CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '913523ac29f39fd4',cH: 'ytsZZ6yk_NsfuqivTy__Ahlut9d8KQ7nBvQTNRdtmgw-1739788617-1.2.1.1-BPJCj1rpXhNIuljn7acjJappqInrKk91KPCdRk38NaKx42pWA0yEEw.ZhEd2Q3gl',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=international%20standards%20on%20juvenile%20justice&__cf_chl_tk=E6v0GmzSpnKiVTwxKQhCjY3cU_hYhxZz6QZrxkST_xc-1739788617-1.0.1.1-L3hnB020HhkY2O24rlRroftHI_ML.FtgnGjqR9tWoYY",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739788617',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=international%20standards%20on%20juvenile%20justice&__cf_chl_f_tk=E6v0GmzSpnKiVTwxKQhCjY3cU_hYhxZz6QZrxkST_xc-1739788617-1.0.1.1-L3hnB020HhkY2O24rlRroftHI_ML.FtgnGjqR9tWoYY",md: "5gghJUu8VGsdD2hdSRV95_EMxEO._tv1_ngcyUIiOk8-1739788617-1.2.1.1-JWEOLrOTzubLxSkbPQwnPJC2NeoZxeJhpOI2FRwrcTv0Hxpy_Fpdp8KIF.TFPygnjfeGYxnDigRgq_.YMLQw4PI1r612jrnIyLVxtT6qLGw36z6ocU39f29TRR4bPh6Ifzf6IVn61xkqr26HyGTNmZiWtGt2XHKpsobGDOdjNdt_di3B5Adok_NzvDl0IYxgUKkU7fi.ZU116Dawyo73xTE_FzJTQPW0j08RTp3rSafhw6btOLxgs2oglN8LzVB1ZJDrQAAwrZmgpx_cjSMAhBUdSfYphOXpM5gA14nw7WdVW5MSXCyHxjKMb1tYN2yghXyIs7zx_aPFCltNtd.rrzpGP59QKZebNngkP59ZGTurUo2B8GUZiE5cQVnP7H5__EUK0wIrqnEqDujV1kySNpgOOUC1apPnOtSUxPYcljgQHbwxI0fpN.ylatv0.L3hpZnCtaE6u4Fnnij1dvrWeapAIeGDkPZZPUaGmSYast7p9M06Jf4SJutxmSyhoo22n6xJHNjA9k6juJcBrCpeOAMqRksSBO7k33TgBh..3cs6zJgc12oFmoqXm.1A4lZR6h38wszBGaFrhG7nq0SQXYSwZSdyHZcWzwp0rh5MiSgo4BPygTJosktjKDA4X5HTDkWAoTpQIGtC_fUuQKo4UJ7Eb05FN67iUjRbs3l9jbRp0Uq0MqYGMKh48u2pWeugMSkkJn1AUtZMe7jJlsB97s3CInjG3I2dWz86BmzpTMVdIN1WYaf4uALGAhI0EaaLVpAMK2kVD9mUmQ2rW6g0ywKyIOLnkpIAjK70BziKbAaVs2.VwdYO0JxLLSB4j0EwyHd5FiaIJfF_tffcVbAsitWSuf9tBC6gWEKBonVqlF4CIBoGdUBeR1Vh..mzN56hzFUjmaJps9MWdys8rYCoPQMXzi2kq2tMlFElhNbqeu6evXTtkMuiSaishC8RghTMCrc4EuXVl1Wvty3rJVjeTD8iltWew.5zMk2B2tgSeBe2ZvFAyxoVyWr1lsVjMi9sqqFFLtzmZVxhIv.mwJjRKtSdbXn7J8szzlWuEZyliM1Ie9yxM8VnVa1D.hHNzAlBVUi2ij2m7VtLqyfRckLI4WNtOoyXGPklygpo_z1b8df5.sIAqzsLlVUwhwzWDd10q.0SWSKj9qribd1ptQArf1.n926SbfvZp8ZLjvkOCjozEIMvh2C9WsLgFd9oo4bYglXA.D_kN5k4bVXWs32y9ErcyquSP9yAzdWKmVjkUCvWc.KtbY9pvTxkDfE4wFtLeUgbf5n4mtkLmo5ZxGdA5kqSOqpfdeGv13VTPCjvMVX6Iuf8JZb2iu7uTn57vLOCfBqOE2JXHcbzRWiqwTNpi0eWSb1L6g8CGOfqo6v15qE.G8Pt1uvC1jWhhmMU9cQww7ezudFuEcHtTDktz94uiA_o2sV.DOWRwm.m836_LHpVNyCKvMZiHiUHEGP8aMc4SZf7yZRwIISqrb6Zqtfv3A0cH6OigJAhW_XstENSFVPAXR4kbZnZAmccMfz9YIbYTqpRRvpW.92d3L2ZH5p5MyNqHBnadba1hVg2NC140NeEzhvV9bUwUxDWIZNCC_pmRV.HpVVknrro4WSBwiHmMdAxPJL3S3dsGgYNFDLw2CfdIDbkEol0Nw113GVzcF.w9IqeNEg5WP4u6CTREHdWLMwEJabtsQZ2JDNyzfSAcJKtQca.SLkcQ1yDFZRYfa4EHGuYbY3iNg1az2gc9F75hMmuHM0pYmeph_GuOioYniAn6sLIkaMFxRB4KecaVGAJmZqfACyyApphCuW5TwKDjbvpMzhIw4M_rMgpU16q6USQ0.dWLIwofioctMu99yv2PVAb2LCIm_EIw3AdLl0HT9oQSOoH0itKb6jS3yMyfmDLZ1Xp4i.qj3LXyPHGwODeQkvK5K6kmosNAwZlDrxCbUVquPrI5nn91BFBZOfBRnjgdZcMRXG8gq6BrS2dYKH9DGsPJgESFc56ix6rpD1ZvKau0.fsCjKBSePnhgGSUk96dKJuB2CvAvnM4EU9KpxE",mdrd: "kTvwS35hE094seUKkUwr6I3ciUp9senTECEVB6YvyRA-1739788617-1.2.1.1-.53A757b3Glw3bnohpD3EQHXJphqnG9xnQUlsPrGXplDub26kzW6OCRPmjZbglolxjud1k9NpIuVl1j.phvySAeGyUTaap3lr_Uc9gth72AvvmcCB5urtr5ao_V_U.xzOeX_lGuL_X6vzh.3E7fBIf5SLnQ1RY6s7hqcyFEgMFT0uC4EgiwP.pxUQNkRJf9dNwuiWvfANPWrZs5QAbuZYCBRdyKKMQ338JkCZ6VM1_lB2iZpHwAg6l2QnpwmV4_VkG6MM78pOqPodHt9JZLrBnpbwdxKno7lJhl8kztxFZm7NAHAKu7FiQFEMW.NYpRkCP1_4JWwnLjUoI1d3vBKHWbvLYmHFi2td5kXm2N0yGaOIfEp2bBL_zGESJOKnuIn_8.FGhCGIq8pLLGdeR6s6BH.o_y8AIY_OxSvUVVhCc5Ne6a7TsbFrz6QoYT6eqk1rFYicfaiDBzjDGruT6Exa46wpJAe826uEYpcbmpOLbBTAse_GcqHxao62Bm9BwEBO9gWKEexm2.WwxCopqA.1RWCAt6tRdwhVHkaQpluj6o5c_2r1DeNgHMmGR2YsKLpKPVu7egp.Fk6vXax24U0YEa3Zpqmm1s66gic8nU_EuMJBXjMwJ0aEJjDIbqdC4.GUj19loGujllzydwqvh9F52QsDGPrHgwwEDpoiMDGcpjc8qrF_KnjqVpprEha3ZBqNEjD0f.F0z76itBlTPUXotufEO65Xfiwj0nXFvspdcYSzUmWBqNLTefzf0sued_eNxhHOzHrIxzgrSACxxj5t47.MOwyhTR7F4PpPyGfMo8PRj4_ERjiV.WKWTghjihhRlm9OmCBkNimA.d9QIVSBJPeXKDhbTnm1ajRFKtC4wzUmYgsnpystSTh_TtM8vkfIq1WhSl33Ll_7gTs11b7B8BgDlIHjg4qZr4o1a7Tedp6hBmo35DgwyHbUNTxk6OEJg9dwxq5PpWkZ_q96KUrPa4X5lJvEt_61bemYHrVZvo7Fu0dpD.RvuNzsGrxuVtMvnj1ZECiVOe1P47ZtfmQhHgmVRQsYvNTGzpd7bMp0K1ff85Q4Sd46ZBWAyDoUnYCifly7Us9km3DSVskr6VL5O8ijl5NxDJe_Vhdba9Kq2jAFDd.RX5ZWDejNIvcvmp7quXogc3QnjkMuBh_TCOnxWHYWtWxTjLEetorByJq52MQJ35b7_bqCyCxcXrw3a0.E_NwqGO2rUA_cdfqjbfjDvvxJrbYhB0sRq80CqcZrAVK6_PsY5CM_m4WulrYb3CKWwg1waBVPxLRrd1hcM8boH4Ih1GBCK7MVQ4i9x0Zty_.fPeFAJw4f4IqBOGXRu0Bti3cAFESWTIdmCxl7.H9BM1HgruertIRmRgrxWQ4wNWnjCqcxKNkigD9wUt6NgQpPVoKVDTySNEj3gD06eKibj5z9jH6O0oOmNlqdZuNGrpi4l_J.tCkdlbgas4JKpGMx1xHnHfrq8k9Ctiteqm80iv8uYhHmlX_fPNndfjt0vjdjWQLW4LmoO8CxnaGk64IJM0MfOV8jfBbU63yFO1WD2UbDZHgPmIuG2jqJou_K1Psi0ygaPjQPnRBV.kAwMAX9SkYGBj9mr8fGsN5rZlCrruxti0MyHK.7IYzZ6JgS8wqrRXTA5tsd1M71WrBLYLBosbUg8rzSfixgsR4M4o1NWecmwkeKcznt7fdsASQdaOzhgc1i9M.1ZNFy43DWg28fSk3FfDLty_HmGs1KLHc71aknKqARGANSyS7cIYWVOCxs6m43qYktKPk4.g88Nlo_eYP6QRdiKyrN6SW630M1EtuqEiJhw9lb7ZOWY7sQap9l6NwYV6M7PiTOAxHWiKgdEoWZdoRdiqccJCbVknqricHNhU5Nji0oqAii6hAN40UmIt1_JzyCRsBFAfjn2bRqL0TKO7U94VcOnME5OkiYBZr4NjPsVJSrq495P9AhJWyx4IvKmcc7I.2R6fVjZKE"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=913523ac29f39fd4';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=international%20standards%20on%20juvenile%20justice&__cf_chl_rt_tk=E6v0GmzSpnKiVTwxKQhCjY3cU_hYhxZz6QZrxkST_xc-1739788617-1.0.1.1-L3hnB020HhkY2O24rlRroftHI_ML.FtgnGjqR9tWoYY" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>