CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Urfa - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"cfb56021-db80-44de-a1be-b0e8d213e862","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Urfa","wgTitle":"Urfa","wgCurRevisionId":1281432384,"wgRevisionId":1281432384,"wgArticleId":285533,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Harv and Sfn no-target errors","CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)","CS1 Kurdish-language sources (ku)","CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles that may be too long from February 2024","All articles that may be too long","Use dmy dates from September 2020","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Coordinates on Wikidata","Pages with Turkish IPA","Articles containing Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2025","Articles containing Classical Syriac-language text","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing Armenian-language text","Articles containing Arabic-language text","Articles containing Kurdish-language text","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Pages using largest cities with nav class","Populated places established in the 9th millennium BC","Populated places in Şanlıurfa Province","Şanlıurfa","Southeastern Anatolia region","World Heritage Tentative List for Turkey","Kurdish settlements in Turkey","Arab settlements in Turkey","Pre-Pottery Neolithic A","City-states","Former kingdoms","Former Armenian communities in Şanlıurfa Province","Former Jewish communities in Turkey"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Urfa","wgRelevantArticleId":285533,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":37.15833333333333,"lon":38.791666666666664},"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q133118","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mevlid-i_Halil_Mosque_19.jpg/1200px-Mevlid-i_Halil_Mosque_19.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mevlid-i_Halil_Mosque_19.jpg/800px-Mevlid-i_Halil_Mosque_19.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mevlid-i_Halil_Mosque_19.jpg/640px-Mevlid-i_Halil_Mosque_19.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Urfa - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urfa"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urfa"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Urfa rootpage-Urfa skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Urfa" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Urfa" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Urfa" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Urfa" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Name </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Prehistory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bronze_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronze_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Bronze Age </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronze_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-City_of_Edessa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_of_Edessa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 City of Edessa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_of_Edessa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roman_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Roman rule </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Late antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age_of_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_of_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Age of Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_of_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-11th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#11th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 11th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-11th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-County_of_Edessa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#County_of_Edessa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 County of Edessa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-County_of_Edessa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sieges_of_1144_and_1146" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sieges_of_1144_and_1146"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Sieges of 1144 and 1146 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sieges_of_1144_and_1146-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zengid_and_Ayyubid_rules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zengid_and_Ayyubid_rules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Zengid and Ayyubid rules </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zengid_and_Ayyubid_rules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mongol_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongol_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Mongol rule </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongol_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mamluk_and_Aq_Qoyunlu_rules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mamluk_and_Aq_Qoyunlu_rules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Mamluk and Aq Qoyunlu rules </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mamluk_and_Aq_Qoyunlu_rules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Ottoman period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9.1 19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_World_War_and_after" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_World_War_and_after"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 First World War and after </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_World_War_and_after-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_sights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_sights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Main sights </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Main_sights-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Main sights subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Main_sights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_citadel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_citadel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 The citadel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_citadel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_city_walls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_city_walls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Old city walls </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_city_walls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balıklıgöl" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balıklıgöl"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Balıklıgöl </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balıklıgöl-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Halil_ür-Rahman_Cami" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Halil_ür-Rahman_Cami"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Halil ür-Rahman Cami </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Halil_ür-Rahman_Cami-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ayn_Zeliha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ayn_Zeliha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Ayn Zeliha </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ayn_Zeliha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haleplibahçe_museum_complex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haleplibahçe_museum_complex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Haleplibahçe museum complex </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haleplibahçe_museum_complex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kızılkoyun_necropolis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kızılkoyun_necropolis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Kızılkoyun necropolis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kızılkoyun_necropolis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grand_Mosque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grand_Mosque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Grand Mosque </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grand_Mosque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kapalı_Çarşı" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kapalı_Çarşı"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Kapalı Çarşı </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kapalı_Çarşı-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gümrük_Hanı" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gümrük_Hanı"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.1 Gümrük Hanı </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gümrük_Hanı-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bedesten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bedesten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.2 Bedesten </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bedesten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tabakhane_Cami" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tabakhane_Cami"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.3 Tabakhane Cami </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tabakhane_Cami-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kara_Meydanı" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kara_Meydanı"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Kara Meydanı </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kara_Meydanı-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Parks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Religious significance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.1 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present-day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present-day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Present-day </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present-day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Syrian_refugees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syrian_refugees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.1 Syrian refugees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syrian_refugees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Handicrafts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Handicrafts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Handicrafts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Handicrafts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limestone_quarrying" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limestone_quarrying"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Limestone quarrying </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limestone_quarrying-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_zones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_zones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Industrial zones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_zones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organized_Industrial_Zone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organized_Industrial_Zone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3.1 Organized Industrial Zone </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organized_Industrial_Zone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evren_Industrial_Estate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evren_Industrial_Estate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3.2 Evren Industrial Estate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evren_Industrial_Estate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hospitality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hospitality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Hospitality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hospitality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_house_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_house_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Traditional house architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_house_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_Turkish_dialect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_Turkish_dialect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.5 Local Turkish dialect </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_Turkish_dialect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Harran_University" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harran_University"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Harran University </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harran_University-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_vocational_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_vocational_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Former vocational schools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_vocational_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mekteb-i_Sanayi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mekteb-i_Sanayi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2.1 Mekteb-i Sanayi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mekteb-i_Sanayi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urfa_Girls'_Institute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urfa_Girls'_Institute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2.2 Urfa Girls' Institute </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urfa_Girls'_Institute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urfa_Institute_of_Art_for_Boys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urfa_Institute_of_Art_for_Boys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2.3 Urfa Institute of Art for Boys </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urfa_Institute_of_Art_for_Boys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Health </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Health subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Old_state_hospital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_state_hospital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Old state hospital </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_state_hospital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Şanlıurfa_Balıklıgöl_State_Hospital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Şanlıurfa_Balıklıgöl_State_Hospital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Şanlıurfa Balıklıgöl State Hospital </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Şanlıurfa_Balıklıgöl_State_Hospital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Şanlıurfa_Training_and_Research_Hospital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Şanlıurfa_Training_and_Research_Hospital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3 Şanlıurfa Training and Research Hospital </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Şanlıurfa_Training_and_Research_Hospital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mehmet_Akif_İnan_Training_and_Research_Hospital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mehmet_Akif_İnan_Training_and_Research_Hospital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.4 Mehmet Akif İnan Training and Research Hospital </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mehmet_Akif_İnan_Training_and_Research_Hospital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Urfa</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" > 86 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A9" title="أورفة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أورفة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%BC%D5%B0%D5%A1" title="Ուռհա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ուռհա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanliurfa" title="Sanliurfa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sanliurfa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B0" title="Урфа – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Урфа" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" title="Şanlıurfa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şanlıurfa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7" title="شانلی‌اورفا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شانلی‌اورفا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE" title="উরফা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উরফা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" title="Şanlıurfa – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Şanlıurfa" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%83%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B0" title="Шанлыурфа – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Шанлыурфа" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B0" title="Шанлыўрфа – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шанлыўрфа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B0" title="Шанлыюрфа – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Шанлыюрфа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B0" title="Шанлъурфа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шанлъурфа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" title="Şanlıurfa – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Şanlıurfa" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" title="Şanlıurfa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Şanlıurfa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_(kapital_sa_lalawigan)" title="Şanlıurfa (kapital sa lalawigan) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Şanlıurfa (kapital sa lalawigan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" title="Şanlıurfa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Şanlıurfa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" title="Şanlıurfa – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Şanlıurfa" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" title="Şanlıurfa – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Şanlıurfa" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" title="Şanlıurfa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Şanlıurfa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CF%86%CE%B1" title="Σανλιούρφα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σανλιούρφα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanliurfa" title="Sanliurfa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sanliurfa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" title="Şanlıurfa – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Şanlıurfa" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urfa" title="Urfa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Urfa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%87" title="شانلی‌اورفه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شانلی‌اورفه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" title="Şanlıurfa – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Şanlıurfa" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%D9%8A%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8A%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%87" title="شانلي‌اۊرفه – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="شانلي‌اۊرفه" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%A8%EB%A5%B4%EC%9A%B0%EB%A5%B4%ED%8C%8C" title="샨르우르파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="샨르우르파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%BC%D5%B0%D5%A1" title="Ուռհա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուռհա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" title="Şanlıurfa – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Şanlıurfa" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanli_Urfa" title="Sanli Urfa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sanli Urfa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%83%D1%80%D1%84%C3%A6" title="Шанлыурфæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Шанлыурфæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" title="Şanlıurfa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Şanlıurfa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%94" title="אורפה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אורפה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urfa" title="Urfa – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Urfa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90" title="შანლიურფა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შანლიურფა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%83%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B0" title="Шанлыурфа – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шанлыурфа" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" title="Şanlıurfa – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Şanlıurfa" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" title="Şanlıurfa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Şanlıurfa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" title="Şanlıurfa – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Şanlıurfa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riha" title="Riha – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Riha" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%83%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B0" title="Шанлыурфа – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Шанлыурфа" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Edessa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0anliurfa" title="Šanliurfa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šanliurfa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urfa" title="Urfa – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Urfa" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_(telep%C3%BCl%C3%A9s)" title="Şanlıurfa (település) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Şanlıurfa (település)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%87" title="اورفه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اورفه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%87" title="شانلی‌اورفه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="شانلی‌اورفه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" title="Şanlıurfa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Şanlıurfa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" title="Şanlıurfa – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Şanlıurfa" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%83%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B0" title="Шанлыурфа – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Шанлыурфа" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_(stad)" title="Şanlıurfa (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Şanlıurfa (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1" title="シャンルウルファ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シャンルウルファ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B0" title="Шанлиурфа – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Шанлиурфа" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" title="Şanlıurfa – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Şanlıurfa" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" title="Şanlıurfa – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Şanlıurfa" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanliurfa" title="Shanliurfa – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shanliurfa" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%81" title="شانلی اورفہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شانلی اورفہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7" title="شانلي اورفا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="شانلي اورفا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" title="Şanlıurfa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Şanlıurfa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanleurfa" title="Xanleurfa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Xanleurfa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" title="Şanlıurfa – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Şanlıurfa" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%83%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B0" title="Шанлыурфа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шанлыурфа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" title="Şanlıurfa – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Şanlıurfa" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanll%C3%ABurfa" title="Shanllëurfa – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shanllëurfa" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" title="Şanlıurfa – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Şanlıurfa" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" title="Şanlıurfa – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Şanlıurfa" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" title="Şanlıurfa – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Şanlıurfa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D8%AD%D8%A7" title="ڕحا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕحا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B0" title="Шанлијурфа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шанлијурфа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" title="Şanlıurfa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Şanlıurfa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" title="Şanlıurfa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Şanlıurfa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" title="Şanlıurfa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Şanlıurfa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%83%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B0" title="Шанлыурфа – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Шанлыурфа" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B2" title="ชันลืออูร์ฟา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชันลืออูร์ฟา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B0" title="Шанлиурфа – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Шанлиурфа" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" title="Şanlıurfa – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şanlıurfa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%83%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B0" title="Шанлыурфа – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Шанлыурфа" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B0" title="Шанлиурфа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шанлиурфа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%81" title="شانلی اورفہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شانلی اورفہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urfa" title="Urfa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Urfa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urfa" title="Urfa – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Urfa" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E5%8B%92%E4%B9%8C%E5%B0%94%E6%B3%95" title="尚勒乌尔法 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="尚勒乌尔法" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E7%88%BE%E6%B3%95" title="烏爾法 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="烏爾法" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%B1ha" title="Rıha – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Rıha" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E5%8B%92%E7%83%8F%E7%88%BE%E6%B3%95" title="尚勒烏爾法 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尚勒烏爾法" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0anlyurfa" title="Šanlyurfa – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Šanlyurfa" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q133118#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Urfa" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Urfa" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Urfa">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Urfa">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Urfa" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Urfa" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&oldid=1281432384" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Urfa&id=1281432384&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUrfa">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUrfa">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Urfa&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Urfa" hreflang="en">Wikivoyage</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q133118" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Urfa&params=37_09_30_N_38_47_30_E_type:city_region:TR-63">37°09′30″N 38°47′30″E / 37.15833°N 38.79167°E / 37.15833; 38.79167</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in southeastern Turkey</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Urfa_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Urfa (disambiguation)">Urfa (disambiguation)</a>. For the province, see <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Province" title="Şanlıurfa Province">Şanlıurfa Province</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Very_long plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-very_long" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">too long</a> to read and navigate comfortably. When this tag was added, its <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SIZERULE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SIZERULE">readable prose size</a> was 14,706 words. Consider <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">splitting</a> content into sub-articles, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">condensing</a> it, or adding <a href="/wiki/Help:Section#Subsections" title="Help:Section">subheadings</a>. Please discuss this issue on the article's <a href="/wiki/Talk:Urfa" title="Talk:Urfa">talk page</a>. (February 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Şanlıurfa, Turkey</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Urfa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">City</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Şanlıurfa</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:262px;max-width:262px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:260px;max-width:260px"><div style="height:172px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mevlid-i_Halil_Mosque_19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="View of Urfa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mevlid-i_Halil_Mosque_19.jpg/258px-Mevlid-i_Halil_Mosque_19.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mevlid-i_Halil_Mosque_19.jpg/387px-Mevlid-i_Halil_Mosque_19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mevlid-i_Halil_Mosque_19.jpg/516px-Mevlid-i_Halil_Mosque_19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div style="height:84px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Rizvaniye_Mosque_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Rizvaniye Mosque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Rizvaniye_Mosque_03.jpg/127px-Rizvaniye_Mosque_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Rizvaniye_Mosque_03.jpg/191px-Rizvaniye_Mosque_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Rizvaniye_Mosque_03.jpg/254px-Rizvaniye_Mosque_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4654" data-file-height="3103" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div style="height:84px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bal%C4%B1kl%C4%B1g%C3%B6l_park_9401.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Urfa Castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Bal%C4%B1kl%C4%B1g%C3%B6l_park_9401.jpg/127px-Bal%C4%B1kl%C4%B1g%C3%B6l_park_9401.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Bal%C4%B1kl%C4%B1g%C3%B6l_park_9401.jpg/191px-Bal%C4%B1kl%C4%B1g%C3%B6l_park_9401.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Bal%C4%B1kl%C4%B1g%C3%B6l_park_9401.jpg/254px-Bal%C4%B1kl%C4%B1g%C3%B6l_park_9401.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div style="height:89px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Urfa_Selahaddin_Eyyubi_Camii_Vali_Fuat_Bey_Street_side_3686.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Selahaddin Eyyubi Mosque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Urfa_Selahaddin_Eyyubi_Camii_Vali_Fuat_Bey_Street_side_3686.jpg/135px-Urfa_Selahaddin_Eyyubi_Camii_Vali_Fuat_Bey_Street_side_3686.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Urfa_Selahaddin_Eyyubi_Camii_Vali_Fuat_Bey_Street_side_3686.jpg/203px-Urfa_Selahaddin_Eyyubi_Camii_Vali_Fuat_Bey_Street_side_3686.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Urfa_Selahaddin_Eyyubi_Camii_Vali_Fuat_Bey_Street_side_3686.jpg/270px-Urfa_Selahaddin_Eyyubi_Camii_Vali_Fuat_Bey_Street_side_3686.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:121px;max-width:121px"><div style="height:89px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_25_05_2010_Burg_mit_Ayn_Zeliha_G%C3%B6l%C3%BC_und_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ayn Zeliha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_25_05_2010_Burg_mit_Ayn_Zeliha_G%C3%B6l%C3%BC_und_Park.jpg/120px-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_25_05_2010_Burg_mit_Ayn_Zeliha_G%C3%B6l%C3%BC_und_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_25_05_2010_Burg_mit_Ayn_Zeliha_G%C3%B6l%C3%BC_und_Park.jpg/250px-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_25_05_2010_Burg_mit_Ayn_Zeliha_G%C3%B6l%C3%BC_und_Park.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Clockwise from top: View of Urfa, <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Castle" title="Şanlıurfa Castle">Urfa Castle</a>, Ayn Zeliha, St. Johannes Prodromos Addai Church, Rizvaniye Mosque</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_City_Logo.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Urfa"><img alt="Official logo of Urfa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4f/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_City_Logo.png/93px-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_City_Logo.png" decoding="async" width="93" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4f/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_City_Logo.png/139px-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_City_Logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4f/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_City_Logo.png/185px-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_City_Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="328" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Emblem of Şanlıurfa Metropolitan Municipality</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">City of Prophets<a href="#cite_note-rel-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkey_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Urfa is located in Turkey"><img alt="Urfa is located in Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Turkey_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Turkey_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Turkey_adm_location_map.svg/375px-Turkey_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Turkey_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Turkey_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1578" data-file-height="721" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:76.31%;left:68.325%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Urfa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Urfa</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div>Show map of Turkey</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738" /><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Near_East_non_political.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Urfa is located in Near East"><img alt="Urfa is located in Near East" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Near_East_non_political.png/250px-Near_East_non_political.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Near_East_non_political.png/500px-Near_East_non_political.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1490" data-file-height="842" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:30.212%;left:37.282%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Urfa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Urfa</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div>Show map of Near East</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Urfa&params=37_09_30_N_38_47_30_E_type:city_region:TR-63">37°09′30″N 38°47′30″E / 37.15833°N 38.79167°E / 37.15833; 38.79167</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Turkey" title="Provinces of Turkey">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Province" title="Şanlıurfa Province">Şanlıurfa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">303/302 BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I Nicator</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data">Mehmet Kasım Gülpınar (<a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Ind.</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Governor</th><td class="infobox-data">Abdullah Erin</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">477 m (1,565 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2022)<a href="#cite_note-citypop-2">[2]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">596,637</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Time_in_Turkey" title="Time in Turkey">TRT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sanliurfa.bel.tr">www.sanliurfa.bel.tr</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Urfa, officially called Şanlıurfa (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Turkish pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkish" title="Help:IPA/Turkish">[ʃanˈɫɯuɾfa]</a>), is a city in southeastern <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and the capital of <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Province" title="Şanlıurfa Province">Şanlıurfa Province</a>. The city was known as <a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a> from <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> times and into Christian times. Urfa is situated on a plain about 80 km east of the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>. Its climate features extremely hot, dry summers and cool, moist winters. About 12 km (7 mi) northeast of the city is the famous <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> site of <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a>, the world's oldest known temple, which was founded in the 10th millennium BC.<a href="#cite_note-The_World's_First_Temple-3">[3]</a> The area was part of a network of the first human settlements where the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">agricultural revolution</a> took place. Because of its association with <a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">Christian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">Islamic history</a>, and a legend according to which it was the hometown of <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>, Urfa is nicknamed the "City of Prophets."<a href="#cite_note-rel-1">[1]</a> Religion is important in Urfa. The city "has become a center of fundamentalist Islamic beliefs"<a href="#cite_note-Miller_1995-4">[4]</a>: 620  and "is considered one of the most devoutly religious cities in Turkey".<a href="#cite_note-JTA_2003-5">[5]</a> The city is located 30 miles from the <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_Dam" title="Atatürk Dam">Atatürk Dam</a>, at the heart of the <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Anatolia_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Anatolia Project">Southeast Anatolia Project</a>, which draws thousands of job-seeking rural villagers to the city every year.<a href="#cite_note-JTA_2003-5">[5]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urfa_Castle_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Urfa_Castle_02.jpg/220px-Urfa_Castle_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Urfa_Castle_02.jpg/330px-Urfa_Castle_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Urfa_Castle_02.jpg/440px-Urfa_Castle_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4228" data-file-height="2819" /></a><figcaption>The heritage of Roman Edessa survives today in these columns at the site of Urfa Castle, dominating the skyline of the modern city of Urfa.</figcaption></figure> The earliest name of the city was Admaʾ (also written Adme, Admi, Admum; <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Aramaic language">Imperial Aramaic</a>: אדמא), recorded in <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_script#Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform script">Assyrian cuneiform</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period" title="Old Assyrian period">Old Assyrian period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrak1992212-214-6">[6]</a> It is recorded in Syriac as ܐܕܡܐ Adme.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Modern names of the city are likely derived from Urhay or Orhay (<a href="/wiki/Classical_Syriac_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Syriac language">Classical Syriac</a>: ܐܘܪܗܝ, romanized: ʾŪrhāy / ʾŌrhāy), the site's <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> name before the re-foundation of the settlement by <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I Nicator</a>. After the defeat of the Seleucids in the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid%E2%80%93Parthian_Wars" title="Seleucid–Parthian Wars">Seleucid–Parthian Wars</a>, Edessa became capital of the Kingdom of Osroene, with a mixed Syriac and Hellenistic culture. The origin of the name of <a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a> itself is probably related to Orhay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrak1992209-214-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeser-KayaalpDrijvers2018516–518-8">[8]</a> This originally Aramaic and Syriac name for the city may have been derived from the Persian name <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_(name)" title="Khosrow (name)">Khosrow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayKuhrt2012-9">[9]</a> The ancient town was refounded as a <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> military settlement by <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I Nicator</a> in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 303 BC, and named Edessa after the <a href="/wiki/Edessa,_Greece" title="Edessa, Greece">ancient capital</a> of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a>, perhaps due to its abundant water, just like its <a href="/wiki/Edessa,_Greece" title="Edessa, Greece">Macedonian namesake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrak1992209-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieu1997174–175-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayKuhrt2012-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverett-Heath2018-12">[12]</a> It was later renamed Callirrhoe or Antiochia on the Callirhoe (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Καλλιρρόης; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Antiochia ad Callirhoem) in the 2nd century BC (found on Edessan coins struck by <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a>, r. 175–164 BC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrak1992211-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieu1997174–175-11">[11]</a> After Antiochus IV's reign, the name of the city reverted to Edessa, in Greek,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieu1997174–175-11">[11]</a> and appears in <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> as Urha or Ourha (Ուռհա),<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> in Aramaic (<a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>) as Urhay or Orhay (<a href="/wiki/Classical_Syriac_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Syriac language">Classical Syriac</a>: ܐܘܪܗܝ, romanized: ʾŪrhāy / ʾŌrhāy), in local <a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages" title="Neo-Aramaic languages">Neo-Aramaic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turoyo_language" title="Turoyo language">Turoyo</a>) as Urhoy, in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> as ar-Ruhā (الرُّهَا), in the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish language</a> as Riha,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_of_names" title="Latinisation of names">Latinized</a> as Rohais, and finally adopted into <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> as Urfa or Şanlıurfa ("Glorious Urfa"), its present name.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrak1992209–214-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Silk_Buckingham" title="James Silk Buckingham">James Silk Buckingham</a> claimed that in earlier times, the city was known as Ruha, and with the Arabic article, it became Ar-Ruha, evolving into Urha, and eventually Urfa. <a href="/wiki/Carsten_Niebuhr" title="Carsten Niebuhr">Carsten Niebuhr</a> observed that Turks called the city El-Rohha in the 18th century, although Buckingham who later visited Urfa, disagreed and noted that all Turks, and most Arabs and Kurds in the surrounding countryside called it Urfa, while a small portion of the Christians called it as the former.<a href="#cite_note-Buckingham-17">[17]</a> In 1984, the Turkish National Assembly granted Urfa the title "Şanlı", meaning "glorious", in honor of its citizens' resistance against British and French troops at the end of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, hence the present name "Şanlıurfa".<a href="#cite_note-Saraç_2018-18">[18]</a>: 17  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Urfa" title="History of Urfa">History of Urfa</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prehistory">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urfa_Adam%C4%B1_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Urfa_Adam%C4%B1_%282%29.jpg/220px-Urfa_Adam%C4%B1_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Urfa_Adam%C4%B1_%282%29.jpg/330px-Urfa_Adam%C4%B1_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Urfa_Adam%C4%B1_%282%29.jpg/440px-Urfa_Adam%C4%B1_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Urfa_Man" title="Urfa Man">Urfa Man</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic">Pre-Pottery Neolithic</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 9000 BC. <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Şanlıurfa Museum">Şanlıurfa Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></figcaption></figure> Urfa shares the <a href="/wiki/Balikh_River" title="Balikh River">Balikh River</a> Valley region with two other significant <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> sites at <a href="/wiki/Neval%C4%B1_%C3%87ori" title="Nevalı Çori">Nevalı Çori</a> and <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a>. Settlements in the area originated around 9000 BC as a <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">PPNA</a> Neolithic sites located near Abraham's Pool (Site Name: <a href="/wiki/Bal%C4%B1kl%C4%B1g%C3%B6l" title="Balıklıgöl">Balıklıgöl</a>). There is no written evidence for earlier settlement at the site, but Urfa's favorable commercial and geographical placement suggests that there was a smaller settlement present prior to 303 BC.<a href="#cite_note-:0-20">[20]</a> Perhaps Orhai's absence from earlier written sources is due to the settlement having been small and unfortified prior to the Seleucid period.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In prehistoric times, the Urfa Region was attractive for human habitation because of its dense grazing areas and the presence of wild animals on migration routes. As a result, the area became densely populated, particularly in the Neolithic period.<a href="#cite_note-Çelik_2008-22">[22]</a>: XXIII  In Urfa itself, there was a prehistoric settlement at Yeni Mahalle Höyüğü (aka Balıklıgöl Höyüğü), located immediately north of Balıklıgöl in the heart of the old town.<a href="#cite_note-Çelik_2014-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Çelik_2008-22">[22]</a>: 15  Now buried under single-story houses, the site was accidentally discovered during road construction in the 1990s and then excavated in 1997 by the Şanlıurfa Museum Directorate. The findings included <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a> tools, arrowheads dated to the early Pre-Pottery Neolithic B phase, and two round buildings with <a href="/wiki/Terrazzo" title="Terrazzo">terrazzo</a> floors.<a href="#cite_note-Çelik_2014-23">[23]</a> Animal bones found at the site indicate hunting activity, and charred seed samples indicate that the villagers cultivated wheat and barley. The village at Yeni Mahalle is radiocarbon dated to roughly 9400–8600 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-Çelik_2008-22">[22]</a>: 15  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bronze_Age">Bronze Age</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bronze Age">edit</a>]</div> During the Uruk period expansion about 3200 BC. The villages Urfa and Harran began to transform into cities. By the Early Bronze Age (2900-2600 BCE) Urfa had grown into a walled city of 200ha. This city is located at the archeological site Kazane Tepe adjacent to modern Urfa.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> A much later artifact is a black stone pedestal with a double bull relief, found at a hill called Külaflı Tepe in the former village of Cavşak in the 1950s when the village was being evacuated to build a base for the Urfa Brigade. The pedestal contains an inscription with an invocation to the god <a href="/wiki/Tarhunza" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarhunza">Tarhunza</a> and mentions a city whose name is only partly visible, but which Bahattin Çelik restores as "Umalia", in the country of <a href="/wiki/Bit_Adini" title="Bit Adini">Bit Adini</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Çelik_2008-22">[22]</a>: 16–7  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_of_Edessa">City of Edessa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: City of Edessa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a></div> Urfa was founded as a city under the name Edessa by the Seleucid king <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I Nicator</a> in 302 or 303 BC.<a href="#cite_note-:0-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Seleucus named the city Edessa after the <a href="/wiki/Edessa,_Greece" title="Edessa, Greece">ancient capital of Macedonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Patten_2022_p._79-26">[26]</a> Ancient sources describe Seleucid Edessa as following the typical plan for Hellenistic military colonies: its streets were laid out in a grid pattern, with four main streets that intersected each other. There were four city gates, and the main citadel was outside the walls. Macedonian soldiers were settled in the new city,<a href="#cite_note-Ball_2000-27">[27]</a>: 89  but they never formed a majority of its population.<a href="#cite_note-Lieu_1997-28">[28]</a> The city's culture remained predominantly Semitic (specifically Aramaic), and any <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a> was minimal.<a href="#cite_note-Ball_2000-27">[27]</a>: 89, 91–2  Edessa was an important commercial center in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 198  Previously, the main east-west trade route across Upper Mesopotamia had gone through <a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a>, but the founding of Edessa caused that route to shift northwards.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 195  In 132 BC, following the decline of the Seleucids, Edessa became the capital of the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Osrhoene" class="mw-redirect" title="Osrhoene">Osrhoene</a>, which was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Abgarid_dynasty" title="Abgarid dynasty">Abgarids</a>, an Arabized tribal dynasty with origins in <a href="/wiki/Nisibis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nisibis">Nisibis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ball_2000-27">[27]</a>: 89–90  The Abgarids were generally allied with the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> and were under Parthian cultural influence as well.<a href="#cite_note-Lieu_1997-28">[28]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Orpheus_Taming_Wild_Animals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Roman_Orpheus_Taming_Wild_Animals.jpg/250px-Roman_Orpheus_Taming_Wild_Animals.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Roman_Orpheus_Taming_Wild_Animals.jpg/330px-Roman_Orpheus_Taming_Wild_Animals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Roman_Orpheus_Taming_Wild_Animals.jpg/500px-Roman_Orpheus_Taming_Wild_Animals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption>Mosaic of <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a> from Roman Edessa, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 200 AD</figcaption></figure> In the early second century AD, <a href="/wiki/Abgar_VII" title="Abgar VII">Abgar VII</a> supported the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>'s campaign in Mesopotamia and received him "sumptously" at his court, but later rebelled. In retaliation, the Romans captured and destroyed Edessa, and Abgar VII was killed. The Romans installed a Parthian prince, <a href="/wiki/Parthamaspates" class="mw-redirect" title="Parthamaspates">Parthamaspates</a>, on the Edessan throne as a puppet ruler in 117, but the Abgarids were later restored to power. Similarly, the Parthians captured Edessa in 163 and installed Wa'el bar Sharu as a puppet king. The deposed Ma'nu VIII went to the Romans, who took Edessa in 165 and restored Ma'nu to power. In 166, Osrhoene became a Roman client kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-Ball_2000-27">[27]</a>: 90  Ma'nu VIII died in 177 and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Abgar_VIII" title="Abgar VIII">Abgar VIII</a>, also called Abgar the Great. Abgar was stripped of most of his domains except for Edessa, and Osrhoene became a Roman province, when his ally <a href="/wiki/Pescennius_Niger" title="Pescennius Niger">Pescennius Niger</a> lost the civil war to <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ball_2000-27">[27]</a>: 90  Abgar devoted his remaining time to fostering arts and learning. In 201, much of Edessa was destroyed by a major flood. According to the Chronicle of Edessa, over 2,000 people died. Abgar granted a remission of taxes for people affected by the flood and immediately began a large-scale reconstruction project of the city after the old Seleucid plan. Abgar repaired the old royal palace by the river, which had been damaged by the flood, but he also built a new palace on higher ground.<a href="#cite_note-Ball_2000-27">[27]</a>: 91  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bal%C4%B1kl%C4%B1g%C3%B6l_Urfa2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bal%C4%B1kl%C4%B1g%C3%B6l_Urfa2.jpg/220px-Bal%C4%B1kl%C4%B1g%C3%B6l_Urfa2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bal%C4%B1kl%C4%B1g%C3%B6l_Urfa2.jpg/330px-Bal%C4%B1kl%C4%B1g%C3%B6l_Urfa2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bal%C4%B1kl%C4%B1g%C3%B6l_Urfa2.jpg/440px-Bal%C4%B1kl%C4%B1g%C3%B6l_Urfa2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The sacred carp of Balıklıgöl: a tradition which goes back to ancient times</figcaption></figure> Ancient Edessa was an eclectic melting pot of different religious groups.<a href="#cite_note-Ball_2000-27">[27]</a>: 92  Unlike Harran, where the cult of the moon god <a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Sin</a> predominated, the people of Edessa worshipped a whole pantheon of gods that can generally be identified with planets.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 195  In addition to polytheists, Edessa also had a prominent Jewish community.<a href="#cite_note-Ball_2000-27">[27]</a>: 93  Many of Edessa's Jews were merchants, involved in long-distance trade between the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-Ball_2000-27">[27]</a>: 94  By the end of the 2nd century, a small Christian community had appeared in Edessa.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 195  Christianity also resonated with several religious themes already present in Edessa – besides the concept of a virgin mother and child, there was also the concept of a divine trinity and a hope for life after death.<a href="#cite_note-Ball_2000-27">[27]</a>: 95  Edessa's Jewish community was probably partly responsible for the rapid spread of Christianity in the city.<a href="#cite_note-Ball_2000-27">[27]</a>: 94–5  Abgar the Great reportedly converted to Christianity around the turn of the 3rd century, which if true would make Edessa the first Christian polity in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Ball_2000-27">[27]</a>: 95  More religions joined the mix during the 3rd century.<a href="#cite_note-Ball_2000-27">[27]</a>: 95  One was the Bardaisanites, founded by the important philosopher <a href="/wiki/Bardaisan" title="Bardaisan">Bardaisan</a> who Abgar the Great was a patron of.<a href="#cite_note-Ball_2000-27">[27]</a>: 94  Another was the <a href="/wiki/Elkesaites" class="mw-redirect" title="Elkesaites">Elkesaites</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretic</a> religion that combined elements of Christianity, Judaism, and paganism.<a href="#cite_note-Ball_2000-27">[27]</a>: 96  There was already an active Manichaean community in Edessa during Mani's lifetime: there is a reference in the <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Mani_Codex" class="mw-redirect" title="Cologne Mani Codex">Cologne Mani Codex</a> to a letter he wrote to his followers in Edessa.<a href="#cite_note-Lieu_1997-28">[28]</a> Manichaeism's spread to Edessa was attributed to two of Mani's disciples named Addai and Thomas. Edessa's Manichaean community remained prominent until the 5th century.<a href="#cite_note-Ball_2000-27">[27]</a>: 95  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roman_rule">Roman rule</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Roman rule">edit</a>]</div> Abgar the Great died in 212 and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Abgar_IX" title="Abgar IX">Abgar IX</a>, also called Severus as a sign of Roman influence. Abgar IX only reigned for a year – in 213, he was summoned to Rome by the emperor <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a>, who then had him murdered. In 214, Caracalla made Edessa a Roman colony, officially ending any autonomy the city had. A son of Abgar IX, known as Ma'nu IX, appears to have been nominally a king until 240; he received an embassy from India in 218, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a>, but he did nothing else of note. The monarchy seems to have been restored to power at some point – and Abgar IX was apparently king until 248, when the emperor <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip the Arab</a> had him banished after Edessa rebelled.<a href="#cite_note-Ball_2000-27">[27]</a>: 91  In 260, the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> defeated the Romans in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edessa" title="Battle of Edessa">Battle of Edessa</a> and captured the emperor.<a href="#cite_note-Lieu_1997-28">[28]</a> However, either Shapur never actually captured the city or he only held it for a very short time – it is not listed among the cities he captured in his inscription on the <a href="/wiki/Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht" title="Ka'ba-ye Zartosht">Ka'ba-ye Zartosht</a>, and in the aftermath of the battle he had to bribe Edessa's garrison to let his army pass unmolested.<a href="#cite_note-Lieu_1997-28">[28]</a> As a result of <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>'s reorganization of the empire in 293, a state-run factory was built at Edessa to make weapons and equipment for the soldiers stationed along the border.<a href="#cite_note-Lieu_1997-28">[28]</a> In 298, after <a href="/wiki/Galerius_Maximianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Galerius Maximianus">Galerius Maximianus</a>'s victory over the Sasanians, Edessa was made capital of the new province of Osrhoene.<a href="#cite_note-Lieu_1997-28">[28]</a> It served as a military base in the Mesopotamian <a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">limes</a>, although it was secondary to Nisibis in that system.<a href="#cite_note-Lieu_1997-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_antiquity">Late antiquity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Late antiquity">edit</a>]</div> In the 4th through 6th centuries AD, Edessa went through arguably its period of greatest prosperity. It was again an important commercial center, and merchants grew rich on trade in luxury goods from the east, particularly silk. As with later periods, the city had a council of notable citizens who were at least partly in charge of local government and administration. In the 5th century there were three different theological schools in Edessa: the School of the Syrians (affiliated with the patriarchate of Antioch), the School of the Armenians, and the famous School of the Persians (whose teachers were not actually Persians but rather members of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>). The School of the Persians was closed down in 489 and its staff relocated to Nisibis. There were many churches in the city and monasteries in the area. Just outside the walls were several infirmaries and hospitals.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 198  When the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a> surrendered Nisibis to the Sasanians in 363, an influx of refugees came to Edessa, including many Christians.<a href="#cite_note-Lieu_1997-28">[28]</a> One of these refugees was the writer and theologian <a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a>, who was a co-founder of the School of the Persians in Edessa.<a href="#cite_note-Lieu_1997-28">[28]</a> According to T.A. Sinclair, as Christianity gained more of a presence in Edessa, the pagan planet-worshippers increasingly emigrated to Harran.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 198  By the early 6th century, a small lake had formed on the west side of the city. In 525, a flood destroyed part of the western city wall and damaged some of the city. Afterwards, a deep ditch was dug on the north and east sides of the city to act as a <a href="/wiki/Flood_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood channel">flood channel</a>. In normal weather, a low dam kept the Daisan river in its original course, but if the dam overflowed, then the floodwaters would flow through the artificial channel instead of into the city. At some point later on, the flood channel became the normal course of the river.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 3  Edessa successfully held out during a siege in 544.<a href="#cite_note-Lieu_1997-28">[28]</a> In 609, however, the Sasanian emperor <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> captured Edessa during his campaign in Mesopotamia.<a href="#cite_note-Lieu_1997-28">[28]</a> Many of the city's Monophysites were deported to Iran.<a href="#cite_note-Lieu_1997-28">[28]</a> In 628, the Byzantine emperor <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a> captured Edessa.<a href="#cite_note-Lieu_1997-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age_of_Islam">Age of Islam</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Age of Islam">edit</a>]</div> Urfa surrendered to the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a> general <a href="/wiki/Iyad_ibn_Ghanm" title="Iyad ibn Ghanm">Iyad ibn Ghanm</a> in 639 without resistance, supposedly when Iyad "stood at its gate riding a brown horse" according to <a href="/wiki/Al-Baladhuri" title="Al-Baladhuri">al-Baladhuri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 46  Several versions of the terms of surrender appear in historical sources, mentioning the citizens would be responsible for "repairing 'bridges and roads'".<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 46  The pact also guaranteed that the city's Christians would keep ownership of the cathedral.<a href="#cite_note-Guidetti_2013-31">[31]</a>: 244  Sometime shortly after Urfa submitted to Muslim rule, a mosque was built in the city, although its location is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-Guidetti_2013-31">[31]</a>: 245  In the early centuries of Arab rule, and particularly under the Umayyads, Urfa was still a major Christian city.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 201  It formed part of the province of <a href="/wiki/Diyar_Mudar" title="Diyar Mudar">Diyar Mudar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 589  The city reportedly had 300 or 360 churches, and there were many monasteries. The population was mostly Syrian Orthodox but with significant Melkite and Jewish minorities; there were relatively few Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 201  The city was led by a group of distinguished citizens, including magnates and agricultural landowners, who "formed a partly self-governing body" that dealt with the caliphal government rather than the bishop.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 3, 201  Some of the leading families in this period included the Gūmāyē, the Telmaḥrāyē, and the Ruṣāfāyē.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 589  <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surrender_of_the_Mandylion_to_the_Byzantines.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Surrender_of_the_Mandylion_to_the_Byzantines.jpg/250px-Surrender_of_the_Mandylion_to_the_Byzantines.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Surrender_of_the_Mandylion_to_the_Byzantines.jpg/330px-Surrender_of_the_Mandylion_to_the_Byzantines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Surrender_of_the_Mandylion_to_the_Byzantines.jpg/500px-Surrender_of_the_Mandylion_to_the_Byzantines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption>Image from the <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Skylitzes" title="Madrid Skylitzes">Chronicle of John Skylitzes</a> showing the surrender of the Mandylion to the Byzantine army in 943.</figcaption></figure> During the reign of the Abbasid caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur">al-Mansur</a>, the city walls were demolished after the local Muslim governor revolted.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 3  The old walls had already been damaged by floods in the 7th and 8th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 11  In 812, Urfa's citizens had to pay a large sum to the anti-Abbasid rebel <a href="/wiki/Nasr_ibn_Shabath_al-Uqayli" title="Nasr ibn Shabath al-Uqayli">Nasr ibn Shabath al-Uqayli</a> to prevent him from attacking the unprotected city.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 589  Afterwards, the citizens had new defensive walls built around the city.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 3  According to <a href="/wiki/Bar_Hebraeus" title="Bar Hebraeus">Bar Hebraeus</a>, the walls were commissioned by someone named Abu Shaykh and paid for by the citizens.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 589–90  The walls and towers visible today belong to this rebuilding effort, albeit with later renovations.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 3  The citadel was likely begun at the same time, probably with the addition of a moat on the south side.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 6  When the caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun" title="Al-Ma'mun">al-Ma'mun</a> came to power in 813, he dispatched his general <a href="/wiki/Tahir_ibn_Husayn" title="Tahir ibn Husayn">Tahir ibn Husayn</a> to Urfa to put down Nasr ibn Shabath's rebellion. The rebels besieged Tahir's forces in Urfa, but the local civilians (one of them was the future Syriac church leader <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_I_Telmaharoyo" title="Dionysius I Telmaharoyo">Dionysius I Telmaharoyo</a>) supported the soldiers and the siege was unsuccessful. Tahir's troops later mutinied, however, and he was forced to flee to Raqqa; he later appointed someone named 'Abd al-A'la as governor of Urfa.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 590  In 825, while Tahir's son <a href="/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_Tahir_al-Khurasani" title="Abdallah ibn Tahir al-Khurasani">Abdallah</a> was governor of al-Jazira, his brother Muhammad enacted a series of anti-Christian policies in Urfa. He ordered the destruction of several churches, claiming that they had illegally been built after the Muslim conquest. That same year, he also had a new mosque built in the <a href="/wiki/Tetrapylon" title="Tetrapylon">tetrapylon</a> in front of the city's Melkite cathedral. Before its conversion into a mosque, the tetrapylon had been a meeting place for church leaders. The locations of the mosque and cathedral are unknown.<a href="#cite_note-Guidetti_2013-31">[31]</a>: 245  In the spring of 943, the Byzantine army campaigned in upper Mesopotamia, capturing several cities and either threatening Urfa or, according to <a href="/wiki/Symeon_Magister" class="mw-redirect" title="Symeon Magister">Symeon Magister</a>, besieging it outright.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 19  The Byzantines demanded that the <a href="/wiki/Mandylion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandylion">mandylion</a> (called al-mandīl in Arabic), by now a famous Christian relic, be handed over to the emperor. In return, the city would be spared and 200 Muslim prisoners would be released. With permission from the caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Muttaqi" title="Al-Muttaqi">al-Muttaqi</a>, the people of Edessa handed over the mandylion and signed a truce with the Byzantines.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 46 <a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 589  The mandylion was <a href="/wiki/Translation_(relic)" title="Translation (relic)">translated</a> to Constantinople; it arrived "triumphantly" on 15 August 944.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 19  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="11th_century">11th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 11th century">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Numayrid_dynasty" title="Numayrid dynasty">Numayrid</a> emir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Waththab_ibn_Sabiq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waththab ibn Sabiq (page does not exist)">Waththab ibn Sabiq</a> declared independence in 990 and annexed Edessa early in his reign. Waththab appointed his cousin 'Utayr as governor of the city.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 204  'Utayr installed someone named Ahmad ibn Muhammad as his <a href="/wiki/Na%27ib" class="mw-redirect" title="Na'ib">na'ib</a> (deputy) here, but then later had him assassinated.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 590  This evidently made 'Utayr unpopular with the locals, since Ahmad had treated them well.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 204  In 1025/6 (416 AH), the city's inhabitants rebelled and appealed to <a href="/wiki/Marwanids_(Diyar_Bakr)#Nasr_al-Dawla_Ahmad_ibn_Marwan" title="Marwanids (Diyar Bakr)">Nasr ad-Dawla</a>, the Marwanid emir of Diyar Bakr.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 590 <a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 204  At first, Nasr ad-Dawla appointed someone named Zangi to be his deputy in Edessa, but Zangi died in 1027. Meanwhile, 'Utayr had been assassinated.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 590  This time, Nasr ad-Dawla ended up appointing two deputies to jointly control Edessa: he chose 'Utayr's son, known only by the <a href="/wiki/Nasab" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasab">nasab</a> "Ibn 'Utayr", to be in charge of the main citadel, while he appointed a different Numayrid named Shibl ad-Dawla to be in charge of the smaller citadel – i.e. the converted east gate, now the Bey Kapısı.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 204  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_seizure_of_Edessa_in_Syria_by_the_Byzantine_army_and_the_Arabic_counterattack_from_the_Chronicle_of_John_Skylitzes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/The_seizure_of_Edessa_in_Syria_by_the_Byzantine_army_and_the_Arabic_counterattack_from_the_Chronicle_of_John_Skylitzes.jpg/220px-The_seizure_of_Edessa_in_Syria_by_the_Byzantine_army_and_the_Arabic_counterattack_from_the_Chronicle_of_John_Skylitzes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/The_seizure_of_Edessa_in_Syria_by_the_Byzantine_army_and_the_Arabic_counterattack_from_the_Chronicle_of_John_Skylitzes.jpg/330px-The_seizure_of_Edessa_in_Syria_by_the_Byzantine_army_and_the_Arabic_counterattack_from_the_Chronicle_of_John_Skylitzes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/The_seizure_of_Edessa_in_Syria_by_the_Byzantine_army_and_the_Arabic_counterattack_from_the_Chronicle_of_John_Skylitzes.jpg/440px-The_seizure_of_Edessa_in_Syria_by_the_Byzantine_army_and_the_Arabic_counterattack_from_the_Chronicle_of_John_Skylitzes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1709" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption>Miniature from the History of John Skylitzes showing George Maniakes defending Edessa from Nasr ad-Dawla's counterattack.</figcaption></figure> In October 1031, the Byzantine general <a href="/wiki/George_Maniakes" title="George Maniakes">George Maniakes</a> conquered Edessa. This would ultimately be the last significant territorial acquisition by the Byzantine Empire in Mesopotamia.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 20  The accounts of this event differ heavily.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 590  According to one version, Ibn 'Utayr had entered into negotiations with Maniakes, intending to sell him the citadel. His desire to sell was apparently motivated by a threat from Shibl ad-Dawla.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 204  In <a href="/wiki/John_Skylitzes" title="John Skylitzes">John Skylitzes</a>'s version, however, Maniakes had bribed Salman, a deputy of Nasr ad-Dawla's, into surrendering the city to him in the middle of the night.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 20  If this was the case, then Salman either had some authority over Ibn 'Utayr or had otherwise deposed him.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 204  Whoever Maniakes had been negotiating with, Byzantine forces gained control of some of the fortifications but not the rest of the city.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 204  Exactly which parts Maniakes had taken control of are unclear – Skylitzes described Maniakes had taken possession of "three heavily fortified towers", but his description of Edessa's geography is completely inaccurate and he clearly had never been to the city himself. <a href="/wiki/Matthew_of_Edessa" title="Matthew of Edessa">Matthew of Edessa</a>'s account, which is more reliable, mentions "three citadels"; according to Tara Andrews, the upper citadel must have been one of them.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 20  According to T.A. Sinclair, Maniakes had already gained control of the upper citadel.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 204  That winter, Nasr ad-Dawla came with an army in an attempt to drive out the Byzantines.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 590  Nasr ad-Dawla tried to besiege the Byzantine positions but was unsuccessful and decided to loot the city and tear down buildings, then burn the city to the ground while retreating with camels carrying off precious objects. According to Skylitzes, Maniakes was able to then capture the citadel and, summoning external reinforcements, secure the whole city.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 20  Maniakes remained in charge of Edessa for several years and, according to Honigmann and Bosworth, appears to have been relatively autonomous from the Byzantines, merely sending an annual tribute to Constantinople.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 590  On the other hand, while Skylitzes does mention that "Maniakes sent an annual tribute of 50 pounds [of gold] to the emperor", Niccolò Zorzi remarks that this "does not necessarily imply that Edessa 'enjoyed a certain amount of independence from Byzantium'".<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 21  The citadel became known as "Maniakes's citadel" at some point.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 21  In May 1036, the Numayri prince Ibn Waththab plundered the city and took the patricius of Edessa as prisoner, but the fortress remained in the hands of the Byzantine garrison.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 590  A peace treaty was reached in 1037; under its terms, Edessa came directly under Byzantine control and it was refortified.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 590  Edessa now became an important Byzantine command placed under a series of <a href="/wiki/Katepano" title="Katepano">katepanos</a> and dukes.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 204  The "duchy" of Edessa probably comprised the whole area beyond the Euphrates under their control with several fortresses north of the river.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 20  The city "was still inhabited by many Christians" at this point.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 590  In 1065-6 and 1066-7, the city was attacked by the Turkish leader Khurasan-Salar.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 590  For 50 days beginning on 10 March 1071, Urfa was besieged by the Seljuk sultan <a href="/wiki/Alp_Arslan" title="Alp Arslan">Alp Arslan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 23  Alp Arslan eventually lifted the siege in return for a large payment and possibly also the submission of its ruler, the doux Basilios Alousianos (son of <a href="/wiki/Alusian_of_Bulgaria" title="Alusian of Bulgaria">Alusian of Bulgaria</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 23  After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">Battle of Manzikert</a>, Edessa was intended to be handed over to the Seljuks, but the Byzantine emperor <a href="/wiki/Romanos_Diogenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanos Diogenes">Romanos Diogenes</a> was deposed and in the political chaos its katepano Paulus ended up siding with the new emperor.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 590  In 1077 or 1078, <a href="/wiki/Basil_Apokapes" title="Basil Apokapes">Basil Apokapes</a> besieged and captured Edessa, displacing the Byzantine governor Leo Diabatenos.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 23  He was an agent of <a href="/wiki/Philaretos_Brachamios" title="Philaretos Brachamios">Philaretos Brachamios</a>, the main Byzantine agent in the region who governed from Marash; however, Basil ruled Edessa independently.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 205  In 1081-2, an amir named Khusraw unsuccessfully besieged the city.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 590  After Basil's death in 1083, the citizens of Edessa elected an Armenian named Smbat to succeed him.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 23  Smbat was in charge for six months before Philaretos came in person on 23 September 1083.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 590  He appointed a Greek eunuch as governor and gave him the title parakoimomenos; this eunuch was later assassinated by an official named Barsauma.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 23  However, Edessa was in a particularly vulnerable position "caught between two blocks of <a href="/wiki/Uqaylid" class="mw-redirect" title="Uqaylid">Uqaylid</a> territory", and it was particularly vulnerable to the Seljuks.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 205  In 1086-7, the Seljuk sultan <a href="/wiki/Malik_Shah_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Malik Shah I">Malik Shah I</a> sent his general Buzan to take the city<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 205  while he himself campaigned in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 23  A three-month siege followed, with Barsauma defending the city.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 23  The city surrendered in March 1087 and Buzan appointed a Seljuk commander to head the citadel.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 23  At some point, an Armenian named <a href="/wiki/Thoros_of_Edessa" title="Thoros of Edessa">Toros</a> in charge of the city administration – according to the Syriac Chronicle of 1234, this happened in 1087, while Matthew of Edessa wrote that it happened after Buzan's death in 1094.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 23  Toros appears to have begun a rebuilding project on the Bey Kapısı fortress, but it wasn't finished until after his rule.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 13  Meanwhile, Malik Shah had died in 1092 and a Seljuk dynastic crisis had broken out.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 23  In 1094, Malik Shah's brother <a href="/wiki/Tutush_I" title="Tutush I">Tutush</a> demanded the city's surrender, but both Toros and the Seljuk citadel commander refused.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 23  Tutush's forces seized the citadel and made their encampment on the west side of the city.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 23  Fearing an attack from them, Toros apparently tried to cut the citadel off by building a wall between it and the city.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 23  After Tutush died in 1095, however, his forces abandoned the citadel and Toros now took control of the whole city as a de facto independent ruler.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 23  During the 11th century, there was a large influx of Armenian immigrants into the region, especially the towns.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 6  In Urfa, they supplanted Syrians as the leading citizens and wealthiest landowners.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 6  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="County_of_Edessa">County of Edessa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: County of Edessa">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_County_of_Edessa_1098-1131-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Map_County_of_Edessa_1098-1131-en.svg/250px-Map_County_of_Edessa_1098-1131-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Map_County_of_Edessa_1098-1131-en.svg/330px-Map_County_of_Edessa_1098-1131-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Map_County_of_Edessa_1098-1131-en.svg/500px-Map_County_of_Edessa_1098-1131-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>A map of the County of Edessa</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/County_of_Edessa" title="County of Edessa">County of Edessa</a></div> Urfa was capital of the crusader <a href="/wiki/County_of_Edessa" title="County of Edessa">County of Edessa</a> for about half a century beginning in 1098.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 590  The crusaders' subjects were a mix of Armenians and Syrians.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 6  In Urfa itself, Armenians were the dominant group.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 6  The crusaders themselves don't seem to have undertaken much construction in Urfa.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 6  The only extant structure that can be attributed to them is the southernmost tower of the Bey Kapısı, on the east side of the city walls.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 6  This was completing the rebuilding that Toros had begun before the crusaders seized Edessa and was finished in 1122-3, while the count <a href="/wiki/Joscelin_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Joscelin I">Joscelin I</a> was in captivity at <a href="/wiki/Harput" class="mw-redirect" title="Harput">Harput</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 13  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sieges_of_1144_and_1146">Sieges of 1144 and 1146</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sieges of 1144 and 1146">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Edessa_(1144)" title="Siege of Edessa (1144)">Siege of Edessa (1144)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Edessa_(1146)" title="Siege of Edessa (1146)">Siege of Edessa (1146)</a></div> The County of Edessa had survived largely because their Muslim rivals were disunited.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 590  The rise of a single powerful Muslim rival – namely <a href="/wiki/Imad_ad-Din_Zangi" class="mw-redirect" title="Imad ad-Din Zangi">Imad ad-Din Zangi</a>, the crafty atabeg of <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> – spelled disaster for the county.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 590–1  The tipping point came in late 1144, when <a href="/wiki/Joscelin_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Joscelin II">Joscelin II</a> left Edessa with a big chunk of his soldiers to assist Zengi's rival <a href="/wiki/Kara_Arslan" title="Kara Arslan">Kara Arslan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gibb_1969-33">[33]</a>: 461  Upon becoming aware of the city's weakness, Zengi led a series of forced marches and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Edessa_(1144)" title="Siege of Edessa (1144)">laid siege to the city</a> on 24 November.<a href="#cite_note-Gibb_1969-33">[33]</a>: 461  By 24 December, he had successfully gained entry to the city; the citadel fell two days later on the 26th.<a href="#cite_note-Gibb_1969-33">[33]</a>: 461  Zengi's forces spared the native Christian population and their churches, but the Franks were killed and their churches destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-Gibb_1969-33">[33]</a>: 461  Zengi then appointed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zayn_ad-Din_Ali_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zayn ad-Din Ali Küçük (page does not exist)">Zayn ad-Din Ali Küçük</a>, the commander of his guard, as governor of the city.<a href="#cite_note-Gibb_1969-33">[33]</a>: 461  The fall of Edessa was a direct motivator for the <a href="/wiki/Second_Crusade" title="Second Crusade">Second Crusade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gibb_1969-33">[33]</a>: 466–8  Christian pilgrims returning to Europe brought news of the city's conquest, and emissaries from the crusader states also came to appeal for help.<a href="#cite_note-Gibb_1969-33">[33]</a>: 466  The pope responded by issuing the <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> <a href="/wiki/Quantum_praedecessores" title="Quantum praedecessores">Quantum praedecessores</a> on 1 December 1145, which directly called for another crusade.<a href="#cite_note-Gibb_1969-33">[33]</a>: 466–7  Meanwhile, in the Muslim world, news of this victory made Zengi a hero.<a href="#cite_note-Gibb_1969-33">[33]</a>: 461  The caliph gave him many gifts and titles, including al-malik al-mansūr – "the victorious king".<a href="#cite_note-Gibb_1969-33">[33]</a>: 461  In May 1146, there was a plot by Urfa's Armenian community to overthrow the Turks and restore the city to Joscelin II.<a href="#cite_note-Amouroux-Mourad_1988-34">[34]</a>: 86–7  The Turks suppressed this plot and settled 300 Jewish families in the city.<a href="#cite_note-Amouroux-Mourad_1988-34">[34]</a>: 86–7  However, after Zengi was assassinated on 14 September 1146,: 461  the Armenians again conspired with Joscelin II to take the city.<a href="#cite_note-Baldwin_1969-35">[35]</a>: 531  Sometime in October, Joscelin II and <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_of_Marash" title="Baldwin of Marash">Baldwin of Marash</a> came and laid siege to the city.<a href="#cite_note-Baldwin_1969-35">[35]</a>: 531  <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Edessa_(1146)" title="Siege of Edessa (1146)">This second siege</a> proved far more destructive than the first.<a href="#cite_note-Baldwin_1969-35">[35]</a>: 531  The Franks succeeded in entering the city,<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a> but they were not properly equipped for a siege of the main citadel.<a href="#cite_note-Baldwin_1969-35">[35]</a>: 531  During their six-day-long reoccupation of Urfa, the Franks indiscriminately looted shops belonging to Christians and Muslims alike.<a href="#cite_note-Amouroux-Mourad_1988-34">[34]</a>: 86–7  The city's Muslims either fled to Harran or took shelter in the citadel with the Turkish garrison.<a href="#cite_note-Amouroux-Mourad_1988-34">[34]</a>: 86–7  Meanwhile, Imad ad-Din's successor <a href="/wiki/Nur_ad-Din_Zengi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur ad-Din Zengi">Nur ad-Din Zengi</a> had arrived with an army of 10,000 soldiers and surrounded the city.<a href="#cite_note-Baldwin_1969-35">[35]</a>: 531  When the Franks realized they were trapped, they attempted to retreat, but it ended in disaster and they were slaughtered as they tried to escape.<a href="#cite_note-Nicholson_1973-36">[36]</a>: 10–12  Moreover, the city's population was massacred – the men were put to death, while the women and children were sold into slavery.<a href="#cite_note-Amouroux-Mourad_1988-34">[34]</a>: 86–7  The city's Christian community, one of the oldest in the world, had been destroyed and never recovered.<a href="#cite_note-Runciman_1952-37">[37]</a>: 240  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zengid_and_Ayyubid_rules">Zengid and Ayyubid rules</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Zengid and Ayyubid rules">edit</a>]</div> Although Nur ad-Din was an active builder elsewhere, only one building at Urfa can be attributed to him: the "rather plain" Great Mosque, which was probably on the site of an earlier church.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 6  After Nur ad-Din's death in 1174, Urfa was captured by his nephew <a href="/wiki/Sayf_al-Din_Ghazi_II" title="Sayf al-Din Ghazi II">Sayf al-Din Ghazi II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 591  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Umar_Farrukh%27s_Salah_ad-Din.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Umar_Farrukh%27s_Salah_ad-Din.png/220px-Umar_Farrukh%27s_Salah_ad-Din.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Umar_Farrukh%27s_Salah_ad-Din.png/330px-Umar_Farrukh%27s_Salah_ad-Din.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Umar_Farrukh%27s_Salah_ad-Din.png/440px-Umar_Farrukh%27s_Salah_ad-Din.png 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="686" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> captured Urfa in 1182 after a siege, but the citadel continued to hold out and required a second siege.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> captured Urfa in 1182 after a siege; he then separately besieged the citadel.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 48  He ended up paying the defenders off to let him take control of the citadel.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 48  He then appointed <a href="/wiki/Muzaffar_al-Din_G%C3%B6kb%C3%B6ri" class="mw-redirect" title="Muzaffar al-Din Gökböri">Muzaffar al-Din Gökböri</a> as governor of Urfa along with Harran.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 48  During Saladin's reign, the cathedral of the Melkites was demolished.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 6  Part was used as building material for Urfa's citadel, and part was taken to Harran.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 6  The <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid empire</a> essentially functioned as a dynastic "confederation of principalities united under one leading prince".<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 212  During Saladin's reign, he established a principality based at Harran; Urfa was part of this principality.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 213  After Gökböri, the Harran-Urfa principality was also held by Saladin's brother <a href="/wiki/Al-Adil_I" title="Al-Adil I">al-Adil</a>, who later ruled as the Ayyubid sultan himself.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 213  During Ayyubid rule, Edessa had a population of approximately 24,000, according to J.C. Russell's estimate (Russell generally favored smaller, more conservative estimates).<a href="#cite_note-Shatzmiller_1993-38">[38]</a>: 59  In June 1234, the city was taken by the Seljuk sultan <a href="/wiki/Kayqubad_I" title="Kayqubad I">Kayqubad I</a>'s army, and its inhabitants were deported to Anatolia.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 591  However, it was recaptured within four months by the Ayyubid ruler <a href="/wiki/Al-Kamil" title="Al-Kamil">al-Kamil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 591  Sometime shortly thereafter, the citadel was <a href="/wiki/Slighting" title="Slighting">slighted</a> on al-Kamil's orders.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 9–10  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mongol_rule">Mongol rule</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mongol rule">edit</a>]</div> In 1260, Urfa voluntarily submitted to the troops of <a href="/wiki/Hulagu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulagu">Hulagu</a> and thus came under Mongol rule.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 591  Because the city had surrendered peacefully, its inhabitants were spared.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 591  The Mongols never garrisoned Urfa; it was near their western border with the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a> and was probably seen as "too difficult to defend".<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 7  Its ruined fortress was "probably not thought worth repairing".<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 7  The city was desolate at this point; its inhabitants had evacuated or abandoned it and "only Turcoman nomads lived in the otherwise empty city".<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 7  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mamluk_and_Aq_Qoyunlu_rules">Mamluk and Aq Qoyunlu rules</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mamluk and Aq Qoyunlu rules">edit</a>]</div> The Mamluks gained control of Urfa sometime in the early 14th century.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 7  They renovated the ruined citadel probably during the third reign of <a href="/wiki/An-Nasir_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="An-Nasir Muhammad">an-Nasir Muhammad</a> (1309–40), but the city "attracted few inhabitants".<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 7, 216  The Mamluk garrison only occupied the citadel itself; the surrounding city was still practically deserted and not worth committing any soldiers to defend.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 218  Located close to the Mamluks' eastern frontier, Urfa had "no commercial importance" because merchant traffic in Upper Mesopotamia was taking a route through <a href="/wiki/Mardin" title="Mardin">Mardin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ra%27s_al-%27Ayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Ra's al-'Ayn">Ra's al-'Ayn</a> rather than through Amid and Urfa.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 7, 218–9  That changed in the late 14th century, toward the end of the Mamluk period.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 7, 218  Some commercial traffic had begun passing through Urfa enroute to Aleppo, and the city became at least partly repopulated.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 218  By around 1400, <a href="/wiki/Al-Qalqashandi" title="Al-Qalqashandi">al-Qalqashandi</a> wrote that Urfa had been rebuilt and was prosperous again.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 591  Meanwhile, in 1394, <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> occupied Urfa without much resistance; he "admired the buildings and took away some of the portable wealth".<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 219  The <a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a> seized Urfa, a strategic military outpost on their western frontier, in the late 1410s or early 1420s.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 219  At some point, the Aq Qoyunlu ruler <a href="/wiki/Kara_Osman" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara Osman">Kara Osman</a> granted Urfa to his son <a href="/wiki/Ali_Beg_(Aq_Qoyunlu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Beg (Aq Qoyunlu)">Ali</a>, whose quarrels with his brothers beginning in autumn 1428, prompted Kara Osman to replace him with Ali's brother Habil as governor of Urfa.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 59  Ali left Urfa in 1429 and headed north where he laid siege to Harpoot, which fell before Mamluk aid could come to the city's aid. This prompted the Mamluks to attack Urfa, an Aq Qoyunlu base that posed threat to Mamluk-held Aleppo.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 59  One day before the main Mamluk army arrived, a "local Arab contingent" reached Urfa and defeated Habil's Turkic forces. The Mamluk army arrived the next day and besieged the city. On 24 July, the citadel surrendered, and the Mamluks demolished the fortress and enslaved the women and children, killing many others. Contemporary historians compared the violent event to <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Damascus_(1400)" title="Siege of Damascus (1400)">Timur's sack of Damascus in 1400</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 59  About a decade later, Urfa was involved in the civil war between Ali Beg's son <a href="/wiki/Jahangir_(Aq_Qoyunlu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahangir (Aq Qoyunlu)">Jahangir</a> and Jahangir's uncle Hamza for control of the Aq Qoyunlu.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 59  The contemporary historian <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_Tihrani" title="Abu Bakr Tihrani">Tihrani Isfahani</a> wrote that Hamza's troops besieged Urfa but did not elaborate.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 60  Jahangir ended up making Urfa his main base at some point, from which he attacked Hamza in <a href="/wiki/Erzincan" title="Erzincan">Erzincan</a> and then later sent a raid against <a href="/wiki/Ergani" title="Ergani">Ergani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 60  Urfa was then the site of a battle in 1451, where <a href="/wiki/Uzun_Hasan" title="Uzun Hasan">Uzun Hasan</a> successfully defeated other Aq Qoyunlu leaders shortly before gaining control of the tribal confederation as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 219  In 1462-3, under Uzun Hasan's reign, Urfa's citadel was renovated.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 10  In early November 1480, a large Mamluk army under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yashbak_min_Mahdi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yashbak min Mahdi (page does not exist)">Yashbak min Mahdi</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/Dawatdar" title="Dawatdar">dawātdār-i kabīr</a> or executive secretary to the Mamluk sultan <a href="/wiki/Qaitbay" title="Qaitbay">Qaitbay</a>, laid siege to Urfa.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 60  Yashbak bombarded the city walls with heavy cannon fire and used catapults to hurl fireballs into the city.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 60  This happened during the Islamic holy month of Ramadan, prompting <a href="/wiki/Fazlallah_Khunji_Isfahani" title="Fazlallah Khunji Isfahani">Fazlallah Khunji Isfahani</a> to liken Yashbak's actions to the tyrant <a href="/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod">Nimrod</a> torturing the prophet Abraham with fire – also in Urfa, according to tradition.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 60  Aq Qoyunlu forces quickly arrived at Urfa from Diyar Bakr and, after a failed attempt at negotiations, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Urfa_(1480)" title="Battle of Urfa (1480)">a pitched battle</a> took place.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 60  The Aq Qoyunlu army's right wing was commanded by <a href="/wiki/Sulayman_Beg_Bijan" title="Sulayman Beg Bijan">Sulayman Beg Bijan</a> and the left wing was commanded by <a href="/wiki/Sufi_Khalil_Beg_Mawsilu" title="Sufi Khalil Beg Mawsilu">Khalil Beg Mawsillu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 60  The Mamluk forces were utterly defeated, and Yashbak was later executed.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 60 <a href="#cite_note-39">[note 1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_period">Ottoman period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ottoman period">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Urfa_Sanjak" title="Urfa Sanjak">Urfa Sanjak</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Semailname_47b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Semailname_47b.jpg/250px-Semailname_47b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Semailname_47b.jpg/330px-Semailname_47b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Semailname_47b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="605" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a>'s conquest of Baghdad in 1534 indirectly boosted commerce in Urfa by making regional trade routes safer to travel.</figcaption></figure> Urfa was likely initially incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> during the rule of <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a> around 1517.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 591  The earliest surviving Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Defter" title="Defter">tax register</a> for Urfa, compiled in 1518, documented 1,082 families (700 Muslim and 382 Christian), suggesting a total population slightly exceeding 5,500 people.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 591  The relatively low population figure can be attributed to political turmoil in the region, particularly the ongoing conflict with <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 591  By 1526, the city's population had increased to 1,322 families (988 Muslim and 334 Christian), indicating an estimated population of approximately 8,000.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 591  Urfa experienced a renaissance under Ottoman rule.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 7  Industry and commerce picked back up, and its population rebounded, although it never reached the same population heights it had once held in the classical and early medieval periods.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 7  The high point lasted for about a century and a half, beginning with its conquest by the Ottomans.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 7  According to Mehmet Adil Saraç, Urfa's population first became majority Turkish sometime during this period, sometime between 1520 and 1570.<a href="#cite_note-Saraç_2018-18">[18]</a>: 22  By 1566, a tax register shows the city with an estimated 13,000 to 14,000 people (1,704 Muslim families and 866 Christian families).<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 591  At this point, the city was described as having five large mahalles, each named after one of the five city gates, and it "must have had an active textile industry".<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 591  A <a href="/wiki/Bedestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedestan">bedestan</a> is also recorded.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 591  Urfa's prosperity in the 1500s was based on both trade and agricultural production.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 66  Urfa was an important <a href="/wiki/Entrepot" class="mw-redirect" title="Entrepot">entrepot</a> on trade routes between Iran and Aleppo.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 7  Because of its prosperity, Urfa's population grew as it attracted residents from nearby cities.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 66  In 1586, Ottoman authorities created the <a href="/wiki/Eyalet_of_Raqqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyalet of Raqqa">Eyalet of Raqqa</a> out of territories that had previously belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Eyalet_of_Diyarbekir" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyalet of Diyarbekir">Eyalet of Diyarbekir</a>, and Urfa became "the center of economic and political power" in this new province.<a href="#cite_note-Winter_2009-40">[39]</a>: 258  At the same time, the city's prosperity attracted bandits and nomadic tribes, although the urban population was largely unaffected.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 66–7  That changed at the end of the century, when the revolt of Karayazıcı Abdulhalim turned Urfa into a battlefield.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 67  Relatively little is known about Karayazıcı, but he was presumably a tribesman who worked as a bureaucrat in the local administration (Yazıcı means "scribe").<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 67  His army was recruited from other local tribal members.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 67  In 1599–1600 (1008 AH), Karayazıcı's army laid siege to the outer and then inner citadel and thus gained control of Urfa.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 67  The contemporary historian <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Selaniki" title="Mustafa Selaniki">Mustafa Selaniki</a> blamed Urfa's fall on the governors of Aleppo and Damascus failing to send reinforcements in time.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 67  He set up a "quasi-state" based at Urfa's inner citadel, declaring himself sultan and <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCseyin_Pasha_(Celali_rebel)" title="Hüseyin Pasha (Celali rebel)">Hüseyin Pasha</a> (who had worked with him to capture the citadel) as grand vizier.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 67  Eventually, though, Ottoman troops (backed by reinforcements from Damascus and Aleppo) surrounded the inner citadel, dug trenches, and engaged the rebels in a bloody battle in the middle of the city.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 68  The rebels ran into ammunition shortages during the battle and had to melt down coins to use as bullets.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 68  Hüseyin Pasha was killed in the battle, but Karayazıcı himself managed to escape.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 68  The instability accompanying the <a href="/wiki/Celali_rebellions" title="Celali rebellions">Celali revolts</a>, and especially Karayazıcı's occupation of the city, must have sapped Urfa's prosperity.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 591  Several 17th-century accounts refer to parts of the town as being in disrepair.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 592  For example, when <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Tavernier" title="Jean-Baptiste Tavernier">Jean-Baptiste Tavernier</a> visited Urfa in 1644, "there were so many empty lots that [he] compared the town to a desert".<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 592  The central Ottoman state's control of the surrounding Raqqa Eyalet weakened significantly in the early 1600s.<a href="#cite_note-Winter_2009-40">[39]</a>: 259  Powerful <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">ümera</a> families from Urfa assumed responsibility for governance of the eyalet, while the actual office of governor was a <a href="/wiki/Sinecure" title="Sinecure">sinecure</a> for prominent Ottoman generals or their sons.<a href="#cite_note-Winter_2009-40">[39]</a>: 259–60  Urfa court records from about 1629 to 1631 (1039–40 AH) provide insight into local government during the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman-Safavid_War_(1623-1639)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman-Safavid War (1623-1639)">Ottoman-Safavid War of 1623–1629</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Winter_2009-40">[39]</a>: 259  The Ottomans were in the process of mobilizing troops and resources in the area for the war effort, and the <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">qadi</a> of Urfa was responsible for <a href="/wiki/Billet" title="Billet">billeting</a> troops and gathering provisions.<a href="#cite_note-Winter_2009-40">[39]</a>: 259  In August 1638, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Murad_IV" title="Murad IV">Murad IV</a> stayed at Urfa along with his army while en route to Baghdad in <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Baghdad_(1638)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Baghdad (1638)">the final campaign of the war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 12  He ordered restoration work on the citadel, which is mentioned in written sources and confirmed by an inscription on the walls that still exists.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 12  The most detailed account of early Ottoman Urfa was written by <a href="/wiki/Evliya_%C3%87elebi" title="Evliya Çelebi">Evliya Çelebi</a>, who visited the city in 1646.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 591  Part of his interest may have been because one of his relatives was a qadi here.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 591  His account mentions only three gates, with different names than those of the 1566 tax register.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 591  Evliya wrote that he counted 2,600 houses in the fortified part of the city, which probably indicates a population total similar to 1566.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 591  At this point, Urfa had houses generally made of mud brick; more opulent houses, belonging to paşas and qadis, had their own gardens and baths.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 591  Evliya also recorded 22 mosques, 3 medreses, and 3 <a href="/wiki/Zaviye" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaviye">zaviyes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 591–2  He listed several hans, including the Yemiş Hânı, the Samsatkapısı, the Hacı İbrâhim Hânı, the Beykapısı Hânı, and the Sebîl Hânı.<a href="#cite_note-Taş_2019-41">[40]</a>: 306  He also wrote that the city had 400 shops and several mills, including one named after one Tayyaroğlu Ahmed Paşa.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 592  However, he was apparently unimpressed by the city's shops and markets.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 592  Evliya also wrote that Urfa had a <a href="/wiki/Tannery" class="mw-redirect" title="Tannery">tannery</a> that produced high-quality yellow <a href="/wiki/Maroquin" class="mw-redirect" title="Maroquin">maroquin</a> leather.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 592  Tavernier also noted the city's leather, saying that along with <a href="/wiki/Tokat" title="Tokat">Tokat</a> and Diyarbakır it produced some of the best maroquin leathers.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 592  Besides leather, Urfa was also renowned for its cotton fabrics during this period.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 592  According to Onur Usta, part of why Urfa appeared to European visitors as "a derelict city with houses reduced to rubble" during this period was because it had a lot of residents from nomadic and tribal backgrounds.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 68  These people would have still engaged in nomadic <a href="/wiki/Transhumance" title="Transhumance">transhumance</a> activities during most parts of the year and "only needed a roof over their heads during the winter".<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 69  The abandoned-looking houses would have belonged to them.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 69  <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa,_%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Merkez-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Province,_Turkey_-_panoramio_(6).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa%2C_%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Merkez-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Province%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio_%286%29.jpg/250px-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa%2C_%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Merkez-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Province%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio_%286%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa%2C_%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Merkez-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Province%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio_%286%29.jpg/330px-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa%2C_%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Merkez-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Province%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio_%286%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa%2C_%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Merkez-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Province%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio_%286%29.jpg/500px-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa%2C_%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Merkez-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Province%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio_%286%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1148" /></a><figcaption>The Rızvaniye Mosque at Balıklıgöl, built in the early 1700s</figcaption></figure> Information about Urfa during the 1700s is relatively scarce, but one source is the fiscal records of the new Rızvaniye Mosque.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 592  These document the <a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">waqf</a> properties assigned to the mosque, including shops, gardens, mills, and public baths, as well as information about tenants and rents.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 592  Based on various fiscal and tax documents, it seems that Urfa suffered a series of troubles in the 1750s and began to sink into poverty.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 70  One of the most serious problems was rampant banditry, which both impeded agricultural production in surrounding rural areas and hindered economic recovery.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 70–1  A serious outbreak of plague hit Urfa in the 1780s, and many people died.<a href="#cite_note-Saraç_2018-18">[18]</a>: 22  <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmen</a>, particularly from the regions around Mosul and <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>, were deported and resettled in Urfa to help repopulate the city.<a href="#cite_note-Saraç_2018-18">[18]</a>: 22  The connection with Kirkuk in particular left cultural and linguistic traces in Urfa, and some present-day Urfalis have described the two cities as having an "uncle-nephew relationship".<a href="#cite_note-Saraç_2018-18">[18]</a>: 19, 22  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="19th_century">19th century</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 19th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urfa_Regie_church_5489.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Urfa_Regie_church_5489.jpg/250px-Urfa_Regie_church_5489.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Urfa_Regie_church_5489.jpg/330px-Urfa_Regie_church_5489.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Urfa_Regie_church_5489.jpg/500px-Urfa_Regie_church_5489.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8256" data-file-height="5504" /></a><figcaption>Urfa Reji Church, the structure was built on the remains of a church from the 6th century in 1861.</figcaption></figure> In the Ottoman period, Urfa was a center of commerce because of its location at a crossroads with Diyarbakır, Antep, Mardin, and Raqqa.<a href="#cite_note-Taş_2019-41">[40]</a>: 292  Many Jewish, Armenian, and Greek merchants were present in Urfa, especially from Aleppo.<a href="#cite_note-Taş_2019-41">[40]</a>: 292  <a href="/wiki/James_Silk_Buckingham" title="James Silk Buckingham">James Silk Buckingham</a> visited Urfa in 1816 and ended up stuck there for a while because the roads were closed due to the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Ottoman-Wahhabi_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman-Wahhabi War">Ottoman-Wahhabi War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 592  Buckingham's account of early-1800s Urfa is one of the most informative of the late Ottoman period.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 592  By this time, the name "Urfa" had come to predominate, with only the city's Arab Christians still calling it "al-Ruha".<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 592  The standard of living in Urfa had evidently increased since the 1600s – the mud brick houses recorded by Evliya Çelebi had given way to finer masonry structures that Buckingham compared to the houses of Aleppo.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 592  The houses described by Buckingham had <a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">harem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Selamlik" title="Selamlik">selamlik</a> quarters separated by a courtyard, with the selamliks boasting "opulently furnished reception rooms" on their upper floors.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 592  Buckingham described the city as being divided into <a href="/wiki/Janissary" title="Janissary">janissary</a> and sharif factions, also like Aleppo.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 592  Many of the city's bazaars were closed due to the war, but Buckingham noted that Urfa had a thriving <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> trade during peacetime and observed some of the city's cotton printers at work.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 592  Coarser wool cloth and rugs were also manufactured in Urfa.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 592  In the mid-1800s, Urfa benefitted from a general increase in commercial activity in the region.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 8  Most of the larger courtyard houses in the present-day old town probably date from this period.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 8  The large Armenian church on the western main street was built in 1842 and many mosques were probably also built around this time.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 8  According to Suraiya Faroqhi, though, the city's population "must have been at a low ebb for several decades in the mid-century".<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 593  <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urfa_Kitchen_Museum_building_3309.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Urfa_Kitchen_Museum_building_3309.jpg/220px-Urfa_Kitchen_Museum_building_3309.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Urfa_Kitchen_Museum_building_3309.jpg/330px-Urfa_Kitchen_Museum_building_3309.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Urfa_Kitchen_Museum_building_3309.jpg/440px-Urfa_Kitchen_Museum_building_3309.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3280" /></a><figcaption>Urfa Kitchen Museum Building</figcaption></figure> However, in the late 1800s, Urfa declined in importance as a commercial center.<a href="#cite_note-Taş_2019-41">[40]</a>: 292  In particular, the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> in 1869 caused a major realignment of trade routes, shifting away from overland caravans and towards maritime commerce.<a href="#cite_note-Taş_2019-41">[40]</a>: 292  As a result, the volume of commercial traffic coming through Urfa decreased markedly compared to previous periods and became increasingly local/regional in nature.<a href="#cite_note-Taş_2019-41">[40]</a>: 292  The local economy shifted away from producing goods for export and toward meeting the basic needs of the local population.<a href="#cite_note-Taş_2019-41">[40]</a>: 292  Workshops produced less in general during this period and their focus was more on cheap basic goods like local fabrics and household goods.<a href="#cite_note-Taş_2019-41">[40]</a>: 292  Imports also declined because the locals were focusing more on consuming cheap basic goods rather than luxuries; they were living simpler, more frugal lives.<a href="#cite_note-Taş_2019-41">[40]</a>: 292  Because people were using more local products, the cost of living also decreased and people had to work less to meet their expenses.<a href="#cite_note-Taş_2019-41">[40]</a>: 292–3  Contemporary court records document that there was extensive commercial contact between Muslims and non-Muslims; they bought and sold goods freely between each other and entered into commercial partnerships together, indicating that there was relatively high trust between both groups.<a href="#cite_note-Taş_2019-41">[40]</a>: 293–4  The main centers of commercial activity in the Ottoman period were the bazaars, where both local and imported goods were bought and sold.<a href="#cite_note-Taş_2019-41">[40]</a>: 309  Generally, a bazaar would be named after its primary function and main goods sold there.<a href="#cite_note-Taş_2019-41">[40]</a>: 309  For example, the İsotçular Çarşısı was named because of the homemade chili peppers sold in this street.<a href="#cite_note-Taş_2019-41">[40]</a>: 309  Among the bazaars mentioned in late 19th-century records: Kadıoğlu, Köroğlu, Eski Arasa, Teymurcu, Sarayönü, Belediye, Beykapı, Akar, Sipâhî, Bedestan, Hânönü, Kafavhâne, and Hüseyniye.<a href="#cite_note-Taş_2019-41">[40]</a>: 309  There was a huge increase in the number of hans recorded in the Aleppo <a href="/wiki/Salname" title="Salname">Salname</a>s in the late 1800s: from just 7 in 1867 to 11 in 1888, 18 in 1889, and 32 in 1898.<a href="#cite_note-Taş_2019-41">[40]</a>: 306  According to Yasin Taş, this is because not only were new hans being built, but records were simply counting more types of commercial buildings as hans.<a href="#cite_note-Taş_2019-41">[40]</a>: 306  Muslim and non-Muslim travelers would both use the same hans regardless of religion.<a href="#cite_note-Taş_2019-41">[40]</a>: 309  In the countryside surrounding Urfa, life went on largely unchanged.<a href="#cite_note-Taş_2019-41">[40]</a>: 314  Most rural villagers were involved in agriculture, and farmlands were typically plowed using the same low-tech methods that had been used for thousands of years.<a href="#cite_note-Taş_2019-41">[40]</a>: 314  Cows and oxen were kept as draft animals.<a href="#cite_note-Taş_2019-41">[40]</a>: 314  Irrigated farmland around the Euphrates and some streams was more expensive than the waterless fields called "deştî land" which was not able to be irrigated.<a href="#cite_note-Taş_2019-41">[40]</a>: 314  Irrigation channels were repaired jointly among the people who used the water.<a href="#cite_note-Taş_2019-41">[40]</a>: 314  Sometimes there would be people living in the city (often non-Muslim) who would own farmland outside the city and deputize local villagers (often Muslim) to run the farm under the muzâraa contract.<a href="#cite_note-Taş_2019-41">[40]</a>: 314–5  In 1846, taxes could not be collected because of drought and locusts.<a href="#cite_note-Taş_2019-41">[40]</a>: 315  In 1861, 1863, and 1886, there were locusts; in 1870 there was a drought due to lack of rain.<a href="#cite_note-Taş_2019-41">[40]</a>: 315  Up until the mid-1890s, about 20,000 of the city's 60,000 residents were Armenians.<a href="#cite_note-Miller_1995-4">[4]</a>: 620  In 1895, however, thousands of Armenians were killed in a series of massacres by both civilians and soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-Miller_1995-4">[4]</a>: 620  First, in October, Turkish and Kurdish locals killed hundreds of Armenians over a two-day period.<a href="#cite_note-Miller_1995-4">[4]</a>: 620  Then for two months the Armenian quarter was effectively subjected to a siege, with no food or water allowed in.<a href="#cite_note-Miller_1995-4">[4]</a>: 620  The Turks claimed that the Armenians had a weapon cache, which they demanded in return for lifting the siege.<a href="#cite_note-Miller_1995-4">[4]</a>: 620  In December, the siege ended when "a crowd of Turkish soldiers and civilians" entered the Armenian quarter and killed thousands of its inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-Miller_1995-4">[4]</a>: 620  About 3,000 survivors sought shelter in a nearby church – which is normally recognized as a place of refuge under Islamic law.<a href="#cite_note-Miller_1995-4">[4]</a>: 620  However, soldiers burned the church to the ground, killing everyone inside.<a href="#cite_note-Miller_1995-4">[4]</a>: 620  The troops went on to loot and burn the rest of the Armenian quarter.<a href="#cite_note-Miller_1995-4">[4]</a>: 620  According to <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Balfour,_3rd_Baron_Kinross" title="Patrick Balfour, 3rd Baron Kinross">Lord Kinross</a>, some 8,000 Armenians were killed in total.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> There was a small but ancient <a href="/wiki/Urfalim" title="Urfalim">Jewish community in Urfa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> with a population of about 1,000 by the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> Most of the Jews emigrated in 1896, fleeing the <a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres</a>, and settling mainly in <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. There were three Christian communities: <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Orthodox Church">Armenian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Latin</a>. The last <a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Aramaic Languages">Neo-Aramaic Christians</a> left in 1924 and went to Aleppo (where they settled in a place that was later called Hay al-Suryan "The <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Christians">Syriac</a> Quarter").<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_World_War_and_after">First World War and after</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: First World War and after">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TripartiteAgreement1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/TripartiteAgreement1920.jpg/220px-TripartiteAgreement1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/TripartiteAgreement1920.jpg/330px-TripartiteAgreement1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/TripartiteAgreement1920.jpg/440px-TripartiteAgreement1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2513" data-file-height="1688" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the borders set by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sevres" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Sevres">Treaty of Sevres</a>, which assigned Urfa to the French-controlled <a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandate of Syria">Mandate of Syria</a>. Urfa is shown here just below the dotted red line, and directly above the "Y" in "Syria".</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, Urfa was a site of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian genocide">Assyrian</a> genocides, beginning in 1915.<a href="#cite_note-armenian-genocide.org-46">[45]</a> Members of Urfa's Armenian community were deported and killed.<a href="#cite_note-Akçam_1999-47">[46]</a> In May, 18 families were deported from Urfa, and in June, 50 people were arrested, tortured, and then deported to Diyarbakır, where they were killed on the road.<a href="#cite_note-Akçam_1999-47">[46]</a> Urfa was also a stop on the deportation route, and the <a href="/wiki/Urfa_resistance" title="Urfa resistance">Urfa resistance</a> in October was composed of Armenians deported from Van and Diyarbakır.<a href="#cite_note-Akçam_1999-47">[46]</a> Survivors from killings elsewhere had begun to arrive in Urfa, and by mid-August, massacres had begun in Urfa itself.<a href="#cite_note-Akçam_1999-47">[46]</a> Some 400 Armenians were taken to the edge of town and killed during a four-day period from 15–19 August.<a href="#cite_note-Akçam_1999-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[note 2]</a> Another massacre took place on 23 September, when 300 Armenians were killed.<a href="#cite_note-armenian-genocide.org-46">[45]</a> In response to the Urfa resistance in October, <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Celal_Bey" title="Mehmet Celal Bey">Mehmet Celal Bey</a>, who had served as governor of Aleppo before being sacked for refusing to comply with the order to deport the local Armenians, commented: "Each human has the right to live. A trampled worm will squirm and wriggle. The Armenians will defend themselves."<a href="#cite_note-Akçam_1999-47">[46]</a> The final event of the resistance was on 15 October, when several thousand Turkish troops attacked their position.<a href="#cite_note-armenian-genocide.org-46">[45]</a> The next day, some 20,000 Armenian deportees in transit were killed in and around Urfa.<a href="#cite_note-armenian-genocide.org-46">[45]</a> Meanwhile, during the Russian <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Western_Armenia" title="Occupation of Western Armenia">occupation of Western Armenia</a>, many Turks fleeing those regions came and settled in Urfa.<a href="#cite_note-Saraç_2018-18">[18]</a>: 22  Mehmet Adil Saraç estimates that around 8 to 10 thousand Turks migrated to the Urfa region this way.<a href="#cite_note-Saraç_2018-18">[18]</a>: 22  At the end of the First World War, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a> assigned Urfa to the French-controlled <a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandate of Syria">Mandate of Syria</a>, 5 km south of the border with Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-Treaty_of_Sèvres-49">[47]</a>: 15  As a result, Urfa was occupied by British and then French troops.<a href="#cite_note-Saraç_2018-18">[18]</a>: 17  Locals from Urfa formed a militia and successfully drove out the occupying troops on 11 April 1920.<a href="#cite_note-Saraç_2018-18">[18]</a>: 17  The 1923 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a> officially settled the matter by including Urfa as part of the new <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">[32]</a>: 593  Under the new republic, Urfa was made capital of the new <a href="/wiki/Urfa_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Urfa Province">Urfa Province</a> on 20 April 1924.<a href="#cite_note-Saraç_2018-18">[18]</a>: 17  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>, thousands of Syrian refugees fled to Turkey, and many of them settled in Urfa.<a href="#cite_note-Karademir_and_Doğan_2019-50">[48]</a>: 111–2  When Raqqa became the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a>, Urfa became a gateway for jihadists entering Syria because of its closeness to the <a href="/wiki/Ak%C3%A7akale" title="Akçakale">Akçakale</a>-<a href="/wiki/Tall_Abyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Tall Abyad">Tall Abyad</a> border crossing and to Raqqa itself.<a href="#cite_note-EB_2016-51">[49]</a> The city's general religious-conservative climate meant that many locals who adhere to <a href="/wiki/Salafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi">Salafi</a> thought sympathized with the Islamic State, and many of its members lived in the city as well.<a href="#cite_note-EB_2016-51">[49]</a> On 6 February 2023, Urfa suffered some damage from the twin <a href="/wiki/2023_Turkey%E2%80%93Syria_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake">Turkey-Syria earthquakes</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe_-_landscape.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe_-_landscape.jpg/220px-G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe_-_landscape.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe_-_landscape.jpg/330px-G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe_-_landscape.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe_-_landscape.jpg/440px-G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe_-_landscape.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The Urfa countryside, as seen from <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a></figcaption></figure> Urfa is located at the border between the foothills of the <a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a> and the great Mesopotamian plain. In general, these two regions meet "well to the south" of Urfa, but around <a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a> the plain extends northward, cutting into the hills. At the northwestern corner of the Harran plain, there is another extension in the plain, this time going westward. Urfa is located in this second extension of the plains, tucked behind the hills at its southern edge.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 1  A small stream flows through Urfa.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 2  This stream is known as the <a href="/wiki/Daisan_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Daisan River">Daisan</a>, or "leaping river", after its tendency for flooding.<a href="#cite_note-Unfinished-52">[50]</a>: 136  Today, the Daisan flows through a man-made channel that follows the north and east sides of the old walled city. Before the channel was made, though, the stream's natural course was on the west side of the old city, then it turned east.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 2  Part of the former course survives as the fish pool called Birket Ibrahim, which tradition associates with the patriarch <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>. To the south of the stream's old course is a spring in a cave that is now converted into a mosque.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 3, 6  Since the 20th century, Urfa has expanded northward, across the little plain and the hill known as Şehitlik Mahallesi with blocks of flats, as well as over the escarpment to the south.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 8  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> Urfa has a <a href="/wiki/Hot-summer_Mediterranean_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-summer Mediterranean climate">hot-summer Mediterranean climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: Csa, <a href="/wiki/Trewartha_climate_classification" title="Trewartha climate classification">Trewartha</a>: Cs). During the summer months, average high temperatures often exceed 40 °C (104 °F) and it has one of the hottest summers in the world among places that are not in <a href="/wiki/Desert_climate" title="Desert climate">arid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid</a> regions, while rainfall is almost non-existent. Winters are cool and relatively wet, frost is common along with very sporadic snowfall. Spring and autumn are warm and moderately dry. Highest recorded temperature: 46.8 °C (116.2 °F) on 30 July 2000 Lowest recorded temperature: −12.4 °C (9.7 °F) on 9 February 1932<a href="#cite_note-MGM-53">[51]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Urfa (1991–2020, extremes 1929–2023) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6 (70.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.5 (77.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.5 (85.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.4 (97.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF0700; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.4 (104.7) </td> <td style="background: #DB0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.1 (111.4) </td> <td style="background: #B50000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46.8 (116.2) </td> <td style="background: #BE0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46.2 (115.2) </td> <td style="background: #DD0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.9 (111.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1900; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.8 (100.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.8 (87.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.0 (78.8) </td> <td style="background: #B50000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">46.8 (116.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6 (51.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.5 (54.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5 (63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1 (73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.6 (85.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.7 (96.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.5 (103.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.0 (102.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.5 (94.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.7 (81.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9 (66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4 (54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">25.1 (77.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF3E7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2 (43.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 (45.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8 (53.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.8 (62.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8 (73.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.8 (83.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.6 (90.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.0 (89.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.4 (81.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.2 (70.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1 (55.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE7D0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9 (46.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">19.0 (66.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0 (37.4) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6 (38.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 (44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3 (52.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6 (61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.9 (71.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4 (77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0 (77.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8E1E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.8 (69.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8 (60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 (48.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 (40.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.7 (56.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #ADADFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.6 (12.9) </td> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.4 (9.7) </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.3 (18.9) </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.2 (26.2) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5 (36.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 (46.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0 (59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0 (60.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 (50.0) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9 (35.4) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.0 (21.2) </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.4 (20.5) </td> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−12.4 (9.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #86FF86; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.0 (3.19) </td> <td style="background: #92FF92; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.3 (2.61) </td> <td style="background: #A8FFA8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.9 (2.28) </td> <td style="background: #BAFFBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.7 (1.76) </td> <td style="background: #D7FFD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.2 (1.03) </td> <td style="background: #F6FFF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8 (0.23) </td> <td style="background: #FCFFFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0 (0.08) </td> <td style="background: #F9FFF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0 (0.16) </td> <td style="background: #F2FFF2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 (0.32) </td> <td style="background: #DAFFDA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6 (0.97) </td> <td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.2 (2.02) </td> <td style="background: #89FF89; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.7 (3.10) </td> <td style="background: #C6FFC6; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">450.5 (17.74) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #7070FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.57 </td> <td style="background: #6E6EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.67 </td> <td style="background: #8686FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.77 </td> <td style="background: #8585FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.53 </td> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.33 </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.57 </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4 </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2 </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.47 </td> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.17 </td> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.77 </td> <td style="background: #AFAFFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">75.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9 </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4 </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7 </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">4.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000EF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.5 </td> <td style="background: #1B1BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">59.6 </td> <td style="background: #2A2AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">55.5 </td> <td style="background: #4F4FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45.8 </td> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.6 </td> <td style="background: #8484FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.0 </td> <td style="background: #7373FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.5 </td> <td style="background: #6868FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.3 </td> <td style="background: #4A4AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.3 </td> <td style="background: #1B1BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">59.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000F1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.2 </td> <td style="background: #3A3AFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">51.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #B5B566; color:#000000;" class="notheme">117.8 </td> <td style="background: #C3C311; color:#000000;" class="notheme">135.6 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">189.1 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">225.0 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB05; color:#000000;" class="notheme">288.3 </td> <td style="background: #FBFB2A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">345.0 </td> <td style="background: #FCFC2C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">359.6 </td> <td style="background: #F4F419; color:#000000;" class="notheme">325.5 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA01; color:#000000;" class="notheme">273.0 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">220.1 </td> <td style="background: #CACA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">159.0 </td> <td style="background: #B1B17F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">108.5 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,746.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #B6B661; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8 </td> <td style="background: #C4C40B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC07; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 </td> <td style="background: #FCFC2D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 </td> <td style="background: #FDFD2F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6 </td> <td style="background: #F5F51C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB03; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 </td> <td style="background: #CBCB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3 </td> <td style="background: #B1B17B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Devlet Meteoroloji İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü<a href="#cite_note-MGM-53">[51]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> (humidity, 1991-2020),<a href="#cite_note-WMOCLINO-54">[52]</a> Meteomanz(snow days 2000-2023)<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_sights">Main sights</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Main sights">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mevlid-i_Halil_Mosque_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mevlid-i_Halil_Mosque_08.jpg/220px-Mevlid-i_Halil_Mosque_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mevlid-i_Halil_Mosque_08.jpg/330px-Mevlid-i_Halil_Mosque_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mevlid-i_Halil_Mosque_08.jpg/440px-Mevlid-i_Halil_Mosque_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4942" data-file-height="3294" /></a><figcaption>Main courtyard of the Mevlid-i Halil Mosque</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_citadel">The citadel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: The citadel">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Castle" title="Şanlıurfa Castle">Urfa castle</a> is located on the rocky heights south of the historical city center.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 3  It is long and thin because it crowns a ridge.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 8  The hilltop was the site of an Abgarid winter palace built in the 3rd century; the two columns are the only remnant of this palace.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 11  The first known fortification of the site dates from the early 6th century, under the emperor Justinian.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 11  Fortifications may have existed here previously, but if they did then they went unrecorded.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 11  The fortress was generally well-maintained during the middle ages, and it withstood a number of attacks.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 11–2  It was destroyed on the orders of the Ayyubid sultan <a href="/wiki/Al-Kamil" title="Al-Kamil">al-Kamil</a> around 1235.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 12  In the early 1300s, it was rebuilt under the Mamluk sultan <a href="/wiki/An-Nasir_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="An-Nasir Muhammad">an-Nasir Muhammad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 12  It was further renovated under the Aq Qoyunlu in the 1400s, and then again under the Ottomans at various points: under <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a> in the 1500s and then under <a href="/wiki/Murad_IV" title="Murad IV">Murad IV</a> in the early 1600s.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 12  Urfa's castle was garrisoned with <a href="/wiki/Janissary" title="Janissary">janissaries</a> until <a href="/wiki/Auspicious_Incident" title="Auspicious Incident">their dissolution in 1826</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 70  It was already in serious disrepair by that point, though; only the part where the janissaries were posted was maintained at all.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 71  Afterwards, the citadel was essentially abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 71  In 1849, a local citizen named Sakıp Efendi dismantled part of the citadel and used the stones to build an inn and market; he also allegedly took a lot of stones to sell for money.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 71  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_city_walls">Old city walls</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Old city walls">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urfa_city_walls_5424.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Urfa_city_walls_5424.jpg/250px-Urfa_city_walls_5424.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Urfa_city_walls_5424.jpg/330px-Urfa_city_walls_5424.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Urfa_city_walls_5424.jpg/500px-Urfa_city_walls_5424.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8256" data-file-height="5504" /></a><figcaption>Some stretches of the old city walls remain standing</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urfa_Barla_Kap%C4%B1s%C4%B1_3567.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Urfa_Barla_Kap%C4%B1s%C4%B1_3567.jpg/250px-Urfa_Barla_Kap%C4%B1s%C4%B1_3567.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Urfa_Barla_Kap%C4%B1s%C4%B1_3567.jpg/330px-Urfa_Barla_Kap%C4%B1s%C4%B1_3567.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Urfa_Barla_Kap%C4%B1s%C4%B1_3567.jpg/500px-Urfa_Barla_Kap%C4%B1s%C4%B1_3567.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3280" /></a><figcaption>Inner face of the Harran Gate</figcaption></figure> The monumental walls surrounding the old town date from the Abbasid-era rebuilding in 812.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 12  The only major repairs to them took place during the early Ottoman period, in 1660–61, when there was restoration work done on the city's fortifications in general.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 12  The walls are made of large stone blocks over 30 cm tall all the way through (i.e. not just on the faces).<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 12  The early Ottoman repairs are distinguished by their small size, white color, and light bossing.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 12  In many places, people have built private houses directly adjoining the city wall's inner face, so that it forms one side of the house.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 12  Because of Urfa's location, the east wall was always the most exposed to attack; large chunks of the surviving sections here consist of Ottoman repairs.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 14  There were three known gates in the city walls: the Harran Gate; the Bey Kapısı, or "Lord's Gate"; and the Saray Kapısı, or "Palace Gate".<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 12–4  The Harran Gate, located near the southeast corner of the walled city, still exists; its outer face (outside the walls) was rebuilt at some point, possibly during the Ottoman renovations of 1660–61.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 12  Its inner face, however, dates back to the Ayyubid period, under the local ruler Muzaffar Ghazi Shihab ad-Din (1230–45).<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 12  The inscription recording his name runs almost from one end of the gatehouse to the other; below it, and above the top of the arch, is a small relief of a <a href="/wiki/Eagle_of_Saladin" title="Eagle of Saladin">double-headed eagle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 12  The monumental Bey Kapısı, located on the east side of the old city, also still exists, although the actual gate no longer does.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 13  The original gatehouse was built in ancient times, perhaps during the 4th or 6th century.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 13  It probably had two large U-shaped towers with two or three gates in between them.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 13  Those two towers still exist today, although they were completely rebuilt over the centuries so that none of the original structures remain.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 13  The south tower kept its shape, but the north tower is now shaped like a polygon with straight sides.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 13  The entire gatehouse was turned into a fortress in the early middle ages.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 13  This may have happened during the Abbasid rebuilding of the city walls in 812, but in any case it had already happened by the early 11th century when sources refer to two castles in the city.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 13  The fortress consisted of a rectangular enclosure with the two towers on its east side; the north tower was probably rebuilt at this point.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 13  The fortress's entire eastern wall appears to have been moved back by about 12 m and the old gates were closed up in the process.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 13  The new gate was built at the northwest corner of the fortress, between it and the main city wall, so that there was a passage between them.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 13  At some point, this passage was blocked up.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 13  The Armenian prince Toros appears to have begun a rebuilding of the Bey Kapısı fortress, as attested by an Armenian inscription on the south tower, but this project was only finished under the crusaders.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 13–4  Later, during the Ottoman renovations of 1660–61, the fortress was rebuilt again.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 13  In the mid-1800s, the entire fortress was converted into a private residence, and rebuilding from this period has replaced most of the earlier masonry in many places.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 13–4  As for the Saray Kapısı, it no longer exists, but it was originally located behind the bridge that takes Atatürk Caddesi over the river on the north side of town.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 14  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balıklıgöl">Balıklıgöl</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Balıklıgöl">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bal%C4%B1kl%C4%B1g%C3%B6l" title="Balıklıgöl">Balıklıgöl</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balikli_G%C3%B6l_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Balikli_G%C3%B6l_03.jpg/250px-Balikli_G%C3%B6l_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Balikli_G%C3%B6l_03.jpg/330px-Balikli_G%C3%B6l_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Balikli_G%C3%B6l_03.jpg/500px-Balikli_G%C3%B6l_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4933" data-file-height="3289" /></a><figcaption>Abraham's Pool in Urfa</figcaption></figure> According to legend, Balıklıgöl was formed by the prophet Abraham's confrontation with the tyrant Nimrod, who supposedly ruled over Urfa from the citadel above.<a href="#cite_note-Unfinished-52">[50]</a>: 138  When Abraham came of age, he destroyed Nimrod's idols, and in retaliation Nimrod "made a catapult out of the castle's twin pillars" and hurled Abraham into a pit of fire below.<a href="#cite_note-Unfinished-52">[50]</a>: 138  When Abraham landed, the flames miraculously turned into water, and the wood used to stoke the fire was turned into carp.<a href="#cite_note-Unfinished-52">[50]</a>: 138  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Halil_ür-Rahman_Cami">Halil ür-Rahman Cami</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Halil ür-Rahman Cami">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halil_%C3%9Cr-Rahman_Camii_9397.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Halil_%C3%9Cr-Rahman_Camii_9397.jpg/250px-Halil_%C3%9Cr-Rahman_Camii_9397.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Halil_%C3%9Cr-Rahman_Camii_9397.jpg/330px-Halil_%C3%9Cr-Rahman_Camii_9397.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Halil_%C3%9Cr-Rahman_Camii_9397.jpg/500px-Halil_%C3%9Cr-Rahman_Camii_9397.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4255" data-file-height="2837" /></a><figcaption>The Halil ür-Rahman Cami</figcaption></figure> The Halil ür-Rahman Cami, also called simply the Halil Cami, is a mosque and medrese located on the south side of the pool.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 18  Just south of the mosque is a cave which according to legend is where the prophet Abraham was born.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 18  Another tradition says that Abraham intended to sacrifice his son Isaac here, but sacrificed a goat instead; when he did, a spring gushed out, feeding the fish pool.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 18  The earliest part of the complex is the minaret, which was built in 1211–12 under Ayyubid rule.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 18  There was presumably a mosque with a prayer hall on the site of the present one, which was completely rebuilt in 1819–20 (but probably similar to the original one).<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 18–9  The other major component is a series of medrese "cells", fronted by a portico, which were built in 1808–09 and then renovated in 1871–72.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 19  The original Ayyubid complex may have been built to serve as a medrese, but by Ottoman times it was being used as a <a href="/wiki/Khanqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanqah">tekke</a> with kitchens, reception rooms, and guest rooms, which may have been on the same site as the medrese cells.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 19  The tekke complex was converted into a medrese in the 1800s, possibly as soon as the medrese cells were built.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 19  The mosque itself now serves as an antechamber where prayers can be said before entering the cave through a door on the south side.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 19  The mosque is entered through a domed vestibule on the west side.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 19  The prayer hall is a small squarish room with three aisles; two of them have groin-vaulted ceilings, while the middle one is topped with a dome.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 19  The mihrab is surrounded by an arch with <a href="/wiki/Squinch" title="Squinch">squinches</a> that seem to imitate <a href="/wiki/Artukid" class="mw-redirect" title="Artukid">Artukid</a> style.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 19  The minaret is a square tower that is visually divided into thirds by three molded <a href="/wiki/Cornice" title="Cornice">cornices</a>, one of which is at the very top.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 19  The upper level has pairs of <a href="/wiki/Mullion" title="Mullion">mullioned</a> windows on all four sides.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 19  The tops of the windows form horseshoe-shaped arches.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 19  The medrese cells, now used as a Qur'an school, are elevated from the surrounding pavement.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 19  The cells are fronted by a portico with simple rounded arches.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 19  A <a href="/wiki/Balustrade" class="mw-redirect" title="Balustrade">balustrade</a> with zigzag posts runs along the front of the portico.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 19  At the northwest corner of the pool is a five-sided room that projects out into the water on three sides.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 19  A restoration in the late 20th century extended the balustrade onto the top of the five-sided room.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 19  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ayn_Zeliha">Ayn Zeliha</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Ayn Zeliha">edit</a>]</div> The pool of Ayn Zeliha, named after Nimrod's daughter,<a href="#cite_note-Rough_Guide-56">[54]</a> is located south of the main pool.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 18  It is shaded by trees and surrounded by cafés.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 18  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haleplibahçe_museum_complex">Haleplibahçe museum complex</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Haleplibahçe museum complex">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Şanlıurfa Museum">Şanlıurfa Museum</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urfa_museum_Building_5080.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Urfa_museum_Building_5080.jpg/250px-Urfa_museum_Building_5080.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Urfa_museum_Building_5080.jpg/330px-Urfa_museum_Building_5080.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Urfa_museum_Building_5080.jpg/500px-Urfa_museum_Building_5080.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8256" data-file-height="5504" /></a><figcaption>Exterior of the Şanlıurfa Museum</figcaption></figure> The Haleplibahçe museum complex (Turkish: Haleplibahçe Müze Kompleksi) is located near Balıklıgöl and occupies a 40-hectare area.<a href="#cite_note-Ertuğrul_2015-57">[55]</a> It consists of two museums: the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Şanlıurfa Museum">Şanlıurfa Museum</a> and the Haleplibahçe Mosaic Museum.<a href="#cite_note-Ertuğrul_2015-57">[55]</a> The Şanlıurfa Museum was originally founded in 1965 and moved to its present location in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-Müze-58">[56]</a> With over 34,000 square meters of indoor space, it is the largest museum in Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-Ertuğrul_2015-57">[55]</a> It has 14 exhibition halls and 33 animation areas<a href="#cite_note-Müze-58">[56]</a> and houses some 10,000 artefacts from the Paleolithic through Islamic times.<a href="#cite_note-Ertuğrul_2015-57">[55]</a> This includes finds from Göbekli Tepe, Harran, and the areas now inundated by the Atatürk Dam.<a href="#cite_note-Müze-58">[56]</a> As for the Haleplibahçe Mosaic Museum, it was built <a href="/wiki/In_situ" title="In situ">in situ</a> on the top of where the Haleplibahçe mosaics were originally found.<a href="#cite_note-Müze-58">[56]</a> Among the mosaics on display here is the oldest known mosaic to depict the <a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Müze-58">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kızılkoyun_necropolis">Kızılkoyun necropolis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Kızılkoyun necropolis">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lkoyun_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lkoyun_%281%29.jpg/220px-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lkoyun_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lkoyun_%281%29.jpg/330px-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lkoyun_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lkoyun_%281%29.jpg/440px-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lkoyun_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Part of the Kızılkoyun necropolis</figcaption></figure> Just to the east of the Haleplibahçe museum complex is the Kızıllkoyun necropolis, where at least 75 rock-cut cave tombs were carved into a limestone ridge during the Roman period, in the 3rd and 4th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Şenol_et_al_2020-59">[57]</a>: 1243–4  The tombs vary in size and design based on the socioeconomic status of their occupants, ranging from one to three rooms and some having special front entrances.<a href="#cite_note-Şenol_et_al_2020-59">[57]</a>: 1244  Some of the tombs were also decorated with statues and mosaics.<a href="#cite_note-Şenol_et_al_2020-59">[57]</a>: 1244  In the 1970s, the Kızılkoyun area became occupied by informal <a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">squatter</a> housing, which was later legitimized through <a href="/wiki/Construction_amnesty" title="Construction amnesty">construction amnesty</a> in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-Şenol_et_al_2020-59">[57]</a>: 1244  Nearby sites were designated as protected monuments, but the Kızılkoyun necropolis was not designated as anything until 2008 when it was declared as a second-degree archaeological site.<a href="#cite_note-Şenol_et_al_2020-59">[57]</a>: 1245  In 2012, the necropolis was officially registered as the Yenimahalle Urban Archaeological Site, and 387 houses and workplaces on the premises were demolished.<a href="#cite_note-Şenol_et_al_2020-59">[57]</a>: 1245  A new landscaping project was commenced in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-Şenol_et_al_2020-59">[57]</a>: 1245  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grand_Mosque">Grand Mosque</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Grand Mosque">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_of_Urfa" title="Grand Mosque of Urfa">Grand Mosque of Urfa</a></div> The 12th-century Grand Mosque of Urfa is a <a href="/wiki/Congregational_mosque" title="Congregational mosque">congregational mosque</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kapalı_Çarşı">Kapalı Çarşı</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Kapalı Çarşı">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_covered_market_area_5499.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_covered_market_area_5499.jpg/250px-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_covered_market_area_5499.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_covered_market_area_5499.jpg/330px-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_covered_market_area_5499.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_covered_market_area_5499.jpg/500px-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_covered_market_area_5499.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8256" data-file-height="5504" /></a><figcaption>Covered marketplace in Urfa</figcaption></figure> The Kapalı Çarşı is a "maze-like" covered bazaar area at the south end of Divan Caddesi,<a href="#cite_note-Rough_Guide-56">[54]</a> not far from Balıklıgöl.<a href="#cite_note-Fidan_2018-60">[58]</a> Its narrow streets are lined with shops and stalls selling a wide variety of goods: herbs and spices, many different types of fabric, "green Diyarbakır tobacco by the kilo", even guns.<a href="#cite_note-Rough_Guide-56">[54]</a> Household appliances are sometimes auctioned off here as well.<a href="#cite_note-Rough_Guide-56">[54]</a> The bazaar is covered are because of the climate: during the summer, the covers allow people to stay cool in the shade, while in winter they offer a bit of warmth.<a href="#cite_note-Fidan_2018-60">[58]</a> The Kapalı Çarşı is one of the busiest shopping areas in the city; it serves locals and tourists as well as people coming from the surrounding villages to buy things in the city.<a href="#cite_note-Fidan_2018-60">[58]</a> It remains popular in spite of the increasing number of shopping malls in the city.<a href="#cite_note-Fidan_2018-60">[58]</a> The Kapalı Çarşı is the most traditional marketplace in Urfa.<a href="#cite_note-Miller_1995-4">[4]</a>: 620  Merchants gather and take part in a traditional prayer for "good and fruitful gain" two days per week when they open their shops as part of a "traders' prayer" that dates back to the culture of the <a href="/wiki/Ahis" title="Ahis">Ahi guilds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fidan_2018-60">[58]</a> Traditional artisans make goods for sale here, including shoes, saddles, and metal goods.<a href="#cite_note-Miller_1995-4">[4]</a>: 620 <a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 25  Among the bazaars located within the area: Kazaz (Bedesten), Sipahi Pazarı, Kınacı Pazarı, Bakırcılar Çarşısı (coppersmiths' market), Eskici Pazarı, Kuyumcular Çarşısı (jewellers' market), Kunduracılar Pazarı (shoemakers' market).<a href="#cite_note-Fidan_2018-60">[58]</a> The coppersmiths' bazaar is located south of the bedesten, along with the Haci Kamil Hanı, while the Sipahi Pazarı and the Hüseyniye bazaar are located further west.<a href="#cite_note-Rough_Guide-56">[54]</a> In the coppersmiths' and tin-beaters' quarter, there is "a vaulted street with shops down either side."<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 25  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gümrük_Hanı">Gümrük Hanı</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Gümrük Hanı">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_G%C3%BCmr%C3%BCk_Han%C4%B1_3970.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_G%C3%BCmr%C3%BCk_Han%C4%B1_3970.jpg/220px-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_G%C3%BCmr%C3%BCk_Han%C4%B1_3970.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_G%C3%BCmr%C3%BCk_Han%C4%B1_3970.jpg/330px-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_G%C3%BCmr%C3%BCk_Han%C4%B1_3970.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_G%C3%BCmr%C3%BCk_Han%C4%B1_3970.jpg/440px-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_G%C3%BCmr%C3%BCk_Han%C4%B1_3970.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Courtyard of the Gümrük Hanı, or "Customs Inn"</figcaption></figure> The Gümrük Hanı, or "customs caravanserai",<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 24  is located in the middle of the Kapalı Çarşı.<a href="#cite_note-Rough_Guide-56">[54]</a> Variously dated to the late 16th century<a href="#cite_note-Miller_1995-4">[4]</a>: 620 <a href="#cite_note-Rough_Guide-56">[54]</a> or the 18th or 19th centuries,<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 24  it is a two-story building arranged around "a more or less square courtyard".<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 24  The ground floor is occupied by shops opening up onto the courtyard.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 24  Above the shops on the upper level is a portico with access to rooms now used as private apartments.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 24–5  The shady courtyard is filled with tables belonging to teahouses and watch repairers.<a href="#cite_note-Rough_Guide-56">[54]</a> Just next door to the Gümrük Hanı is a <a href="/wiki/Bedestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedestan">bedestan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rough_Guide-56">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bedesten">Bedesten</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Bedesten">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_bedesten_909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_bedesten_909.jpg/250px-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_bedesten_909.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_bedesten_909.jpg/330px-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_bedesten_909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_bedesten_909.jpg/500px-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_bedesten_909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the bedesten</figcaption></figure> One of the most important markets in the Kapalı Çarşı is the <a href="/wiki/Bedesten" title="Bedesten">bedesten</a>, which is located just south of the Gümrük Hanı.<a href="#cite_note-Fidan_2018-60">[58]</a> Originally built in 1562, it is mentioned as "bezzazistan" in the waqf of Rızvan Ahmet Paşa in 1740.<a href="#cite_note-Fidan_2018-60">[58]</a> It was restored in 1998 by the Şanlıurfa Culture, Art, and Research Foundation (ŞURKAV).<a href="#cite_note-Fidan_2018-60">[58]</a> It has gates to 4 surrounding bazaars.<a href="#cite_note-Fidan_2018-60">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tabakhane_Cami">Tabakhane Cami</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Tabakhane Cami">edit</a>]</div> The Tabakhane Cami, or "dye-house mosque", dates from the 1700s or early 1800s.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 23  Its minaret, however, may be older – perhaps from the 15th or 16th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 23  The mosque's main prayer hall goes east-west, with a groin-vaulted portico on the north side.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 23  A rectangular courtyard surrounded by a high wall extends to the north.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 23  The main entrance to the whole complex is at the north end of the courtyard's west side, where there is a high and deep porch covered by a high semi-dome.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 23  The minaret is located at the east end of the portico; the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eerefe_(minaret)" class="mw-redirect" title="Şerefe (minaret)">şerefe</a> at the top features carved designs interspersed with turquoise tiles.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 23  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kara_Meydanı">Kara Meydanı</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Kara Meydanı">edit</a>]</div> The Kara Meydanı is located at the north end of Divan Caddesi; north of here it becomes Sarayönü Caddesi.<a href="#cite_note-Rough_Guide-56">[54]</a> The 19th-century Yusuf Paşa Cami is located here, as is the old Haci Hafiz Efendi house, which is now restored and turned into an art gallery.<a href="#cite_note-Rough_Guide-56">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parks">Parks</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Parks">edit</a>]</div> The Akabe recreation area (Akabe Mesire alanı), in Batıkent mahalle, covers 100,00 square meters and was implemented by the Metropolitan Municipality under mayor Zeynel Abidin Beyazgül under the slogan "a greener Şanlıurfa" ("Daha yeşil bir Şanlıurfa"); work completed as of December 2022.<a href="#cite_note-Urfanatik_2022-61">[59]</a> It has sports fields, playgrounds, walking trails, and an archery range.<a href="#cite_note-Urfanatik_2022-61">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mevlid-i_Halil_Mosque_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mevlid-i Halil Mosque, built next to the site where prophet Abraham is believed to have been born."><img alt="Mevlid-i Halil Mosque, built next to the site where prophet Abraham is believed to have been born." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mevlid-i_Halil_Mosque_01.jpg/120px-Mevlid-i_Halil_Mosque_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mevlid-i_Halil_Mosque_01.jpg/180px-Mevlid-i_Halil_Mosque_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mevlid-i_Halil_Mosque_01.jpg/240px-Mevlid-i_Halil_Mosque_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3428" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mevlid-i_Halil_Mosque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mevlid-i Halil Mosque (page does not exist)">Mevlid-i Halil Mosque</a>, built next to the site where prophet <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> is believed to have been born.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_M%C3%BCzesi_Roma_D%C3%B6nem_Salonu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of the Şanlıurfa Museum"><img alt="Interior of the Şanlıurfa Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_M%C3%BCzesi_Roma_D%C3%B6nem_Salonu.jpg/120px-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_M%C3%BCzesi_Roma_D%C3%B6nem_Salonu.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_M%C3%BCzesi_Roma_D%C3%B6nem_Salonu.jpg/250px-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_M%C3%BCzesi_Roma_D%C3%B6nem_Salonu.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Şanlıurfa Museum">Şanlıurfa Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Haleplibah%C3%A7e_Mozaik_M%C3%BCzesi_i%C3%A7.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of the Haleplibahçe Mosaic Museum"><img alt="Interior of the Haleplibahçe Mosaic Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Haleplibah%C3%A7e_Mozaik_M%C3%BCzesi_i%C3%A7.jpg/120px-Haleplibah%C3%A7e_Mozaik_M%C3%BCzesi_i%C3%A7.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Haleplibah%C3%A7e_Mozaik_M%C3%BCzesi_i%C3%A7.jpg/250px-Haleplibah%C3%A7e_Mozaik_M%C3%BCzesi_i%C3%A7.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of the Haleplibahçe Mosaic Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%B6lba%C5%9F%C4%B1_Urfa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gölbaşı-Garden"><img alt="Gölbaşı-Garden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/G%C3%B6lba%C5%9F%C4%B1_Urfa.jpg/120px-G%C3%B6lba%C5%9F%C4%B1_Urfa.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/G%C3%B6lba%C5%9F%C4%B1_Urfa.jpg/180px-G%C3%B6lba%C5%9F%C4%B1_Urfa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/G%C3%B6lba%C5%9F%C4%B1_Urfa.jpg/240px-G%C3%B6lba%C5%9F%C4%B1_Urfa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gölbaşı-Garden</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Urfa_Castle_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ruins of Urfa castle"><img alt="Ruins of Urfa castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Urfa_Castle_01.jpg/120px-Urfa_Castle_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Urfa_Castle_01.jpg/180px-Urfa_Castle_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Urfa_Castle_01.jpg/240px-Urfa_Castle_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3042" data-file-height="2079" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ruins of Urfa castle</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Urfa_protestant_armenian_church.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Urfa Armenian Protestant church"><img alt="Urfa Armenian Protestant church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Urfa_protestant_armenian_church.jpg/120px-Urfa_protestant_armenian_church.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Urfa_protestant_armenian_church.jpg/250px-Urfa_protestant_armenian_church.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1315" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Urfa Armenian Protestant church</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_25_05_2010_Burg_mit_Ayn_Zeliha_G%C3%B6l%C3%BC_und_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ayn Zeliha"><img alt="Ayn Zeliha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_25_05_2010_Burg_mit_Ayn_Zeliha_G%C3%B6l%C3%BC_und_Park.jpg/120px-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_25_05_2010_Burg_mit_Ayn_Zeliha_G%C3%B6l%C3%BC_und_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_25_05_2010_Burg_mit_Ayn_Zeliha_G%C3%B6l%C3%BC_und_Park.jpg/250px-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_25_05_2010_Burg_mit_Ayn_Zeliha_G%C3%B6l%C3%BC_und_Park.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ayn Zeliha</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Castle_view_of_museum_park_5253.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The museum complex, viewed from the south: in the foreground is the Haleplibahçe Mosaic Museum; in the background is the Şanlıurfa Museum."><img alt="The museum complex, viewed from the south: in the foreground is the Haleplibahçe Mosaic Museum; in the background is the Şanlıurfa Museum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Castle_view_of_museum_park_5253.jpg/120px-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Castle_view_of_museum_park_5253.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Castle_view_of_museum_park_5253.jpg/180px-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Castle_view_of_museum_park_5253.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Castle_view_of_museum_park_5253.jpg/240px-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Castle_view_of_museum_park_5253.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8256" data-file-height="5504" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The museum complex, viewed from the south: in the foreground is the Haleplibahçe Mosaic Museum; in the background is the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Şanlıurfa Museum">Şanlıurfa Museum</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Euphrates_river_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Euphrates River"><img alt="Euphrates River" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Euphrates_river_-_panoramio.jpg/120px-Euphrates_river_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Euphrates_river_-_panoramio.jpg/180px-Euphrates_river_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Euphrates_river_-_panoramio.jpg/240px-Euphrates_river_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Euphrates River</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe_surrounding_area.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Surrounding fields of Göbekli Tepe, the site of the oldest temple in the world.[3]"><img alt="Surrounding fields of Göbekli Tepe, the site of the oldest temple in the world.[3]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe_surrounding_area.JPG/120px-G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe_surrounding_area.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe_surrounding_area.JPG/250px-G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe_surrounding_area.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Surrounding fields of <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a>, the site of the oldest temple in the world.<a href="#cite_note-The_World's_First_Temple-3">[3]</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_significance">Religious significance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Religious significance">edit</a>]</div> According to some <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> traditions, Urfa is <a href="/wiki/Ur_Kasdim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ur Kasdim">Ur Kasdim</a>, the hometown of <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>, the grandfather of <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>. This identification was disputed by <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Woolley" title="Leonard Woolley">Leonard Woolley</a>, the excavator of the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a> in 1927 and scholars remain divided on the issue. Urfa is also one of several cities that have traditions associated with <a href="/wiki/Job_(Biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Job (Biblical figure)">Job</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] For the <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, Urfa has "great symbolic value" since it is believed that the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian alphabet</a> was invented there.<a href="#cite_note-Creating_the_Turk's_Homeland:_Modernization,_Nationalism_and_Geography_in_Southeast_Turkey_in_the_late_19th_and_20th_Centuries-62">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Belediyesi.._-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Belediyesi.._-_panoramio.jpg/250px-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Belediyesi.._-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Belediyesi.._-_panoramio.jpg/330px-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Belediyesi.._-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Belediyesi.._-_panoramio.jpg/500px-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Belediyesi.._-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Şanlıurfa Municipality Building on the right</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_(electoral_district)" title="Şanlıurfa (electoral district)">Şanlıurfa (electoral district)</a></div> Urfa is a stronghold of the governing <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">Justice and Development Party</a> and is sometimes called a "vote depot" for the party.<a href="#cite_note-Aksan_2022-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gerçek_Gündem_2022-64">[62]</a> From 2004 to 2014, <a href="/wiki/Ahmet_E%C5%9Fref_Fak%C4%B1baba" title="Ahmet Eşref Fakıbaba">Ahmet Eşref Fakıbaba</a> served as mayor of Urfa for two terms.<a href="#cite_note-Aksan_2022-63">[61]</a> A popular figure in Urfa politics, Fakıbaba first rose to prominence as Chief Physician at the Şanlıurfa SSK Hospital, a role which he held for 11 years.<a href="#cite_note-Aksan_2022-63">[61]</a> In 2004 he ran as the AKP candidate in the mayoral election and won.<a href="#cite_note-Aksan_2022-63">[61]</a> The AKP did not nominate Fakıbaba as their mayoral candidate in the <a href="/wiki/2009_Turkish_local_elections" title="2009 Turkish local elections">2009 local elections</a>, saying that they had 70% of the vote in Urfa and could win the election if their candidate was a jacket.<a href="#cite_note-Aksan_2022-63">[61]</a> However, Fakıbaba ran as an independent and won reelection to a second term.<a href="#cite_note-Aksan_2022-63">[61]</a> He later joined the <a href="/wiki/Felicity_Party" title="Felicity Party">Felicity Party</a> before rejoining the AKP in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-Aksan_2022-63">[61]</a> In 2015, Fakıbaba was elected to the National Assembly as an AKP member, replacing previous Urfa MP <a href="/wiki/Faruk_%C3%87elik" title="Faruk Çelik">Faruk Çelik</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Aksan_2022-63">[61]</a> He later resigned as MP in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-Aksan_2022-63">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The ethnic and religious demographics of the city have shifted over the centuries and were largely diverse. In ancient times, the region was mixed with <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">Syrians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Buckingham-17">[17]</a> At the time of the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a>, the majority of the population were either Armenian or <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a>. There was an ancient Jewish community in Urfa, with about 1,000 people by the 19th century. Most of them emigrated in 1896, fleeing the <a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres</a>, and settling mainly in Aleppo, Tiberias and Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-vgm-65">[63]</a> In 1910, <a href="/wiki/Ely_Bannister_Soane" title="Ely Bannister Soane">Ely Bannister Soane</a> wrote that apart from Turkish <a href="/wiki/Effendi" title="Effendi">effendis</a>, Urfa was populated by <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> and a large number of <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> British forces reported a mixed pre-war population of <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a> and 7,500 <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brit-67">[65]</a> The Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople reported 25,000 to 30,000 Armenians in Urfa and its environs, on an overall population of 60,000.<a href="#cite_note-vgm-65">[63]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Agha_Petros" title="Agha Petros">Agha Petros</a>, there were 7,200 <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriacs</a> in the city of Urfa, and 8,000 in ten surrounding villages.<a href="#cite_note-vgm-65">[63]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Tfinkdji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Tfinkdji (page does not exist)">Joseph Tfinkdji</a> reports 200 <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaldean Catholics">Chaldeans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vgm-65">[63]</a> According to 1918 reports of the Urfa <a href="/wiki/Mutasarrif" title="Mutasarrif">mutasarrifate</a>, there were 33,000 <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a>, 27,000 <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>, 12,000 <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, 5,500 <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, 3,000 <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>, and 500 <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> in the central <a href="/wiki/Kaza" title="Kaza">kaza</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian Genocides</a>, undertaken by Ottoman troops and Ottoman-sponsored militias such as the <a href="/wiki/Special_Organization_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Special Organization (Ottoman Empire)">special organization</a>,<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> led to the slaughter, deportation,<a href="#cite_note-Brit-67">[65]</a> and ethnic cleansing of much of the Christian population of Urfa and the surrounding region. Following the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a>, most of the remaining non-Muslim population left the city due to continued persecution.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Language">Language</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> In the early 19th century, the dominant language of the city was <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>,<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> while Armenian, Syriac, Kurdish, Arabic, and Persian were also spoken. Armenians were observed to speak Turkish to strangers, while Assyrians spoke Arabic.<a href="#cite_note-Buckingham-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present-day">Present-day</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Present-day">edit</a>]</div> Today, the city is mainly composed of <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Syrian_refugees">Syrian refugees</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Syrian refugees">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war in Turkey">Refugees of the Syrian civil war in Turkey</a></div> Since the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>, large numbers of refugees from Syria have settled in Urfa because of its closeness to the border and opportunities for employment.<a href="#cite_note-Karademir_and_Doğan_2019-50">[48]</a>: 111–2  As of 2017, as many as 300,000 Syrians live in Urfa, out of the total population of 750,000 in the province.<a href="#cite_note-EB_2017-75">[73]</a> As of 2014, about 79% of Syrian refugees in Urfa were Arabic-speakers, while the other 21% were Kurdish-speakers.<a href="#cite_note-Hayata_Destek_2014-76">[74]</a>: 7  In general, Syrians in Urfa have clustered in areas where home rental prices are lower; typical rents range from 600 to 900 liras (as of 2019).<a href="#cite_note-Karademir_and_Doğan_2019-50">[48]</a>: 112, 22  These homes are often small, and often more than one nuclear family shares the same residence, so a 100-140-square-meter may accommodate 6–17 people.<a href="#cite_note-Karademir_and_Doğan_2019-50">[48]</a>: 122  Syrians with the lowest incomes are most heavily concentrated in run-down neighborhoods with a lot of <a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">squatting</a> that were previously inhabited mostly by poor people who had moved to Urfa from the countryside.<a href="#cite_note-Karademir_and_Doğan_2019-50">[48]</a>: 112  Often, they are in outlying neighborhoods far from the city center.<a href="#cite_note-EB_Tarahum-77">[75]</a> The largest number of Syrians in Urfa are in the <a href="/wiki/Haliliye" title="Haliliye">Haliliye</a> district, where they are especially concentrated in the neighborhoods (<a href="/wiki/Mahalle" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahalle">mahalle</a>s) of Devteşti, Ahmet Yesevi, Süleymaniye, Bağlarbaşı, Şehitlik, Cengiz Topel, Şair Nabi, Yeşildirek, İpekyolu, Sancaktar, İmam Bakır and Yavuz Selim.<a href="#cite_note-Karademir_and_Doğan_2019-50">[48]</a>: 119  The second-highest concentration is in <a href="/wiki/Eyy%C3%BCbiye" title="Eyyübiye">Eyyübiye</a>, whose neighborhoods (mahalles) with the highest concentrations of Syrians are Eyyüpnebi, Hayati Harrani, Eyüpkent, Akşemsettin, Yenice, Muradiye, Direkli and Kurtuluş.<a href="#cite_note-Karademir_and_Doğan_2019-50">[48]</a>: 118–9  In both cases, the Syrians here tend to prefer single-story residences where rents are not too high.<a href="#cite_note-Karademir_and_Doğan_2019-50">[48]</a>: 118–9  The third urban district of Urfa, <a href="/wiki/Karak%C3%B6pr%C3%BC" title="Karaköprü">Karaköprü</a>, has a much smaller Syrian presence.<a href="#cite_note-Karademir_and_Doğan_2019-50">[48]</a>: 120  This area has been built up significantly in recent decades, with lots of luxury multi-story residences with high rents preferred by middle- and high-income residents.<a href="#cite_note-Karademir_and_Doğan_2019-50">[48]</a>: 120  The Syrians who live here mostly had relatively high pre-war incomes.<a href="#cite_note-Karademir_and_Doğan_2019-50">[48]</a>: 120  They are clustered in Maşuk, Karşıyaka, Akbayır and Şenevler.<a href="#cite_note-Karademir_and_Doğan_2019-50">[48]</a>: 120  As of 2014, the largest concentrations of Syrians in the city were in the mahalles of Hayati Harrani (165 families), Bağlarbaşı (115), Devteşti (105), Ahmet Yesevi (91), and Eyyüpnebi (90 families).<a href="#cite_note-Hayata_Destek_2014-76">[74]</a>: 10  Syrian refugees in Urfa often struggle with financial difficulties and unemployment.<a href="#cite_note-Karademir_and_Doğan_2019-50">[48]</a>: 122  The language barrier hinders integration into the surrounding community, and many Syrians tend to form their own communities and interact less with Turkish locals.<a href="#cite_note-Karademir_and_Doğan_2019-50">[48]</a>: 122  Many Syrians in Urfa run their own businesses; workplaces belonging to Syrian refugees are clustered around Şehit Nusret Caddesi and Atatürk Boulevard, Sarayönü and Divanyolu Streets, and Haşimiye Meydan.<a href="#cite_note-Karademir_and_Doğan_2019-50">[48]</a>: 122  Many Syrians are also self-employed as street vendors, selling food, clothes, toys, and other items.<a href="#cite_note-EB_2017-75">[73]</a> Before 2017, relations were relatively friendly between Syrians and Turks, but after 2017 relations began to deteriorate as there was a growing perception among Turks that Syrians were to blame for economic stagnation.<a href="#cite_note-Karademir_and_Doğan_2019-50">[48]</a>: 122  The rapid increase in Syrian-owned businesses in Urfa, depressed wages for workers, and a perception that Syrians are "cheap labor" have all contributed to anti-Syrian sentiment among Turks.<a href="#cite_note-Karademir_and_Doğan_2019-50">[48]</a>: 121  Some Turks also resent the fact that Syrian refugees have free access to healthcare and education.<a href="#cite_note-Karademir_and_Doğan_2019-50">[48]</a>: 112  In July 2019, local authorities removed all Arabic-language signs on Syrian-owned businesses in Urfa and made Turkish-language signs mandatory.<a href="#cite_note-Karademir_and_Doğan_2019-50">[48]</a>: 122  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Hotel_El-Ruha_9381.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Hotel_El-Ruha_9381.jpg/220px-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Hotel_El-Ruha_9381.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Hotel_El-Ruha_9381.jpg/330px-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Hotel_El-Ruha_9381.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Hotel_El-Ruha_9381.jpg/440px-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Hotel_El-Ruha_9381.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>A hotel in Şanlıurfa. Tourism contributes to the economy of the city.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_GAP_Arena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_GAP_Arena.jpg/250px-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_GAP_Arena.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_GAP_Arena.jpg/330px-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_GAP_Arena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_GAP_Arena.jpg/500px-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_GAP_Arena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1441" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_11_Nisan_Stadium" title="Şanlıurfa 11 Nisan Stadium">Şanlıurfa GAP Arena</a> is the largest stadium</figcaption></figure> As of 2018, the average per capita income in Urfa is $4,400 USD per year.<a href="#cite_note-Ergu_2018-78">[76]</a> As of 2018, unemployment in Urfa is 18%, among young people it is 35%.<a href="#cite_note-Ergu_2018-78">[76]</a> Urfa is a center of footwear production in the region,<a href="#cite_note-Ergu_2018-78">[76]</a> and around 5,000 people are employed in this sector.<a href="#cite_note-Orange_2021-79">[77]</a>: 15  The Istanbul-based shoe retailer <a href="/w/index.php?title=FLO_Ma%C4%9Fazac%C4%B1l%C4%B1k&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FLO Mağazacılık (page does not exist)">FLO</a>, owned by the Ziylan Group, opened a shoe factory in Urfa in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-Ertan_2021-80">[78]</a> As of 2018, this factory employed 900 people and was the largest footwear factory in the region,<a href="#cite_note-Ergu_2018-78">[76]</a> producing 1.8 million pairs of shoes per year.<a href="#cite_note-Türkiye_2016-81">[79]</a> FLO was planning to open a second factory, employing 1,500 more people, in the city in early 2019.<a href="#cite_note-Ergu_2018-78">[76]</a> According to the province governor Abdullah Erin, there were also plans to open some 13 more shoe factories in the Organized Industrial Zone by 2023, employing as many as 20,000 people and producing 30 million pairs of shoes annually.<a href="#cite_note-Ergu_2018-78">[76]</a> Urfa is a major producer of <a href="/wiki/Pistachio" title="Pistachio">pistachio</a> nuts, with 29.7 million trees in the whole province producing 38,576 tons of pistachios in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-Ayaydın_2022-82">[80]</a> However, most processing is done in Gaziantep, which is the other main pistachio producer in Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-Ayaydın_2022-82">[80]</a> Both cities' pistachios have <a href="/wiki/Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">geographical indications</a> under different names for different cultivars, with Urfa's officially known as the "Urfa flax village pistachio" (Urfa keten köyneği fıstığı).<a href="#cite_note-Ayaydın_2022-82">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Handicrafts">Handicrafts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Handicrafts">edit</a>]</div> Urfa has a rich tradition of <a href="/wiki/Handicraft" title="Handicraft">handicrafts</a>: <a href="/wiki/Coppersmith" title="Coppersmith">coppersmiths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Furrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Furrier">furriers</a>, weavers and carpetmakers, <a href="/wiki/Felt" title="Felt">felt</a> makers, <a href="/wiki/Saddle" title="Saddle">saddle</a> makers, and <a href="/wiki/Jeweler" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeweler">jewelers</a> all form part of this tradition.<a href="#cite_note-Akpınarlı_and_Uluişik_2021-83">[81]</a>: 369  Historically, the various trades had their own bazaars where artisans sold their wares.<a href="#cite_note-Akpınarlı_and_Uluişik_2021-83">[81]</a>: 369  In the 21st century, however, these handicrafts have been on the decline, and new generations are generally not learning them.<a href="#cite_note-Akpınarlı_and_Uluişik_2021-83">[81]</a>: 371  Copper-smithing is relatively prosperous among Urfa's handicrafts, although demand has fallen in favor of more contemporary décor.<a href="#cite_note-Akpınarlı_and_Uluişik_2021-83">[81]</a>: 370  Many coppersmiths have left the profession altogether, and those who remain often face declining incomes.<a href="#cite_note-Akpınarlı_and_Uluişik_2021-83">[81]</a>: 370  Jewelry making also remains a thriving business; its continued importance is partly because of traditional wedding customs that are still practiced.<a href="#cite_note-Akpınarlı_and_Uluişik_2021-83">[81]</a>: 370  The making of prayer beads (<a href="/wiki/Tespih" class="mw-redirect" title="Tespih">tespih</a>) also continues in Urfa, with craftsmen working particularly around the Gümrük Han and the shopping areas around Balıklıgöl.<a href="#cite_note-Akpınarlı_and_Uluişik_2021-83">[81]</a>: 370  Woodcarvers, although few in number, are still in demand for restoration of old buildings.<a href="#cite_note-Akpınarlı_and_Uluişik_2021-83">[81]</a>: 370  A few furriers and saddle makers also continue to ply their trades in the city.<a href="#cite_note-Akpınarlı_and_Uluişik_2021-83">[81]</a>: 371  Artisanal <a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">leather tanning</a>, on the other hand, is no longer practiced in Urfa, and new apprentices are not taught.<a href="#cite_note-Akpınarlı_and_Uluişik_2021-83">[81]</a>: 371  Professionals now send the hides to industrial-scale leather factories instead.<a href="#cite_note-Akpınarlı_and_Uluişik_2021-83">[81]</a>: 371  Commercial production of handmade <a href="/wiki/Embroidery" title="Embroidery">embroidery</a> has also ceased in Urfa, although many women continue the craft for <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a> purposes.<a href="#cite_note-Akpınarlı_and_Uluişik_2021-83">[81]</a>: 369  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limestone_quarrying">Limestone quarrying</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Limestone quarrying">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urfa_G%C3%B6beklitepe_Building_E_sept_2019_5284.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Urfa_G%C3%B6beklitepe_Building_E_sept_2019_5284.jpg/220px-Urfa_G%C3%B6beklitepe_Building_E_sept_2019_5284.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Urfa_G%C3%B6beklitepe_Building_E_sept_2019_5284.jpg/330px-Urfa_G%C3%B6beklitepe_Building_E_sept_2019_5284.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Urfa_G%C3%B6beklitepe_Building_E_sept_2019_5284.jpg/440px-Urfa_G%C3%B6beklitepe_Building_E_sept_2019_5284.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Limestone bedrock at <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a>, an example of Urfa limestone</figcaption></figure> There is an abundance of <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> in the Urfa area, and it has been quarried extensively since ancient times for use as a building material.<a href="#cite_note-Öztürk_Tel_and_Sarıışık_2020-84">[82]</a>: 1–3, 5–7  This limestone, known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa_limestone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urfa limestone (page does not exist)">Urfa limestone</a>, was mostly deposited in <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> through <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> times (about 56-5 million years ago).<a href="#cite_note-Öztürk_Tel_and_Sarıışık_2020-84">[82]</a>: 8  It has a light, whitish-yellow <a href="/wiki/Ochre" title="Ochre">ochre</a> color.<a href="#cite_note-Öztürk_Tel_and_Sarıışık_2020-84">[82]</a>: 3, 10  When freshly extracted from the quarry and still rather moist, Urfa limestone is relatively soft and can easily be cut with a handheld saw.<a href="#cite_note-Turgut_et_al_2008-85">[83]</a>: 489–90  Once exposed to the atmosphere, though, its surface gradually hardens so that it makes a suitably strong building material.<a href="#cite_note-Turgut_et_al_2008-85">[83]</a>: 490  Urfa limestone has been quarried for human use since at least the Neolithic period: it was the main building material used at <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a>, 12,000 years ago, and the prehistoric quarries and workshops at Göbekli Tepe are among the oldest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Öztürk_Tel_and_Sarıışık_2020-84">[82]</a>: 2–3, 8  On the southern edge of the rocky plateau, there are also traces of quarries dating back to ancient Roman times.<a href="#cite_note-Öztürk_Tel_and_Sarıışık_2020-84">[82]</a> : 8–9  Many old quarries in the area were also dug underground, forming artificial caves.<a href="#cite_note-Öztürk_Tel_and_Sarıışık_2020-84">[82]</a>: 5  The oldest of this type is the massive 4-story Basda quarry, although its precise age is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-Öztürk_Tel_and_Sarıışık_2020-84">[82]</a>: 9  A number of active limestone quarries exist today in the Urfa area.<a href="#cite_note-Öztürk_Tel_and_Sarıışık_2020-84">[82]</a>: 7–8  Much of the quarrying is done just west of the city, around the Evren Industrial Estate. <a href="#cite_note-Gürpinar_et_al_2004-86">[84]</a>: 163  Şanlıurfa province's total limestone reserves amount to 62.2 million tons, and its industry has an annual processing capacity of 31,680 tons.<a href="#cite_note-Öztürk_Tel_and_Sarıışık_2020-84">[82]</a>: 8  Many of the stone blocks quarried from the Urfa area are sent to <a href="/wiki/Mardin" title="Mardin">Mardin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midyat" title="Midyat">Midyat</a> for processing.<a href="#cite_note-Öztürk_Tel_and_Sarıışık_2020-84">[82]</a>: 5  Before the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">reinforced concrete</a> structures, Urfa limestone was the main building material used for "major" construction projects in the area.<a href="#cite_note-Turgut_et_al_2008-85">[83]</a>: 485  Many historical structures in the city were built with this limestone: the castle and city walls, the Ulu Cami, the Halil ür-Rahman and Rızvaniye mosques, and the Gümrük Hanı, as well as many of the old 18th- and 19th-century houses in the old town.<a href="#cite_note-Öztürk_Tel_and_Sarıışık_2020-84">[82]</a>: 1–2, 5  It is also used in many contemporary buildings, such as the Mevlana mosque complex.<a href="#cite_note-Öztürk_Tel_and_Sarıışık_2020-84">[82]</a>: 7  Especially since the start of the GAP in the 1980s, regional demand for Urfa limestone as a construction material has been increasing, particularly since it is cheaper than reinforced concrete.<a href="#cite_note-Turgut_et_al_2008-85">[83]</a>: 485  It is also commonly used in combination with other building materials, such as <a href="/wiki/Aerated_concrete" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerated concrete">aerated concrete</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">pumice</a> blocks.<a href="#cite_note-Öztürk_Tel_and_Sarıışık_2020-84">[82]</a>: 13  In addition to being used as a building block, Urfa limestone is also used for cladding on the outside of walls, as well as decorative finishing on indoor walls.<a href="#cite_note-Turgut_et_al_2008-85">[83]</a>: 485  Its use is mostly regional; it is not used much outside the area.<a href="#cite_note-Turgut_et_al_2008-85">[83]</a>: 485  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_zones">Industrial zones</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Industrial zones">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Organized_Industrial_Zone">Organized Industrial Zone</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Organized Industrial Zone">edit</a>]</div> The Organized Industrial Zone (Turkish: Organize Sanayi Bölgesi) is located 17 km west of central Urfa on the highway to Gaziantep.<a href="#cite_note-OSB_1-87">[85]</a> Construction started in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-OSB_1-87">[85]</a> The site consists of three areas covering over 1,700 <a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">hectares</a> as of 2018.<a href="#cite_note-OSB_1-87">[85]</a> It is home to about 250 companies and employs about 13,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-OSB_1-87">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Evren_Industrial_Estate">Evren Industrial Estate</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Evren Industrial Estate">edit</a>]</div> The Evren Industrial Estate (Turkish: Evren Sanayi Sitesi) is a Small Industrial Site located about 7 km west of central Urfa on the highway to Gaziantep.<a href="#cite_note-KSS'ler-88">[86]</a> It covers about 140 hectares and is home to about 1500 businesses.<a href="#cite_note-KSS'ler-88">[86]</a> It became operational in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-KSS'ler-88">[86]</a> Urfa's limestone quarries are also clustered around here.<a href="#cite_note-Gürpinar_et_al_2004-86">[84]</a>: 163  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_in_Urfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture in Urfa">Culture in Urfa</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patl%C4%B1can_kebap_at_an_Urfa_restaurant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Patl%C4%B1can_kebap_at_an_Urfa_restaurant.jpg/250px-Patl%C4%B1can_kebap_at_an_Urfa_restaurant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Patl%C4%B1can_kebap_at_an_Urfa_restaurant.jpg/330px-Patl%C4%B1can_kebap_at_an_Urfa_restaurant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Patl%C4%B1can_kebap_at_an_Urfa_restaurant.jpg/500px-Patl%C4%B1can_kebap_at_an_Urfa_restaurant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Patlıcan kebap, served at an Urfa-style restaurant in Ankara</figcaption></figure> As the city of Urfa is deeply rooted in history, so its unique cuisine is an amalgamation of the cuisines of the many civilizations that have ruled in Urfa . It is widely believed that Urfa is the birthplace of many dishes, including <a href="/wiki/%C3%87i%C4%9F_k%C3%B6fte" title="Çiğ köfte">Çiğ köfte</a>, that according to the legend, was crafted by the Prophet Abraham from ingredients he had at hand.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> Meat-based dishes are a staple of everyday meals in Urfa.<a href="#cite_note-Aksoy_and_Sezgi_2015-90">[88]</a>: 85  There is a local saying, "There is no trouble where meat comes in" (Turkish: et giren yere dert girmez).<a href="#cite_note-Aksoy_and_Sezgi_2015-90">[88]</a>: 85  Foods like <a href="/wiki/Lahmacun" title="Lahmacun">lahmacun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">kebab</a> are consumed daily by many people.<a href="#cite_note-Aksoy_and_Sezgi_2015-90">[88]</a>: 85  <a href="/wiki/Ci%C4%9Fer_kebab%C4%B1" title="Ciğer kebabı">Ciğer kebabı</a>, or liver kebab, is especially popular among poorer Urfalis, since liver is usually a relatively cheap meat.<a href="#cite_note-Ajans_Urfa_2022_liver-91">[89]</a> Liver kebab is popularly eaten for either breakfast, lunch, or dinner.<a href="#cite_note-Ajans_Urfa_2022_liver-91">[89]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Walnut" title="Walnut">walnut</a>-stuffed Turkish dessert crepe (called <a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C4%B1ll%C4%B1k" title="Şıllık">şıllık</a>) is a regional specialty.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> According to legend, its sweet syrup was first made using molasses from the <a href="/wiki/Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon" title="Hanging Gardens of Babylon">Hanging Gardens of Babylon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Aksoy_and_Sezgi_2015-90">[88]</a>: 86  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hospitality">Hospitality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Hospitality">edit</a>]</div> Urfali society traditionally places a great value on <a href="/wiki/Hospitality" title="Hospitality">hospitality</a>, and inviting guests over and sharing food with them has a special importance.<a href="#cite_note-Aksoy_and_Sezgi_2015-90">[88]</a>: 86  Locals attribute this to the prophet Abraham, who according to legend never dined alone — he always had guests over to share his meals with.<a href="#cite_note-Aksoy_and_Sezgi_2015-90">[88]</a>: 86  The locally common epithet "Halil İbrahim Sofrası" ("the tablecloth-like") depicts this characterization.<a href="#cite_note-Aksoy_and_Sezgi_2015-90">[88]</a>: 86  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> Urfa has a long history of literature, going back to early Christian writers such as <a href="/wiki/Bardaisan" title="Bardaisan">Bardaisan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibas_of_Edessa" title="Ibas of Edessa">Ibas of Edessa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Saraç_2018-18">[18]</a>: 106  A prominent medieval writer from Urfa was the 9th century Arabic author <a href="/wiki/Al-Ruhawi" title="Al-Ruhawi">al-Ruhawi</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Adab_al-Tabib" title="Adab al-Tabib">Adab al-Tabib</a> covered the topic of <a href="/wiki/Medical_ethics" title="Medical ethics">medical ethics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Levey_1967-93">[91]</a>: 8  Later, from the 1600s to the 20th century, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Divan_(poetry)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Divan (poetry) (page does not exist)">divan</a> poetry became popular in Urfa.<a href="#cite_note-Saraç_2018-18">[18]</a>: 107  The popularity of divan poetry in Urfa is unusual because, by the 1600s, Urfa was not a major center of learning that would typically be expected to produce a lot of poetry.<a href="#cite_note-Saraç_2018-18">[18]</a>: 107  In all, 130 different Urfali poets are known from this period.<a href="#cite_note-Saraç_2018-18">[18]</a>: 107  A few of them are <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Nabi" title="Yusuf Nabi">Nâbî</a>, Ömer Nüzhet, Admî, Fehim, Hikmet, Şevket, Sakıb, and Emin.<a href="#cite_note-Saraç_2018-18">[18]</a>: 108  Many of them were Sufis, affiliated with orders like the <a href="/wiki/Bektashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi">Bektashis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mevlevi_Order" title="Mevlevi Order">Mevlevis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naqshbandi" title="Naqshbandi">Naqshbandis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qadiriyya" title="Qadiriyya">Qadiris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rifa%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifa'i">Rifa'is</a>; they gathered in places like the Hasanpaşa Medrese, the İhlasiye Medrese, the Hasan Paşa Medrese, the Sakıbiye Tekke, the Halil’ür Rahman Medrese, the Rızvaniye Medrese, the Dabbakhane Medrese, and the Eyyübî Medrese.<a href="#cite_note-Saraç_2018-18">[18]</a>: 108  Urfali divan poets almost exclusively used the <a href="/wiki/Ghazala" title="Ghazala">ghazala</a> form, with almost no known examples of the <a href="/wiki/Qasida" title="Qasida">qasida</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Saraç_2018-18">[18]</a>: 108  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_house_architecture">Traditional house architecture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Traditional house architecture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Provincial_Directorate_of_Culture_and_Tourism_building_9128.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Provincial_Directorate_of_Culture_and_Tourism_building_9128.jpg/250px-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Provincial_Directorate_of_Culture_and_Tourism_building_9128.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Provincial_Directorate_of_Culture_and_Tourism_building_9128.jpg/330px-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Provincial_Directorate_of_Culture_and_Tourism_building_9128.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Provincial_Directorate_of_Culture_and_Tourism_building_9128.jpg/500px-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Provincial_Directorate_of_Culture_and_Tourism_building_9128.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Şanlıurfa Provincial Directorate of Culture and Tourism Building</figcaption></figure> Urfa's old town has many old courtyard houses; many were built during a construction boom in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 8  A typical Urfa courtyard house is centered around a high-walled courtyard that is closed to the street.<a href="#cite_note-Erdogan_2016-94">[92]</a>: 311, 6  Facing the courtyard is a <a href="/wiki/Portico" title="Portico">porticoed</a> antechamber covered by a roof and partially surrounded by three walls.<a href="#cite_note-Erdogan_2016-94">[92]</a>: 317  In Urfa, the name for this space is mastaba; elsewhere, the more general term is <a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">iwan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Erdogan_2016-94">[92]</a>: 317  Other typical rooms include bedrooms, a kitchen (tandir), a <a href="/wiki/Sitting_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitting room">sitting room</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Water_closet" class="mw-redirect" title="Water closet">water closet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Erdogan_2016-94">[92]</a>: 316–7  There is also a semi-basement called the zerzembe, which is used for winter food storage and is practically omnipresent in traditional Turkish homes in regions with hot climates.<a href="#cite_note-Erdogan_2016-94">[92]</a>: 316–7  The house as a whole, with its courtyard, mastaba, and other rooms, forms one integrated living space rather than each room being its own "isolated, independent" space.<a href="#cite_note-Erdogan_2016-94">[92]</a>: 318  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hac%C4%B1_Haf%C4%B1z_Ahmet_Balak_Efendi_Evi_3101.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hac%C4%B1_Haf%C4%B1z_Ahmet_Balak_Efendi_Evi_3101.jpg/250px-Hac%C4%B1_Haf%C4%B1z_Ahmet_Balak_Efendi_Evi_3101.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hac%C4%B1_Haf%C4%B1z_Ahmet_Balak_Efendi_Evi_3101.jpg/330px-Hac%C4%B1_Haf%C4%B1z_Ahmet_Balak_Efendi_Evi_3101.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hac%C4%B1_Haf%C4%B1z_Ahmet_Balak_Efendi_Evi_3101.jpg/500px-Hac%C4%B1_Haf%C4%B1z_Ahmet_Balak_Efendi_Evi_3101.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The Hacı Hafız house, now used as an art gallery, is a good example of traditional Urfa house architecture from the 1800s. The grand mastaba is in the middle. Below it is the entrance to the zerzembe.</figcaption></figure> An important consideration in domestic architecture is mahremiyat, which could roughly be translated into English as "privacy" or "intimacy" but which carries stronger implications.<a href="#cite_note-Erdogan_2016-94">[92]</a>: 313  This concept is especially important when it comes to relations between men and women – outside the extended family, interaction between men and women is restricted.<a href="#cite_note-Erdogan_2016-94">[92]</a>: 313  As a result, traditional Urfa houses are constructed in ways to prevent men outside from viewing the women of the household.<a href="#cite_note-Erdogan_2016-94">[92]</a>: 319–20  For example, doors facing each other, windows facing the street, and significant differences in roof elevation are all avoided.<a href="#cite_note-Erdogan_2016-94">[92]</a>: 313  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_Turkish_dialect">Local Turkish dialect</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Local Turkish dialect">edit</a>]</div> The Turkish spoken in Urfa has some features in common with the variety of <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen#Language" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmen</a> spoken in Kirkuk, as well as some features owed to Arabic influence.<a href="#cite_note-Saraç_2018-18">[18]</a>: 19  For example, the Arabic sounds <a href="/wiki/Ayin#Arabic_ʿayn" title="Ayin">'ayn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghayn" title="Ghayn">ghayn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qoph#Arabic_qāf" title="Qoph">qāf</a> are pronounced the same in Urfa as they are in Arabic, which is not done in standard Turkish.<a href="#cite_note-Saraç_2018-18">[18]</a>: 19  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Urfa" title="Education in Urfa">Education in Urfa</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harran_University">Harran University</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Harran University">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Harran_University" title="Harran University">Harran University</a> was established in Urfa in 1992 as an amalgamation of several different <a href="/wiki/Faculty_(division)" title="Faculty (division)">faculties</a> that had previously been attached to two different universities.<a href="#cite_note-Harran_University-95">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_vocational_schools">Former vocational schools</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Former vocational schools">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mekteb-i_Sanayi">Mekteb-i Sanayi</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Mekteb-i Sanayi">edit</a>]</div> By 1906, the presence of a vocational school in Urfa called the Mekteb-i Sanayi is attested.<a href="#cite_note-Eser_and_Orak_2016-96">[94]</a>: 189  It was used as a hospital for wounded fighters during the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Eser_and_Orak_2016-96">[94]</a>: 189  This school stayed open after the war and is attested again in 1927, by then under the name of Urfa Male Industry School (Urfa Erkek Sanayi Mektebi).<a href="#cite_note-Eser_and_Orak_2016-96">[94]</a>: 190  This school's building was demolished in the late 1930s and the <a href="/wiki/Halkevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Halkevi">Halkevi</a> building was built on its site.<a href="#cite_note-Eser_and_Orak_2016-96">[94]</a>: 190  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Urfa_Girls'_Institute">Urfa Girls' Institute</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Urfa Girls' Institute">edit</a>]</div> The Urfa Girls' Institute (Turkish: Urfa Kız Enstıtüsü), which opened in 1942, was an early vocational school teaching practical trades and general subjects to girls and young women.<a href="#cite_note-Eser_and_Osak_2015-97">[95]</a>: 421  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Urfa_Institute_of_Art_for_Boys">Urfa Institute of Art for Boys</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Urfa Institute of Art for Boys">edit</a>]</div> The boys' equivalent to the Girls' Institute was Urfa Institute of Art for Boys (Turkish: Urfa Erkek Sanat Enstıtüsü), which provided vocational education to boys aged 12 to 17.<a href="#cite_note-Eser_and_Orak_2016-96">[94]</a>: 187  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health">Health</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_state_hospital">Old state hospital</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Old state hospital">edit</a>]</div> The old state hospital in Urfa was established by Ethem Bey in 1903 and became a public hospital in 1943.<a href="#cite_note-Mehmet_Akif_İnan_Hastanesi-98">[96]</a> This hospital eventually came to comprise four different buildings, serving as the A, B, C, and D blocks.<a href="#cite_note-Mehmet_Akif_İnan_Hastanesi-98">[96]</a> The A-block building, which was three stories tall, opened in 1962 and was originally dedicated to treatment of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mehmet_Akif_İnan_Hastanesi-98">[96]</a> The B-block building opened in 1972 and had 200 beds.<a href="#cite_note-Mehmet_Akif_İnan_Hastanesi-98">[96]</a> The D block was for emergency care.<a href="#cite_note-Mehmet_Akif_İnan_Hastanesi-98">[96]</a> Demolition of the old state hospital, which was located in Atatürk mahalle of Haliliye district, was completed in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-Ajans_Urfa_2022-99">[97]</a> At the time of the demolition, the provincial health directorate was planning to build a new 150-bed children's hospital on the site.<a href="#cite_note-Ajans_Urfa_2022-99">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Şanlıurfa_Balıklıgöl_State_Hospital">Şanlıurfa Balıklıgöl State Hospital</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Şanlıurfa Balıklıgöl State Hospital">edit</a>]</div> The Şanlıurfa Balıklıgöl State Hospital (Şanlıurfa Balıklıgöl Devlet Hastanesi) was established in 1963 as a "Health Station" (Sağlık İstasyonu), and then became a <a href="/wiki/Dispensary" title="Dispensary">dispensary</a> in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-Devlet_Hastanesi-100">[98]</a> In July 1983, it became the Şanlıurfa <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosyal_Sigortalar_Kurumu" class="extiw" title="tr:Sosyal Sigortalar Kurumu">SSK</a> Hastanesi and was operating as an inpatient facility with 150 beds.<a href="#cite_note-Devlet_Hastanesi-100">[98]</a> In addition, a 5-story <a href="/wiki/Outpatient_department" title="Outpatient department">outpatient department</a> building began construction in 1991 and then became operational in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-Devlet_Hastanesi-100">[98]</a> It was renamed in 2005 to its current name.<a href="#cite_note-Devlet_Hastanesi-100">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Şanlıurfa_Training_and_Research_Hospital">Şanlıurfa Training and Research Hospital</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Şanlıurfa Training and Research Hospital">edit</a>]</div> The Training and Research Hospital (Şanlıurfa Eğitim Ve Araştırma Hastanesi) was established in 1973 with 125 beds.<a href="#cite_note-Eğitim_Ve_Araştırma_Hastanesi-101">[99]</a> Originally, it was a branch hospital under the State Hospital, until 1984.<a href="#cite_note-Eğitim_Ve_Araştırma_Hastanesi-101">[99]</a> From 1984 until 2004, it was a gynecology and pediatric hospital, and in 2004 it was split in two: the gynecology and obstetric hospital, which remained in the same building, and the pediatric hospital, which moved into the old State Hospital building.<a href="#cite_note-Eğitim_Ve_Araştırma_Hastanesi-101">[99]</a> In 2016, the two branch hospitals were combined together into the Training and Research Hospital in the current building due to a shortage of beds.<a href="#cite_note-Eğitim_Ve_Araştırma_Hastanesi-101">[99]</a> The current building, as of 2019, covers over 100,000 square meters and has 400 patient rooms (with separate beds and restrooms), 18 operating rooms (2 of which are set aside for "maternity emergencies"), a 180-person conference hall, and an 80-person training hall, as well as a helipad and a parking lot with 1,200 spaces.<a href="#cite_note-Eğitim_Ve_Araştırma_Hastanesi-101">[99]</a> The hospital covers gynecology, pediatric, and adult healthcare.<a href="#cite_note-Eğitim_Ve_Araştırma_Hastanesi-101">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mehmet_Akif_İnan_Training_and_Research_Hospital">Mehmet Akif İnan Training and Research Hospital</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Mehmet Akif İnan Training and Research Hospital">edit</a>]</div> The Mehmet Akif İnan Training and Research Hospital (Mehmet Akif İnan Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi) opened in 2004 and handles as many as 3,500 to 6,000 patient applicants per day.<a href="#cite_note-Mehmet_Akif_İnan_Hastanesi-98">[96]</a> It has 500 beds (rooms have 1, 2, or 3 beds, as well as their own restrooms) and a conference hall that can seat 156 people.<a href="#cite_note-Mehmet_Akif_İnan_Hastanesi-98">[96]</a> There is a blood center, a dialysis unit, and an intensive care unit, as well as a physical therapy unit for outpatients.<a href="#cite_note-Mehmet_Akif_İnan_Hastanesi-98">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_GAP_Airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_GAP_Airport.jpg/250px-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_GAP_Airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_GAP_Airport.jpg/330px-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_GAP_Airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_GAP_Airport.jpg/500px-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_GAP_Airport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4352" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_GAP_Airport" title="Şanlıurfa GAP Airport">Şanlıurfa GAP Airport</a> </figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_GAP_Airport" title="Şanlıurfa GAP Airport">Şanlıurfa GAP Airport</a> is located about 34 km (21 mi) northeast of the city and has direct flights to Istanbul, Ankara and Izmir. The main highway from Gaziantep to Diyarbakır now bypasses Urfa on the northwest.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">[29]</a>: 8  Construction of the first phase of a planned four-route, 78 km network of <a href="/wiki/Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">trolleybus</a> lines began in late 2017,<a href="#cite_note-TM340-102">[100]</a> and the first of 10 <a href="/wiki/Bi-articulated_bus" title="Bi-articulated bus">bi-articulated</a> trolleybuses built by manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Bozankaya" title="Bozankaya">Bozankaya</a> was received in September 2018.<a href="#cite_note-TM343-103">[101]</a> However, work on additional vehicles was suspended because of various problems,<a href="#cite_note-TM344-104">[102]</a> and in 2020 the single vehicle delivered in 2018 remained the only trolleybus completed.<a href="#cite_note-TM349-105">[103]</a> In late 2020, the original order for 10 bi-articulated vehicles was replaced by one for 12 standard-articulated vehicles, and the first of these was delivered in April 2022.<a href="#cite_note-TM364-106">[104]</a> The trolleybus line opened for service on 28 April 2023, by which time six of the 12 vehicles had been received.<a href="#cite_note-TM370-107">[105]</a> However, because of earthquake damage to certain streets in February 2023, among other factors, several temporary changes were made to the planned route after completion of the <a href="/wiki/Overhead_wires" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhead wires">overhead wiring</a> and other infrastructure such that, after the line's opening, the vehicles initially operated as trolleybuses on only about 600 metres of the now-7.1-km route.<a href="#cite_note-TM373-108">[106]</a> The trolleybuses are able to operate on <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle_battery" title="Electric vehicle battery">battery</a> power on sections of the route that are not equipped with overhead wires and recharge their batteries during an extended <a href="/wiki/Layover" title="Layover">layover</a> at the terminus.<a href="#cite_note-TM370-107">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-TM373-108">[106]</a> By July 2024, following repairs to the earthquake-damaged streets, the trolleybus service finally began following the originally planned route, which is equipped with overhead wires over most sections. Numbered 63, the route begins at Emirgan Aktarma Merkezi.<a href="#cite_note-TM378-109">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/48px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/64px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilicia War">Cilicia War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfa_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Urfa Resistance">Urfa Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronology of the Turkish War of Independence">Chronology of the Turkish War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities of the ancient Near East">Cities of the ancient Near East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haliliye" title="Haliliye">Haliliye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karak%C3%B6pr%C3%BC" title="Karaköprü">Karaköprü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur_of_the_Chaldees" title="Ur of the Chaldees">Ur of the Chaldees</a> in southern Iraq, also claimed as the birthplace of Abraham</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Contemporary sources give conflicting dates for when this battle took place. According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_al-Himsi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn al-Himsi (page does not exist)">Ibn al-Himsi</a>, it took place on 19 November; according to <a href="/wiki/Al-Sayrafi_(Mamluk_historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Sayrafi (Mamluk historian)">al-Sayrafi</a>, 17 November; according to the anonymous Chronicle of Bar Hebraeus, 23 November.<a href="#cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">[30]</a>: 60  </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Armenian-Genocide.org presents a somewhat different timeline: according to them, the first killings happened on 19 August, when about 250 Armenians were killed, and the second round happened four days later on 23 August.<a href="#cite_note-armenian-genocide.org-46">[45]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-rel-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rel_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rel_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/city-of-prophets-drawing-faith-tourists-74542">"'City of prophets' drawing faith tourists"</a>. Hürriyet Daily News. 20 November 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=H%C3%BCrriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=%27City+of+prophets%27+drawing+faith+tourists&rft.date=2014-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fcity-of-prophets-drawing-faith-tourists-74542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-citypop-2"><a href="#cite_ref-citypop_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citypopulation.de/en/turkey/sanliurfa/_/1926__%C5%9Fanl%C4%B1urfa/">"Şanlıurfa"</a>. citypopulation.de. Retrieved 10 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=citypopulation.de&rft.atitle=%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fen%2Fturkey%2Fsanliurfa%2F_%2F1926__%25C5%259Fanl%25C4%25B1urfa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_World's_First_Temple-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_World's_First_Temple_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_World's_First_Temple_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.archaeology.org/0811/abstracts/turkey.html">"The World's First Temple – Archaeology Magazine Archive"</a>. archive.archaeology.org. Retrieved 22 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.archaeology.org&rft.atitle=The+World%27s+First+Temple+%E2%80%93+Archaeology+Magazine+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.archaeology.org%2F0811%2Fabstracts%2Fturkey.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller_1995-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_1995_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_1995_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_1995_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_1995_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_1995_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_1995_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_1995_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_1995_4-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_1995_4-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_1995_4-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_1995_4-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_1995_4-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_1995_4-12">m</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiller1995" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Julie A. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=74JI2UlcU8AC&dq=gumruk+hani+sanliurfa&pg=PA620">"Şanlıurfa"</a>. In Ring, Trudy (ed.). International Dictionary of Historic Places, Vol. 3: Southern Europe. Chicago and London: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 617–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-884964-02-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-884964-02-8"><bdi>1-884964-02-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa&rft.btitle=International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places%2C+Vol.+3%3A+Southern+Europe&rft.place=Chicago+and+London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E617-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-884964-02-8&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Julie+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D74JI2UlcU8AC%26dq%3Dgumruk%2Bhani%2Bsanliurfa%26pg%3DPA620&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JTA_2003-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JTA_2003_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JTA_2003_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jta.org/2003/03/04/lifestyle/the-secret-jews-of-remote-turkey">"The secret Jews of remote Turkey"</a>. Jewish Telegraph Agency. 4 March 2003. Retrieved 4 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Telegraph+Agency&rft.atitle=The+secret+Jews+of+remote+Turkey&rft.date=2003-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2F2003%2F03%2F04%2Flifestyle%2Fthe-secret-jews-of-remote-turkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrak1992212-214-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrak1992212-214_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrak1992">Harrak 1992</a>, p. 212-214. sfn error: no target: CITEREFHarrak1992 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrak1992209-214-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrak1992209-214_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrak1992">Harrak 1992</a>, p. 209-214. sfn error: no target: CITEREFHarrak1992 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeser-KayaalpDrijvers2018516–518-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeser-KayaalpDrijvers2018516–518_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeser-KayaalpDrijvers2018">Keser-Kayaalp & Drijvers 2018</a>, p. 516–518. sfn error: no target: CITEREFKeser-KayaalpDrijvers2018 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayKuhrt2012-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrayKuhrt2012_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrayKuhrt2012_9-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrayKuhrt2012">Gray & Kuhrt 2012</a>. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGrayKuhrt2012 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrak1992209-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrak1992209_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrak1992">Harrak 1992</a>, p. 209. sfn error: no target: CITEREFHarrak1992 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELieu1997174–175-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieu1997174–175_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieu1997174–175_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieu1997174–175_11-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLieu1997">Lieu 1997</a>, pp. 174–175. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverett-Heath2018-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverett-Heath2018_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEverett-Heath2018">Everett-Heath 2018</a>. sfn error: no target: CITEREFEverett-Heath2018 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrak1992211-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrak1992211_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrak1992">Harrak 1992</a>, p. 211. sfn error: no target: CITEREFHarrak1992 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoderick_BeatonDavid_Ricks1993" class="citation book cs1">Roderick Beaton; David Ricks (1993). Digenes Akrites: new approaches to Byzantine heroic poetry. Brookfield, Vt.: Variorum. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86078-395-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-86078-395-2"><bdi>0-86078-395-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digenes+Akrites%3A+new+approaches+to+Byzantine+heroic+poetry&rft.place=Brookfield%2C+Vt.&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Variorum&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-86078-395-2&rft.au=Roderick+Beaton&rft.au=David+Ricks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAvcıkıran2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Avcıkıran, Adem (2009). Kürtçe Anamnez Anamneza bi Kurmancî (in Turkish and Kurdish). p. 57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K%C3%BCrt%C3%A7e+Anamnez+Anamneza+bi+Kurmanc%C3%AE&rft.pages=57&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Avc%C4%B1k%C4%B1ran&rft.aufirst=Adem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrak1992209–214-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrak1992209–214_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrak1992">Harrak 1992</a>, p. 209–214. sfn error: no target: CITEREFHarrak1992 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Buckingham-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buckingham_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buckingham_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buckingham_17-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oRkYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA39">The Oriental Herald, and Journal of General Literature Vol. XII</a>. London. 1827. pp. 39, 40, 47, 48. Retrieved 9 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oriental+Herald%2C+and+Journal+of+General+Literature+Vol.+XII&rft.place=London&rft.pages=39%2C+40%2C+47%2C+48&rft.date=1827&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoRkYAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saraç_2018-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Saraç_2018_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saraç_2018_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saraç_2018_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saraç_2018_18-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saraç_2018_18-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saraç_2018_18-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saraç_2018_18-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saraç_2018_18-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saraç_2018_18-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saraç_2018_18-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saraç_2018_18-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saraç_2018_18-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saraç_2018_18-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saraç_2018_18-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saraç_2018_18-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saraç_2018_18-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saraç_2018_18-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saraç_2018_18-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saraç_2018_18-18">s</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaraç2018" class="citation book cs1">Saraç, Mehmet Adil (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sanliurfa.bel.tr/files/1/bsb_sonra/urfaca_urfalica.pdf">Tanıklarıyla Urfalı Urfalıca</a> (PDF). Istanbul: Şanlıurfa Metropolitan Municipality. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-8165-40-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-8165-40-7"><bdi>978-975-8165-40-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tan%C4%B1klar%C4%B1yla+Urfal%C4%B1+Urfal%C4%B1ca&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pub=%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa+Metropolitan+Municipality&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-975-8165-40-7&rft.aulast=Sara%C3%A7&rft.aufirst=Mehmet+Adil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanliurfa.bel.tr%2Ffiles%2F1%2Fbsb_sonra%2Furfaca_urfalica.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRenfrewBoydMorley2016" class="citation book cs1">Renfrew, Colin; Boyd, Michael J.; Morley, Iain (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CdnECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA73">Death Rituals and Social Order in the Ancient World: Death Shall Have No Dominion</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107082731" title="Special:BookSources/9781107082731"><bdi>9781107082731</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+Rituals+and+Social+Order+in+the+Ancient+World%3A+Death+Shall+Have+No+Dominion&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781107082731&rft.aulast=Renfrew&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.au=Boyd%2C+Michael+J.&rft.au=Morley%2C+Iain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCdnECgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchnusenberg2010" class="citation book cs1">Schnusenberg, Christine (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JhE2GC-rI04">The Mythological Traditions of Liturgical Drama: The Eucharist as Theater</a>. New York: Paulist Press. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-0544-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-0544-1"><bdi>978-0-8091-0544-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mythological+Traditions+of+Liturgical+Drama%3A+The+Eucharist+as+Theater&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-0544-1&rft.aulast=Schnusenberg&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJhE2GC-rI04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSegal2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Judah_Segal" title="Judah Segal">Segal, J. B.</a> (2001) [1970]. "I. The Beginnings". Edessa:'The Blessed City' (2 ed.). Piscataway, New Jersey, United States: Gorgias Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9713097-1-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-9713097-1-X"><bdi>0-9713097-1-X</bdi></a>. <q>It is certainly surprising that no obvious reference to Orhay has been found so far in the early historical texts dealing with the region, and that, unlike Harran, its name does not occur in cuneiform itineraries. This may be accidental, or Orhay may be alluded to under a different name which has not been identified. Perhaps it was not fortified, and therefore at this time a place of no great military significance. With the Seleucid period, however, we are on firm historical ground. Seleucus I founded—or rather re-founded—a number of cities in the region. Among them, probably in 303 or 302 BC, was Orhay.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=I.+The+Beginnings&rft.btitle=Edessa%3A%27The+Blessed+City%27&rft.place=Piscataway%2C+New+Jersey%2C+United+States&rft.pages=5&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-9713097-1-X&rft.aulast=Segal&rft.aufirst=J.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Çelik_2008-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Çelik_2008_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Çelik_2008_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Çelik_2008_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Çelik_2008_22-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFÇelik2008" class="citation book cs1">Çelik, Bahattin (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sanliurfa.bel.tr/files/1/bsb_sonra/il_kultur_mudurlugu/1_arkeolojide_urfa.pdf">Arkeoloji'de Urfa</a> (PDF). Istanbul: Fsf Printing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-585-992-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-585-992-7"><bdi>978-975-585-992-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arkeoloji%27de+Urfa&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pub=Fsf+Printing+House&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-975-585-992-7&rft.aulast=%C3%87elik&rft.aufirst=Bahattin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanliurfa.bel.tr%2Ffiles%2F1%2Fbsb_sonra%2Fil_kultur_mudurlugu%2F1_arkeolojide_urfa.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Çelik_2014-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Çelik_2014_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Çelik_2014_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFÇelik2014" class="citation book cs1">Çelik, Bahattin (2014). "Şanlıurfa – Yeni Mahalle Höyüğü in the Light of Novel C14 Analysis". In Engin, Atilla; Helwing, Barbara; Uysal, Bora (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/20828712">Armizzi: Engin Özgen Armağan</a>. Asitan Kitap. pp. 101–7. Retrieved 7 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa+%E2%80%93+Yeni+Mahalle+H%C3%B6y%C3%BC%C4%9F%C3%BC+in+the+Light+of+Novel+C14+Analysis&rft.btitle=Armizzi%3A+Engin+%C3%96zgen+Arma%C4%9Fan&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.pub=Asitan+Kitap&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=%C3%87elik&rft.aufirst=Bahattin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F20828712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCreekmore2018" class="citation journal cs1">Creekmore, Andrew (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3764/aja.122.2.0177">"Landscape and Settlement in the Harran Plain"</a>. American Journal of Archaeology. 122 (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3764%2Faja.122.2.0177">10.3764/aja.122.2.0177</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3764/aja.122.2.0177">10.3764/aja.122.2.0177</a>. Retrieved 1 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Landscape+and+Settlement+in+the+Harran+Plain&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3764%2Faja.122.2.0177&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3764%2Faja.122.2.0177%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Creekmore&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3764%2Faja.122.2.0177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurray2006" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Alan V. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-opAQAAMAAJ">The Crusades: An Encyclopedia</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 378. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-862-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-862-4"><bdi>978-1-57607-862-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crusades%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=378&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-862-4&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Alan+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ-opAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patten_2022_p._79-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Patten_2022_p._79_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPatten2022" class="citation book cs1">Patten, N. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8RhtEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA79">The Rose of Balarm: A Tale of 12th-Century Sicily</a>. Strategic Book Publishing. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68235-601-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68235-601-2"><bdi>978-1-68235-601-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rose+of+Balarm%3A+A+Tale+of+12th-Century+Sicily&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Strategic+Book+Publishing&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-68235-601-2&rft.aulast=Patten&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8RhtEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ball_2000-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ball_2000_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ball_2000_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ball_2000_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ball_2000_27-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ball_2000_27-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ball_2000_27-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ball_2000_27-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ball_2000_27-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ball_2000_27-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ball_2000_27-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ball_2000_27-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ball_2000_27-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ball_2000_27-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ball_2000_27-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ball_2000_27-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ball_2000_27-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ball_2000_27-16">q</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBall2000" class="citation book cs1">Ball, Warwick (2000). "Edessa and the Coming of Christendom". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=73-JAgAAQBAJ">Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire</a>. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 87–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-11376-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-11376-8"><bdi>0-415-11376-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edessa+and+the+Coming+of+Christendom&rft.btitle=Rome+in+the+East%3A+The+Transformation+of+an+Empire&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-415-11376-8&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Warwick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D73-JAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lieu_1997-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lieu_1997_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lieu_1997_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lieu_1997_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lieu_1997_28-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lieu_1997_28-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lieu_1997_28-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lieu_1997_28-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lieu_1997_28-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lieu_1997_28-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lieu_1997_28-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lieu_1997_28-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lieu_1997_28-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lieu_1997_28-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lieu_1997_28-13">n</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLieu1997" class="citation book cs1">Lieu, Samuel (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/edessa">"Edessa"</a>. Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. 8. pp. 174–175.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edessa&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E174-%3C%2Fspan%3E175&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Lieu&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fedessa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinclair_1990-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-40">ao</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-41">ap</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-42">aq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-43">ar</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-44">as</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-45">at</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-46">au</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-47">av</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-48">aw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-49">ax</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-50">ay</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-51">az</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-52">ba</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-53">bb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-54">bc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-55">bd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-56">be</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-57">bf</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-58">bg</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-59">bh</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-60">bi</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-61">bj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-62">bk</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-63">bl</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-64">bm</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-65">bn</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-66">bo</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-67">bp</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-68">bq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-69">br</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-70">bs</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-71">bt</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-72">bu</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-73">bv</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-74">bw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-75">bx</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-76">by</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-77">bz</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-78">ca</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-79">cb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-80">cc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-81">cd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-82">ce</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-83">cf</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-84">cg</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-85">ch</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-86">ci</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-87">cj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-88">ck</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-89">cl</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-90">cm</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-91">cn</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-92">co</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-93">cp</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-94">cq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-95">cr</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-96">cs</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-97">ct</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-98">cu</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-99">cv</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-100">cw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-101">cx</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-102">cy</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-103">cz</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-104">da</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-105">db</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-106">dc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-107">dd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-108">de</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-109">df</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-110">dg</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-111">dh</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-112">di</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-113">dj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-114">dk</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-115">dl</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-116">dm</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-117">dn</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-118">do</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-119">dp</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-120">dq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-121">dr</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-122">ds</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-123">dt</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-124">du</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-125">dv</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-126">dw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-127">dx</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1990_29-128">dy</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinclair1990" class="citation book cs1">Sinclair, T. A. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6CMnEAAAQBAJ">Eastern Turkey: An Architectural and Archaeological Survey, Volume IV</a>. London: The Pindar Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-907132-52-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-907132-52-9"><bdi>0-907132-52-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Turkey%3A+An+Architectural+and+Archaeological+Survey%2C+Volume+IV&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Pindar+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-907132-52-9&rft.aulast=Sinclair&rft.aufirst=T.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6CMnEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tonghini_2021-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-40">ao</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-41">ap</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-42">aq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-43">ar</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-44">as</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-45">at</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-46">au</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-47">av</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-48">aw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-49">ax</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-50">ay</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-51">az</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-52">ba</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-53">bb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-54">bc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-55">bd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-56">be</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-57">bf</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-58">bg</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-59">bh</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-60">bi</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-61">bj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-62">bk</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-63">bl</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-64">bm</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-65">bn</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-66">bo</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-67">bp</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-68">bq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-69">br</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-70">bs</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-71">bt</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-72">bu</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonghini_2021_30-73">bv</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTonghini2021" class="citation book cs1">Tonghini, Cristina (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8tAqEAAAQBAJ">From Edessa to Urfa: The Fortification of the Citadel</a>. Oxford: Archaeopress Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78969-757-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78969-757-5"><bdi>978-1-78969-757-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Edessa+to+Urfa%3A+The+Fortification+of+the+Citadel&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Archaeopress+Publishing&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-78969-757-5&rft.aulast=Tonghini&rft.aufirst=Cristina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8tAqEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guidetti_2013-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guidetti_2013_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guidetti_2013_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guidetti_2013_31-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuidetti2013" class="citation journal cs1">Guidetti, Mattia (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24692807">"The contiguity between churches and mosques in early Islamic Bilād al-Shām"</a>. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 76 (2): 229–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X13000086">10.1017/S0041977X13000086</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24692807">24692807</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162707445">162707445</a>. Retrieved 21 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies%2C+University+of+London&rft.atitle=The+contiguity+between+churches+and+mosques+in+early+Islamic+Bil%C4%81d+al-Sh%C4%81m&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E229-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162707445%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24692807%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X13000086&rft.aulast=Guidetti&rft.aufirst=Mattia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24692807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brill_EoI-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-40">ao</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-41">ap</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-42">aq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-43">ar</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-44">as</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-45">at</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-46">au</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-47">av</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-48">aw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-49">ax</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-50">ay</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-51">az</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-52">ba</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-53">bb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-54">bc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-55">bd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-56">be</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-57">bf</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-58">bg</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-59">bh</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-60">bi</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_EoI_32-61">bj</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHonigmannBosworthFaroqhi1995" class="citation book cs1">Honigmann, E.; Bosworth, C.E.; Faroqhi, Suraiya (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/volume-5/Volume%208/page/589">"AL-RUHĀ"</a>. In Bosworth, C.E.; Van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P.; Lecomte, G. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume VIII (NED-SAM). Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. 586–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09834-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09834-8"><bdi>90-04-09834-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=AL-RUH%C4%80&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Volume+VIII+%28NED-SAM%29&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E586-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=90-04-09834-8&rft.aulast=Honigmann&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Bosworth%2C+C.E.&rft.au=Faroqhi%2C+Suraiya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvolume-5%2FVolume%25208%2Fpage%2F589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibb_1969-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gibb_1969_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibb_1969_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibb_1969_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibb_1969_33-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibb_1969_33-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibb_1969_33-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibb_1969_33-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibb_1969_33-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibb_1969_33-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibb_1969_33-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGibb1969" class="citation book cs1">Gibb, Hamilton A. R. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheCrusadesVol2/History%20of%20the%20Crusades%20Vol%201/page/n495/mode/2up?q=edessa">"Zengi and the Fall of Edessa"</a>. In Setton, Kenneth M.; Baldwin, Marshall W. (eds.). History of the Crusades, Volume I: The First Hundred Years (Second ed.). Madison, Milwaukee, and London: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 449–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-04834-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-04834-9"><bdi>0-299-04834-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zengi+and+the+Fall+of+Edessa&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Crusades%2C+Volume+I%3A+The+First+Hundred+Years&rft.place=Madison%2C+Milwaukee%2C+and+London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E449-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-299-04834-9&rft.aulast=Gibb&rft.aufirst=Hamilton+A.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FHistoryOfTheCrusadesVol2%2FHistory%2520of%2520the%2520Crusades%2520Vol%25201%2Fpage%2Fn495%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dedessa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amouroux-Mourad_1988-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Amouroux-Mourad_1988_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amouroux-Mourad_1988_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amouroux-Mourad_1988_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amouroux-Mourad_1988_34-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amouroux-Mourad_1988_34-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmouroux-Mourad1988" class="citation book cs1">Amouroux-Mourad, Monique (1988). Le comté d'Edesse, 1098–1150. Paul Guethner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+comt%C3%A9+d%27Edesse%2C+1098%E2%80%931150&rft.pub=Paul+Guethner&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Amouroux-Mourad&rft.aufirst=Monique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baldwin_1969-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baldwin_1969_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baldwin_1969_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baldwin_1969_35-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baldwin_1969_35-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baldwin_1969_35-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaldwin1969" class="citation book cs1">Baldwin, Marshall W. (1969) [1955]. "The Latin States under Baldwin III and Amalric I, 1143–1174". In Setton, Kenneth M.; Baldwin, Marshall W. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/History.CrusOne">A History of the Crusades, Volume I: The First Hundred Years</a> (Second ed.). Madison, Milwaukee, and London: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 528–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-04834-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-04834-9"><bdi>0-299-04834-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Latin+States+under+Baldwin+III+and+Amalric+I%2C+1143%E2%80%931174&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Crusades%2C+Volume+I%3A+The+First+Hundred+Years&rft.place=Madison%2C+Milwaukee%2C+and+London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E528-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-299-04834-9&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.aufirst=Marshall+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.wisc.edu%2F1711.dl%2FHistory.CrusOne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicholson_1973-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Nicholson_1973_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNicholson1973" class="citation book cs1">Nicholson, Robert Lawrence (1973). Joscelyn III and the Fall of the Crusader States, 1134–1199. Leiden: E. J. Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joscelyn+III+and+the+Fall+of+the+Crusader+States%2C+1134%E2%80%931199&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=Robert+Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Runciman_1952-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Runciman_1952_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRunciman1952" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Runciman, Steven</a> (1952). A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Crusades%2C+Volume+II%3A+The+Kingdom+of+Jerusalem+and+the+Frankish+East&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shatzmiller_1993-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Shatzmiller_1993_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShatzmiller1993" class="citation book cs1">Shatzmiller, Maya (31 December 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bzo0Skd1kcYC&q=Population+of+Egypt+Ayyubid&pg=PA59">Labour in the Medieval Islamic World</a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09896-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09896-1"><bdi>978-90-04-09896-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Labour+in+the+Medieval+Islamic+World&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1993-12-31&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09896-1&rft.aulast=Shatzmiller&rft.aufirst=Maya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBzo0Skd1kcYC%26q%3DPopulation%2Bof%2BEgypt%2BAyyubid%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winter_2009-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Winter_2009_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winter_2009_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winter_2009_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winter_2009_40-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winter_2009_40-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWinter2009" class="citation journal cs1">Winter, Stefan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3809120">"The Province of Raqqa under Ottoman Rule, 1535–1800"</a>. Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 68: 253–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F649610">10.1086/649610</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163430587">163430587</a>. Retrieved 16 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Province+of+Raqqa+under+Ottoman+Rule%2C+1535%E2%80%931800&rft.volume=68&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E253-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F649610&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163430587%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3809120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taş_2019-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taş_2019_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taş_2019_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taş_2019_41-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taş_2019_41-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taş_2019_41-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taş_2019_41-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taş_2019_41-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taş_2019_41-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taş_2019_41-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taş_2019_41-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taş_2019_41-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taş_2019_41-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taş_2019_41-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taş_2019_41-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taş_2019_41-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taş_2019_41-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taş_2019_41-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taş_2019_41-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taş_2019_41-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taş_2019_41-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taş_2019_41-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taş_2019_41-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taş_2019_41-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taş_2019_41-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taş_2019_41-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taş_2019_41-25">z</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaş2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Taş, Yasin (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzfLDwAAQBAJ">Osmanlı döneminde Urfa'da sosyal hayat (mahkeme kayıtlarına göre 1850–1900)</a> (in Turkish). Istanbul: Hiperlink Eğitim İletişim Yayıncılık. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-605-281-528-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-605-281-528-1"><bdi>978-605-281-528-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Osmanl%C4%B1+d%C3%B6neminde+Urfa%27da+sosyal+hayat+%28mahkeme+kay%C4%B1tlar%C4%B1na+g%C3%B6re+1850%E2%80%931900%29&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pub=Hiperlink+E%C4%9Fitim+%C4%B0leti%C5%9Fim+Yay%C4%B1nc%C4%B1l%C4%B1k&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-605-281-528-1&rft.aulast=Ta%C5%9F&rft.aufirst=Yasin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZzfLDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKinross1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Balfour,_3rd_Baron_Kinross" title="Patrick Balfour, 3rd Baron Kinross">Kinross, Lord</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ottomancenturies00kinr/page/560">The Ottoman Centuries, The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire</a>. United States: <a href="/wiki/Harper_Perennial" title="Harper Perennial">Harper Perennial</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ottomancenturies00kinr/page/560">560</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-08093-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-688-08093-6"><bdi>0-688-08093-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Centuries%2C+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Turkish+Empire&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=560&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-688-08093-6&rft.aulast=Kinross&rft.aufirst=Lord&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fottomancenturies00kinr%2Fpage%2F560&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5431-edessa">"Edessa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a>. 1906.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Edessa&rft.date=1906&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F5431-edessa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centropa.org/index.php?nID=30&x=bGFuZF9zZWxlY3Rvcj0xODc7IHNlYXJjaFR5cGU9QmlvRGV0YWlsOyBzZWFyY2hWYWx1ZT03MzM=">"Interview with Harun Bozo"</a>. The Library of Rescued Memories. Central Europe Center for Research and Documentation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Library+of+Rescued+Memories&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Harun+Bozo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.centropa.org%2Findex.php%3FnID%3D30%26x%3DbGFuZF9zZWxlY3Rvcj0xODc7IHNlYXJjaFR5cGU9QmlvRGV0YWlsOyBzZWFyY2hWYWx1ZT03MzM%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJoseph1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Joseph (academic)">Joseph, John</a> (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/muslimchristianr0000jose">Muslim-Christian Relations and Inter-Christian Rivalries in the Middle East: The Case of the Jacobites in an Age of Transition</a>. United States: <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York" title="State University of New York">State University of New York</a> Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/muslimchristianr0000jose/page/150">150</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87395-612-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87395-612-5"><bdi>0-87395-612-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim-Christian+Relations+and+Inter-Christian+Rivalries+in+the+Middle+East%3A+The+Case+of+the+Jacobites+in+an+Age+of+Transition&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-87395-612-5&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmuslimchristianr0000jose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-armenian-genocide.org-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-armenian-genocide.org_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-armenian-genocide.org_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-armenian-genocide.org_46-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-armenian-genocide.org_46-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-armenian-genocide.org_46-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.armenian-genocide.org/1915-3.html">"Chronology of the Armenian Genocide – 1915 (July–September)"</a>. Armenian-Genocide.org. Retrieved 23 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Armenian-Genocide.org&rft.atitle=Chronology+of+the+Armenian+Genocide+%E2%80%93+1915+%28July%E2%80%93September%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.armenian-genocide.org%2F1915-3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Akçam_1999-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Akçam_1999_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akçam_1999_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akçam_1999_47-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akçam_1999_47-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akçam_1999_47-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akçam_1999_47-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAkçam1999" class="citation book cs1">Akçam, Taner (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E-_XTh0M4swC&pg=PA200">A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility</a> (English ed.). Macmillan. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780805086652" title="Special:BookSources/9780805086652"><bdi>9780805086652</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Shameful+Act%3A+The+Armenian+Genocide+and+the+Question+of+Turkish+Responsibility&rft.pages=200&rft.edition=English&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780805086652&rft.aulast=Ak%C3%A7am&rft.aufirst=Taner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE-_XTh0M4swC%26pg%3DPA200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Treaty_of_Sèvres-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Treaty_of_Sèvres_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140531175547/http://treaties.fco.gov.uk/docs/pdf/1920/TS0011.pdf">Original text of the Treaty of Sèvres</a> (PDF). 1920. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://treaties.fco.gov.uk/docs/pdf/1920/TS0011.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Original+text+of+the+Treaty+of+S%C3%A8vres&rft.date=1920&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftreaties.fco.gov.uk%2Fdocs%2Fpdf%2F1920%2FTS0011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karademir_and_Doğan_2019-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karademir_and_Doğan_2019_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karademir_and_Doğan_2019_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karademir_and_Doğan_2019_50-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karademir_and_Doğan_2019_50-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karademir_and_Doğan_2019_50-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karademir_and_Doğan_2019_50-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karademir_and_Doğan_2019_50-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karademir_and_Doğan_2019_50-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karademir_and_Doğan_2019_50-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karademir_and_Doğan_2019_50-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karademir_and_Doğan_2019_50-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karademir_and_Doğan_2019_50-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karademir_and_Doğan_2019_50-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karademir_and_Doğan_2019_50-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karademir_and_Doğan_2019_50-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karademir_and_Doğan_2019_50-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karademir_and_Doğan_2019_50-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karademir_and_Doğan_2019_50-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karademir_and_Doğan_2019_50-18">s</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKarademirDoğan2019" class="citation journal cs1">Karademir, Diyar; Doğan, Mesut (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iupress.istanbul.edu.tr/en/journal/jgeography/article/suriyeli-multecilerin-mekansal-analizi-sanliurfa-ornegi">"Suriyeli Mültecilerin Mekânsal Analizi: Şanlıurfa Örneği (Spatial Analysis of Syrian Refugees: The Şanlıurfa Case)"</a>. Coğrafya Dergısı. 39: 111–124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.26650%2FJGEOG2019-0053">10.26650/JGEOG2019-0053</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:212768026">212768026</a>. Retrieved 30 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Co%C4%9Frafya+Derg%C4%B1s%C4%B1&rft.atitle=Suriyeli+M%C3%BCltecilerin+Mek%C3%A2nsal+Analizi%3A+%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa+%C3%96rne%C4%9Fi+%28Spatial+Analysis+of+Syrian+Refugees%3A+The+%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa+Case%29&rft.volume=39&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E124&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.26650%2FJGEOG2019-0053&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A212768026%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Karademir&rft.aufirst=Diyar&rft.au=Do%C4%9Fan%2C+Mesut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiupress.istanbul.edu.tr%2Fen%2Fjournal%2Fjgeography%2Farticle%2Fsuriyeli-multecilerin-mekansal-analizi-sanliurfa-ornegi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB_2016-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB_2016_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_2016_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2016/05/syrians-live-turkish-city-urfa-amid-extremism/?so=related">"How do Syrians live in the Turkish city of Urfa amid "extremism"?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Enab_Baladi" title="Enab Baladi">Enab Baladi</a>. 29 May 2016. Retrieved 30 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Enab+Baladi&rft.atitle=How+do+Syrians+live+in+the+Turkish+city+of+Urfa+amid+%22extremism%22%3F&rft.date=2016-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.enabbaladi.net%2Farchives%2F2016%2F05%2Fsyrians-live-turkish-city-urfa-amid-extremism%2F%3Fso%3Drelated&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unfinished-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Unfinished_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Unfinished_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Unfinished_52-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Unfinished_52-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPurcell2017" class="citation book cs1">Purcell, Bridget (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pfk9DwAAQBAJ&dq=urfa+economy&pg=PT138">"Rebellious Matter"</a>. In Biehl, Joao; Locke, Peter (eds.). Unfinished: The Anthropology of Becoming. United States: Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822372455" title="Special:BookSources/9780822372455"><bdi>9780822372455</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rebellious+Matter&rft.btitle=Unfinished%3A+The+Anthropology+of+Becoming&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780822372455&rft.aulast=Purcell&rft.aufirst=Bridget&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPfk9DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Durfa%2Beconomy%26pg%3DPT138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MGM-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MGM_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MGM_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=H&m=SANLIURFA">"Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)"</a> (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Retrieved 7 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resmi+%C4%B0statistikler%3A+%C4%B0llerimize+Ait+Mevism+Normalleri+%281991%E2%80%932020%29&rft.pub=Turkish+State+Meteorological+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mgm.gov.tr%2Fveridegerlendirme%2Fil-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx%3Fk%3DH%26m%3DSANLIURFA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WMOCLINO-54"><a href="#cite_ref-WMOCLINO_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Turkiye/CSV/Sanliurfa_17270.csv">"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NCEI" class="mw-redirect" title="NCEI">National Centers for Environmental Information</a>. Retrieved 2 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Meteorological+Organization+Climate+Normals+for+1991%E2%80%932020&rft.pub=National+Centers+for+Environmental+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F2.2%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-6-WMO-Normals-9120%2FTurkiye%2FCSV%2FSanliurfa_17270.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meteomanz.com/sy3?l=1&cou=6290&ind=17270&m1=01&y1=2000&m2=12&y2=2023">"Sanliurfa - Weather data by months"</a>. meteomanz. Retrieved 15 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=meteomanz&rft.atitle=Sanliurfa+-+Weather+data+by+months&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meteomanz.com%2Fsy3%3Fl%3D1%26cou%3D6290%26ind%3D17270%26m1%3D01%26y1%3D2000%26m2%3D12%26y2%3D2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rough_Guide-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rough_Guide_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rough_Guide_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rough_Guide_56-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rough_Guide_56-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rough_Guide_56-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rough_Guide_56-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rough_Guide_56-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rough_Guide_56-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rough_Guide_56-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rough_Guide_56-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rough_Guide_56-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAyliffeDubinGawthropRichardson2010" class="citation book cs1">Ayliffe, Rosie; Dubin, Marc; Gawthrop, John; Richardson, Terry (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gdK9a0NYmLsC&dq=gumruk+hani+sanliurfa&pg=PT2134">The Rough Guide to Turkey</a> (Digital ed.). Rough Guides Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848368460" title="Special:BookSources/9781848368460"><bdi>9781848368460</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+Turkey&rft.edition=Digital&rft.pub=Rough+Guides+Limited&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781848368460&rft.aulast=Ayliffe&rft.aufirst=Rosie&rft.au=Dubin%2C+Marc&rft.au=Gawthrop%2C+John&rft.au=Richardson%2C+Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgdK9a0NYmLsC%26dq%3Dgumruk%2Bhani%2Bsanliurfa%26pg%3DPT2134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ertuğrul_2015-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ertuğrul_2015_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ertuğrul_2015_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ertuğrul_2015_57-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ertuğrul_2015_57-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFErtuğrul2015" class="citation web cs1">Ertuğrul, Erman (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arkeofili.com/?p=4486">"Urfa'da Haleplibahçe Müze Kompleksi Açıldı"</a> (Web). Arkeofili. Retrieved 30 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arkeofili&rft.atitle=Urfa%27da+Haleplibah%C3%A7e+M%C3%BCze+Kompleksi+A%C3%A7%C4%B1ld%C4%B1&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Ertu%C4%9Frul&rft.aufirst=Erman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farkeofili.com%2F%3Fp%3D4486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Müze-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Müze_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Müze_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Müze_58-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Müze_58-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Müze_58-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muze.gov.tr/muze-detay?sectionId=SUM02&distId=SUM">"Şanlıurfa Museum"</a>. müze.gov.tr. Retrieved 30 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=m%C3%BCze.gov.tr&rft.atitle=%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuze.gov.tr%2Fmuze-detay%3FsectionId%3DSUM02%26distId%3DSUM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Şenol_et_al_2020-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Şenol_et_al_2020_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Şenol_et_al_2020_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Şenol_et_al_2020_59-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Şenol_et_al_2020_59-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Şenol_et_al_2020_59-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Şenol_et_al_2020_59-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Şenol_et_al_2020_59-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFŞenolMemduhoğluUlukavak2020" class="citation journal cs1">Şenol, Halil İbrahim; Memduhoğlu, Abdulkadir; Ulukavak, Mustafa (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1315627">"Multi instrumental documentation and 3D modelling of an archaeological site: a case study in Kizilkoyun Necropolis Area"</a>. Dicle University Journal of Engineering. 11 (3): 1241–50. Retrieved 2 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dicle+University+Journal+of+Engineering&rft.atitle=Multi+instrumental+documentation+and+3D+modelling+of+an+archaeological+site%3A+a+case+study+in+Kizilkoyun+Necropolis+Area&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1241-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=%C5%9Eenol&rft.aufirst=Halil+%C4%B0brahim&rft.au=Memduho%C4%9Flu%2C+Abdulkadir&rft.au=Ulukavak%2C+Mustafa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdergipark.org.tr%2Ftr%2Fdownload%2Farticle-file%2F1315627&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fidan_2018-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fidan_2018_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fidan_2018_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fidan_2018_60-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fidan_2018_60-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fidan_2018_60-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fidan_2018_60-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fidan_2018_60-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fidan_2018_60-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fidan_2018_60-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fidan_2018_60-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFidan2018" class="citation web cs1">Fidan, Halil (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/kultur-sanat/sanliurfada-huzurlu-alisverisin-adresi-tarihi-kapali-carsi/1252715">"Şanlıurfa'da huzurlu alışverişin adresi: Tarihi Kapalı Çarşı"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anadolu_Agency" title="Anadolu Agency">Anadolu Agency</a>. Retrieved 4 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anadolu+Agency&rft.atitle=%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa%27da+huzurlu+al%C4%B1%C5%9Fveri%C5%9Fin+adresi%3A+Tarihi+Kapal%C4%B1+%C3%87ar%C5%9F%C4%B1&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Fidan&rft.aufirst=Halil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.com.tr%2Ftr%2Fkultur-sanat%2Fsanliurfada-huzurlu-alisverisin-adresi-tarihi-kapali-carsi%2F1252715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urfanatik_2022-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Urfanatik_2022_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urfanatik_2022_61-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.urfanatik.com/video/13322356/mesire-alanindaki-calismalarda-sona-yaklasildi">"Mesire alanındaki çalışmalarda sona yaklaşıldı!"</a>. Urfanatik. 22 December 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Urfanatik&rft.atitle=Mesire+alan%C4%B1ndaki+%C3%A7al%C4%B1%C5%9Fmalarda+sona+yakla%C5%9F%C4%B1ld%C4%B1%21&rft.date=2022-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.urfanatik.com%2Fvideo%2F13322356%2Fmesire-alanindaki-calismalarda-sona-yaklasildi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Creating_the_Turk's_Homeland:_Modernization,_Nationalism_and_Geography_in_Southeast_Turkey_in_the_late_19th_and_20th_Centuries-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Creating_the_Turk's_Homeland:_Modernization,_Nationalism_and_Geography_in_Southeast_Turkey_in_the_late_19th_and_20th_Centuries_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFÖktem2003" class="citation book cs1">Öktem, Kerem (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131109123500/http://arsiv.setav.org/ups/dosya/13204.pdf">Creating the Turk's Homeland: Modernization, Nationalism and Geography in Southeast Turkey in the late 19th and 20th Centuries</a> (PDF). Harvard: University of Oxford, School of Geography and the Environment, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TB, UK. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arsiv.setav.org/ups/dosya/13204.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2013. <q>For Armenians, the city has a great symbolic value, as the Armenian alphabet was invented there, thanks to a group of scholars and clergy headed by Mesrop Mashtots in the 5th century</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creating+the+Turk%27s+Homeland%3A+Modernization%2C+Nationalism+and+Geography+in+Southeast+Turkey+in+the+late+19th+and+20th+Centuries&rft.place=Harvard&rft.pub=University+of+Oxford%2C+School+of+Geography+and+the+Environment%2C+Mansfield+Road%2C+Oxford%2C+OX1+3TB%2C+UK&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=%C3%96ktem&rft.aufirst=Kerem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farsiv.setav.org%2Fups%2Fdosya%2F13204.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aksan_2022-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aksan_2022_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aksan_2022_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aksan_2022_63-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aksan_2022_63-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aksan_2022_63-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aksan_2022_63-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aksan_2022_63-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aksan_2022_63-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aksan_2022_63-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAksan2022" class="citation news cs1">Aksan, Cengiz (22 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ajansurfa.com/makale/12420109/cengiz-aksan/fakibaba-sifiri-mi-tuketti-sifirdan-mi-basliyor">"FAKIBABA, SIFIRI MI TÜKETTİ SIFIRDAN MI BAŞLIYOR?"</a>. Ajans Urfa. Retrieved 23 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ajans+Urfa&rft.atitle=FAKIBABA%2C+SIFIRI+MI+T%C3%9CKETT%C4%B0+SIFIRDAN+MI+BA%C5%9ELIYOR%3F&rft.date=2022-10-22&rft.aulast=Aksan&rft.aufirst=Cengiz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajansurfa.com%2Fmakale%2F12420109%2Fcengiz-aksan%2Ffakibaba-sifiri-mi-tuketti-sifirdan-mi-basliyor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gerçek_Gündem_2022-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Gerçek_Gündem_2022_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gercekgundem.com/siyaset/361394/erdogana-akpnin-oy-deposu-olan-dort-ilden-kotu-haber-kaleleri-birer-birer-dusuyor">"Erdoğan'a 'AKP'nin oy deposu' olan dört ilden kötü haber: Kaleleri birer birer düşüyor!"</a>. Gerçek Gündem. 22 October 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ger%C3%A7ek+G%C3%BCndem&rft.atitle=Erdo%C4%9Fan%27a+%27AKP%27nin+oy+deposu%27+olan+d%C3%B6rt+ilden+k%C3%B6t%C3%BC+haber%3A+Kaleleri+birer+birer+d%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BCyor%21&rft.date=2022-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gercekgundem.com%2Fsiyaset%2F361394%2Ferdogana-akpnin-oy-deposu-olan-dort-ilden-kotu-haber-kaleleri-birer-birer-dusuyor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vgm-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vgm_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vgm_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vgm_65-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vgm_65-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://virtual-genocide-memorial.de/region/ort-3/ort-33/mutesarrifat-sancak-of-urfa-%DC%90%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%97%DC%9D-urhoy-%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BC%D5%B0%D5%A1-urha-%E1%BC%94%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1-edessa/kaza-of-urfa-%DC%90%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%97%DC%9D-urhoy-%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BC%D5%B0%D5%A1-urha-%E1%BC%94%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1-edessa/">"Kaza of Urfa / ܐܘܪܗܝ - Urhoy / Ուռհա - Urha / Ἔδεσσα - Edessa"</a>. Virtual Genocide Memorial. Retrieved 16 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Virtual+Genocide+Memorial&rft.atitle=Kaza+of+Urfa+%2F+%DC%90%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%97%DC%9D+-+Urhoy+%2F+%D5%88%D6%82%D5%BC%D5%B0%D5%A1+-+Urha+%2F+%E1%BC%9C%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1+-+Edessa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvirtual-genocide-memorial.de%2Fregion%2Fort-3%2Fort-33%2Fmutesarrifat-sancak-of-urfa-%25DC%2590%25DC%2598%25DC%25AA%25DC%2597%25DC%259D-urhoy-%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25BC%25D5%25B0%25D5%25A1-urha-%25E1%25BC%2594%25CE%25B4%25CE%25B5%25CF%2583%25CF%2583%25CE%25B1-edessa%2Fkaza-of-urfa-%25DC%2590%25DC%2598%25DC%25AA%25DC%2597%25DC%259D-urhoy-%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25BC%25D5%25B0%25D5%25A1-urha-%25E1%25BC%2594%25CE%25B4%25CE%25B5%25CF%2583%25CF%2583%25CE%25B1-edessa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSoane1910" class="citation book cs1">Soane, Ely Bannister (1910). To Mesopotamia and Kurdistan in Disguise. pp. 46–47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Mesopotamia+and+Kurdistan+in+Disguise&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E46-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Soane&rft.aufirst=Ely+Bannister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brit-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brit_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brit_67-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=62NBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA17">Military Report on Mesopotamia (Iraq)</a>. 1923. p. 17. Retrieved 28 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Report+on+Mesopotamia+%28Iraq%29&rft.pages=17&rft.date=1923&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D62NBAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAslan" class="citation web cs1">Aslan, Ahmet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nek.istanbul.edu.tr:4444/ekos/TEZ/ET002813.pdf">"URFA'DA ASAYİŞ VE GÜVENLİK (1913–1918)"</a> (PDF). İstanbul Üniversitesi. Retrieved 7 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C4%B0stanbul+%C3%9Cniversitesi&rft.atitle=URFA%27DA+ASAY%C4%B0%C5%9E+VE+G%C3%9CVENL%C4%B0K+%281913%E2%80%931918%29&rft.aulast=Aslan&rft.aufirst=Ahmet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnek.istanbul.edu.tr%3A4444%2Fekos%2FTEZ%2FET002813.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Bloxham, Donald (2003). "The Armenian Genocide of 1915–1916: Cumulative Radicalization and the Development of a Destruction Policy". Past & Present. 181 (181): 141–191. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Biner, Zerrin Özlem (2019), p371. States of Dispossession: Violence and Precarious Coexistence in Southeast Turkey </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SUTaFrXiQiQC&pg=PA546">London Magazine, Volume 7</a>. London. 1827. p. 546. Retrieved 9 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=London+Magazine%2C+Volume+7&rft.place=London&rft.pages=546&rft.date=1827&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSUTaFrXiQiQC%26pg%3DPA546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFÇınar2019" class="citation book cs1">Çınar (2019). The Decline of Democracy in Turkey: A Comparative Study of Hegemonic Party Rule. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780367729233" title="Special:BookSources/9780367729233"><bdi>9780367729233</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decline+of+Democracy+in+Turkey%3A+A+Comparative+Study+of+Hegemonic+Party+Rule&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780367729233&rft.au=%C3%87%C4%B1nar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuslu2022" class="citation book cs1">Muslu, Olcay (2022). "UNESCO-Based and UNESCO-Free: Governmental and Non-Governmental Efforts for Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage in Turkey". In Schippers, Huib; Seeger, Anthony (eds.). Music, Communities, Sustainability: Developing Policies and Practices. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 124.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=UNESCO-Based+and+UNESCO-Free%3A+Governmental+and+Non-Governmental+Efforts+for+Safeguarding+Intangible+Cultural+Heritage+in+Turkey&rft.btitle=Music%2C+Communities%2C+Sustainability%3A+Developing+Policies+and+Practices&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Muslu&rft.aufirst=Olcay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYavuz2003" class="citation book cs1">Yavuz, M. Hakan (28 August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hqqxxm47ZVAC&pg=PA157">Islamic Political Identity in Turkey</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534770-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534770-8"><bdi>978-0-19-534770-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Political+Identity+in+Turkey&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003-08-28&rft.isbn=978-0-19-534770-8&rft.aulast=Yavuz&rft.aufirst=M.+Hakan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhqqxxm47ZVAC%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB_2017-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB_2017_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_2017_75-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2017/06/ramadan-sidewalk-merchandise-displays-job-opportunities-syrians-urfa/?so=related">"Ramadan Sidewalk Merchandise Displays: Job Opportunities for Syrians in Urfa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Enab_Baladi" title="Enab Baladi">Enab Baladi</a>. 21 June 2017. Retrieved 30 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Enab+Baladi&rft.atitle=Ramadan+Sidewalk+Merchandise+Displays%3A+Job+Opportunities+for+Syrians+in+Urfa&rft.date=2017-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.enabbaladi.net%2Farchives%2F2017%2F06%2Framadan-sidewalk-merchandise-displays-job-opportunities-syrians-urfa%2F%3Fso%3Drelated&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hayata_Destek_2014-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hayata_Destek_2014_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hayata_Destek_2014_76-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/39769">Situation Report: An Assessment of Syrian Refugees in Şanlıurfa Province</a>. Hayata Destek. 2014. Retrieved 30 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Situation+Report%3A+An+Assessment+of+Syrian+Refugees+in+%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa+Province&rft.pub=Hayata+Destek&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.unhcr.org%2Fen%2Fdocuments%2Fdetails%2F39769&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB_Tarahum-77"><a href="#cite_ref-EB_Tarahum_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2017/11/tarahum-2-community-opens-doors-turkish-city-urfa/?so=related">""Tarahum 2" Community Opens its Doors in the Turkish City of Urfa"</a>. Enab Baladi. 9 October 2017. Retrieved 30 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Enab+Baladi&rft.atitle=%22Tarahum+2%22+Community+Opens+its+Doors+in+the+Turkish+City+of+Urfa&rft.date=2017-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.enabbaladi.net%2Farchives%2F2017%2F11%2Ftarahum-2-community-opens-doors-turkish-city-urfa%2F%3Fso%3Drelated&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ergu_2018-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ergu_2018_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ergu_2018_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ergu_2018_78-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ergu_2018_78-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ergu_2018_78-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ergu_2018_78-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFErgu2018" class="citation news cs1">Ergu, Elif (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/urfa-ayakkabi-ussu-oluyor-40994065">"Urfa ayakkabı üssü oluyor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet" title="Hürriyet">Hürriyet</a>. Retrieved 29 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=H%C3%BCrriyet&rft.atitle=Urfa+ayakkab%C4%B1+%C3%BCss%C3%BC+oluyor&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Ergu&rft.aufirst=Elif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyet.com.tr%2Fekonomi%2Furfa-ayakkabi-ussu-oluyor-40994065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orange_2021-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Orange_2021_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOrange_–_MEAL_Department2021" class="citation book cs1">Orange – MEAL Department (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/86671">Labor Market Assessment and Mapping of Şanliurfa (COVID-19 Integration with Needs) Key Findings Report</a>. Retrieved 29 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Labor+Market+Assessment+and+Mapping+of+%C5%9Eanliurfa+%28COVID-19+Integration+with+Needs%29+Key+Findings+Report&rft.date=2021&rft.au=Orange+%E2%80%93+MEAL+Department&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.unhcr.org%2Fen%2Fdocuments%2Fdownload%2F86671&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ertan_2021-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Ertan_2021_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFErtan2021" class="citation book cs1">Ertan, Serhat (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wB0uEAAAQBAJ&dq=sanliurfa+shoes&pg=PA653">51 Company Book – SHOE AND SHOE SIDE INDUSTRY</a>. ERP Destekli Bütçe Danışmanlığı A.Ş. pp. 652–3. Retrieved 29 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=51+Company+Book+%E2%80%93+SHOE+AND+SHOE+SIDE+INDUSTRY&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E652-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pub=ERP+Destekli+B%C3%BCt%C3%A7e+Dan%C4%B1%C5%9Fmanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1+A.%C5%9E.&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Ertan&rft.aufirst=Serhat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwB0uEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsanliurfa%2Bshoes%26pg%3DPA653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Türkiye_2016-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Türkiye_2016_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.turkiyegazetesi.com.tr/ekonomi/emeklilik-yasi-degisti-mi-e-devlet-emeklilik-yasi-sorgulama-islemi-eyt-emeklilik-yas-sarti-kac-930767">"Şanlıurfa FLO'nun üretim üssü olacak"</a>. <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye_(newspaper)" title="Türkiye (newspaper)">Türkiye</a>. 23 November 2016. Retrieved 30 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=T%C3%BCrkiye&rft.atitle=%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa+FLO%27nun+%C3%BCretim+%C3%BCss%C3%BC+olacak&rft.date=2016-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkiyegazetesi.com.tr%2Fekonomi%2Femeklilik-yasi-degisti-mi-e-devlet-emeklilik-yasi-sorgulama-islemi-eyt-emeklilik-yas-sarti-kac-930767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ayaydın_2022-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ayaydın_2022_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ayaydın_2022_82-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ayaydın_2022_82-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAyaydın2022" class="citation news cs1">Ayaydın, Eşber (10 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/yasam/gaziantep-ve-sanliurfa-arasinda-ismi-paylasilamayan-lezzet-fistik/2703938">"Gaziantep ve Şanlıurfa arasında ismi paylaşılamayan lezzet: Fıstık"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anadolu_Agency" title="Anadolu Agency">Anadolu Agency</a>. Retrieved 24 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anadolu+Agency&rft.atitle=Gaziantep+ve+%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa+aras%C4%B1nda+ismi+payla%C5%9F%C4%B1lamayan+lezzet%3A+F%C4%B1st%C4%B1k&rft.date=2022-06-10&rft.aulast=Ayayd%C4%B1n&rft.aufirst=E%C5%9Fber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.com.tr%2Ftr%2Fyasam%2Fgaziantep-ve-sanliurfa-arasinda-ismi-paylasilamayan-lezzet-fistik%2F2703938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Akpınarlı_and_Uluişik_2021-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Akpınarlı_and_Uluişik_2021_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akpınarlı_and_Uluişik_2021_83-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akpınarlı_and_Uluişik_2021_83-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akpınarlı_and_Uluişik_2021_83-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akpınarlı_and_Uluişik_2021_83-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akpınarlı_and_Uluişik_2021_83-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akpınarlı_and_Uluişik_2021_83-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akpınarlı_and_Uluişik_2021_83-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akpınarlı_and_Uluişik_2021_83-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akpınarlı_and_Uluişik_2021_83-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akpınarlı_and_Uluişik_2021_83-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akpınarlı_and_Uluişik_2021_83-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAkpınarlıUluişik2021" class="citation journal cs1">Akpınarlı, H. Feriha; Uluişik, Yaprak Pelin (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353841085">"Yerel Kalkınmada Halk Kültürü Projelerinin Önemi "Şanlıurfa Örneği""</a>. Uluslararası Kazan Halk Kültürü Sempozyumu. 4: 365–72. Retrieved 23 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Uluslararas%C4%B1+Kazan+Halk+K%C3%BClt%C3%BCr%C3%BC+Sempozyumu&rft.atitle=Yerel+Kalk%C4%B1nmada+Halk+K%C3%BClt%C3%BCr%C3%BC+Projelerinin+%C3%96nemi+%22%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa+%C3%96rne%C4%9Fi%22&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E365-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Akp%C4%B1narl%C4%B1&rft.aufirst=H.+Feriha&rft.au=Ului%C5%9Fik%2C+Yaprak+Pelin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F353841085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Öztürk_Tel_and_Sarıışık_2020-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Öztürk_Tel_and_Sarıışık_2020_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Öztürk_Tel_and_Sarıışık_2020_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Öztürk_Tel_and_Sarıışık_2020_84-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Öztürk_Tel_and_Sarıışık_2020_84-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Öztürk_Tel_and_Sarıışık_2020_84-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Öztürk_Tel_and_Sarıışık_2020_84-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Öztürk_Tel_and_Sarıışık_2020_84-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Öztürk_Tel_and_Sarıışık_2020_84-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Öztürk_Tel_and_Sarıışık_2020_84-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Öztürk_Tel_and_Sarıışık_2020_84-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Öztürk_Tel_and_Sarıışık_2020_84-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Öztürk_Tel_and_Sarıışık_2020_84-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Öztürk_Tel_and_Sarıışık_2020_84-12">m</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFÖztürk_TelSarıışık2020" class="citation journal cs1">Öztürk Tel, Hülya; Sarıışık, Gencay (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344372760">"Research on some effective properties in nomination of Urfa Limestone to the "Global Heritage Stone Resource" designation"</a>. Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 13 (18): 958. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ArJG...13..958T">2020ArJG...13..958T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12517-020-05948-w">10.1007/s12517-020-05948-w</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221674298">221674298</a>. Retrieved 16 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Journal+of+Geosciences&rft.atitle=Research+on+some+effective+properties+in+nomination+of+Urfa+Limestone+to+the+%22Global+Heritage+Stone+Resource%22+designation&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=958&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A221674298%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12517-020-05948-w&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020ArJG...13..958T&rft.aulast=%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk+Tel&rft.aufirst=H%C3%BClya&rft.au=Sar%C4%B1%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1k%2C+Gencay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F344372760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turgut_et_al_2008-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Turgut_et_al_2008_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turgut_et_al_2008_85-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turgut_et_al_2008_85-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turgut_et_al_2008_85-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turgut_et_al_2008_85-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turgut_et_al_2008_85-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTurgutYesilnacarBulut2008" class="citation journal cs1">Turgut, Paki; Yesilnacar, Mehmet Irfan; Bulut, Husamettin (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eng.harran.edu.tr/~hbulut/SanliurfaLimestone.pdf">"Physico-thermal and mechanical properties of Sanliurfa limestone, Turkey"</a> (PDF). Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment. 67 (4): 485–90. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008BuEGE..67..485T">2008BuEGE..67..485T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10064-008-0145-2">10.1007/s10064-008-0145-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1715021">1715021</a>. Retrieved 16 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Engineering+Geology+and+the+Environment&rft.atitle=Physico-thermal+and+mechanical+properties+of+Sanliurfa+limestone%2C+Turkey&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E485-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1715021%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10064-008-0145-2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008BuEGE..67..485T&rft.aulast=Turgut&rft.aufirst=Paki&rft.au=Yesilnacar%2C+Mehmet+Irfan&rft.au=Bulut%2C+Husamettin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feng.harran.edu.tr%2F~hbulut%2FSanliurfaLimestone.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gürpinar_et_al_2004-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gürpinar_et_al_2004_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gürpinar_et_al_2004_86-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGürpinarYalçinGözübolTuğrul2004" class="citation journal cs1">Gürpinar, Okay; Yalçin, M. Namık; Gözübol, Ali Malik; Tuğrul, Atiye; Dalgiç, Süleyman; Kürkanç, Mustafa; Hoşgömerz, Hakan; Altinok, Yıldız; Özer, Naşide; Özler, Murat; Bulkan-Veşıladali, Özlem; Ündül, Ömer; Zarıf, İ. Halil; Şenyuva, Tahsin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tubaked/issue/57282/810186">"Birecik (Şanlıurfa) Yöresinin Temel Jeolojik Özellikleri ve Jeolojik Miras Envanteri"</a>. TUBA Kültür Envanteri Dergisi. 2: 157–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22520%2Ftubaked.2004-2.0007">10.22520/tubaked.2004-2.0007</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). Retrieved 18 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TUBA+K%C3%BClt%C3%BCr+Envanteri+Dergisi&rft.atitle=Birecik+%28%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa%29+Y%C3%B6resinin+Temel+Jeolojik+%C3%96zellikleri+ve+Jeolojik+Miras+Envanteri&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E157-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22520%2Ftubaked.2004-2.0007&rft.aulast=G%C3%BCrpinar&rft.aufirst=Okay&rft.au=Yal%C3%A7in%2C+M.+Nam%C4%B1k&rft.au=G%C3%B6z%C3%BCbol%2C+Ali+Malik&rft.au=Tu%C4%9Frul%2C+Atiye&rft.au=Dalgi%C3%A7%2C+S%C3%BCleyman&rft.au=K%C3%BCrkan%C3%A7%2C+Mustafa&rft.au=Ho%C5%9Fg%C3%B6merz%2C+Hakan&rft.au=Altinok%2C+Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z&rft.au=%C3%96zer%2C+Na%C5%9Fide&rft.au=%C3%96zler%2C+Murat&rft.au=Bulkan-Ve%C5%9F%C4%B1ladali%2C+%C3%96zlem&rft.au=%C3%9Cnd%C3%BCl%2C+%C3%96mer&rft.au=Zar%C4%B1f%2C+%C4%B0.+Halil&rft.au=%C5%9Eenyuva%2C+Tahsin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdergipark.org.tr%2Fen%2Fpub%2Ftubaked%2Fissue%2F57282%2F810186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-OSB_1-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OSB_1_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OSB_1_87-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OSB_1_87-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OSB_1_87-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-investsanliurfa-com.translate.goog/sanliurfa/organize-sanayi-bolgesi-i-kisim--42?_x_tr_sl=tr&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc">"Organize Sanayi Bölgesi I. Kısım"</a>. investsanliurfa.com. Yatirim Destek Ofısı Şanlıurfa. 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=investsanliurfa.com&rft.atitle=Organize+Sanayi+B%C3%B6lgesi+I.+K%C4%B1s%C4%B1m&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-investsanliurfa-com.translate.goog%2Fsanliurfa%2Forganize-sanayi-bolgesi-i-kisim--42%3F_x_tr_sl%3Dtr%26_x_tr_tl%3Den%26_x_tr_hl%3Den%26_x_tr_pto%3Dsc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KSS'ler-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KSS'ler_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KSS'ler_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KSS'ler_88-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-investsanliurfa-com.translate.goog/sanliurfa/kssler--46?_x_tr_sl=tr&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc">"KSS'ler"</a>. investsanliurfa.com. Yatirim Destek Ofısı Şanlıurfa. 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=investsanliurfa.com&rft.atitle=KSS%27ler&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-investsanliurfa-com.translate.goog%2Fsanliurfa%2Fkssler--46%3F_x_tr_sl%3Dtr%26_x_tr_tl%3Den%26_x_tr_hl%3Den%26_x_tr_pto%3Dsc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> From Kâtib el Bağdadî in p.196Urfa'da Pişer Bize de Düşer, Halil & Munise Yetkin Soran, Alfa Yayın, 2009, Istanbul <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-605-106-065-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-605-106-065-1">978-605-106-065-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aksoy_and_Sezgi_2015-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aksoy_and_Sezgi_2015_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aksoy_and_Sezgi_2015_90-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aksoy_and_Sezgi_2015_90-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aksoy_and_Sezgi_2015_90-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aksoy_and_Sezgi_2015_90-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aksoy_and_Sezgi_2015_90-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aksoy_and_Sezgi_2015_90-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAksoySezgi2015" class="citation journal cs1">Aksoy, Mustafa; Sezgi, Gülistan (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jotags.org/Articles/2015_vol3_issue3/2015_vol3_issue3_article8.pdf">"Gastronomi turizmi ve Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi gastronomik unsurları"</a> (PDF). Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies. 3 (3): 79–89. Retrieved 26 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Tourism+and+Gastronomy+Studies&rft.atitle=Gastronomi+turizmi+ve+G%C3%BCneydo%C4%9Fu+Anadolu+B%C3%B6lgesi+gastronomik+unsurlar%C4%B1&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E89&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Aksoy&rft.aufirst=Mustafa&rft.au=Sezgi%2C+G%C3%BClistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jotags.org%2FArticles%2F2015_vol3_issue3%2F2015_vol3_issue3_article8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ajans_Urfa_2022_liver-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ajans_Urfa_2022_liver_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ajans_Urfa_2022_liver_91-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ajansurfa.com/haber/13050875/yoksul-yemegi-luks-tuketim-oldu">"Yoksul yemeği lüks tüketim oldu"</a>. Ajans Urfa. 15 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ajans+Urfa&rft.atitle=Yoksul+yeme%C4%9Fi+l%C3%BCks+t%C3%BCketim+oldu&rft.date=2022-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajansurfa.com%2Fhaber%2F13050875%2Fyoksul-yemegi-luks-tuketim-oldu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sabah.com.tr/yasam/2017/11/17/sanliurfanin-sillik-tatlisi-tescillendi">"Şanlıurfa'nın 'şıllık' tatlısı tescillendi"</a>. Sabah. Retrieved 8 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sabah&rft.atitle=%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa%27n%C4%B1n+%27%C5%9F%C4%B1ll%C4%B1k%27+tatl%C4%B1s%C4%B1+tescillendi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sabah.com.tr%2Fyasam%2F2017%2F11%2F17%2Fsanliurfanin-sillik-tatlisi-tescillendi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levey_1967-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Levey_1967_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevey1967" class="citation journal cs1">Levey, Martin (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1006137">"Medical Ethics of Medieval Islam with Special Reference to Al-Ruhāwī's "Practical Ethics of the Physician""</a>. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 57 (3): 1–100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1006137">10.2307/1006137</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1006137">1006137</a>. Retrieved 28 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society+Transactions+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=Medical+Ethics+of+Medieval+Islam+with+Special+Reference+to+Al-Ruh%C4%81w%C4%AB%27s+%22Practical+Ethics+of+the+Physician%22&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E100&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1006137&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1006137%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Levey&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1006137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erdogan_2016-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Erdogan_2016_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erdogan_2016_94-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erdogan_2016_94-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erdogan_2016_94-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erdogan_2016_94-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erdogan_2016_94-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erdogan_2016_94-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erdogan_2016_94-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erdogan_2016_94-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erdogan_2016_94-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFErdogan2016" class="citation journal cs1">Erdogan, Nevnihal (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44987208">"Investigating the Relationship Between Culture and Traditional Housing Architecture in Urfa, Turkey"</a>. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research. 33 (4): 309–25. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44987208">44987208</a>. Retrieved 30 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Architectural+and+Planning+Research&rft.atitle=Investigating+the+Relationship+Between+Culture+and+Traditional+Housing+Architecture+in+Urfa%2C+Turkey&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E309-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44987208%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Erdogan&rft.aufirst=Nevnihal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44987208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harran_University-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Harran_University_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harran.edu.tr/sayfa.aspx?st=icerik&sid=12">"Tarihçemiz"</a>. Harran Üniversitesi. Retrieved 1 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harran+%C3%9Cniversitesi&rft.atitle=Tarih%C3%A7emiz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harran.edu.tr%2Fsayfa.aspx%3Fst%3Dicerik%26sid%3D12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eser_and_Orak_2016-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eser_and_Orak_2016_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eser_and_Orak_2016_96-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eser_and_Orak_2016_96-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eser_and_Orak_2016_96-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eser_and_Orak_2016_96-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEserOrak2016" class="citation journal cs1">Eser, Gülşah; Orak, Abdullah (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sosyalarastirmalar.com/abstract/an-institution-pioneering-in-improving-vocational-and-technical-education-inrnturkey-urfa-institute-of-arts-for-boys-73645.html">"Türkıye'de Meslekı ve Teknık Eğıtımın Gelıştırılmesınde Öncü Bır Kurum: Urfa Erkek Sanat Enstıtüsü (An Institution Pioneering in Improving Vocational and Technical Education in Turkey: Urfa Institute of Arts for Boys)"</a>. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi. 9 (46): 185–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17719%2Fjisr.20164622589">10.17719/jisr.20164622589</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1307-9581">1307-9581</a>. Retrieved 3 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Uluslararas%C4%B1+Sosyal+Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmalar+Dergisi&rft.atitle=T%C3%BCrk%C4%B1ye%27de+Meslek%C4%B1+ve+Tekn%C4%B1k+E%C4%9F%C4%B1t%C4%B1m%C4%B1n+Gel%C4%B1%C5%9Ft%C4%B1r%C4%B1lmes%C4%B1nde+%C3%96nc%C3%BC+B%C4%B1r+Kurum%3A+Urfa+Erkek+Sanat+Enst%C4%B1t%C3%BCs%C3%BC+%28An+Institution+Pioneering+in+Improving+Vocational+and+Technical+Education+in+Turkey%3A+Urfa+Institute+of+Arts+for+Boys%29&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=46&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E185-%3C%2Fspan%3E99&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17719%2Fjisr.20164622589&rft.issn=1307-9581&rft.aulast=Eser&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCl%C5%9Fah&rft.au=Orak%2C+Abdullah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sosyalarastirmalar.com%2Fabstract%2Fan-institution-pioneering-in-improving-vocational-and-technical-education-inrnturkey-urfa-institute-of-arts-for-boys-73645.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eser_and_Osak_2015-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Eser_and_Osak_2015_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEserOsak2015" class="citation journal cs1">Eser, Gülşah; Osak, Abdullah (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37040380">"Cumhuriyet Dönemi Kadın Eğitiminde Bir Atılım Urfa Kız Enstitüsü (A Breakthrough in Women's Education During Republican Period: Urfa Girls' Institute)"</a>. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi. 8 (41): 421–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17719%2Fjisr.20154115030">10.17719/jisr.20154115030</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1307-9581">1307-9581</a>. Retrieved 3 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Uluslararas%C4%B1+Sosyal+Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmalar+Dergisi&rft.atitle=Cumhuriyet+D%C3%B6nemi+Kad%C4%B1n+E%C4%9Fitiminde+Bir+At%C4%B1l%C4%B1m+Urfa+K%C4%B1z+Enstit%C3%BCs%C3%BC+%28A+Breakthrough+in+Women%27s+Education+During+Republican+Period%3A+Urfa+Girls%27+Institute%29&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=41&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E421-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17719%2Fjisr.20154115030&rft.issn=1307-9581&rft.aulast=Eser&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCl%C5%9Fah&rft.au=Osak%2C+Abdullah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37040380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mehmet_Akif_İnan_Hastanesi-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mehmet_Akif_İnan_Hastanesi_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mehmet_Akif_İnan_Hastanesi_98-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mehmet_Akif_İnan_Hastanesi_98-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mehmet_Akif_İnan_Hastanesi_98-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mehmet_Akif_İnan_Hastanesi_98-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mehmet_Akif_İnan_Hastanesi_98-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mehmet_Akif_İnan_Hastanesi_98-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mehmet_Akif_İnan_Hastanesi_98-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mehmetakifinaneah.saglik.gov.tr/TR-145904/tarihcemiz.html">"Tarihçemiz"</a>. Şanlıurfa Mehmet Akif İnan Eğitim Ve Araştırma Hastanesi. Şanlıurfa İl Sağlık Müdürlüğü. Retrieved 23 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa+Mehmet+Akif+%C4%B0nan+E%C4%9Fitim+Ve+Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rma+Hastanesi&rft.atitle=Tarih%C3%A7emiz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmehmetakifinaneah.saglik.gov.tr%2FTR-145904%2Ftarihcemiz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ajans_Urfa_2022-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ajans_Urfa_2022_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ajans_Urfa_2022_99-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ajansurfa.com/haber/11293567/urfada-tamamen-yikilan-eski-devlet-hastanesi-yerine-ne-yapilacak">"Urfa'da tamamen yıkılan eski devlet hastanesi yerine ne yapılacak?"</a>. Ajans Urfa. 29 June 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ajans+Urfa&rft.atitle=Urfa%27da+tamamen+y%C4%B1k%C4%B1lan+eski+devlet+hastanesi+yerine+ne+yap%C4%B1lacak%3F&rft.date=2022-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajansurfa.com%2Fhaber%2F11293567%2Furfada-tamamen-yikilan-eski-devlet-hastanesi-yerine-ne-yapilacak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Devlet_Hastanesi-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Devlet_Hastanesi_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Devlet_Hastanesi_100-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Devlet_Hastanesi_100-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Devlet_Hastanesi_100-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://balikligoldh.saglik.gov.tr/">"Tarihçemiz"</a>. Şanlıurfa Balıklıgöl Devlet Hastanesi. Şanlıurfa İl Sağlik Müdürlüğü. Retrieved 23 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa+Bal%C4%B1kl%C4%B1g%C3%B6l+Devlet+Hastanesi&rft.atitle=Tarih%C3%A7emiz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbalikligoldh.saglik.gov.tr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eğitim_Ve_Araştırma_Hastanesi-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eğitim_Ve_Araştırma_Hastanesi_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eğitim_Ve_Araştırma_Hastanesi_101-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eğitim_Ve_Araştırma_Hastanesi_101-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eğitim_Ve_Araştırma_Hastanesi_101-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eğitim_Ve_Araştırma_Hastanesi_101-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eğitim_Ve_Araştırma_Hastanesi_101-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sanliurfaeah.saglik.gov.tr/TR-140971/tarihce.html">"Tarihçe"</a>. Şanlıurfa Eğitim Ve Araştırma Hastanesi. Şanlıurfa İl Sağlık Müdürlüğü. Retrieved 23 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa+E%C4%9Fitim+Ve+Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rma+Hastanesi&rft.atitle=Tarih%C3%A7e&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsanliurfaeah.saglik.gov.tr%2FTR-140971%2Ftarihce.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TM340-102"><a href="#cite_ref-TM340_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Trolleynews [regular news section]". Trolleybus Magazine. Vol. 54, no. 340. UK: National Trolleybus Association. July–August 2018. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0266-7452">0266-7452</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62554332">62554332</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trolleybus+Magazine&rft.atitle=Trolleynews+%5Bregular+news+section%5D&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=340&rft.pages=155&rft.date=2018-07%2F2018-08&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62554332&rft.issn=0266-7452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TM343-103"><a href="#cite_ref-TM343_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Trolleynews". Trolleybus Magazine. Vol. 55, no. 343. UK: National Trolleybus Association. January–February 2019. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0266-7452">0266-7452</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trolleybus+Magazine&rft.atitle=Trolleynews&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=343&rft.pages=38&rft.date=2019-01%2F2019-02&rft.issn=0266-7452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TM344-104"><a href="#cite_ref-TM344_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Trolleynews". Trolleybus Magazine. Vol. 55, no. 344. UK: National Trolleybus Association. March–April 2019. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0266-7452">0266-7452</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trolleybus+Magazine&rft.atitle=Trolleynews&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=344&rft.pages=75&rft.date=2019-03%2F2019-04&rft.issn=0266-7452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TM349-105"><a href="#cite_ref-TM349_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Trolleynews". Trolleybus Magazine. Vol. 56, no. 349. UK: National Trolleybus Association. January–February 2020. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0266-7452">0266-7452</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trolleybus+Magazine&rft.atitle=Trolleynews&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=349&rft.pages=35&rft.date=2020-01%2F2020-02&rft.issn=0266-7452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TM364-106"><a href="#cite_ref-TM364_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Trolleynews". Trolleybus Magazine. Vol. 58, no. 364. UK: National Trolleybus Association. July–August 2022. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0266-7452">0266-7452</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62554332">62554332</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trolleybus+Magazine&rft.atitle=Trolleynews&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=364&rft.pages=173&rft.date=2022-07%2F2022-08&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62554332&rft.issn=0266-7452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TM370-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TM370_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TM370_107-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Trolleynews". Trolleybus Magazine. Vol. 59, no. 370. UK: National Trolleybus Association. July–August 2023. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0266-7452">0266-7452</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62554332">62554332</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trolleybus+Magazine&rft.atitle=Trolleynews&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=370&rft.pages=173&rft.date=2023-07%2F2023-08&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62554332&rft.issn=0266-7452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TM373-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TM373_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TM373_108-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Trolleynews". Trolleybus Magazine. Vol. 60, no. 373. UK: National Trolleybus Association. January–February 2024. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0266-7452">0266-7452</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62554332">62554332</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trolleybus+Magazine&rft.atitle=Trolleynews&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=373&rft.pages=39&rft.date=2024-01%2F2024-02&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62554332&rft.issn=0266-7452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TM378-109"><a href="#cite_ref-TM378_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Trolleynews". Trolleybus Magazine. Vol. 60, no. 378. UK: National Trolleybus Association. November–December 2024. p. 255. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0266-7452">0266-7452</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62554332">62554332</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trolleybus+Magazine&rft.atitle=Trolleynews&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=378&rft.pages=255&rft.date=2024-11%2F2024-12&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62554332&rft.issn=0266-7452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrfa" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfa&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Şanlıurfa">Şanlıurfa</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/120px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Urfa#Q133118" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Urfa">Urfa</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201002221120/http://www.sanliurfa.gov.tr/index.php?go=4,2,63">Şanlıurfa Governor's Office (English)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanliurfa.bel.tr">Sanliurfa Mayor's Office</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Urfa_in_Şanlıurfa_Province_of_Turkey151" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Districts_of_Turkey" title="Template:Districts of Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Districts_of_Turkey" title="Template talk:Districts of Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Districts_of_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Districts of Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Urfa_in_Şanlıurfa_Province_of_Turkey151" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Urfa in <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Province" title="Şanlıurfa Province">Şanlıurfa Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ak%C3%A7akale" title="Akçakale">Akçakale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birecik" title="Birecik">Birecik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bozova" title="Bozova">Bozova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceylanp%C4%B1nar" title="Ceylanpınar">Ceylanpınar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyy%C3%BCbiye" title="Eyyübiye">Eyyübiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfeti" title="Halfeti">Halfeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haliliye" title="Haliliye">Haliliye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilvan" title="Hilvan">Hilvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karak%C3%B6pr%C3%BC" title="Karaköprü">Karaköprü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siverek" title="Siverek">Siverek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suru%C3%A7" title="Suruç">Suruç</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viran%C5%9Fehir" title="Viranşehir">Viranşehir</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png/120px-NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png/250px-NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_districts.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Districts of Şanlıurfa"><img alt="Districts of Şanlıurfa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_districts.png/120px-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_districts.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_districts.png/250px-%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_districts.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1010" data-file-height="769" /></a><figcaption>Districts of Şanlıurfa</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_provinces_by_region724">List of <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Turkey" title="Provinces of Turkey">provinces</a> by <a href="/wiki/NUTS_statistical_regions_of_Turkey" title="NUTS statistical regions of Turkey">region</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Region_(statistical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Istanbul Region (statistical)">Istanbul</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Marmara_Region_(statistical)" class="mw-redirect" title="West Marmara Region (statistical)">West Marmara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bal%C4%B1kesir_Province" title="Balıkesir Province">Balıkesir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87anakkale_Province" title="Çanakkale Province">Çanakkale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edirne_Province" title="Edirne Province">Edirne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1rklareli_Province" title="Kırklareli Province">Kırklareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekirda%C4%9F_Province" title="Tekirdağ Province">Tekirdağ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Region_(statistical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean Region (statistical)">Aegean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afyonkarahisar_Province" title="Afyonkarahisar Province">Afyonkarahisar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n_Province" title="Aydın Province">Aydın</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denizli_Province" title="Denizli Province">Denizli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir_Province" title="İzmir Province">İzmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCtahya_Province" title="Kütahya Province">Kütahya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manisa_Province" title="Manisa Province">Manisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%C4%9Fla_Province" title="Muğla Province">Muğla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C5%9Fak_Province" title="Uşak Province">Uşak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Marmara_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="East Marmara Region">East Marmara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilecik_Province" title="Bilecik Province">Bilecik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolu_Province" title="Bolu Province">Bolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bursa_Province" title="Bursa Province">Bursa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCzce_Province" title="Düzce Province">Düzce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eski%C5%9Fehir_Province" title="Eskişehir Province">Eskişehir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kocaeli_Province" title="Kocaeli Province">Kocaeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakarya_Province" title="Sakarya Province">Sakarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalova_Province" title="Yalova Province">Yalova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Anatolia_Region_(statistical)" class="mw-redirect" title="West Anatolia Region (statistical)">West Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankara_Province" title="Ankara Province">Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaman_Province" title="Karaman Province">Karaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konya_Province" title="Konya Province">Konya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Region_(statistical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Region (statistical)">Mediterranean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adana_Province" title="Adana Province">Adana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antalya_Province" title="Antalya Province">Antalya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdur_Province" title="Burdur Province">Burdur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province" title="Hatay Province">Hatay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isparta_Province" title="Isparta Province">Isparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahramanmara%C5%9F_Province" title="Kahramanmaraş Province">Kahramanmaraş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersin_Province" title="Mersin Province">Mersin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmaniye_Province" title="Osmaniye Province">Osmaniye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_Region_(statistical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Anatolia Region (statistical)">Central Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aksaray_Province" title="Aksaray Province">Aksaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayseri_Province" title="Kayseri Province">Kayseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1r%C4%B1kkale_Province" title="Kırıkkale Province">Kırıkkale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1r%C5%9Fehir_Province" title="Kırşehir Province">Kırşehir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nev%C5%9Fehir_Province" title="Nevşehir Province">Nevşehir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C4%9Fde_Province" title="Niğde Province">Niğde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivas_Province" title="Sivas Province">Sivas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yozgat_Province" title="Yozgat Province">Yozgat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Black_Sea_Region_(statistical)" class="mw-redirect" title="West Black Sea Region (statistical)">West Black Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amasya_Province" title="Amasya Province">Amasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bart%C4%B1n_Province" title="Bartın Province">Bartın</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ank%C4%B1r%C4%B1_Province" title="Çankırı Province">Çankırı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87orum_Province" title="Çorum Province">Çorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karab%C3%BCk_Province" title="Karabük Province">Karabük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastamonu_Province" title="Kastamonu Province">Kastamonu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun_Province" title="Samsun Province">Samsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop_Province" title="Sinop Province">Sinop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokat_Province" title="Tokat Province">Tokat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonguldak_Province" title="Zonguldak Province">Zonguldak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Black_Sea_Region_(statistical)" class="mw-redirect" title="East Black Sea Region (statistical)">East Black Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artvin_Province" title="Artvin Province">Artvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun_Province" title="Giresun Province">Giresun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCm%C3%BC%C5%9Fhane_Province" title="Gümüşhane Province">Gümüşhane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu_Province" title="Ordu Province">Ordu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize_Province" title="Rize Province">Rize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon_Province" title="Trabzon Province">Trabzon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anatolia_Region_(statistical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anatolia Region (statistical)">Northeast Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C4%9Fr%C4%B1_Province" title="Ağrı Province">Ağrı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardahan_Province" title="Ardahan Province">Ardahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayburt_Province" title="Bayburt Province">Bayburt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzincan_Province" title="Erzincan Province">Erzincan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_Province" title="Erzurum Province">Erzurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r_Province" title="Iğdır Province">Iğdır</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kars_Province" title="Kars Province">Kars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_East_Anatolia_Region_(statistical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central East Anatolia Region (statistical)">Central East Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bing%C3%B6l_Province" title="Bingöl Province">Bingöl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitlis_Province" title="Bitlis Province">Bitlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F_Province" title="Elazığ Province">Elazığ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakk%C3%A2ri_Province" title="Hakkâri Province">Hakkâri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malatya_Province" title="Malatya Province">Malatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%C5%9F_Province" title="Muş Province">Muş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunceli_Province" title="Tunceli Province">Tunceli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Province" title="Van Province">Van</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Anatolia_Region_(statistical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Anatolia Region (statistical)">Southeast Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C4%B1yaman_Province" title="Adıyaman Province">Adıyaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batman_Province" title="Batman Province">Batman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r_Province" title="Diyarbakır Province">Diyarbakır</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaziantep_Province" title="Gaziantep Province">Gaziantep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilis_Province" title="Kilis Province">Kilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardin_Province" title="Mardin Province">Mardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siirt_Province" title="Siirt Province">Siirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Province" title="Şanlıurfa Province">Şanlıurfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C4%B1rnak_Province" title="Şırnak Province">Şırnak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_municipalities_in_Turkey" title="Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey">Metropolitan municipalities</a> are bolded.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metropolitan_municipalities_in_Turkey41" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Metropolitan_municipalities_in_Turkey" title="Template:Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Metropolitan_municipalities_in_Turkey" title="Template talk:Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Metropolitan_municipalities_in_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metropolitan_municipalities_in_Turkey41" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_municipalities_in_Turkey" title="Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey">Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adana_Province" title="Adana Province">Adana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara_Province" title="Ankara Province">Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antalya_Province" title="Antalya Province">Antalya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n_Province" title="Aydın Province">Aydın</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal%C4%B1kesir_Province" title="Balıkesir Province">Balıkesir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bursa_Province" title="Bursa Province">Bursa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denizli_Province" title="Denizli Province">Denizli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r_Province" title="Diyarbakır Province">Diyarbakır</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_Province" title="Erzurum Province">Erzurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eski%C5%9Fehir_Province" title="Eskişehir Province">Eskişehir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaziantep_Province" title="Gaziantep Province">Gaziantep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province" title="Hatay Province">Hatay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">İstanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir_Province" title="İzmir Province">İzmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayseri_Province" title="Kayseri Province">Kayseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kocaeli_Province" title="Kocaeli Province">Kocaeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konya_Province" title="Konya Province">Konya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahramanmara%C5%9F_Province" title="Kahramanmaraş Province">Kahramanmaraş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malatya_Province" title="Malatya Province">Malatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manisa_Province" title="Manisa Province">Manisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardin_Province" title="Mardin Province">Mardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersin_Province" title="Mersin Province">Mersin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%C4%9Fla_Province" title="Muğla Province">Muğla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu_Province" title="Ordu Province">Ordu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakarya_Province" title="Sakarya Province">Sakarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun_Province" title="Samsun Province">Samsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Province" title="Şanlıurfa Province">Şanlıurfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekirda%C4%9F_Province" title="Tekirdağ Province">Tekirdağ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon_Province" title="Trabzon Province">Trabzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Province" title="Van Province">Van</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Largest_cities_or_towns_in_TurkeyTÜİK&#039;s_address-based_calculation_from_31_December_2023_published_at_7th_of_February_2024.310" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_in_Turkey" title="Template:Largest cities in Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_in_Turkey" title="Template talk:Largest cities in Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_in_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities in Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Largest_cities_or_towns_in_TurkeyTÜİK&#039;s_address-based_calculation_from_31_December_2023_published_at_7th_of_February_2024.310" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Largest cities or towns in Turkey <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Statistical_Institute" title="Turkish Statistical Institute">TÜİK</a>'s address-based calculation from 31 December 2023 published at 7th of February 2024.</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Turkey_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Turkey by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Turkey">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Turkey_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Turkey by population">Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Turkey_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Turkey by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Turkey">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Turkey_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Turkey by population">Pop.</a></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Istanbul"><img alt="Istanbul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg/120px-Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg/250px-Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3301" data-file-height="1595" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Ankara_from_bus_station.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ankara"><img alt="Ankara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ankara_from_bus_station.jpg/120px-Ankara_from_bus_station.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ankara_from_bus_station.jpg/250px-Ankara_from_bus_station.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3883" data-file-height="2508" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">15,655,924</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mersin" title="Mersin">Mersin</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,938,389 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Skyscrapers_in_Izmir_-_Turkey.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="İzmir"><img alt="İzmir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Skyscrapers_in_Izmir_-_Turkey.jpg/120px-Skyscrapers_in_Izmir_-_Turkey.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Skyscrapers_in_Izmir_-_Turkey.jpg/250px-Skyscrapers_in_Izmir_-_Turkey.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4068" data-file-height="2019" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Bursa_image.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bursa"><img alt="Bursa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bursa_image.jpg/120px-Bursa_image.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bursa_image.jpg/180px-Bursa_image.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bursa_image.jpg/240px-Bursa_image.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="2905" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,803,482</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Diyarbakır</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,818,133 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,479,525</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hatay" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatay">Hatay</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,544,640 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,214,571</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Manisa" title="Manisa">Manisa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,475,716 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Antalya" title="Antalya">Antalya</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,696,249</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kayseri" title="Kayseri">Kayseri</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,445,683 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,320,241</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Samsun</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,377,546 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,270,298</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bal%C4%B1kesir" title="Balıkesir">Balıkesir</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,273,519 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Şanlıurfa">Şanlıurfa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,213,964</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tekirda%C4%9F" title="Tekirdağ">Tekirdağ</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,167,059 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gaziantep" title="Gaziantep">Gaziantep</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,164,134</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n" title="Aydın">Aydın</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,161,702 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kocaeli_Province" title="Kocaeli Province">Kocaeli</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,102,907</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Van,_Turkey" title="Van, Turkey">Van</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,127,612 </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="UNESCO_Tentative_list_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey677" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tentative_list_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey" title="Template:Tentative list of World Heritage Sites in Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tentative_list_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey" title="Template talk:Tentative list of World Heritage Sites in Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tentative_list_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tentative list of World Heritage Sites in Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="UNESCO_Tentative_list_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey677" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Tentative_list_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey" title="Tentative list of World Heritage Sites in Turkey">Tentative list of World Heritage Sites in Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aegean_region" title="Aegean region">Aegean region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aizanoi" title="Aizanoi">Aizanoi Antique City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">The Ancient City of Sardis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bin_Tepe" title="Bin Tepe">Lydian Tumuli of Bin Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratonicea_(Caria)" title="Stratonicea (Caria)">Ancient City of Stratonikeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assos" title="Assos">Archaeological Site of Assos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laodicea_on_the_Lycus" title="Laodicea on the Lycus">Archaeological site of Laodikeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priene" title="Priene">Archaeological Site of Priene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayval%C4%B1k" title="Ayvalık">Ayvalık Industrial Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodrum_Castle" title="Bodrum Castle">The Bodrum Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birgi" title="Birgi">Historic Town of Birgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">The Historical Port City of Izmir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mausoleum_of_Hecatomnus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mausoleum of Hecatomnus (page does not exist)">Mausoleum and Sacred area of Hecatomnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be%C3%A7in" title="Beçin">Medieval City of Beçin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_region" title="Black Sea region">Black Sea region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niksar" title="Niksar">Early Period of Anatolian Turkish Heritage: Niksar, The Capital of Danishmend Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudurnu" title="Mudurnu">Historic Guild Town of Mudurnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l%C4%B1rmak_Delta" title="Kızılırmak Delta">Kızılırmak Delta Wetland and Bird Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Har%C5%9Fena" title="Mount Harşena">Mount Harşena</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tombs_of_the_kings_of_Pontus" title="Tombs of the kings of Pontus">Rock-tombs of the Pontic Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball%C4%B1ca_Cave" title="Ballıca Cave">Nature Park of Ballıca Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumela_Monastery" title="Sumela Monastery">Sümela Monastery (The Monastery of Virgin Mary)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_region" title="Central Anatolia region">Central Anatolia region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCltepe" title="Kültepe">Archaeological Site of Kültepe-Kanesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Therma" title="Basilica Therma">Basilica Therma (Sarıkaya Roma Hamamı)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hac%C4%B1_Bayram_Mosque" title="Hacı Bayram Mosque">Haci Bayram Mosque and its Surrounding Area (the Haci Bayram District)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Bektash_Veli_Complex" title="Haji Bektash Veli Complex">Haci Bektas Veli Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beypazar%C4%B1" title="Beypazarı">Historic Town of Beypazarı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C4%9Fde" title="Niğde">Historical Monuments of Niğde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0vriz_relief" title="İvriz relief">Ivriz Cultural Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya-A capital of Seljuk Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koramaz_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koramaz Valley (page does not exist)">Koramaz Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tuz" title="Lake Tuz">Lake Tuz Special Environmental Protection Area (SEPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odunpazar%C4%B1" title="Odunpazarı">Odunpazari Historical Urban Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Ahi_Evren" title="Tomb of Ahi Evren">Tomb of Ahi Evran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_region" title="Eastern Anatolia region">Eastern Anatolia region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Cross,_Aghtamar" title="Cathedral of the Holy Cross, Aghtamar">Akdamar Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eshab-%C4%B1_Kehf_Kulliye" title="Eshab-ı Kehf Kulliye">Eshab-ı Kehf Kulliye (Islamic-Ottoman Social Complex)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpoot" title="Harpoot">Historic City of Harput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemaliye" title="Kemaliye">Historic Town of Kemaliye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishak_Pasha_Palace" title="Ishak Pasha Palace">Ishak Pasha Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tombstones_of_Ahlat_the_Urartian_and_Ottoman_citadel" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tombstones of Ahlat the Urartian and Ottoman citadel">The Tombstones of Ahlat the Urartian and Ottoman citadel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Fortress" title="Van Fortress">Tushpa/Van Fortress, the Mound and the Old City of Van</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marmara_region" title="Marmara region">Marmara region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sangarius_Bridge" title="Sangarius Bridge">The Bridge of Justinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzunk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC_Bridge" title="Uzunköprü Bridge">The Bridge of Uzunköprü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Çanakkale (Dardanelles)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_Peninsula_Historical_Site" title="Gallipoli Peninsula Historical Site">Gelibolu (Gallipoli)</a> Battles Zones in the First World War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0znik" title="İznik">İznik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuruosmaniye_Mosque" title="Nuruosmaniye Mosque">Nuruosmaniye Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_of_Sultan_Bayezid_II" title="Complex of Sultan Bayezid II">Sultan Bayezid II Complex: A Center of Medical Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Palace" title="Yıldız Palace">Yıldız Palace Complex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_region,_Turkey" title="Mediterranean region, Turkey">Mediterranean region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alahan_Monastery" title="Alahan Monastery">Alahan Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alanya" title="Alanya">Alanya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Cities_of_Lycian_Civilization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancient Cities of Lycian Civilization (page does not exist)">Ancient Cities of Lycian Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anazarbus" title="Anazarbus">Ancient City of Anazarbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaunos" title="Kaunos">Ancient City of Kaunos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kibyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibyra">Ancient city of Kibyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corycus" title="Corycus">Ancient City of Korykos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perga" title="Perga">Archaeological Site of Perge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagalassos" title="Sagalassos">Archaeological Site of Sagalassos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eflatun_P%C4%B1nar" title="Eflatun Pınar">Eflatun Pinar: The Hittite Spring Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_G%C3%BCll%C3%BCk-Termessos_National_Park" title="Mount Güllük-Termessos National Park">Güllük Dagi National Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Termessos" title="Termessos">Termessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Peter" title="Church of Saint Peter">Hatay, St. Pierre Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karain_Cave" title="Karain Cave">Karain Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karatepe" title="Karatepe">Karatepe-Aslantaş Archaeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kekova" title="Kekova">Kekova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamure_Castle" title="Mamure Castle">Mamure Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Nicholas_Church,_Demre" title="St. Nicholas Church, Demre">St. Nicholas Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul%27s_Church,_Tarsus" title="Saint Paul's Church, Tarsus">St.Paul Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul%27s_Well" title="Saint Paul's Well">Saint Paul's Well</a> and surrounding historic quarters</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspendos" title="Aspendos">The Theatre and Aqueducts of the Ancient City of Aspendos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasianus_Titus_Tunnel" title="Vespasianus Titus Tunnel">Vespasianus Titus Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yesemek_Quarry_and_Sculpture_Workshop" title="Yesemek Quarry and Sculpture Workshop">Yesemek Quarry and Sculpture Workshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yivli_Minaret_Mosque" title="Yivli Minaret Mosque">Yivli Minaret Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_region" title="Southeastern Anatolia region">Southeastern Anatolia region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zeugma_(Commagene)" title="Zeugma (Commagene)">Archeological Site of Zeugma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Şanlıurfa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0smail_Fakirullah_Tomb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="İsmail Fakirullah Tomb (page does not exist)">Ismail Fakirullah Tomb and its Light Refraction Mechanism</a></li> <li>Late Antique and Medieval Churches and Monasteries of Midyat and Surrounding Area (<a href="/wiki/Tur_Abdin" title="Tur Abdin">Tur Abdin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabadi_Bridge" title="Malabadi Bridge">The Malabadi Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardin" title="Mardin">Mardin Cultural Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livas%27_and_kastels_in_Gaziantep&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Livas' and kastels in Gaziantep (page does not exist)">The Underground Water Structures in Gaziantep; Livas' and Kastels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zerzevan_Castle" title="Zerzevan Castle">Zerzevan Castle and Mithraeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeynel_Abidin_Mosque_Complex" title="Zeynel Abidin Mosque Complex">Zeynel Abidin Mosque Complex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Jacob_of_Nisibis" title="Church of Saint Jacob of Nisibis">Mor Yakup (Saint Jacob) Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Anatolian Seljuks Madrasahs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buruciye_Medrese" title="Buruciye Medrese">Buruciye Medrese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cacabey_Medrese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cacabey Medrese (page does not exist)">Cacabey Medrese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%87ifte_Medrese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Çifte Medrese (page does not exist)">Çifte Medrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ifte_Minareli_Medrese,_Erzurum" title="Çifte Minareli Medrese, Erzurum">Çifte Minareli Medrese</a> (Erzurum)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ifte_Minareli_Medrese,_Sivas" title="Çifte Minareli Medrese, Sivas">Çifte Minareli Medrese</a> (Sivas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6k_Medrese_(Sivas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gök Medrese (Sivas)">Gök Medrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ince_Minaret_Madrasa" title="Ince Minaret Madrasa">Ince Minaret Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karatay_Madrasa" title="Karatay Madrasa">Karatay Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahabiye_Madrasa" title="Sahabiye Madrasa">Sahabiye Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakutiye_Madrasa" title="Yakutiye Madrasa">Yakutiye Madrasa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountainous_Phrygia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mountainous Phrygia (page does not exist)">Mountainous Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Caravanserais_on_the_route_from_Denizli_to_Dogubeyazit" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Caravanserais on the route from Denizli to Dogubeyazit">Seljuk Caravanserais on the route from Denizli to Dogubeyazit</a></li> <li>Trading Posts and Fortifications on Genoese Trade Routes from the Mediterranean to the Black Sea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ak%C3%A7akoca_Castle" title="Akçakoca Castle">Akçakoca Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasra_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Amasra Castle">Amasra Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87andarl%C4%B1_Castle" title="Çandarlı Castle">Çandarlı Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87e%C5%9Fme_Castle" title="Çeşme Castle">Çeşme Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fo%C3%A7a_Castle" title="Foça Castle">Foça Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galata_Tower" title="Galata Tower">Galata Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCvercinada" title="Güvercinada">Güvercinada Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop_Fortress" title="Sinop Fortress">Sinop Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoros_Castle" title="Yoros Castle">Yoros Castle</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/48px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/64px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Turkey" title="Category:Turkey">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133118#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1257" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133118#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1257" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133118#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/133797710">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJw4CwbHPgYJXkkM6MMwYP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88118501">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge137886&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007567206605171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/658457">Pleiades</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02748369X">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044323">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urfa&oldid=1281432384">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urfa&oldid=1281432384</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_established_in_the_9th_millennium_BC" title="Category:Populated places established in the 9th millennium BC">Populated places established in the 9th millennium BC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Province" title="Category:Populated places in Şanlıurfa Province">Populated places in Şanlıurfa Province</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" title="Category:Şanlıurfa">Şanlıurfa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Southeastern_Anatolia_region" title="Category:Southeastern Anatolia region">Southeastern Anatolia region</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_Heritage_Tentative_List_for_Turkey" title="Category:World Heritage Tentative List for Turkey">World Heritage Tentative List for Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kurdish_settlements_in_Turkey" title="Category:Kurdish settlements in Turkey">Kurdish settlements in Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_settlements_in_Turkey" title="Category:Arab settlements in Turkey">Arab settlements in Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Category:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">Pre-Pottery Neolithic A</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:City-states" title="Category:City-states">City-states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_kingdoms" title="Category:Former kingdoms">Former kingdoms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_Armenian_communities_in_%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Province" title="Category:Former Armenian communities in Şanlıurfa Province">Former Armenian communities in Şanlıurfa Province</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_Jewish_communities_in_Turkey" title="Category:Former Jewish communities in Turkey">Former Jewish communities in Turkey</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_no-target_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn no-target errors">Harv and Sfn no-target errors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Turkish-language_sources_(tr)" title="Category:CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)">CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Kurdish-language_sources_(ku)" title="Category:CS1 Kurdish-language sources (ku)">CS1 Kurdish-language sources (ku)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_be_too_long_from_February_2024" title="Category:Articles that may be too long from February 2024">Articles that may be too long from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_be_too_long" title="Category:All articles that may be too long">All articles that may be too long</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2020">Use dmy dates from September 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Turkish_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Turkish IPA">Pages with Turkish IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Imperial_Aramaic_(700-300_BCE)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language text">Articles containing Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2025" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2025">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Classical_Syriac-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Classical Syriac-language text">Articles containing Classical Syriac-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Armenian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Armenian-language text">Articles containing Armenian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Kurdish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Kurdish-language text">Articles containing Kurdish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_largest_cities_with_nav_class" title="Category:Pages using largest cities with nav class">Pages using largest cities with nav class</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 March 2025, at 10:05 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urfa&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Urfa</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 86 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-588f8cd696-qjwzb","wgBackendResponseTime":408,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.071","walltime":"4.362","ppvisitednodes":{"value":131840,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":671750,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":48254,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":23,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":30,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":562373,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3831.722 1 -total"," 51.18% 1961.126 466 Template:Rp"," 49.23% 1886.388 466 Template:R/superscript"," 24.44% 936.553 1398 Template:R/where"," 14.16% 542.498 2 Template:Reflist"," 8.15% 312.410 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 7.09% 271.605 1 Template:Infobox"," 4.16% 159.590 22 Template:Cite_web"," 4.09% 156.867 40 Template:Cite_book"," 3.14% 120.383 4 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.868","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":29245538,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREF\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAkpınarlıUluişik2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAksan2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAksoySezgi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAkçam1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmouroux-Mourad1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAslan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAvcıkıran2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAyaydın2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAyliffeDubinGawthropRichardson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaldwin1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBall2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCreekmore2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErdogan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErgu2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErtan2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErtuğrul2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEserOrak2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEserOsak2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFidan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibb1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuidetti2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGürpinarYalçinGözübolTuğrul2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHonigmannBosworthFaroqhi1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoseph1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarademirDoğan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinross1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevey1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLieu1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuslu2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicholson1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrange_–_MEAL_Department2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatten2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPurcell2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRenfrewBoydMorley2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoderick_BeatonDavid_Ricks1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaraç2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchnusenberg2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSegal2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShatzmiller1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinclair1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoane1910\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaş2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTonghini2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurgutYesilnacarBulut2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinter2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYavuz2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÇelik2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÇelik2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÇınar2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÖktem2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÖztürk_TelSarıışık2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŞenolMemduhoğluUlukavak2020\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"C.\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 39,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 22,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 3,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Urfa\"] = 1,\n [\"Districts of Turkey\"] = 1,\n [\"Hatnote\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox settlement\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Langx\"] = 5,\n [\"Largest cities in Turkey\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 9,\n [\"Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 2,\n [\"Rp\"] = 466,\n [\"Runciman-A History of the Crusades\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 12,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Tentative list of World Heritage Sites in Turkey\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Very long\"] = 1,\n [\"Weather box\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikivoyage\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\nno target: CITEREFHarrak1992\nno target: CITEREFHarrak1992\nno target: CITEREFKeser-KayaalpDrijvers2018\nno target: CITEREFGrayKuhrt2012\nno target: CITEREFHarrak1992\nno target: CITEREFGrayKuhrt2012\nno target: CITEREFEverett-Heath2018\nno target: CITEREFHarrak1992\nno target: CITEREFHarrak1992\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","820","32.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","400","16.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","10.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","240","9.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","4.8"],["type","60","2.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","2.4"],["(for generator)","60","2.4"],["format","60","2.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","40","1.6"],["[others]","380","15.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-684955989f-2294x","timestamp":"20250331174803","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Urfa","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Urfa","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q133118","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q133118","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-07-31T21:02:07Z","dateModified":"2025-03-20T10:05:27Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/2d\/Mevlid-i_Halil_Mosque_19.jpg","headline":"city in Turkey"}</script> </body> </html>