4453L4.11328 18.125H1.35156L7.79297 10.7617L1 1.875H6.6875L10.6133 7.06641L15.1563 1.875ZM14.1875 16.4766H15.7148L5.85547 3.4375H4.21484L14.1875 16.4766Z" fill="%23ffffff"/></svg>') no-repeat center}.share-copy-link i{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='18px'%20height='24px'%20viewBox='0%200%2018%2024'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3E46EA7BC9-C553-4F97-AD62-250CD1D1C778%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20id='Podcast-pages'%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20id='1376---Individual-podcast-episode'%20transform='translate(-156.000000,-509.000000)'%20stroke='%23FF4C00'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-12'%20transform='translate(32.000000,509.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-5'%20transform='translate(133.098076,12.000000)%20rotate(-60.000000)%20translate(-133.098076,-12.000000)%20translate(122.098076,9.000000)'%3E%3Crect%20id='Rectangle'%20x='0'%20y='0'%20width='10'%20height='6'%20rx='2'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3Crect%20id='Rectangle-Copy-2'%20x='12'%20y='0'%20width='10'%20height='6'%20rx='2'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3Cline%20x1='5'%20y1='3'%20x2='17'%20y2='3'%20id='Path-7'%20stroke-linecap='round'%3E%3C/line%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.widget__shares a .fa-envelope:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='22px'%20height='16px'%20viewBox='0%200%2022%2016'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3EFF38D0EB-1E4A-449A-B5ED-D75AE92C6713%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20id='Podcast-pages'%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20id='1376---Individual-podcast-episode'%20transform='translate(-71.000000,-513.000000)'%20stroke='%23FF4C00'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-12'%20transform='translate(32.000000,509.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-3'%20transform='translate(40.000000,5.000000)'%3E%3Crect%20id='Rectangle'%20x='0'%20y='0'%20width='20'%20height='14'%20rx='2'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3Cpath%20d='M0,2.15810473%20L8.76584115,9.03218556%20C9.49049293,9.60044989%2010.5095071,9.60044989%2011.2341588,9.03218556%20L20,2.15810473%20L20,2.15810473'%20id='Path-6'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.widget.tag-type-ti .widget__shares a .fa-envelope:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='22px'%20height='16px'%20viewBox='0%200%2022%2016'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3EFF38D0EB-1E4A-449A-B5ED-D75AE92C6713%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20id='Podcast-pages'%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20id='1376---Individual-podcast-episode'%20transform='translate(-71.000000,-513.000000)'%20stroke='%23005690'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-12'%20transform='translate(32.000000,509.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-3'%20transform='translate(40.000000,5.000000)'%3E%3Crect%20id='Rectangle'%20x='0'%20y='0'%20width='20'%20height='14'%20rx='2'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3Cpath%20d='M0,2.15810473%20L8.76584115,9.03218556%20C9.49049293,9.60044989%2010.5095071,9.60044989%2011.2341588,9.03218556%20L20,2.15810473%20L20,2.15810473'%20id='Path-6'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.widget.tag-type-ti .share-copy-link i{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='18px'%20height='24px'%20viewBox='0%200%2018%2024'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3E46EA7BC9-C553-4F97-AD62-250CD1D1C778%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20id='Podcast-pages'%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20id='1376---Individual-podcast-episode'%20transform='translate(-156.000000,-509.000000)'%20stroke='%23005690'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-12'%20transform='translate(32.000000,509.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-5'%20transform='translate(133.098076,12.000000)%20rotate(-60.000000)%20translate(-133.098076,-12.000000)%20translate(122.098076,9.000000)'%3E%3Crect%20id='Rectangle'%20x='0'%20y='0'%20width='10'%20height='6'%20rx='2'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3Crect%20id='Rectangle-Copy-2'%20x='12'%20y='0'%20width='10'%20height='6'%20rx='2'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3Cline%20x1='5'%20y1='3'%20x2='17'%20y2='3'%20id='Path-7'%20stroke-linecap='round'%3E%3C/line%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.widget.tag-type-ti .widget__shares i.fa-twitter:before{background:url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M15.1563 1.875H17.9141L11.8906 8.75781L18.9766 18.125H13.4297L9.08203 12.4453L4.11328 18.125H1.35156L7.79297 10.7617L1 1.875H6.6875L10.6133 7.06641L15.1563 1.875ZM14.1875 16.4766H15.7148L5.85547 3.4375H4.21484L14.1875 16.4766Z" fill="%23005690"/></svg>') no-repeat center}.widget.tag-type-ti .widget__shares a:hover i.fa-twitter:before{background:url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M15.1563 1.875H17.9141L11.8906 8.75781L18.9766 18.125H13.4297L9.08203 12.4453L4.11328 18.125H1.35156L7.79297 10.7617L1 1.875H6.6875L10.6133 7.06641L15.1563 1.875ZM14.1875 16.4766H15.7148L5.85547 3.4375H4.21484L14.1875 16.4766Z" fill="%23005690"/></svg>') no-repeat center}.listicle-slideshow-pager .listicle-slideshow--prev:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")}.listicle-slideshow-pager .listicle-slideshow--next:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")}a.comment--item__like:after,a.comment--item__dislike:after{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")} </script><script class="rm-i-script" id="parsely-cfg" src="//cdn.parsely.com/keys/spectrum.ieee.org/p.js"></script><script class="rm-i-script" id="user-javascript-medium-normal"> window.REBELMOUSE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function loadFonts(){ window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.loadFontFace('IvarText', 'https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/IvarCompleteWeb/IvarText-Regular.woff2', {selector: '', weight: '400', style: 'normal' }); window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.loadFontFace('IvarTextItalic', 'https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/IvarCompleteWeb/IvarText-Italic.woff2', {selector: '', weight: '400', style: 'italic' }); window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.loadFontFace('IvarText', 'https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/IvarCompleteWeb/IvarText-Bold.woff2', {selector: '', weight: '700', style: 'normal' });}); window.REBELMOUSE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.loadExternalScript("https://openfpcdn.io/fingerprintjs/v4/iife.min.js", function() { if (!localStorage.getItem('ppid')) { var fpPromise = FingerprintJS.load() fpPromise .then(fp => fp.get()) .then(result => { window.ppid=result.visitorId localStorage.setItem('ppid', result.visitorId); }) } else { window.ppid = localStorage.getItem('ppid') } }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.loadExternalScript("https://htlbid.com/v3/spectrum.ieee.org/rblbid.js", function() { rblbid.addHook("beforePbjsAuction", (hbConfig, auctionInfo) => { window.auction = {}; var d = { key: "adxbid", val: function (e) { var realPrice = e.pbHg; if (e.pbHg == 0.0 || e.pbHg == 0.01) { window.auction[e.adUnitCode] = {"price": realPrice, "adxbid":"0.01" , "targeting":auctionInfo.bidderSettings.standard.adserverTargeting}; return 0.01; } e.pbHg = parseFloat((e.pbHg - 0.01).toFixed(2)); if (e.pbHg >= 0.01 && e.pbHg < 1.02) { window.auction[e.adUnitCode] = {"price": realPrice, "adxbid":e.pbHg.toFixed(2) , "targeting":auctionInfo.bidderSettings.standard.adserverTargeting}; return e.pbHg.toFixed(2); } else if (e.pbHg >= 1.02 && e.pbHg < 2.0) { var temp = e.pbHg.toString(); if (/\d+(\.\d+)?/.test(temp)) { var lastNum = parseInt(temp[temp.length - 1]); if (lastNum % 2 == 1) { e.pbHg = parseFloat(e.pbHg.toFixed(2)) - 0.01; } } window.auction[e.adUnitCode] = {"price": realPrice, "adxbid":e.pbHg.toFixed(2) , "targeting":auctionInfo.bidderSettings.standard.adserverTargeting}; return e.pbHg.toFixed(2); } else if (e.pbHg >= 2 && e.pbHg < 5) { window.auction[e.adUnitCode] = {"price":realPrice, "adxbid":e.pbHg.toFixed(1) + 0 , "targeting":auctionInfo.bidderSettings.standard.adserverTargeting}; return e.pbHg.toFixed(1) + 0; } else if (e.pbHg >= 5 && e.pbHg < 10) { function roundDown(number) { var decimalPart = number % 1; if (decimalPart < 0.5) { window.auction[e.adUnitCode] = {"price": realPrice, "adxbid":number - decimalPart , "targeting":auctionInfo.bidderSettings.standard.adserverTargeting}; return number - decimalPart} else { window.auction[e.adUnitCode] = {"price":realPrice, "adxbid":number - decimalPart + 0.5 , "targeting":auctionInfo.bidderSettings.standard.adserverTargeting}; return number - decimalPart + 0.5}; } window.auction[e.adUnitCode] = {"price":realPrice, "adxbid":roundDown(e.pbHg).toFixed(1) + 0 , "targeting":auctionInfo.bidderSettings.standard.adserverTargeting}; return roundDown(e.pbHg).toFixed(1) + 0; } else { window.auction[e.adUnitCode] = {"price":realPrice, "adxbid":10.00 , "targeting":auctionInfo.bidderSettings.standard.adserverTargeting}; return (e.pbHg = "10.00"); } }, }; auctionInfo.bidderSettings.standard.adserverTargeting.push(d); let adUnits = auctionInfo.adUnits.map(item=>{return item.code}); let slotRendered = function (event) { var slot = event.slot; auctionInfo.adUnits.filter((adUnit) => { if (adUnit.code == slot.getSlotElementId()) { console.group( "Moravac: ", slot.getSlotElementId(), "finished rendering." ); console.log("Is empty:", event.isEmpty); console.log("Prebid price?: ", window.auction[slot.getSlotElementId()]?.price || 0); console.log("AdxBid price?: ", window.auction[slot.getSlotElementId()]?.adxbid) if(event.isEmpty && window.auction[slot.getSlotElementId()]?.price){ //console.log("HB price is set but ad is empty"); //console.log("Reloading ad without AdXBID"); //slot.setTargeting('adxbid', '0.01'); //console.log("set: ", slot.getTargetingKeys()) //console.log("Refresh unit") //googletag.pubads().refresh([slot], {changeCorrelator: true}) //console.log("Refreshed") } adUnits = adUnits.filter(function(item) { return item !== slot.getSlotElementId() }) console.groupEnd(); } }); if (adUnits.length == 0){ googletag.pubads().removeEventListener("slotRenderEnded", slotRendered); console.group( "Moravac: ", ); console.log("Listener removed for this auction") console.groupEnd(); } }; googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.pubads().addEventListener("slotRenderEnded", slotRendered); }); return auctionInfo; }); }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ REBELMOUSE_STDLIB .createElementChangeListener('.rm-shortcode[href*=".pdf"]', function(pdfLink){ pdfLink.href = 'javascript:void(0);'; pdfLink.classList.add('pdf-link-nonmember'); pdfLink.addEventListener('click', function(){ openGatedPopup('for_pdf_issues'); }); }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ //var ssoValidatorUrl = 'https://oamssoqae.ieee.org/ieeevendorsso/rest/auth/validatePFToken?_=' + (+ new Date()); var ssoValidatorUrl = 'https://securesso.ieee.org/ieeevendorsso/rest/auth/validatePFToken?_=' + (+ new Date()); function getCookie(name) { const value = `; ${document.cookie}`; const parts = value.split(`; ${name}=`); if (parts.length === 2) return parts.pop().split(';').shift(); } fetch(ssoValidatorUrl, { method: 'GET', mode: 'cors', credentials: 'include', }).then(function (response) { // The API call was successful! if (response.ok) { response.json().then(function(result) { if (typeof result == 'object' && result.cookieValid && getCookie('user_logged_in') !== "1") { //SSO console.log('we should be logged in, redirect to SSO iDP'); //window.location.href = 'https://spectrumtest.ieee.org/core/saml/main/login?next_url=' + window.location.href; window.location.href = "https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + encodeURIComponent("https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href); } else if (typeof result == 'object' && !result.cookieValid) { //SLO console.log('we should be logged out, remove cookie and do not show user'); //document.cookie = "sessionid= ; expires = Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT"; } }); } else { return Promise.reject(response); } }).then(function (data) { // This is the JSON from our response console.log(data); }).catch(function (err) { // There was an error console.warn('Something went wrong.', err); }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ function changeDateFormat(widget){ var dates_toChange=widget.querySelectorAll('.widget .social-date__text:not(.processed),.widget .social-date-modified__text:not(.processed)'); if(dates_toChange){ dates_toChange.forEach(function(date) { if(!date.innerHTML.trim()==""){ date.classList.add('processed') var date_string=date.innerHTML.toString(); var slpit_dateText=date_string.split(" "); if(slpit_dateText.length==1){ let plural=true; if(slpit_dateText[0].length==2){ if(slpit_dateText[0].charAt(0)=="1"){ plural=false; } } let modifier=plural ? 'hours ago':'hour ago'; if(slpit_dateText[0].substr(-1)=='m'){ modifier=plural ? 'minutes ago':'minute ago'; } if(slpit_dateText[0].substr(-1)=='s'){ modifier=plural ? 'seconds ago':'second ago'; } var new_dateText=slpit_dateText[0].slice(0,-1); date.innerHTML= new_dateText+" "+ modifier; date.classList.add("modified"); } } }); } } _createElementChangeListener= function (selector, callback) { const initializedNodes = new Set([]); document.querySelectorAll(selector).forEach((node) => { callback(node); initializedNodes.add(node); }); const mutationObserver = new MutationObserver(() => { const nodes = document.querySelectorAll(selector); nodes.forEach((node) => { if (!initializedNodes.has(node)) { callback(node); initializedNodes.add(node); } }); }); mutationObserver.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true, }); } _createElementChangeListener(".widget",changeDateFormat); }); window.REBELMOUSE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ feature_post_full_style(); });</script><script class="rm-i-script" id="user-javascript-active" type="text"> window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function bootRpm(){ const INTERNAL_CLASS_PREFIXES = ["tag-", "post-section-", "rm-fl-"]; function filterOutNoisyClassNames(className) { function doesClassNameStartWithPrefix(badPrefix) { return className.indexOf(badPrefix) === 0; } return !INTERNAL_CLASS_PREFIXES.some(doesClassNameStartWithPrefix); } function signatureMaker(id, tagName, classList) { const cleanClassList = classList.filter(filterOutNoisyClassNames).sort(); return [id, tagName, cleanClassList]; } window.__rpmOptions = window.__rpmOptions || { lcpTrackerOptions: { signatureMaker: signatureMaker, }, clsTrackerOptions: { signatureMaker: signatureMaker, }, }; window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.loadExternalScript("https://www.rebelmouse.com/pharos/client/v1/mjs/web.mjs", function(){}) }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ localStorage.setItem("userMembershipStatus", 'anonymous'); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-5WJB5X2'); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.loadExternalScript("//app-ab24.marketo.com/js/forms2/js/forms2.min.js", function() { }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.loadExternalScript("https://s3.amazonaws.com/ieee-mkto-cross-domain/enterprise-page-code.js", function() { }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ let favoritProBook = new FontFace("Favorit-Pro-Book", "url(https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/ABCFavoritProFullWeb/ABCFavoritPro-Book.woff2)", { style: 'normal' }); favoritProBook.load().then(function() { document.fonts.add(favoritProBook); }); let telegrafFont = new FontFace("Telegraf", "url(https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/Telegraf/Telegraf-UltraBold-800.otf)", { style: 'normal' }); telegrafFont.load().then(function() { document.fonts.add(telegrafFont); }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.createElementChangeListener("span.comment--item-date", function(dateElement){ setTimeout(function(){ const datestring = dateElement.innerHTML.split(','); dateElement.setAttribute('data-date', datestring[0] + datestring[1]); }, 3000); }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ document.querySelector(".access_links .list__item").href = "https://www.ieee.org/profile/public/createwebaccount/showCreateAccount.html?ShowMGAMarkeatbilityOptIn=true&sourceCode=spectrum&signinurl=" + encodeURIComponent(window.location.origin + "/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + window.location.origin + "/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href) + "&url=" + encodeURIComponent(window.location.origin + "/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + window.location.origin + "/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href) + "&autoSignin=Y&car=IEEE-Spectrum"; }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ /* add tracking links */ const announcementsLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.announcement-bar .text-element > a, .announcement-bar .formatted-text > a'); for (const links of announcementsLinks) { links.classList.add('announcement-link'); } /* if close announcement bar, don't show again for same session */ function anbarclosedFunc() { sessionStorage.setItem('anbarclose',true); } document.querySelector(".button-learn-more-ebook").addEventListener("click",anbarclosedFunc); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ document.querySelector('.button-view').addEventListener('click', function() { PARSELY.conversions.trackLinkClick('Announcement Bar Invention - View Clicked'); }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ const cookieButton = document.querySelectorAll('a[rel="cookie-preferences"]'); for (let i = 0; i < cookieButton.length; i++) { cookieButton[i].addEventListener('click', function(event) { event.preventDefault(); Osano.cm.showDrawer('osano-cm-dom-info-dialog-open') }); } }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ function otherPopupsNotOpen() { if (document.querySelector('.gated-popup--shown') == null && document.querySelector('.stop-scrolling') == null) return true; else return false; } function showLightBox() { return document.querySelector('.lightbox-popup').classList.add('lightbox-popup--shown'); } function trackClicks() { const titleLinks = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('a')); const handler = function() { if (sessionStorage.getItem("sessionPopupClicks")) sessionStorage.setItem("sessionPopupClicks", parseInt(sessionStorage.getItem("sessionPopupClicks")) + 1); } titleLinks.map(item => item.addEventListener('click', handler)); } function countClicks() { if (sessionStorage.getItem("sessionPopupClicks")) { if (parseInt(sessionStorage.getItem("sessionPopupClicks")) == 3) { if (otherPopupsNotOpen()) { showLightBox(); updateSigninButtons(); } else sessionStorage.setItem("sessionPopupClicks", parseInt(sessionStorage.getItem("sessionPopupClicks")) - 1); } } else { sessionStorage.setItem("sessionPopupClicks", 0); } trackClicks(); } setTimeout(countClicks, 1000); var popupLightBoxElement=document.querySelector('.lightbox-popup'), closeLightbox, lightboxCloseBtn = '.js--close-lightbox', lightboxShownClass = 'lightbox-popup--shown'; closeLightbox = function () { popupLightBoxElement.parentNode.removeChild(popupLightBoxElement); }; document.querySelector(lightboxCloseBtn).onclick = closeLightbox; function setCookie() { var now = new Date(); now.setTime(now.getTime() + 72 * 3600 * 1000); var expires = "pop_expires="+now; document.cookie = expires + ";path=/"; } function checkCookie() { var today = new Date(); var cookieset = document.cookie.split(';'); var value_expires = ""; cookieset.forEach((e) => { if(e.includes("pop_expires")) { value_expires = e; } }) var time_expire = new Date(value_expires.split("=")[1]); if(today <= time_expire){ return false; }else{ return true; } } var checkPage = true; if(window.location.href.indexOf("the-great-ai-reckoning") > -1) { //console.log("AI Special Report"); checkPage = false; } function updateSigninButtons() { document.querySelectorAll(".popup_links.signin_button .list__item")[0].href = "https://www.ieee.org/profile/public/createwebaccount/showCreateAccount.html?ShowMGAMarkeatbilityOptIn=true&sourceCode=spectrum&signinurl=" + encodeURIComponent(window.location.origin + "/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + window.location.origin + "/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href) + "&url=" + encodeURIComponent(window.location.origin + "/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + window.location.origin + "/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href) + "&autoSignin=Y&car=IEEE-Spectrum"; document.querySelectorAll(".popup_links.signin_button .list__item")[1].href = "https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + encodeURIComponent("https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href); } function checkPopup() { var checkClickCount = true; if (sessionStorage.getItem("sessionPopupClicks")) { if (parseInt(sessionStorage.getItem("sessionPopupClicks")) > 2) checkClickCount = false; } if (checkCookie() && checkPage && otherPopupsNotOpen() && checkClickCount) { popupLightBoxElement.classList.add(lightboxShownClass); setCookie(); sessionStorage.setItem("sessionPopupClicks", 4); updateSigninButtons(); } } setTimeout(checkPopup, 15000); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.createElementChangeListener(".widget", (el) => { addPopSave(); }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ document.querySelectorAll(".social-author__bio").forEach(function (item) { if(item.querySelector("a")){ item.querySelector("a").remove(); } var text = item.innerHTML; var dotSpace = text.indexOf(". ") === -1 ? text.length : text.indexOf(". "); var dotEnd = text.indexOf(". <") === -1 ? text.length : text.indexOf(".<"); var dotBr = text.indexOf(".\n") === -1 ? text.length : text.indexOf(".\n"); var firstDot = Math.min(dotSpace, dotEnd, dotBr); var newtext = text.substring(0, firstDot+1); item.innerHTML = newtext; }); let authorsList = document.querySelectorAll(".post-author-list .social-author__name"); let authorsListBios = document.querySelectorAll(".post-author-list .social-author__bio p"); for (let i = 0; i < authorsList.length; i++) { authorsListBios[i].innerHTML += ' <a href="'+ authorsList[i].href + '">See full bio →</a>'; } }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ var LightBoxLayout=document.querySelector('.lightbox-layout'), closeLightbox; function closeLightbox(){ var LightBoxElement=document.querySelector('.lightbox'); LightBoxElement.classList.remove('lightbox--shown'); LightBoxElement.classList.remove('lightbox'); LightBoxLayout.classList.remove('lightbox--shown'); document.body.classList.remove("fixed_scrolling"); } function checkLightboxForPost(item){ let theIds = item.querySelector(".custom-field-lightbox-img-shortcode-ids"); let lightboxImages = JSON.parse(theIds.innerText); let postLightbox = lightboxImages["imageShortcodeIds"]; for (var i=0; i<postLightbox.length; i++) { let theImgs = item.querySelectorAll("img"), getImg, theImage; for (var y=0; y<theImgs.length; y++) { if(theImgs[y].getAttribute('data-runner-src') != null){ getImg = theImgs[y].getAttribute('data-runner-src'); }else{ getImg = theImgs[y].src; } if(getImg.indexOf(postLightbox[i]) != -1){ if(theImgs[y].parentElement.classList.contains("share-tab-img")){ theImage = theImgs[y].parentElement.parentElement; }else{ theImage = theImgs[y].parentElement; } theImage.classList.add("lightbox_icon"); theImage.classList.add("lightbox_"+i); theImage.addEventListener("click", function(event) { this.classList.add('lightbox--shown'); this.classList.add('lightbox'); LightBoxLayout.classList.add('lightbox--shown'); document.body.classList.add("fixed_scrolling"); }); } } } } window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.createElementChangeListener(".widget", (el) => { let theIds = el.querySelector(".custom-field-lightbox-img-shortcode-ids"); if(theIds){ let lightboxImages = JSON.parse(theIds.innerText); let postLightbox = lightboxImages["imageShortcodeIds"]; let foundAll = postLightbox.length; for (var i=0; i<postLightbox.length; i++) { let theImgs = el.querySelectorAll("img"), getImg, theImage; for (var y=0; y<theImgs.length; y++) { if(theImgs[y].getAttribute('data-runner-src') != null){ getImg = theImgs[y].getAttribute('data-runner-src'); }else{ getImg = theImgs[y].src; } if(getImg.indexOf(postLightbox[i]) != -1){ if(theImgs[y].parentElement.classList.contains("share-tab-img")){ theImage = theImgs[y].parentElement.parentElement; }else{ theImage = theImgs[y].parentElement; } foundAll = foundAll - 1; theImage.classList.add("lightbox_icon"); theImage.classList.add("lightbox_"+i); theImage.addEventListener("click", function(event) { this.classList.add('lightbox--shown'); this.classList.add('lightbox'); LightBoxLayout.classList.add('lightbox--shown'); document.body.classList.add("fixed_scrolling"); }); } } } if(foundAll != 0){ el.querySelector(".widget__show-more").addEventListener("click", function(event) { checkLightboxForPost(this.parentElement.parentElement.parentElement); }); } } }); document.querySelector('.lightbox__close').onclick= closeLightbox; document.addEventListener("keyup", function(event) { // Number 27 is the "esc" key on the keyboard if (event.keyCode === 27) { closeLightbox(); } }); });</script><script class="rm-i-script" id="user-javascript-lowest" type="text"> window.REBELMOUSE_LOWEST_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ window.RM_AD_LOADER.push({ options: { threshold: 500, }, staticSelectors: [], dynamicSelectors: [], dependencies: ["https://htlbid.com/v3/spectrum.ieee.org/rblbid.js"], onDependanciesLoaded: function () { window.rblbid = window.rblbid || {}; rblbid.cmd = rblbid.cmd || []; window.custom_tags = "climate tech, electric vehicles, ev charging, circuit breakers, ~rmsc:rebelmouse-image:34145894, ~rmsc:rebelmouse-image:34148416, ~rmsc:rebelmouse-image:34131546, ~rmsc:rebelmouse-image:34149229, Automotive, Automotive Ownership, Automotive Products, Auto Technology, Green Vehicles, Auto Buying and Selling" if(!window.custom_tags){ window.custom_tags = window.tags; } rblbid.cmd.push(function() { rblbid.layout('universal'); rblbid.setTargeting("is_testing","no"); rblbid.setTargeting("is_home", "no"); rblbid.setTargeting("ieee_page_type", "postpage"); rblbid.setTargeting("ieee_post_id", window.postid); rblbid.setTargeting("ieee_category", window.category); rblbid.setTargeting("ieee_tags", window.tags ); rblbid.pubads().setPublisherProvidedId(window.ppid) rblbid.setTargeting("aud", "Interest37, Purchase Intent53, Purchase Intent100, Interest40, Interest47, Interest38") }); function injectGooglePCDTag(segmentID, yourID) { const script = document.createElement('script'); script.async = true; script.id = 'google-pcd-tag'; script.src = `https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/pcd.js`; script.setAttribute('data-audience-pixel', `dc_iu=/22278042776/DFPAudiencePixel;dc_seg=${segmentID};ppid=${yourID}`); document.head.appendChild(script); } fetch("/r/kappa/api/v2/reader/pixelids?aud=Interest37, Purchase Intent53, Purchase Intent100, Interest40, Interest47, Interest38").then(result=>result.json()).then(res => { res.forEach(pixaud=>{ // (function() { // var a = String(Math.floor(Math.random() * 10000000000000000)); // new Image().src = 'https://pubads.g.doubleclick.net/activity;dc_iu=/22278042776,22808949761/DFPAudiencePixel;ord=' + a + `;dc_seg=${pixaud};ppid=${window.ppid}?`; // })(); injectGooglePCDTag(pixaud, window.ppid); }) }) }, onInit: function() { }, }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_LOWEST_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ let floatingShares = document.querySelector('.floating-shares'); floatingShares.onclick = function() { if (navigator.share) { navigator.share({ url: window.location.href }).then(() => { console.log('Thanks for sharing!'); }).catch(console.error); } else { alert("sharing "+ window.location.href); } } }); window.REBELMOUSE_LOWEST_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ let topbarHeadline = document.querySelector('.topbar__sticky-headline--post .text-element'); let windowHeight = window.innerHeight/2; if(!!window.IntersectionObserver){ let headlineObserver = new IntersectionObserver((entries) => { entries.forEach(entry => { if(entry.isIntersecting){ var currentHeadline = entry.target.querySelector('.widget__headline-text'); if(currentHeadline) { topbarHeadline.textContent = currentHeadline.textContent; } } }); }, {rootMargin: "0px 0px -" + windowHeight + "px 0px"}); createElementChangeListener(".infinite_scroll .widget", (el) => { headlineObserver.observe(el) }); createElementChangeListener(".article_column .widget", (el) => { headlineObserver.observe(el) }); createElementChangeListener(".feature_post_full .widget", (el) => { headlineObserver.observe(el) }); } }); window.REBELMOUSE_LOWEST_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ }); window.REBELMOUSE_LOWEST_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ function menuClick() { document.getElementsByClassName('huge-menu')[0].style.display = 'block'; document.getElementsByClassName('hambg-btn')[0].classList.add('js--active'); document.body.classList.add("huge-menu-opened"); document.body.classList.remove("menu-opened"); } function close(){ document.getElementsByClassName('huge-menu')[0].style.display = 'none'; document.getElementsByClassName('hambg-btn')[0].classList.remove('js--active'); document.body.classList.remove("huge-menu-opened"); document.body.classList.remove("menu-opened"); } function addMenuClickListener() { var rebelMenu_first = document.getElementsByClassName('rebelbar__menu-toggle')[0]; var rebelMenu_second = document.getElementsByClassName('rebelbar__menu-toggle')[1]; var menuClose = document.getElementsByClassName('hm__close')[0]; rebelMenu_first.addEventListener('click', menuClick); rebelMenu_second.addEventListener('click', menuClick); menuClose.addEventListener('click', close); } addMenuClickListener(); }); window.REBELMOUSE_LOWEST_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ function createIdleScrollListener(callback) { let ticking = false; return function onScrollIdle() { if (ticking) { return; } ticking = true; requestAnimationFrame(function A() { callback(); ticking = false; }); }; } var stickyEl = document.querySelector('.topbar-sticky'); var startPosition = stickyEl.offsetTop; var darkTopbarHeight = document.querySelector('.topbar .dark_top_bar').offsetHeight; var currentPosition; stickyEl.style.height = stickyEl.offsetHeight + 'px'; document.addEventListener("scroll", createIdleScrollListener(function B() { currentPosition = stickyEl.getBoundingClientRect().top + darkTopbarHeight; if( currentPosition < startPosition ) { if( !stickyEl.classList.contains('active') ) { stickyEl.classList.add('active'); } } else { if( stickyEl.classList.contains('active') ) { stickyEl.classList.remove('active'); } } })); }); window.REBELMOUSE_LOWEST_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ const lightboxesArray = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('.lightbox_icon')) const fullWidth = function(){ const lightbox = this const windowWidth = window.innerWidth let imageSource = lightbox.querySelector('img').src const initialWidth = imageSource.match(/width=([^&]+)/)[1]; const result = imageSource.replace(initialWidth, windowWidth); return lightbox.querySelector('img').setAttribute('src', `${result}`) } lightboxesArray.map(lightbox => { lightbox.addEventListener('click', fullWidth) }) }); window.REBELMOUSE_LOWEST_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ let scnt=1; let options = { // threshhold for intersection observer, so it triggers before or after element in viewport dependinng upon value rootMargin: '0px 0px 400px 0px' } function handleIntersection(entries) { entries.map((entry) => { if (entry.isIntersecting) { if(!entry.target.classList.contains('sidebar_sticky_parent')){ processAd(entry.target) //your call back here with the element that is intersected or in viewport } else { sidebar_ad_repeat(entry.target) } observer.unobserve(entry.target); // if you want to run it only once unobserve it } }); } window.IcreateElementChangeListener=function(selector, callback) { // look for elements that are injected later in the page. const initializedNodes = new Set([]); document.querySelectorAll(selector).forEach((node) => { callback(node); initializedNodes.add(node); }); const mutationObserver = new MutationObserver(() => { const nodes = document.querySelectorAll(selector); nodes.forEach((node) => { if (!initializedNodes.has(node)) { callback(node); initializedNodes.add(node); } }); }); mutationObserver.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true, }); } const observer = new IntersectionObserver(handleIntersection,options); IcreateElementChangeListener(".sidebar_sticky_parent",function(item){ //looks for item in the dom even if they are lazy laoded observer.observe(item); // observe item }) function sidebar_ad_repeat(sidebar_div){ let ad_id="ieee_sidebar_"+scnt; rblbid.cmd.push(function() { sidebar_div.querySelector(".sidebar_repeat_ad").id=ad_id; sidebar_div.style.height="1800px"; scnt++; sidebar_div.insertAdjacentHTML('afterend','<div class="sidebar_sticky_parent"><div class="stick_in_parent"><div class="sidebar_repeat_ad rblad-ieee_sidebar"></div></div></div>') }); } });</script></body></html>