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<link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//th.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.th"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="ฟีดอะตอม วิกิพีเดีย" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-ดามัสกัส rootpage-ดามัสกัส skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">ข้ามไปเนื้อหา</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="ไซต์"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="เมนูหลัก" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">เมนูหลัก</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" 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href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1" title="โหลดหน้าแบบสุ่ม [x]" accesskey="x"><span>สุ่มบทความ</span></a></li><li id="n-about" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A" title="ทำความรู้จักวิกิพีเดีย"><span>เกี่ยวกับวิกิพีเดีย</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD" title="วิธีการติดต่อวิกิพีเดีย"><span>ติดต่อเรา</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> มีส่วนร่วม </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89:%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D" title="ข้อแนะนำการใช้และแก้ไขวิกิพีเดีย"><span>คำอธิบาย</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99"><span>เริ่มต้นเขียน</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1" title="เกี่ยวกับโครงการ สิ่งที่คุณทำได้ และวิธีการค้นหา"><span>ศาลาประชาคม</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94" title="รายการเปลี่ยนแปลงล่าสุดในวิกินี้ [r]" accesskey="r"><span>ปรับปรุงล่าสุด</span></a></li><li id="n-discord" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94"><span>ดิสคอร์ด</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="วิกิพีเดีย" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-th.svg" style="width: 6.4375em; height: 1.6875em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="สารานุกรมเสรี" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-th.svg" width="100" height="18" style="width: 6.25em; height: 1.125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="ค้นหาวิกิ [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>ค้นหา</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="ค้นหาใน วิกิพีเดีย" aria-label="ค้นหาใน วิกิพีเดีย" autocapitalize="sentences" title="ค้นหาวิกิ [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="พิเศษ:ค้นหา"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">ค้นหา</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="เครื่องมือส่วนตัว"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="หน้าตา"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="หน้าตา" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">หน้าตา</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_th.wikipedia.org&uselang=th" class=""><span>บริจาคให้วิกิพีเดีย</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88&returnto=%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="แนะนำให้คุณสร้างบัญชีและเข้าสู่ระบบ แต่ไม่บังคับ" class=""><span>สร้างบัญชี</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99&returnto=%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="แนะนำให้คุณเข้าสู่ระบบ แต่ไม่บังคับ [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>เข้าสู่ระบบ</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="ตัวเลือกเพิ่มเติม" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="เครื่องมือส่วนตัว" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">เครื่องมือส่วนตัว</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="เมนูผู้ใช้" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_th.wikipedia.org&uselang=th"><span>บริจาคให้วิกิพีเดีย</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88&returnto=%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="แนะนำให้คุณสร้างบัญชีและเข้าสู่ระบบ แต่ไม่บังคับ"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>สร้างบัญชี</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99&returnto=%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="แนะนำให้คุณเข้าสู่ระบบ แต่ไม่บังคับ [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>เข้าสู่ระบบ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> หน้าสำหรับผู้แก้ไขที่ออกจากระบบ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89:%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B3" aria-label="เรียนรู้เพิ่มเกี่ยวกับการแก้ไข"><span>เรียนรู้เพิ่มเติม</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="รายการการแก้ไขจากเลขที่อยู่ไอพีนี้ [y]" accesskey="y"><span>ส่วนร่วม</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="อภิปรายเกี่ยวกับการแก้ไขจากเลขที่อยู่ไอพีนี้ [n]" accesskey="n"><span>คุย</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="ไซต์"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="สารบัญ" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">สารบัญ</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">ย้ายเมนูไปที่แถบด้านข้าง</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ซ่อน</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">บทนำ</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-ชื่อและศัพทมูลวิทยา" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ชื่อและศัพทมูลวิทยา"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>ชื่อและศัพทมูลวิทยา</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ชื่อและศัพทมูลวิทยา-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ภูมิประเทศ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ภูมิประเทศ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>ภูมิประเทศ</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-ภูมิประเทศ-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle ภูมิประเทศ subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-ภูมิประเทศ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ภูมิอากาศ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ภูมิอากาศ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>ภูมิอากาศ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ภูมิอากาศ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-วัฒนธรรม" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#วัฒนธรรม"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>วัฒนธรรม</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-วัฒนธรรม-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-เมืองพี่น้องและเมืองแฝด" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#เมืองพี่น้องและเมืองแฝด"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>เมืองพี่น้องและเมืองแฝด</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-เมืองพี่น้องและเมืองแฝด-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ดูเพิ่ม" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ดูเพิ่ม"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>ดูเพิ่ม</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ดูเพิ่ม-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-หมายเหตุ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#หมายเหตุ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>หมายเหตุ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-หมายเหตุ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-อ้างอิง" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#อ้างอิง"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>อ้างอิง</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-อ้างอิง-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle อ้างอิง subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-อ้างอิง-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-บรรณานุกรม" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#บรรณานุกรม"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>บรรณานุกรม</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-บรรณานุกรม-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="สารบัญ" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">ดามัสกัส</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="ไปที่บทความในภาษาอื่น ซึ่งมีใน 197 ภาษา" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-197" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">197 ภาษา</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimasq" title="Dimasq – อาเจะห์" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Dimasq" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="อาเจะห์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Дамаск – อะดืยเก" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Дамаск" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="อะดืยเก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus – แอฟริกานส์" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Damaskus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="แอฟริกานส์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus – เยอรมันสวิส" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Damaskus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="เยอรมันสวิส" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%9B%E1%88%B5%E1%89%86" title="ደማስቆ – อัมฮารา" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ደማስቆ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="อัมฮารา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom%C3%A1s" title="Domás – อารากอน" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Domás" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="อารากอน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus – อังกฤษโบราณ" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Damascus" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="อังกฤษโบราณ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasik%E1%BB%8Ds" title="Damasikọs – โอโบโล" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Damasikọs" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="โอโบโล" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="บทความคัดสรร"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82" title="دمشق – อาหรับ" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دمشق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="อาหรับ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%95%DC%AA%DC%A1%DC%A3%DC%98%DC%A9" title="ܕܪܡܣܘܩ – อราเมอิก" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܕܪܡܣܘܩ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="อราเมอิก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82" title="ديمشق – อาหรับโมร็อกโก" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ديمشق" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="อาหรับโมร็อกโก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82" title="دمشق – อาหรับพื้นเมืองอียิปต์" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دمشق" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="อาหรับพื้นเมืองอียิปต์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B" title="ডামাস্কাছ – อัสสัม" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ডামাস্কাছ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="อัสสัม" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascu" title="Damascu – อัสตูเรียส" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Damascu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="อัสตูเรียส" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Димишкъ – อาวาร์" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Димишкъ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="อาวาร์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="दमिश्क – อวธี" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="दमिश्क" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="อวธี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C9%99m%C9%99%C5%9Fq" title="Dəməşq – อาเซอร์ไบจาน" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dəməşq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="อาเซอร์ไบจาน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82" title="دمشق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دمشق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Дамаск – บัชคีร์" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Дамаск" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="บัชคีร์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus – บาหลี" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Damaskus" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="บาหลี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskos" title="Damaskos – ซาโมจิเตียน" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Damaskos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="ซาโมจิเตียน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Damascus" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Дамаск – เบลารุส" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дамаск" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="เบลารุส" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Дамаск – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дамаск" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damsik" title="Damsik – เบตาวี" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Damsik" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="เบตาวี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Дамаск – บัลแกเรีย" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дамаск" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="บัลแกเรีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damsyik" title="Damsyik – บันจาร์" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Damsyik" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="บันจาร์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="দামেস্ক – บังกลา" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দামেস্ক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="บังกลา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%91%E0%BE%B7%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="དྷ་མ་སི་ཁོ་སི། – ทิเบต" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="དྷ་མ་སི་ཁོ་སི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="ทิเบต" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damask" title="Damask – เบรตัน" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Damask" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="เบรตัน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damask" title="Damask – บอสเนีย" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Damask" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="บอสเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Дамаск – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Дамаск" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasc" title="Damasc – คาตาลัน" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Damasc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="คาตาลัน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A2i-m%C4%81-s%C3%A1ik" title="Dâi-mā-sáik – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dâi-mā-sáik" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Димашкъ – เชเชน" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Димашкъ" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="เชเชน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus – เซบู" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Damascus" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="เซบู" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B4%D9%82" title="دیمەشق – เคิร์ดตอนกลาง" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دیمەشق" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="เคิร์ดตอนกลาง" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dime%C5%9Fq" title="Dimeşq – ตุรกีไครเมีย" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Dimeşq" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="ตุรกีไครเมีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dama%C5%A1ek" title="Damašek – เช็ก" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Damašek" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="เช็ก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Дамаскъ – เชอร์ชสลาวิก" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Дамаскъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="เชอร์ชสลาวิก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Дамаск – ชูวัช" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Дамаск" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ชูวัช" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus – เวลส์" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Damascus" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="เวลส์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus – เดนมาร์ก" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Damaskus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="เดนมาร์ก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus – เยอรมัน" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Damaskus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="เยอรมัน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eam" title="Şam – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Şam" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8B%DE%A8%DE%89%DE%A8%DE%9D%DE%B0%DE%A4%DE%AA" title="ދިމިޝްޤު – ธิเวหิ" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ދިމިޝްޤު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="ธิเวหิ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Δαμασκός – กรีก" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δαμασκός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="กรีก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus – อังกฤษ" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Damascus" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="อังกฤษ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasko" title="Damasko – เอสเปรันโต" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Damasko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="เอสเปรันโต" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasco" title="Damasco – สเปน" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Damasco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="สเปน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus – เอสโตเนีย" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Damaskus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="เอสโตเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasko" title="Damasko – บาสก์" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Damasko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="บาสก์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascu" title="Damascu – เอกซ์เตรมาดูรา" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Damascu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="เอกซ์เตรมาดูรา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82" title="دمشق – เปอร์เซีย" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دمشق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="เปอร์เซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskos" title="Damaskos – ฟินแลนด์" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Damaskos" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="ฟินแลนด์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damas" title="Damas – ฝรั่งเศส" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Damas" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ฝรั่งเศส" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam%C3%A2sc" title="Damâsc – อาร์พิตา" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Damâsc" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="อาร์พิตา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus – ฟริเซียนเหนือ" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Damaskus" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="ฟริเซียนเหนือ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus – ฟริเซียนตะวันตก" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Damaskus" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="ฟริเซียนตะวันตก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Damaisc" title="An Damaisc – ไอริช" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Damaisc" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ไอริช" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus – เกลิกสกอต" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Damascus" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="เกลิกสกอต" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasco" title="Damasco – กาลิเซีย" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Damasco" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="กาลิเซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82" title="دمشق – กิลากี" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="دمشق" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="กิลากี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndam%C3%A1ko" title="Ndamáko – กัวรานี" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ndamáko" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="กัวรานี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8D%89" title="𐌳𐌰𐌼𐌰𐍃𐌺𐍉 – โกธิก" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌳𐌰𐌼𐌰𐍃𐌺𐍉" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="โกธิก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus – เฮาซา" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Damascus" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="เฮาซา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus – จีนแคะ" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Damascus" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="จีนแคะ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamakeko" title="Kamakeko – ฮาวาย" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kamakeko" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="ฮาวาย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A7" title="דמשק – ฮิบรู" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דמשק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ฮิบรู" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BC" title="दमिश्क़ – ฮินดี" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दमिश्क़" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="ฮินดี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus – ฮินดีฟิจิ" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Damascus" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="ฮินดีฟิจิ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damask" title="Damask – โครเอเชีย" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Damask" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="โครเอเชีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus – ซอร์เบียตอนบน" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Damaskus" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="ซอร์เบียตอนบน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damas" title="Damas – เฮติครีโอล" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Damas" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="เฮติครีโอล" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaszkusz" title="Damaszkusz – ฮังการี" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Damaszkusz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ฮังการี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Դամասկոս – อาร์เมเนีย" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դամասկոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="อาร์เมเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Դամասկոս – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Դամասկոս" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasco" title="Damasco – อินเตอร์ลิงกัว" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Damasco" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="อินเตอร์ลิงกัว" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus – อินโดนีเซีย" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Damaskus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="อินโดนีเซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus – อินเตอร์ลิงกิว" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Damascus" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="อินเตอร์ลิงกิว" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus – อีโลโก" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Damascus" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="อีโลโก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Дамаск – อินกุช" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Дамаск" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="อินกุช" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus – อีโด" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Damaskus" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="อีโด" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus – ไอซ์แลนด์" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Damaskus" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ไอซ์แลนด์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasco" title="Damasco – อิตาลี" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Damasco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="อิตาลี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%80%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B9" title="ダマスカス – ญี่ปุ่น" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ダマスカス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="ญี่ปุ่น" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus – ชวา" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Damaskus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="ชวา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D" title="დამასკო – จอร์เจีย" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დამასკო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="จอร์เจีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damashq" title="Damashq – การา-กาลพาก" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Damashq" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="การา-กาลพาก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimecq" title="Dimecq – กาไบล" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Dimecq" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="กาไบล" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Дамаск – คาบาร์เดีย" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Дамаск" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="คาบาร์เดีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamas%C9%A9" title="Tamasɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tamasɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Damaskus" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus – กีกูยู" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Damascus" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="กีกูยู" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Дамаск – คาซัค" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дамаск" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="คาซัค" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಡಮಾಸ್ಕಸ್ – กันนาดา" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಡಮಾಸ್ಕಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="กันนาดา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EB%A7%88%EC%8A%A4%EC%BF%A0%EC%8A%A4" title="다마스쿠스 – เกาหลี" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="다마스쿠스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="เกาหลี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eam" title="Şam – เคิร์ด" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şam" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="เคิร์ด" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damask" title="Damask – คอร์นิช" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Damask" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="คอร์นิช" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus – ละติน" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Damascus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ละติน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damesek" title="Damesek – ลาดิโน" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Damesek" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ลาดิโน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus – ลักเซมเบิร์ก" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Damaskus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="ลักเซมเบิร์ก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Дамаск – เลซเกีย" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Дамаск" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="เลซเกีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus – ลิมเบิร์ก" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Damascus" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="ลิมเบิร์ก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasco" title="Damasco – ลิกูเรีย" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Damasco" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ลิกูเรีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasch" title="Damasch – ลอมบาร์ด" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Damasch" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="ลอมบาร์ด" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damas" title="Damas – ลิงกาลา" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Damas" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="ลิงกาลา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskas" title="Damaskas – ลิทัวเนีย" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Damaskas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ลิทัวเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaska" title="Damaska – ลัตเวีย" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Damaska" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="ลัตเวีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8" title="दमासकस – ไมถิลี" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="दमासकस" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="ไมถิลี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Дамаск – มอคชา" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Дамаск" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="มอคชา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damask%C3%B4sy" title="Damaskôsy – มาลากาซี" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Damaskôsy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="มาลากาซี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Дамаск – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Дамаск" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramahiku" title="Ramahiku – เมารี" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Ramahiku" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="เมารี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus – มีนังกาเบา" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Damaskus" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="มีนังกาเบา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="บทความคุณภาพ"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Дамаск – มาซิโดเนีย" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дамаск" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="มาซิโดเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ദമാസ്കസ് – มาลายาลัม" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദമാസ്കസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="มาลายาลัม" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Дамаск – มองโกเลีย" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дамаск" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="มองโกเลีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8" title="दमास्कस – มราฐี" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दमास्कस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="มราฐี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damsyik" title="Damsyik – มาเลย์" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Damsyik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="มาเลย์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasku" title="Damasku – มอลตา" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Damasku" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="มอลตา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ဒမားစကပ်မြို့ – พม่า" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒမားစကပ်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="พม่า" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Дамаск ош – เอียร์ซยา" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Дамаск ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="เอียร์ซยา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82" title="دمشق – มาซันดารานี" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="دمشق" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="มาซันดารานี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus – เยอรมันต่ำ" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Damaskus" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="เยอรมันต่ำ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8" title="दमास्कस – เนปาล" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="दमास्कस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="เนปาล" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8" title="दमास्कस – เนวาร์" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="दमास्कस" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="เนวาร์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus – ดัตช์" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Damascus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ดัตช์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus – นอร์เวย์นีนอสก์" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Damaskus" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="นอร์เวย์นีนอสก์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus – นอร์เวย์บุคมอล" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Damaskus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="นอร์เวย์บุคมอล" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus – โนเวียล" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Damaskus" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="โนเวียล" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3niy%C4%99%C4%99sh%C3%AD" title="Tóniyęęshí – นาวาโฮ" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tóniyęęshí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="นาวาโฮ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus – เนียนจา" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Damascus" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="เนียนจา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasc" title="Damasc – อ็อกซิตัน" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Damasc" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="อ็อกซิตัน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damask" title="Damask – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Damask" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B8" title="ଡାମାସକସ – โอดิยา" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଡାମାସକସ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="โอดิยา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Дамаск – ออสเซเตีย" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Дамаск" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ออสเซเตีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%95" title="ਦਮਸ਼ਕ – ปัญจาบ" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦਮਸ਼ਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="ปัญจาบ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasco" title="Damasco – ปาเปียเมนโต" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Damasco" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="ปาเปียเมนโต" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasch" title="Damasch – ปิการ์" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Damasch" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="ปิการ์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaszek" title="Damaszek – โปแลนด์" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Damaszek" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="โปแลนด์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasch" title="Damasch – พีดมอนต์" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Damasch" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="พีดมอนต์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82" title="دمشق – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دمشق" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82" title="دمشق – พัชโต" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="دمشق" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="พัชโต" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasco" title="Damasco – โปรตุเกส" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Damasco" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="โปรตุเกส" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimashq" title="Dimashq – เคชวา" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Dimashq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="เคชวา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasc" title="Damasc – โรมาเนีย" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Damasc" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="โรมาเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasche" title="Damasche – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Damasche" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Дамаск – รัสเซีย" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дамаск" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="รัสเซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Дамаск – รูซิน" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Дамаск" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="รูซิน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasiko" title="Damasiko – รวันดา" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Damasiko" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="รวันดา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81" title="Дамаскус – ซาคา" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дамаскус" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="ซาคา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱰᱟᱢᱟᱥᱠᱚᱥ – สันตาลี" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱰᱟᱢᱟᱥᱠᱚᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="สันตาลี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasco" title="Damasco – ซาร์เดญา" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Damasco" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="ซาร์เดญา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascu" title="Damascu – ซิซิลี" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Damascu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="ซิซิลี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus – สกอตส์" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Damascus" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="สกอตส์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82" title="دمشق – สินธิ" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="دمشق" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="สินธิ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damask" title="Damask – เซอร์โบ-โครเอเชีย" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Damask" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="เซอร์โบ-โครเอเชีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="දමස්කස් – สิงหล" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දමස්කස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="สิงหล" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Damascus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damask" title="Damask – สโลวัก" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Damask" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="สโลวัก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82" title="دمشق – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="دمشق" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damask" title="Damask – สโลวีเนีย" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Damask" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="สโลวีเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus – โชนา" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Damascus" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="โชนา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimishiq" title="Dimishiq – โซมาลี" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dimishiq" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="โซมาลี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasku" title="Damasku – แอลเบเนีย" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Damasku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="แอลเบเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Дамаск – เซอร์เบีย" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дамаск" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="เซอร์เบีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus – ซุนดา" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Damaskus" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="ซุนดา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus – สวีเดน" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Damaskus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="สวีเดน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dameski" title="Dameski – สวาฮีลี" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Dameski" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="สวาฮีลี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaszek" title="Damaszek – ไซลีเซีย" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Damaszek" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="ไซลีเซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="திமிஷ்கு – ทมิฬ" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திமிஷ்கு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="ทมิฬ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%88%D2%9B" title="Димишқ – ทาจิก" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Димишқ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="ทาจิก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damask" title="Damask – เติร์กเมน" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Damask" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="เติร์กเมน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasco" title="Damasco – ตากาล็อก" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Damasco" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="ตากาล็อก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C9%99m%C9%99%C5%A1k" title="Dəməšk – ทาลิช" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Dəməšk" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="ทาลิช" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eam" title="Şam – ตุรกี" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şam" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ตุรกี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dim%C3%A4%C5%9Fq" title="Dimäşq – ตาตาร์" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Dimäşq" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="ตาตาร์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damask%C9%94s" title="Damaskɔs – ทวิ" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Damaskɔs" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="ทวิ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Дамаск – อุดมูร์ต" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Дамаск" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="อุดมูร์ต" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B4%D9%89%D9%82" title="دەمەشىق – อุยกูร์" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="دەمەشىق" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="อุยกูร์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Дамаск – ยูเครน" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дамаск" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ยูเครน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82" title="دمشق – อูรดู" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دمشق" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="อูรดู" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damashq" title="Damashq – อุซเบก" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Damashq" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="อุซเบก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasco" title="Damasco – เวเนโต้" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Damasco" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="เวเนโต้" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damask" title="Damask – เวปส์" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Damask" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="เวปส์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus – เวียดนาม" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Damascus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="เวียดนาม" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dim%C3%A4jk" title="Dimäjk – โวลาพึค" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Dimäjk" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="โวลาพึค" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasko" title="Damasko – วาเรย์" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Damasko" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="วาเรย์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%A9%AC%E5%A3%AB%E9%9D%A9" title="大马士革 – จีนอู๋" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="大马士革" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="จีนอู๋" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D" title="დამასკო – เมเกรเลีย" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დამასკო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="เมเกรเลีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A7" title="דמשק – ยิดดิช" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דמשק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="ยิดดิช" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A0m%C3%A1sk%C3%B9" title="Dàmáskù – โยรูบา" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Dàmáskù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="โยรูบา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%A9%AC%E5%A3%AB%E9%9D%A9" title="大马士革 – จีน" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大马士革" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="จีน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%A6%AC%E5%A3%AB%E9%9D%A9" title="大馬士革 – จีนคลาสสิก" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="大馬士革" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="จีนคลาสสิก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus – จีนมินหนาน" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Damascus" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="จีนมินหนาน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%A6%AC%E5%A3%AB%E9%9D%A9" title="大馬士革 – กวางตุ้ง" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="大馬士革" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="กวางตุ้ง" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3766#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="แก้ไขลิงก์ข้ามภาษา" class="wbc-editpage">แก้ไขลิงก์</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="เนมสเปซ"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="ดูหน้าเนื้อหา [c]" accesskey="c"><span>บทความ</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" rel="discussion" title="อภิปรายเกี่ยวกับหน้าเนื้อหา [t]" accesskey="t"><span>อภิปราย</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">ย้ายเมนูไปที่แถบด้านข้าง</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ซ่อน</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="ตัวเลือกเพิ่มเติม" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> การกระทำ </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA"><span>อ่าน</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA&action=edit" title="แก้ไขรหัสต้นฉบับของหน้านี้ [e]" accesskey="e"><span>แก้ไข</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA&action=history"><span>ดูประวัติ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ทั่วไป </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="รายการหน้าวิกิทุกหน้าที่ลิงก์มาที่นี่ [j]" accesskey="j"><span>หน้าที่ลิงก์มา</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" rel="nofollow" title="รายการเปลี่ยนแปลงล่าสุดในหน้าที่ลิงก์จากหน้านี้ [k]" accesskey="k"><span>การเปลี่ยนแปลงที่เกี่ยวโยง</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94" title="อัปโหลดไฟล์ [u]" accesskey="u"><span>อัปโหลดไฟล์</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9" title="รายการหน้าพิเศษทั้งหมด [q]" accesskey="q"><span>หน้าพิเศษ</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA&oldid=11874027" title="ลิงก์ถาวรมารุ่นนี้ของหน้านี้"><span>ลิงก์ถาวร</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA&action=info" title="ข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับหน้านี้"><span>สารสนเทศหน้า</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87&page=%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA&id=11874027&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="สารสนเทศเกี่ยวกับวิธีการอ้างอิงหน้านี้"><span>อ้างอิงบทความนี้</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA"><span>สร้างหนังสือ</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA&action=show-download-screen"><span>ดาวน์โหลดเป็น PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA&printable=yes" title="รุ่นที่พร้อมพิมพ์ของหน้านี้ [p]" accesskey="p"><span>รุ่นพร้อมพิมพ์</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ในโครงการอื่น </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Damascus" hreflang="en"><span>วิกิมีเดียคอมมอนส์</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3766" title="ลิงก์ไปยังสิ่งนี้ในคลังซึ่งเชื่อมโยงข้อมูลต่าง ๆ เข้าด้วยกัน [g]" accesskey="g"><span>สิ่งนี้ในวิกิสนเทศ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="หน้าเครื่องมือ"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="หน้าตา"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">หน้าตา</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">ย้ายเมนูไปที่แถบด้านข้าง</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ซ่อน</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="พิกัดภูมิศาสตร์">พิกัด</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11440494">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion load-gadget" data-gadget="WikiMiniAtlas"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA&params=33_30_47_N_36_17_31_E_region:SY-DI_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="แผนที่ ภาพถ่ายทางอากาศ และข้อมูลอื่นเกี่ยวกับสถานที่นี้"><span class="latitude">33°30′47″N</span> <span class="longitude">36°17′31″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="แผนที่ ภาพถ่ายทางอากาศ และข้อมูลอื่นเกี่ยวกับสถานที่นี้">33.51306°N 36.29194°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.51306; 36.29194</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">จากวิกิพีเดีย สารานุกรมเสรี</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="th" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox geography vcard" style="width:22em;width:23em; font-size:88%;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-size:125%; line-height:1.2em;"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org">ดามัสกัส</div><br /><div class="nickname" style="font-weight:normal;display:inline-block;padding-top:0.2em;">دمشق</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#cddeff; font-weight:bold;"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87" title="เมืองหลวง">เมืองหลวง</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Damascus_coll.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="มัสยิดอุมัยยะฮ์ ทิวทัศน์ดามัสกัส • เขากอซิยูน มักตับอันบัร • วังอัลอัซม์ อัตตะกียะฮ์ อัสซุลัยมานียะฮ์"><img alt="มัสยิดอุมัยยะฮ์ ทิวทัศน์ดามัสกัส • เขากอซิยูน มักตับอันบัร • วังอัลอัซม์ อัตตะกียะฮ์ อัสซุลัยมานียะฮ์" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Damascus_coll.jpg/275px-Damascus_coll.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="424" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Damascus_coll.jpg/413px-Damascus_coll.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Damascus_coll.jpg/550px-Damascus_coll.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2874" data-file-height="4436" /></a></span><div style="padding:0.4em 0 0 0;"><div style="background:#fee8ab;"> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C" title="มัสยิดอุมัยยะฮ์">มัสยิดอุมัยยะฮ์</a><br /> ทิวทัศน์ดามัสกัส • <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="เขากอซิยูน (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">เขากอซิยูน</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="มักตับอันบัร (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">มักตับอันบัร</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="วังอัลอัซม์ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">วังอัลอัซม์</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="อัตตะกียะฮ์ อัสซุลัยมานียะฮ์ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">อัตตะกียะฮ์ อัสซุลัยมานียะฮ์</a></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="maptable" style="text-align:center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9722819">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Flag_of_Damascus.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ธงของดามัสกัส"><img alt="ธงของดามัสกัส" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Damascus.svg/100px-Flag_of_Damascus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Damascus.svg/150px-Flag_of_Damascus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Damascus.svg/200px-Flag_of_Damascus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="901" data-file-height="601" /></a></span><br />ธง</div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Emblem_of_Damascus.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ตราอย่างเป็นทางการของดามัสกัส"><img alt="ตราอย่างเป็นทางการของดามัสกัส" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Emblem_of_Damascus.svg/89px-Emblem_of_Damascus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="89" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Emblem_of_Damascus.svg/134px-Emblem_of_Damascus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Emblem_of_Damascus.svg/178px-Emblem_of_Damascus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="821" data-file-height="920" /></a></span><br />ตรา</div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">สมญา: <div style="display:inline" class="nickname">เมืองแห่ง<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ดอกมะลิ">ดอกมะลิ</a><sup id="cite_ref-worldatlas_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldatlas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span title="ข้อความภาษาอาหรับ"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مَدِينَةُ الْيَاسْمِينِ</span></span>)<br />อัลฟัยฮาอ์<sup id="cite_ref-Damascus_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Damascus-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A" title="ภาษาอาหรับ">อาหรับ</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الْفَيْحَاء</span>, <small>อักษรโรมัน: </small><span title="การถอดภาษาอาหรับเป็นอักษรโรมัน"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Fayḥāʾ</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9469184">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Syria_physical_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ดามัสกัสตั้งอยู่ในประเทศซีเรีย"><img alt="ดามัสกัสตั้งอยู่ในประเทศซีเรีย" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Syria_physical_location_map.svg/250px-Syria_physical_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Syria_physical_location_map.svg/375px-Syria_physical_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Syria_physical_location_map.svg/500px-Syria_physical_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="806" /></a></span><div class="od" style="top:72.981%;left:17.845%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="ดามัสกัส"><img alt="ดามัสกัส" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="font-size:91%;width:6em;left:4px"><div>ดามัสกัส</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">ที่ตั้งของดามัสกัสในประเทศซีเรีย</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">แสดงแผนที่ประเทศซีเรีย</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9469184"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ดามัสกัสตั้งอยู่ในเมดิเตอร์เรเนียนตะวันออก"><img alt="ดามัสกัสตั้งอยู่ในเมดิเตอร์เรเนียนตะวันออก" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg/250px-Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg/375px-Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg/500px-Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="765" /></a></span><div class="od" style="top:49.855%;left:54.014%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="ดามัสกัส"><img alt="ดามัสกัส" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="font-size:91%;width:6em;left:4px"><div>ดามัสกัส</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">ดามัสกัส (เมดิเตอร์เรเนียนตะวันออก)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">แสดงแผนที่เมดิเตอร์เรเนียนตะวันออก</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">พิกัด: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11440494">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion load-gadget" data-gadget="WikiMiniAtlas"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA&params=33_30_47_N_36_17_31_E_region:SY-DI_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="แผนที่ ภาพถ่ายทางอากาศ และข้อมูลอื่นเกี่ยวกับสถานที่นี้"><span class="latitude">33°30′47″N</span> <span class="longitude">36°17′31″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="แผนที่ ภาพถ่ายทางอากาศ และข้อมูลอื่นเกี่ยวกับสถานที่นี้">33.51306°N 36.29194°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.51306; 36.29194</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row">ประเทศ</th><td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="ซีเรีย"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="ซีเรีย">ซีเรีย</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="เขตผู้ว่าการของประเทศซีเรีย (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">เขตผู้ว่าการ</a></th><td>เมืองหลวง<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="เขตผู้ว่าการดามัสกัส">ดามัสกัส</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row">เทศบาล</th><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipalities_of_Damascus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Municipalities of Damascus (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">16</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left">การปกครอง<span style="font-weight:normal"></span></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_governors_of_Damascus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of governors of Damascus (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ผู้ว่าการ</a></th><td>Mohammad Tariq Kreishati<sup id="cite_ref-gov_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gov-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left">พื้นที่<span style="font-weight:normal"><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"> • <a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87" title="เมืองหลวง">เมืองหลวง</a></th><td>105 ตร.กม. (41 ตร.ไมล์)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"> • เขตเมือง<span style="font-weight:normal"></span></th><td>77 ตร.กม. (29.73 ตร.ไมล์)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row">ความสูง<span style="font-weight:normal"></span></th><td>680 เมตร (2,230 ฟุต)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left">ประชากร<div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(ประมาณ ค.ศ. 2022)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"> • <a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87" title="เมืองหลวง">เมืองหลวง</a></th><td>2,503,000<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> คน</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2" title="เขตเวลา">เขตเวลา</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row">รหัสพื้นที่</th><td>รหัสประเทศ: 963, รหัสเมือง: 11</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="รหัสทางภูมิศาสตร์">รหัสภูมิศาสตร์</a></th><td class="nickname">C1001</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">รหัส ISO 3166</a></th><td class="nickname">SY-DI</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="การแบ่งเขตภูมิอากาศแบบเคิพเพิน">ภูมิอากาศ</a></th><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ภูมิอากาศแบบทะเลทราย (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">BWk</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="ดัชนีการพัฒนามนุษย์">เอชดีไอ</a> (2011)</th><td>0.714<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – <span style="color:#090;">สูง</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="ท่าอากาศยานนานาชาติ">ท่าอากาศยานนานาชาติ</a></th><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ท่าอากาศยานนานาชาติดามัสกัส (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ท่าอากาศยานนานาชาติดามัสกัส</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row">เว็บไซต์</th><td><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.damascus.gov.sy/">www<wbr />.damascus<wbr />.gov<wbr />.sy</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left;"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><div style="border:4px solid #FFE153; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81" title="แหล่งมรดกโลก">แหล่งมรดกโลก</a>โดย<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81" title="ยูเนสโก">ยูเนสโก</a></b></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row">ชื่อที่ขึ้นทะเบียน</th><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_City_of_Damascus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancient City of Damascus (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">เมืองโบราณดามัสกัส</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row">ประเภท</th><td>วัฒนธรรม</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row">เกณฑ์</th><td>i, ii, iii, iv, vi</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row">ขึ้นเมื่อ</th><td>1979 <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81" title="คณะกรรมการมรดกโลก">คณะกรรมการ</a>สมัยที่ 3)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row">เลขอ้างอิง</th><td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/20">20</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row">ภูมิภาค</th><td><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A" title="รายชื่อแหล่งมรดกโลกในรัฐอาหรับ">รัฐอาหรับ</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>ดามัสกัส</b> (<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9" title="ภาษาอังกฤษ">อังกฤษ</a>: <span lang="en">Damascus</span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5" title="สัทอักษรสากล">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'d' ใน 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' ใน 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: มีพยางค์เน้นหนักสุดตามหลัง">ˈ</span><span title="'m' ใน 'my'">m</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' ใน 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'s' ใน 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'k' ใน 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' ใน 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' ใน 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <span title="การออกเสียงคำศัพท์ในภาษาอังกฤษ" class="IPA"><i>də-<b><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">mass</span></b>-kəs</i></span> หรือ <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5" title="สัทอักษรสากล">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'d' ใน 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' ใน 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: มีพยางค์เน้นหนักสุดตามหลัง">ˈ</span><span title="'m' ใน 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' ใน 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'s' ใน 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'k' ใน 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' ใน 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' ใน 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <span title="การออกเสียงคำศัพท์ในภาษาอังกฤษ" class="IPA"><i>də-<b><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">mah</span></b>-skəs</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A" title="ภาษาอาหรับ">อาหรับ</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11549084">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Scheherazade,Lateef,Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Microsoft Uighur","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">دمشق</span>‎</span>, <small>อักษรโรมัน: </small><span title="การถอดภาษาอาหรับเป็นอักษรโรมัน"><i lang="ar-Latn">Dimashq</i></span>, <small>สัทอักษรสากล: </small><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[diˈmaʃq]</span>) เป็นเมืองหลวงและเมืองใหญ่สุดของ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ประเทศซีเรีย">ประเทศซีเรีย</a> บางคนถือว่าเมืองนี้เป็น<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holiest_sites_in_Islam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holiest sites in Islam (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">เมืองศักดิ์สิทธิ์ลำดับที่ 4 ในศาสนาอิสลาม</a><sup id="cite_ref-DumperStanley2007-Damascus_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DumperStanley2007-Damascus-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Birke2013_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birke2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Totah2009_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Totah2009-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ชาวซีเรียเรียกขานเมืองนี้ว่า <span lang="ar-Latn" title="ar ALA transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">อัชชาม</span> (<span title="ข้อความภาษาอาหรับ"><span lang="ar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11549084"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">الشَّام</span>‎</span></span>) และมีสมญาว่า "เมืองแห่ง<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ดอกมะลิ">ดอกมะลิ</a>" (<span title="ข้อความภาษาอาหรับ"><span lang="ar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11549084"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">مَدِينَةُ الْيَاسْمِينِ</span>‎</span></span> <span lang="ar-Latn" title="ar ALA transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Madīnat al-Yāsmīn</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-worldatlas_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldatlas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ดามัสกัสเป็นศูนย์วัฒนธรรมที่สำคัญของ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="ลิแวนต์">ลิแวนต์</a>และ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A" title="โลกอาหรับ">โลกอาหรับ</a> ประมาณการว่าเมืองนี้มีประชากร 2,503,000 คนใน ค.ศ. 2022 </p><p>เมืองตั้งอยู่ทางทิศตะวันตกเฉียงใต้ของประเทศซีเรีย เป็นศูนย์กลางของเขต<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3" title="มหานคร">มหานคร</a> (Greater Damascus) ที่มีประชากร 2.7 ล้านคน (2004)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ในทางภูมิศาสตร์เมืองวางตัวอยู่ทางเชิงเขาด้านตะวันออกของเทือกเขา แอนติเลบานอน ห่างจากชายฝั่งด้านตะวันออกของทะเล<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="เมดิเตอเรเนียน">เมดิเตอเรเนียน</a> เข้าไป 80 กิโลเมตร (50 ไมล์) บนที่ราบสูง 680 เมตร (2,230 ฟุต) จากระดับน้ำทะเล ดามัสกัสมีภูมิอากาศแบบ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%8C" title="สเตปป์">กึ่งทะเลทราย</a> เนื่องจากอยู่ในเขตเงาฝน </p><p>ดามัสกัสเป็นหนึ่งใน<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_oldest_continuously_inhabited_cities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of oldest continuously inhabited cities (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">เมืองที่มีคนอาศัยอยู่อย่างต่อเนื่องที่เก่าแก่ที่สุดในโลก</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> โดยมีผู้ตั้งถิ่นฐานครั้งแรกในสหัสวรรษที่ 3 ก่อนคริสต์ศักราช จากนั้นจึงกลายเป็นเมืองหลวงของ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C" title="รัฐเคาะลีฟะฮ์อุมัยยะฮ์">รัฐเคาะลีฟะฮ์อุมัยยะฮ์</a>ใน ค.ศ. 661 ถึง 750 หลัง<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="ราชวงศ์อับบาซียะฮ์">ราชวงศ์อับบาซียะฮ์</a>ชนะ จึงย้ายศูนย์กลางอำนาจของรัฐอิสลามไปที่<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%94" title="แบกแดด">แบกแดด</a> ดามัสกัสมีบทบาททางการเมืองลดลงในยุคนั้น โดยรื้อฟื้นกลับมามีความสำคัญอีกครั้งในสมัย<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ราชวงศ์อัยยูบิด (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">อัยยูบิด</a>ถึง<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%81" title="มัมลูก">มัมลูก</a> ปัจจุบัน ดามัสกัสเป็นที่ตั้งของรัฐบาลกลางซีเรีย ในเดือนมิถุนายน ค.ศ. 2024 สิบสามปีหลัง<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="สงครามกลางเมืองซีเรีย">สงครามกลางเมืองซีเรีย</a> มีการประกาศให้ดามัสกัสเป็นเมืองที่น่าอยู่อาศัยน้อยที่สุดในโลกจาก 173 เมืองทั่วโลก (global cities) ใน<a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_Liveability_Ranking&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Global Liveability Ranking (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">การจัดอันดับ Global Liveability</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ชื่อและศัพทมูลวิทยา"><span id=".E0.B8.8A.E0.B8.B7.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.AD.E0.B9.81.E0.B8.A5.E0.B8.B0.E0.B8.A8.E0.B8.B1.E0.B8.9E.E0.B8.97.E0.B8.A1.E0.B8.B9.E0.B8.A5.E0.B8.A7.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.97.E0.B8.A2.E0.B8.B2"></span>ชื่อและศัพทมูลวิทยา</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA&action=edit&section=1" title="แก้ไขส่วน: ชื่อและศัพทมูลวิทยา"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="font-size: 88%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid blue; margin: 0.5em 1em; text-align: center; clear: left; float: left; margin-left: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0.75em; background-color: white; text-align: center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_U33.png?bde2c" height="38" title="U33 [ti]" alt="ti" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_F31.png?4e74e" height="37" title="F31 [ms]" alt="ms" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N29.png?b816c" height="17" title="N29 [q]" alt="q" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G43.png?6eb40" height="38" title="G43 [w]" alt="w" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N25.png?6f14c" height="16" title="N25 [xAst]" alt="xAst" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <b>หรือ</b> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_U33.png?bde2c" height="38" title="U33 [ti]" alt="ti" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_F31.png?4e74e" height="37" title="F31 [ms]" alt="ms" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O34.png?63e15" height="6" title="O34 [z]" alt="z" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N29.png?b816c" height="17" title="N29 [q]" alt="q" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G43.png?6eb40" height="38" title="G43 [w]" alt="w" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: silver; border-bottom: 1px solid blue; padding: 0.5em">ṯmsqw<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />ใน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="ไฮเออโรกลีฟอียิปต์">ไฮเออโรกลีฟอียิปต์</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ประวัติศาสตร์อียิปต์ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">สมัย</a>: <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="จักรวรรดิอียิปต์">ราชอาณาจักรใหม่</a><br /><small>(1550–1069 BC)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>ชื่อดามัสกัสปรากฏในรายการทางภูมิศาสตร์ของ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_3" title="ฟาโรห์ทุตโมสที่ 3">ฟาโรห์ทุตโมสที่ 3</a> เป็น <span lang="egy-Latn" title="egy transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">ṯmśq</span> (<span title="ข้อความภาษาอียิปต์โบราณ"><span lang="egy"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r10335283">.mw-parser-output .script-Cprt{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Cypriot",Code2001}.mw-parser-output .script-Hano{font-size:125%;font-family:"Noto Sans Hanunoo",FreeSerif,Quivira}.mw-parser-output .script-Latf,.mw-parser-output .script-de-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Breitkopf Fraktur",UnifrakturCook,UniFrakturMaguntia,MarsFraktur,"MarsFraktur OT",KochFraktur,"KochFraktur OT",OffenbacherSchwabOT,"LOB.AlteSchwabacher","LOV.AlteSchwabacher","LOB.AtlantisFraktur","LOV.AtlantisFraktur","LOB.BreitkopfFraktur","LOV.BreitkopfFraktur","LOB.FetteFraktur","LOV.FetteFraktur","LOB.Fraktur3","LOV.Fraktur3","LOB.RochFraktur","LOV.RochFraktur","LOB.PostFraktur","LOV.PostFraktur","LOB.RuelhscheFraktur","LOV.RuelhscheFraktur","LOB.RungholtFraktur","LOV.RungholtFraktur","LOB.TheuerbankFraktur","LOV.TheuerbankFraktur","LOB.VinetaFraktur","LOV.VinetaFraktur","LOB.WalbaumFraktur","LOV.WalbaumFraktur","LOB.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOV.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOB.WieynckFraktur","LOV.WieynckFraktur","LOB.ZentenarFraktur","LOV.ZentenarFraktur"}.mw-parser-output .script-en-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:Cankama,"Old English Text MT","Textura Libera","Textura Libera Tenuis",London}.mw-parser-output .script-it-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Rotunda Pommerania",Rotunda,"Typographer Rotunda"}.mw-parser-output .script-Lina{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear A"}.mw-parser-output .script-Linb{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear B"}.mw-parser-output .script-Ugar{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Ugaritic",Aegean}.mw-parser-output .script-Xpeo{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Old Persian",Artaxerxes,Xerxes,Aegean}</style><span class="Unicode"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𓍘𓄟𓊃𓈎𓅱</span></span></span></span></span></span>) เมื่อศตวรรษที่ 15 ก่อนคริสต์ศักราช<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="ศัพทมูลวิทยา">ศัพทมูลวิทยา</a>ของชื่อโบราณ <span lang="egy-Latn" title="egy transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">ṯmśq</span> ยังไม่เป็นที่กระจ่าง โดยมีผู้เสนอเป็น <span lang="akk-Latn" title="Semitic transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Imerišú</span> (<span title="ข้อความภาษาแอกแคด"><span lang="akk">𒀲𒋙</span></span>) ใน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%94" title="ภาษาแอกแคด">ภาษาแอกแคด</a>, <span lang="egy-Latn" title="egy transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">ṯmśq</span> (<span title="ข้อความภาษาอียิปต์โบราณ"><span lang="egy"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10335283"><span class="Unicode"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𓍘𓄟𓊃𓈎𓅱</span></span></span></span></span></span>) ใน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="ภาษาอียิปต์">ภาษาอียิปต์</a>, <span lang="arc-Latn" title="arc transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Damašq</span> (<span title="ข้อความภาษาImperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)"><span lang="arc"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r10559871">.mw-parser-output .script-aramaic{font-family:"Aramaic VIIBCE","Aramaic Imperial Yeb","Noto Sans Imperial Aramaic","Everson Mono",EversonMono,"Unifont Upper CSUR",Unifont,Quivira,sans-serif}</style><span dir="rtl" title="Imperial Aramaic alphabet" class="script-aramaic">𐡃𐡌𐡔𐡒</span>‎</span></span>) ใน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="ภาษาแอราเมอิก">ภาษาแอราเมอิกเก่า</a> และ <span lang="he-Latn" title="Hebrew transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Damméseq</span> (<span title="ข้อความภาษาฮีบรู"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">דַּמֶּשֶׂק</span></span>) ใน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5" title="ภาษาฮีบรูไบเบิล">ภาษาฮีบรูไบเบิล</a> มีผู้พบรูปสะกดแบบแอกแคดจำนวนหนึ่งบน<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="จดหมายอามาร์นา (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">จดหมายอามาร์นา</a>ที่เขียนในศตวรรษที่ 14 ก่อนคริสต์ศักราช ได้แก่: <span lang="akk-Latn" title="Semitic transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Dimasqa</span> (<span title="ข้อความภาษาแอกแคด"><span lang="akk">𒁲𒈦𒋡</span></span>), <span lang="akk-Latn" title="Semitic transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Dimašqì</span> (<span title="ข้อความภาษาแอกแคด"><span lang="akk">𒁲𒈦𒀸𒄀</span></span>), และ <span lang="akk-Latn" title="Semitic transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Dimašqa</span> (<span title="ข้อความภาษาแอกแคด"><span lang="akk">𒁲𒈦𒀸𒋡</span></span>) </p><p>ภายหลังรูปสะกดของชื่อเมืองใน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="ภาษาแอราเมอิก">ภาษาแอราเมอิก</a>มักรวม <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resh (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">resh</a></i> (อักษร <i>r</i>) แทรกซอน โดยอาจได้รับอิทธิพลจากรากศัพท์ <span lang="arc-Latn" title="arc transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">dr</span> ที่หมายถึง "ที่อยู่อาศัย" ทำให้ชื่อเมืองในภาษาอังกฤษกับ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="ภาษาละติน">ภาษาละติน</a>จึงเป็น <span lang="la-Latn" title="Latin transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Damascus</span> ซึ่งนำเข้ามาจาก<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81" title="ภาษากรีก">ภาษากรีก</a>ว่า <span title="ข้อความภาษากรีกโบราณ (ถึง ค.ศ. 1453)"><span lang="grc">Δαμασκός</span></span> และมีต้นกำเนิดจาก<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="กุมรอน (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">กุมรอน</a>ว่า <span lang="he-Latn" title="Hebrew transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Darmeśeq</span> (<span title="ข้อความภาษาฮีบรู"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">דרמשק</span></span>), และ <span lang="syr-Latn" title="syr transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Darmsûq</span> (<span title="ข้อความภาษาซีรีแอก"><span lang="syr"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10335283"><span class="Unicode">ܕܪܡܣܘܩ</span></span></span>) ใน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81" title="ภาษาซีรีแอก">ภาษาซีรีแอก</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> หมายถึง "ดินแดนที่อุดมไปด้วยน้ำ"<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>เมื่องนี้มีชื่อเรียกใน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A" title="ภาษาอาหรับ">ภาษาอาหรับ</a>ว่า ดิมัชก์ (<span title="ข้อความภาษาอาหรับ"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">دمشق</span></span> <span lang="ar-Latn" title="Arabic transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Dimašq</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ส่วนอีกชื่อหนึ่งคือ <span lang="ar-Latn" title="Arabic transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">อัชชาม</span> โดย<span lang="ar-Latn" title="Arabic transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">อัชชาม</span>ในภาษาอาหรับใช้เรียก "<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="ลิแวนต์">ลิแวนต์</a>" ส่วน "ซีเรีย" โดยเฉพาะในอดีต<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ภูมิภาคซีเรีย (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ภูมิภาคซีเรีย</a> มีชื่อเรียกว่า <span lang="ar-Latn" title="Arabic transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">บิลาดุชชาม</span> (<span title="ข้อความภาษาอาหรับ"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بلاد الشام</span></span>, <abbr title="การแปลตรงตัว">แปลว่า</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> ดินแดนลิแวนต์</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ศัพท์หลัง ในเชิงศัพทมูลวิทยา หมายถึง "ดินแดนทางฝั่งซ้าย" หรือ "ทางเหนือ" เนื่องจากบุคคลจาก<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B" title="ฮิญาซ">ฮิญาซ</a>หันหน้าไปทางตะวันออก ตรงทิศที่ดวงอาทิตย์ขึ้น ทำให้ทิศเหนืออยู่ฝั่งซ้าย โดยชื่อนี้เป็นชื่อที่อยู่ตรงข้ามกับชื่อ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="เยเมน">เยเมน</a> (<span title="ข้อความภาษาอาหรับ"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">اَلْيَمَن</span></span> <span lang="ar-Latn" title="Arabic transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">al-Yaman</span>) ที่แปลว่า "ฝั่งขวามือ" หรือ "ทางใต้" รูปแบบอักษร <span title="ข้อความภาษาอาหรับ"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ش ء م</span></span> (<span lang="ar-Latn" title="Arabic transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">š-ʾ-m</span>') ของ <span title="ข้อความภาษาอาหรับ"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ش م ل</span></span> (<span lang="ar-Latn" title="Arabic transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">š-m-l</span>) สามารถยืนยันใน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93" title="อักษรอาระเบียใต้โบราณ">อักษรอาระเบียใต้โบราณ</a>ว่า <span title="ข้อความภาษาSabaean"><span lang="xsa"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10335283"><span class="Unicode">𐩦𐩱𐩣</span></span></span> (<span lang="xsa-Latn" title="xsa transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">šʾm</span>) ซึ่งมีการพัฒนาทางอรรถศาสตร์เหมือนกัน<sup id="cite_ref-Volume_9_1997_page_261_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volume_9_1997_page_261-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ภูมิประเทศ"><span id=".E0.B8.A0.E0.B8.B9.E0.B8.A1.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.9B.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.B0.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.97.E0.B8.A8"></span>ภูมิประเทศ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA&action=edit&section=2" title="แก้ไขส่วน: ภูมิประเทศ"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r10224066">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="box-โครงส่วน plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>ส่วนนี้รอเพิ่มเติมข้อมูล</b> <small>คุณสามารถช่วย<a class="external text" href="https://th.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA&action=edit&section=">เพิ่มข้อมูลส่วนนี้</a>ได้</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ภูมิอากาศ"><span id=".E0.B8.A0.E0.B8.B9.E0.B8.A1.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.81.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A8"></span>ภูมิอากาศ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA&action=edit&section=3" title="แก้ไขส่วน: ภูมิอากาศ"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ดามัสกัสมีสภาพ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ภูมิอากาศแบบทะเลทราย (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ภูมิอากาศแบบเย็นแห้งแล้ง</a> (<i>BWk</i>) ตาม<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="การแบ่งเขตภูมิอากาศแบบเคิพเพิน">ระบบเคิพเพิน</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> เนื่องจากเมืองนี้ตั้งอยู่ใน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%99" title="พื้นที่อับฝน">พื้นที่อับฝน</a>ของเทือกเขาแอนติเลบานอน (Anti-Lebanon Mountains)<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> และกระแสน้ำในมหาสมุทร </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height: 1.1em; margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">ข้อมูลภูมิอากาศของดามัสกัส (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ท่าอากาศยานนานาชาติดามัสกัส (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ท่าอากาศยานนานาชาติดามัสกัส</a>) 1991–2020 </th></tr> <tr> <th>เดือน </th> <th>ม.ค. </th> <th>ก.พ. </th> <th>มี.ค. </th> <th>เม.ย. </th> <th>พ.ค. </th> <th>มิ.ย. </th> <th>ก.ค. </th> <th>ส.ค. </th> <th>ก.ย. </th> <th>ต.ค. </th> <th>พ.ย. </th> <th>ธ.ค. </th> <th style="border-left-width:medium">ทั้งปี </th></tr> <tr> <th height="16">อุณหภูมิสูงสุดที่เคยบันทึก °C (°F) </th> <td style="background:#FF7800;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">24.0<br />(75.2) </td> <td style="background:#FF5600;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">29.0<br />(84.2) </td> <td style="background:#FF3000;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">34.4<br />(93.9) </td> <td style="background:#FF1500;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">38.4<br />(101.1) </td> <td style="background:#FF0300;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">41.0<br />(105.8) </td> <td style="background:#D10000;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">44.8<br />(112.6) </td> <td style="background:#C00000;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">46.0<br />(114.8) </td> <td style="background:#D40000;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">44.6<br />(112.3) </td> <td style="background:#F80000;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">42.0<br />(107.6) </td> <td style="background:#FF1900;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">37.8<br />(100) </td> <td style="background:#FF4800;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">31.0<br />(87.8) </td> <td style="background:#FF7000;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">25.1<br />(77.2) </td> <td style="background:#C00000;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center; border-left-width:medium">46.0<br />(114.8) </td></tr> <tr> <th height="16">อุณหภูมิสูงสุดเฉลี่ย °C (°F) </th> <td style="background:#FFC58B;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">12.9<br />(55.2) </td> <td style="background:#FFB56C;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">15.1<br />(59.2) </td> <td style="background:#FF9429;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">20.0<br />(68) </td> <td style="background:#FF7000;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">25.1<br />(77.2) </td> <td style="background:#FF4A00;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">30.7<br />(87.3) </td> <td style="background:#FF2C00;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">35.1<br />(95.2) </td> <td style="background:#FF1A00;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">37.6<br />(99.7) </td> <td style="background:#FF1C00;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">37.4<br />(99.3) </td> <td style="background:#FF3100;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">34.3<br />(93.7) </td> <td style="background:#FF5700;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">28.8<br />(83.8) </td> <td style="background:#FF9022;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">20.5<br />(68.9) </td> <td style="background:#FFB872;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">14.7<br />(58.5) </td> <td style="background:#FF6A00;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center; border-left-width:medium">26.02<br />(78.83) </td></tr> <tr> <th height="16">อุณหภูมิเฉลี่ยแต่ละวัน °C (°F) </th> <td style="background:#FFF1E3;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">6.5<br />(43.7) </td> <td style="background:#FFE5CB;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">8.2<br />(46.8) </td> <td style="background:#FFCA96;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">12.1<br />(53.8) </td> <td style="background:#FFAB58;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">16.6<br />(61.9) </td> <td style="background:#FF8811;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">21.7<br />(71.1) </td> <td style="background:#FF6D00;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">25.6<br />(78.1) </td> <td style="background:#FF5E00;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">27.8<br />(82) </td> <td style="background:#FF5F00;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">27.6<br />(81.7) </td> <td style="background:#FF7300;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">24.7<br />(76.5) </td> <td style="background:#FF952C;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">19.8<br />(67.6) </td> <td style="background:#FFC790;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">12.5<br />(54.5) </td> <td style="background:#FFE8D1;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">7.8<br />(46) </td> <td style="background:#FFA44A;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center; border-left-width:medium">17.58<br />(63.64) </td></tr> <tr> <th height="16">อุณหภูมิต่ำสุดเฉลี่ย °C (°F) </th> <td style="background:#EDEDFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">1.2<br />(34.2) </td> <td style="background:#F3F3FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">2.3<br />(36.1) </td> <td style="background:#FFFBF8;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">5.0<br />(41) </td> <td style="background:#FFE4CA;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">8.3<br />(46.9) </td> <td style="background:#FFC892;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">12.4<br />(54.3) </td> <td style="background:#FFAF60;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">16.0<br />(60.8) </td> <td style="background:#FF9C39;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">18.8<br />(65.8) </td> <td style="background:#FF9D3B;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">18.7<br />(65.7) </td> <td style="background:#FFB368;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">15.4<br />(59.7) </td> <td style="background:#FFCF9F;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">11.4<br />(52.5) </td> <td style="background:#FFF7EF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">5.6<br />(42.1) </td> <td style="background:#F3F3FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">2.3<br />(36.1) </td> <td style="background:#FFDAB6;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center; border-left-width:medium">9.78<br />(49.61) </td></tr> <tr> <th height="16">อุณหภูมิต่ำสุดที่เคยบันทึก °C (°F) </th> <td style="background:#A4A4FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">−12.2<br />(10) </td> <td style="background:#A6A6FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">−12.0<br />(10) </td> <td style="background:#BBBBFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">−8.0<br />(18) </td> <td style="background:#BEBEFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">−7.5<br />(18.5) </td> <td style="background:#EAEAFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">0.6<br />(33.1) </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">4.5<br />(40.1) </td> <td style="background:#FFDFC0;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">9.0<br />(48.2) </td> <td style="background:#FFE2C6;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">8.6<br />(47.5) </td> <td style="background:#F2F2FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">2.1<br />(35.8) </td> <td style="background:#D6D6FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-3.0<br />(26.6) </td> <td style="background:#BBBBFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">−8.0<br />(18) </td> <td style="background:#AFAFFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">−10.2<br />(13.6) </td> <td style="background:#A4A4FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center; border-left-width:medium">−12.2<br />(10) </td></tr> <tr> <th height="16"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="หยาดน้ำฟ้า">หยาดน้ำฟ้า</a> มม (นิ้ว) </th> <td style="background:#D9FFD9;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">25<br />(0.98) </td> <td style="background:#D4FFD4;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">26<br />(1.02) </td> <td style="background:#E1FFE1;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">20<br />(0.79) </td> <td style="background:#F4FFF4;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">7<br />(0.28) </td> <td style="background:#F9FFF9;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">4<br />(0.16) </td> <td style="background:#FDFFFD;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">1<br />(0.04) </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background:#F6FFF6;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">6<br />(0.24) </td> <td style="background:#DEFFDE;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">21<br />(0.83) </td> <td style="background:#DFFFDF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">21<br />(0.83) </td> <td style="background:#EEFFEE;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center; border-left-width:medium">131<br />(5.16) </td></tr> <tr> <th height="16" style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99" title="ความชื้น">ความชื้น</a>ร้อยละ </th> <td style="background:#0000DB;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">76 </td> <td style="background:#0000F6;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">69 </td> <td style="background:#1D1DFF;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">59 </td> <td style="background:#3F3FFF;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">50 </td> <td style="background:#5A5AFF;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">43 </td> <td style="background:#6262FF;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">41 </td> <td style="background:#5656FF;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">44 </td> <td style="background:#4747FF;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">48 </td> <td style="background:#4B4BFF;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">47 </td> <td style="background:#3838FF;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">52 </td> <td style="background:#0E0EFF;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">63 </td> <td style="background:#0000DF;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">75 </td> <td style="background:#2828FF;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center; border-left-width:medium">56 </td></tr> <tr> <th height="16" style="font-size:90%">วันที่มีหยาดน้ำฟ้าโดยเฉลี่ย </th> <td style="background:#9C9CFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">8 </td> <td style="background:#9292FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">8 </td> <td style="background:#B4B4FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">6 </td> <td style="background:#D8D8FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">3 </td> <td style="background:#E6E6FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">2 </td> <td style="background:#FDFDFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">0.1 </td> <td style="background:#FDFDFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">0.1 </td> <td style="background:#FDFDFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">0.1 </td> <td style="background:#FCFCFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">0.2 </td> <td style="background:#D9D9FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">3 </td> <td style="background:#BFBFFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">5 </td> <td style="background:#A8A8FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">7 </td> <td style="background:#D2D2FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center; border-left-width:medium">42.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th height="16" style="font-size:90%">วันที่มีหิมะตกโดยเฉลี่ย </th> <td style="background:#F2F2FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="background:#F1F1FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="background:#FDFDFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">0.1 </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">0 </td> <td style="background:#FCFCFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">0.2 </td> <td style="background:#FCFCFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center; border-left-width:medium">2.3 </td></tr> <tr> <th height="16" style="font-size:90%">จำนวนชั่วโมงที่มีแดด </th> <td style="background:#CACA00;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">164.3 </td> <td style="background:#D7D700;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">182.0 </td> <td style="background:#DDDD00;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">226.3 </td> <td style="background:#E4E400;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">249.0 </td> <td style="background:#F3F317;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">322.4 </td> <td style="background:#FEFE31;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">357.0 </td> <td style="background:#FDFD2F;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">365.8 </td> <td style="background:#FAFA28;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">353.4 </td> <td style="background:#F2F214;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">306.0 </td> <td style="background:#E6E600;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">266.6 </td> <td style="background:#DADA00;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">207.0 </td> <td style="background:#CACA00;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">164.3 </td> <td style="background:#E7E700;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center; border-left-width:medium">3,164.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:85%"><i>แหล่งที่มา 1: Pogoda.ru.net<sup id="cite_ref-pogoda_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pogoda-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"><i>แหล่งที่มา 2: NOAA (ชั่วโมงที่มีแสงแดด, 1961–1990)<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="วัฒนธรรม"><span id=".E0.B8.A7.E0.B8.B1.E0.B8.92.E0.B8.99.E0.B8.98.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.A1"></span>วัฒนธรรม</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA&action=edit&section=4" title="แก้ไขส่วน: วัฒนธรรม"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Damascus_National_Museum_Umayyad_Castle_Gate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Damascus_National_Museum_Umayyad_Castle_Gate.jpg/220px-Damascus_National_Museum_Umayyad_Castle_Gate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Damascus_National_Museum_Umayyad_Castle_Gate.jpg/330px-Damascus_National_Museum_Umayyad_Castle_Gate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Damascus_National_Museum_Umayyad_Castle_Gate.jpg/440px-Damascus_National_Museum_Umayyad_Castle_Gate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4_%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="พิพิธภัณฑสถานแห่งชาติ ดามัสกัส (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">พิพิธภัณฑสถานแห่งชาติ ดามัสกัส</a></figcaption></figure> <p>ดามัสกัสได้รับเลือกเป็น<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A_%E0%B8%84.%E0%B8%A8._2008&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="เมืองหลวงทางวัฒนธรรมของอาหรับ ค.ศ. 2008 (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">เมืองหลวงทางวัฒนธรรมของอาหรับ ค.ศ. 2008</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="เมืองพี่น้องและเมืองแฝด"><span id=".E0.B9.80.E0.B8.A1.E0.B8.B7.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.9E.E0.B8.B5.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.99.E0.B9.89.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.87.E0.B9.81.E0.B8.A5.E0.B8.B0.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.A1.E0.B8.B7.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.87.E0.B9.81.E0.B8.9D.E0.B8.94"></span>เมืองพี่น้องและเมืองแฝด</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA&action=edit&section=5" title="แก้ไขส่วน: เมืองพี่น้องและเมืองแฝด"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9222223">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5" title="ตุรกี"><img alt="ตุรกี" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2" title="อังการา">อังการา</a> ตุรกี<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="คาซัคสถาน"><img alt="คาซัคสถาน" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2" title="อัสตานา">อัสตานา</a> คาซัคสถาน</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="โรมาเนีย"><img alt="โรมาเนีย" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="บูคาเรสต์">บูคาเรสต์</a> โรมาเนีย<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2" title="อาร์เจนตินา"><img alt="อาร์เจนตินา" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA" title="บัวโนสไอเรส">บัวโนสไอเรส</a> อาร์เจนตินา<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%99" title="สเปน"><img alt="สเปน" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2_(%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%99)" title="กอร์โดบา (ประเทศสเปน)">กอร์โดบา</a> สเปน<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="สหรัฐอาหรับเอมิเรตส์"><img alt="สหรัฐอาหรับเอมิเรตส์" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9A" title="ดูไบ">ดูไบ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="สหรัฐอาหรับเอมิเรตส์">สหรัฐอาหรับเอมิเรตส์</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5" title="ตุรกี"><img alt="ตุรกี" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5" title="อิสตันบูล">อิสตันบูล</a> ตุรกี<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%99" title="สเปน"><img alt="สเปน" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94" title="โตเลโด">โตเลโด</a> สเปน<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="อาร์มีเนีย"><img alt="อาร์มีเนีย" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="เยเรวาน">เยเรวาน</a> อาร์มีเนีย<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ดูเพิ่ม"><span id=".E0.B8.94.E0.B8.B9.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.9E.E0.B8.B4.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.A1"></span>ดูเพิ่ม</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA&action=edit&section=6" title="แก้ไขส่วน: ดูเพิ่ม"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2" title="รายชื่อแหล่งมรดกโลกที่กำลังตกอยู่ในภาวะอันตราย">รายชื่อแหล่งมรดกโลกที่กำลังตกอยู่ในภาวะอันตราย</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="หมายเหตุ"><span id=".E0.B8.AB.E0.B8.A1.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A2.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.AB.E0.B8.95.E0.B8.B8"></span>หมายเหตุ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA&action=edit&section=7" title="แก้ไขส่วน: หมายเหตุ"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">อัลฟัยฮาอ์ (<span title="ข้อความภาษาอาหรับ"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الفيحاء</span></span>) เป็นคำคุณศัพท์ที่แปลว่า "กว้างขวาง"<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">ในอดีต <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baalshamin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baalshamin (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Baalshamin</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="ภาษาแอราเมอิก">แอราเมอิก</a>: <span title="ข้อความภาษาImperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)"><i lang="arc" dir="rtl">ܒܥܠ ܫܡܝܢ</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> เป็น<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Semitic_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancient Semitic religion (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">เทพท้องฟ้าเซมิติก</a>ใน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="คานาอัน">คานาอัน</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="ฟินีเชีย">ฟินีเชีย</a> และ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2" title="แพลไมรา">แพลไมรา</a>โบราณ<sup id="cite_ref-Dirven1999_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dirven1999-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ดังนั้น <i>ชาม</i> จึงหมายถึง (<i>สวรรค์</i> หรือ <i>ท้องฟ้า</i>)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="อ้างอิง"><span id=".E0.B8.AD.E0.B9.89.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.87"></span>อ้างอิง</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA&action=edit&section=8" title="แก้ไขส่วน: อ้างอิง"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-worldatlas-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-worldatlas_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-worldatlas_1-1">1.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r10205087">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/biggest-cities-in-syria.html">"Biggest Cities In Syria"</a>. 25 เมษายน 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025200105/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/biggest-cities-in-syria.html">เก็บ</a>จากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 25 ตุลาคม 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. สืบค้นเมื่อ 25 ตุลาคม 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biggest+Cities+In+Syria&rft.date=2017-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fbiggest-cities-in-syria.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Damascus-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Damascus_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150420/Damascus">"Damascus"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091107233311/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150420/Damascus">เก็บ</a>จากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 7 พฤศจิกายน 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. สืบค้นเมื่อ 28 พฤศจิกายน 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Damascus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F150420%2FDamascus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFAlmaany_Team" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script">Almaany Team. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.almaany.com/ar/dict/ar-ar/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A1/"><bdi lang="ar">معنى كلمة الفَيْحَاءُ في معجم المعاني الجامع والمعجم الوسيط – معجم عربي عربي – صفحة 1</bdi></a>. <i>almaany.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. สืบค้นเมื่อ 24 ตุลาคม 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=almaany.com&rft.atitle=%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%89+%D9%83%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8E%D9%8A%D9%92%D8%AD%D9%8E%D8%A7%D8%A1%D9%8F+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B7+%E2%80%93+%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%85+%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A+%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A+%E2%80%93+%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A9+1&rft.au=Almaany+Team&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.almaany.com%2Far%2Fdict%2Far-ar%2F%25D9%2581%25D9%258A%25D8%25AD%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/damascus-population">"Damascus population 2022"</a>. World Population Review<span class="reference-accessdate">. สืบค้นเมื่อ 23 กันยายน 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Damascus+population+2022&rft.pub=World+Population+Review&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldpopulationreview.com%2Fworld-cities%2Fdamascus-population&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gov-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-gov_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sana.sy/en/?p=278311">"President al-Assad issues decrees on appointing new governors for eight Syrian provinces"</a>. SANA. 20 กรกฎาคม 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. สืบค้นเมื่อ 10 สิงหาคม 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=President+al-Assad+issues+decrees+on+appointing+new+governors+for+eight+Syrian+provinces&rft.date=2022-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsana.sy%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D278311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110516062342/http://www.albaath.news.sy/user/?act=print&id=811&a=73882">"statement by the governor of Damascus, Syria"</a>. <i>Albaath.news</i> (ภาษาอาหรับ). เมษายน 2010. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจาก<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albaath.news.sy/user/?act=print&id=811&a=73882">แหล่งเดิม</a>เมื่อ 16 พฤษภาคม 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Albaath.news&rft.atitle=statement+by+the+governor+of+Damascus%2C+Syria&rft.date=2010-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albaath.news.sy%2Fuser%2F%3Fact%3Dprint%26id%3D811%26a%3D73882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFSub-national_HDI" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sub-national HDI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/">"Area Database - Global Data Lab"</a>. <i>hdi.globaldatalab.org</i> (ภาษาอังกฤษ). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/">เก็บ</a>จากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 23 กันยายน 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. สืบค้นเมื่อ 25 ตุลาคม 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hdi.globaldatalab.org&rft.atitle=Area+Database+-+Global+Data+Lab&rft.au=Sub-national+HDI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdi.globaldatalab.org%2Fareadata%2Fshdi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DumperStanley2007-Damascus-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-DumperStanley2007-Damascus_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFDumperStanley2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Dumper, Michael R. T.; Stanley, Bruce E. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&q=damascus+%22fourth+holiest%22&pg=PA121">"Damascus"</a>. ใน Janet L. Abu-Lughod (บ.ก.). <i>Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ABC-CLIO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ABC-CLIO (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ABC-CLIO</a>. pp. 119–126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-1-5760-7919-5" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-1-5760-7919-5"><bdi>978-1-5760-7919-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Damascus&rft.btitle=Cities+of+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=119-126&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-5760-7919-5&rft.aulast=Dumper&rft.aufirst=Michael+R.+T.&rft.au=Stanley%2C+Bruce+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3SapTk5iGDkC%26q%3Ddamascus%2B%2522fourth%2Bholiest%2522%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Birke2013-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Birke2013_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFSarah_Birke2013" class="citation cs1">Sarah Birke (2 สิงหาคม 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2013/08/02/damascus-whats-left/"><i>Damascus: What's Left</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_Review_Books&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New York Review Books (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">New York Review of Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Damascus%3A+What%27s+Left&rft.pub=New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.date=2013-08-02&rft.au=Sarah+Birke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Fdaily%2F2013%2F08%2F02%2Fdamascus-whats-left%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Totah2009-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Totah2009_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFTotah2009" class="citation journal cs1">Totah, Faedah M. (2009). "Return to the origin: negotiating the modern and unmodern in the old city of Damascus". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=City_%26_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="City & Society (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">City & Society</a></i>. <b>21</b> (1): 58–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1548-744X.2009.01015.x">10.1111/j.1548-744X.2009.01015.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=City+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Return+to+the+origin%3A+negotiating+the+modern+and+unmodern+in+the+old+city+of+Damascus&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=58-81&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1548-744X.2009.01015.x&rft.aulast=Totah&rft.aufirst=Faedah+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130310211017/http://www.cbssyr.org/General%20census/census%202004/pop-man.pdf">"Syria census 2004"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Central Bureau of Statistics Syria</i>. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจาก<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbssyr.org/General%20census/census%202004/pop-man.pdf">แหล่งเดิม</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>เมื่อ 10 มีนาคม 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Central+Bureau+of+Statistics+Syria&rft.atitle=Syria+census+2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbssyr.org%2FGeneral%2520census%2Fcensus%25202004%2Fpop-man.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFBowker2003" class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bowker, John (1 มกราคม 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192800947.001.0001/acref-9780192800947-e-1793">"Damascus"</a>. <i>The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions</i> (ภาษาอังกฤษ). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-0-19-280094-7" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-0-19-280094-7"><bdi>978-0-19-280094-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. สืบค้นเมื่อ 15 มกราคม 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+World+Religions&rft.atitle=Damascus&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280094-7&rft.aulast=Bowker&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192800947.001.0001%2Facref-9780192800947-e-1793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFHardingham-Gill2024" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hardingham-Gill, Tamara (2 กรกฎาคม 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2024/06/26/travel/the-worlds-most-liveable-cities-for-2024/index.html">"The world's most liveable cities for 2024"</a>. <i>CNN Travel</i> (ภาษาอังกฤษ)<span class="reference-accessdate">. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2 พฤศจิกายน 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN+Travel&rft.atitle=The+world%E2%80%99s+most+liveable+cities+for+2024&rft.date=2024-07-02&rft.aulast=Hardingham-Gill&rft.aufirst=Tamara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2024%2F06%2F26%2Ftravel%2Fthe-worlds-most-liveable-cities-for-2024%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFGauthier1929" class="citation book cs1">Gauthier, Henri (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Gauthier1929/page/n23/"><i>Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 6</i></a>. p. 42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+des+Noms+G%C3%A9ographiques+Contenus+dans+les+Textes+Hi%C3%A9roglyphiques+Vol.+6&rft.pages=42&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Gauthier&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FGauthier1929%2Fpage%2Fn23%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">List I, 13 ใน <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Simons1937" class="citation book cs1">J. Simons (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180726072325/https://oi-idb-static.uchicago.edu/multimedia/2380/simons_topographical_lists_1937.pdf"><i>Handbook for the Study of Egyptian Topographical Lists relating to Western Asia</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Leiden. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจาก<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oi-idb-static.uchicago.edu/multimedia/2380/simons_topographical_lists_1937.pdf">แหล่งเดิม</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>เมื่อ 26 กรกฎาคม 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+for+the+Study+of+Egyptian+Topographical+Lists+relating+to+Western+Asia&rft.place=Leiden&rft.date=1937&rft.au=J.+Simons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foi-idb-static.uchicago.edu%2Fmultimedia%2F2380%2Fsimons_topographical_lists_1937.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span> ดูเพิ่ม Y. AHARONI, <i>The Land of the Bible: A Historical Geography</i>, London 1967, p147, No. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_E._Dion1988" class="citation journal cs1">Paul E. Dion (พฤษภาคม 1988). "<i>Ancient Damascus: A Historical Study of the Syrian City-State from Earliest Times Until Its Fall to the Assyrians in 732 BC.</i>, Wayne T. Pitard". <i>Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research</i> (270): 98. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/1357008">1357008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=Ancient+Damascus%3A+A+Historical+Study+of+the+Syrian+City-State+from+Earliest+Times+Until+Its+Fall+to+the+Assyrians+in+732+BC.%2C+Wayne+T.+Pitard&rft.issue=270&rft.pages=98&rft.date=1988-05&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1357008%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Paul+E.+Dion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_Moore_Cross1972" class="citation journal cs1">Frank Moore Cross (กุมภาพันธ์ 1972). "The Stele Dedicated to Melcarth by Ben-Hadad of Damascus". <i>Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research</i> (205): 40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1356214">10.2307/1356214</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/1356214">1356214</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163497507">163497507</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=The+Stele+Dedicated+to+Melcarth+by+Ben-Hadad+of+Damascus&rft.issue=205&rft.pages=40&rft.date=1972-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163497507%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1356214%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1356214&rft.au=Frank+Moore+Cross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFMillerAl-WerCaubetWatson2007" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Catherine; Al-Wer, Enam; Caubet, Dominique; Watson, Janet C.E. (2007). <i>Arabic in the City: Issues in Dialect Contact and Language Variation</i>. Routledge. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-1-135-97876-1" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-1-135-97876-1"><bdi>978-1-135-97876-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabic+in+the+City%3A+Issues+in+Dialect+Contact+and+Language+Variation&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-135-97876-1&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft.au=Al-Wer%2C+Enam&rft.au=Caubet%2C+Dominique&rft.au=Watson%2C+Janet+C.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kalmasoft.com/KLEX/dbsyriac.htm">"Kalmasoft - Phonetic Database of Syriac Words"</a>. <i>www.kalmasoft.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. สืบค้นเมื่อ 20 มิถุนายน 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kalmasoft.com&rft.atitle=Kalmasoft+-+Phonetic+Database+of+Syriac+Words&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kalmasoft.com%2FKLEX%2Fdbsyriac.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFTeixidor,_Javier2015" class="citation book cs1">Teixidor, Javier (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m5Z9BgAAQBAJ&q=Baalshamin%20'Lord%20of%20Heaven(s)'&pg=PA27"><i>The Pagan God: Popular Religion in the Greco-Roman Near East</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-1-4008-7139-1" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-1-4008-7139-1"><bdi>978-1-4008-7139-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. สืบค้นเมื่อ 14 สิงหาคม 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pagan+God%3A+Popular+Religion+in+the+Greco-Roman+Near+East&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-7139-1&rft.au=Teixidor%2C+Javier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm5Z9BgAAQBAJ%26q%3DBaalshamin%2520%27Lord%2520of%2520Heaven%28s%29%27%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFBeattie,_AndrewPepper,_Timothy2001" class="citation book cs1">Beattie, Andrew; Pepper, Timothy (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9iCfkTe8v2EC&q=Baalshamin%20'Lord%20of%20Heaven(s)'&pg=RA2-PA290"><i>The Rough Guide to Syria</i></a>. Rough Guides. p. 290. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-1-85828-718-8" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-1-85828-718-8"><bdi>978-1-85828-718-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. สืบค้นเมื่อ 14 สิงหาคม 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+Syria&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-85828-718-8&rft.au=Beattie%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Pepper%2C+Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9iCfkTe8v2EC%26q%3DBaalshamin%2520%27Lord%2520of%2520Heaven%28s%29%27%26pg%3DRA2-PA290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dirven1999-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Dirven1999_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFDirven,_Lucinda1999" class="citation book cs1">Dirven, Lucinda (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_LfXg2r6FT0C&pg=PA76"><i>The Palmyrenes of Dura-Europos: A Study of Religious Interaction in Roman Syria</i></a>. BRILL. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-90-04-11589-7" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-90-04-11589-7"><bdi>978-90-04-11589-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191216195727/https://books.google.com/books?id=_LfXg2r6FT0C&pg=PA76&lpg=PA76">เก็บ</a>จากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 16 ธันวาคม 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. สืบค้นเมื่อ 17 กรกฎาคม 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palmyrenes+of+Dura-Europos%3A+A+Study+of+Religious+Interaction+in+Roman+Syria&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11589-7&rft.au=Dirven%2C+Lucinda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_LfXg2r6FT0C%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFJ.F._Healey2001" class="citation book cs1">J.F. Healey (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hbO9CwAAQBAJ&q=Baalshamin%20sky%20god&pg=PA126"><i>The Religion of the Nabataeans: A Conspectus</i></a>. BRILL. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-90-04-30148-1" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-90-04-30148-1"><bdi>978-90-04-30148-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. สืบค้นเมื่อ 14 สิงหาคม 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religion+of+the+Nabataeans%3A+A+Conspectus&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-90-04-30148-1&rft.au=J.F.+Healey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhbO9CwAAQBAJ%26q%3DBaalshamin%2520sky%2520god%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Volume_9_1997_page_261-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Volume_9_1997_page_261_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1997" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Bosworth, Clifford Edomond</a> (1997). "AL-SHĀM". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopaedia_of_Islam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a></i>. Vol. 9. p. 261.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=AL-SH%C4%80M&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=261&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=Clifford+Edomond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFYounger2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Younger, K. Lawson Jr. (7 ตุลาคม 2016). <i>A Political History of the Arameans: From Their Origins to the End of Their Polities (Archaeology and Biblical Studies)</i> (ภาษาอังกฤษ). Atlanta, GA: SBL Press. p. 551. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-1-58983-128-5" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-1-58983-128-5"><bdi>978-1-58983-128-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Political+History+of+the+Arameans%3A+From+Their+Origins+to+the+End+of+Their+Polities+%28Archaeology+and+Biblical+Studies%29&rft.place=Atlanta%2C+GA&rft.pages=551&rft.pub=SBL+Press&rft.date=2016-10-07&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-128-5&rft.aulast=Younger&rft.aufirst=K.+Lawson+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFM._KottekJ._GrieserC._BeckB._Rudolf2006" class="citation journal cs1">M. Kottek; J. Grieser; C. Beck; B. Rudolf; F. Rubel (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pics/kottek_et_al_2006.gif">"World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated"</a>. <i>Meteorol. Z</i>. <b>15</b> (3): 259–263. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006MetZe..15..259K">2006MetZe..15..259K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1127%2F0941-2948%2F2006%2F0130">10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111017125921/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pics/kottek_et_al_2006.gif">เก็บ</a>จากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 17 ตุลาคม 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. สืบค้นเมื่อ 1 สิงหาคม 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Meteorol.+Z.&rft.atitle=World+Map+of+the+K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger+climate+classification+updated&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=259-263&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1127%2F0941-2948%2F2006%2F0130&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006MetZe..15..259K&rft.au=M.+Kottek&rft.au=J.+Grieser&rft.au=C.+Beck&rft.au=B.+Rudolf&rft.au=F.+Rubel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkoeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at%2Fpics%2Fkottek_et_al_2006.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFTyson2010" class="citation web cs1">Tyson, Patrick J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.climates.com/ASIA/PDF/SYR02ASA.pdf">"SUNSHINE GUIDE TO THE DAMASCUS AREA, SYRIA"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. climates.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511211807/http://www.climates.com/ASIA/PDF/SYR02ASA.pdf">เก็บ</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>จากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 11 พฤษภาคม 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. สืบค้นเมื่อ 26 พฤศจิกายน 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SUNSHINE+GUIDE+TO+THE+DAMASCUS+AREA%2C+SYRIA&rft.pub=climates.com&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Tyson&rft.aufirst=Patrick+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.climates.com%2FASIA%2FPDF%2FSYR02ASA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pogoda-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pogoda_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate2/40080.htm">"The Climate of Damascus 1981–2010"</a> (ภาษารัสเซีย). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170517183934/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate2/40080.htm">เก็บ</a>จากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 17 พฤษภาคม 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. สืบค้นเมื่อ 26 เมษายน 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Climate+of+Damascus+1981%E2%80%932010&rft.pub=Weather+and+Climate+%28%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pogodaiklimat.ru%2Fclimate2%2F40080.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_31-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/SY/40080.TXT">"Damascus INTL Climate Normals 1961–1990"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. สืบค้นเมื่อ <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Damascus+INTL+Climate+Normals+1961%E2%80%931990&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.atdd.noaa.gov%2Fpub%2FGCOS%2FWMO-Normals%2FTABLES%2FREG_VI%2FSY%2F40080.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805132907/http://damascus.org.sy/"><bdi lang="ar">دمشق عاصمة الثقافة العربية 2008</bdi></a>. Damascus.org.sy. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจาก<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://damascus.org.sy/">แหล่งเดิม</a>เมื่อ 5 สิงหาคม 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. สืบค้นเมื่อ 27 ธันวาคม 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82+%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9+2008&rft.pub=Damascus.org.sy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdamascus.org.sy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201025172312/https://www.ankara.bel.tr/genel-sekreter/genel-sekreter-yardimcisi-faruk-cinki/dis-liskiler-daire-baskanligi/ankaranin-kardes-sehirleri/">"Ankaranın Kardeş Şehirleri"</a>. <i>ankara.bel.tr</i> (ภาษาตุรกี). Ankara. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจาก<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ankara.bel.tr/genel-sekreter/genel-sekreter-yardimcisi-faruk-cinki/dis-liskiler-daire-baskanligi/ankaranin-kardes-sehirleri/">แหล่งเดิม</a>เมื่อ 25 ตุลาคม 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. สืบค้นเมื่อ 16 กันยายน 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ankara.bel.tr&rft.atitle=Ankaran%C4%B1n+Karde%C5%9F+%C5%9Eehirleri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ankara.bel.tr%2Fgenel-sekreter%2Fgenel-sekreter-yardimcisi-faruk-cinki%2Fdis-liskiler-daire-baskanligi%2Fankaranin-kardes-sehirleri%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.banatulazi.ro/care-i-cel-mai-infratit-oras-din-romania-care-i-cu-americanii-care-i-cu-rusii-si-care-i-infratit-cu-timisoara/">"Care-i cel mai… înfrățit oraș din România? Care-i cu americanii, care-i cu rușii? Și care-i înfrățit cu Timișoara…"</a>. <i>banatulazi.ro</i> (ภาษาโรมาเนีย). Banatul Azi. 6 สิงหาคม 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. สืบค้นเมื่อ 16 กันยายน 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=banatulazi.ro&rft.atitle=Care-i+cel+mai%E2%80%A6+%C3%AEnfr%C4%83%C8%9Bit+ora%C8%99+din+Rom%C3%A2nia%3F+Care-i+cu+americanii%2C+care-i+cu+ru%C8%99ii%3F+%C8%98i+care-i+%C3%AEnfr%C4%83%C8%9Bit+cu+Timi%C8%99oara%E2%80%A6&rft.date=2016-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.banatulazi.ro%2Fcare-i-cel-mai-infratit-oras-din-romania-care-i-cu-americanii-care-i-cu-rusii-si-care-i-infratit-cu-timisoara%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/internacionalesycooperacion/relacionesbilaterales/convenios">"Convenios Internacionales"</a>. <i>buenosaires.gob.ar</i> (ภาษาสเปน). Buenos Aires<span class="reference-accessdate">. สืบค้นเมื่อ 16 กันยายน 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=buenosaires.gob.ar&rft.atitle=Convenios+Internacionales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buenosaires.gob.ar%2Finternacionalesycooperacion%2Frelacionesbilaterales%2Fconvenios&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diariocordoba.com/noticias/cordobalocal/12-ciudades-hermanadas-cordoba_1353134.html">"Las 12 hermanas de Córdoba"</a>. <i>diariocordoba.com</i> (ภาษาสเปน). Diario Córdoba. 10 กุมภาพันธ์ 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. สืบค้นเมื่อ 16 กันยายน 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=diariocordoba.com&rft.atitle=Las+12+hermanas+de+C%C3%B3rdoba&rft.date=2020-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diariocordoba.com%2Fnoticias%2Fcordobalocal%2F12-ciudades-hermanadas-cordoba_1353134.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ajmannews.ae/news.php?id=39961&cat_id=2">"Internationale samenwerking"</a>. <i>ajmannews.ae</i> (ภาษาอาหรับ). 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Destino Toledo. 17 พฤษภาคม 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. สืบค้นเมื่อ 16 กันยายน 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=destinotoledo.com&rft.atitle=Toledo%27s+sister+cities&rft.date=2016-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.destinotoledo.com%2Fen%2Ftoledos-sister-cities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yerevan.am/en/partner/sister-cities/">"Sister cities"</a>. <i>yerevan.am</i>. Yerevan<span class="reference-accessdate">. สืบค้นเมื่อ 16 กันยายน 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=yerevan.am&rft.atitle=Sister+cities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yerevan.am%2Fen%2Fpartner%2Fsister-cities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="บรรณานุกรม"><span id=".E0.B8.9A.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.93.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.99.E0.B8.B8.E0.B8.81.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.A1"></span>บรรณานุกรม</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA&action=edit&section=9" title="แก้ไขส่วน: บรรณานุกรม"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8938631">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFAbdulkarim2003" class="citation book cs1">Abdulkarim, Maamoun (2003). <i>Apollodorus of Damascus and Trajan's Column</i>. L'Erma di Bretschneider. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-8-8826-5233-3" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-8-8826-5233-3"><bdi>978-8-8826-5233-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apollodorus+of+Damascus+and+Trajan%27s+Column&rft.pub=L%27Erma+di+Bretschneider&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-8-8826-5233-3&rft.aulast=Abdulkarim&rft.aufirst=Maamoun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFAharoniAvi-Yonah1977" class="citation book cs1">Aharoni, Yohanan; Avi-Yonah, Michael (1977). <i>The MacMillan Bible Atlas</i>. Carta Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-0-7318-1071-0" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-0-7318-1071-0"><bdi>978-0-7318-1071-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+MacMillan+Bible+Atlas&rft.pub=Carta+Ltd.&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-7318-1071-0&rft.aulast=Aharoni&rft.aufirst=Yohanan&rft.au=Avi-Yonah%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFAmitai1987" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reuven_Amitai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reuven Amitai (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Amitai, Reuven</a> (1987). "Mongol Raids into Palestine (AD 1260 and 1300)". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Asiatic_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Asiatic Society (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</a></i>: 236–255. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1356-1863">1356-1863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=Mongol+Raids+into+Palestine+%28AD+1260+and+1300%29&rft.pages=236-255&rft.date=1987&rft.issn=1356-1863&rft.aulast=Amitai&rft.aufirst=Reuven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFBurns2005" class="citation book cs1">Burns, Ross (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1_bQTrpf62cC"><i>Damascus: A History</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-0-415-27105-9" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-0-415-27105-9"><bdi>978-0-415-27105-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Damascus%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-27105-9&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1_bQTrpf62cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFCammelli2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cammelli, Stefano (3 พฤศจิกายน 2005). <i>Il Minareto di Gesù</i> (ภาษาอิตาลี). Il Mulino. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-88-15-10846-3" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-88-15-10846-3"><bdi>978-88-15-10846-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+Minareto+di+Ges%C3%B9&rft.pub=Il+Mulino&rft.date=2005-11-03&rft.isbn=978-88-15-10846-3&rft.aulast=Cammelli&rft.aufirst=Stefano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Crawford, Peter (2013). <i>The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam</i> (ภาษาอังกฤษ). Pen and Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-1-4738-2865-0" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-1-4738-2865-0"><bdi>978-1-4738-2865-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+the+Three+Gods%3A+Romans%2C+Persians+and+the+Rise+of+Islam&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4738-2865-0&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFDemurger2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Demurger, Alain (2007). <i>Jacques de Molay</i> (ภาษาฝรั่งเศส). Editions Payot&Rivages. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-2-228-90235-9" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-2-228-90235-9"><bdi>978-2-228-90235-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jacques+de+Molay&rft.pub=Editions+Payot%26Rivages&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-2-228-90235-9&rft.aulast=Demurger&rft.aufirst=Alain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2002" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Jill, Duchess of (2002). <i>First to Damascus: The story of the Australian Light Horse and Lawrence of Arabia</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-0-7318-1071-0" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-0-7318-1071-0"><bdi>978-0-7318-1071-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+to+Damascus%3A+The+story+of+the+Australian+Light+Horse+and+Lawrence+of+Arabia&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7318-1071-0&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Jill%2C+Duchess+of&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Khaldun1952" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn Khaldun (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Ibn Khaldun</a> (1952). <i>Ibn Khaldūn and Tamerlane: Their Historic Meeting in Damascus, 1401 A.d. (803 A. H.) A Study Based on Arabic Manuscripts of Ibn Khaldūn's "Autobiography,"</i>. แปลโดย Walter Joseph Fischel. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/751357119">751357119</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ibn+Khald%C5%ABn+and+Tamerlane%3A+Their+Historic+Meeting+in+Damascus%2C+1401+A.d.+%28803+A.+H.%29+A+Study+Based+on+Arabic+Manuscripts+of+Ibn+Khald%C5%ABn%27s+%22Autobiography%2C%22&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F751357119&rft.au=Ibn+Khaldun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFKaegi2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Kaegi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Kaegi (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Kaegi, Walter Emil</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tlNlFZ_7UhoC"><i>Heraclius: Emperor of Byzantium</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-521-81459-6" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-521-81459-6"><bdi>0-521-81459-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heraclius%3A+Emperor+of+Byzantium&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-521-81459-6&rft.aulast=Kaegi&rft.aufirst=Walter+Emil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtlNlFZ_7UhoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFNicolle2001" class="citation book cs1">Nicolle, David (2001). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="ต้องสมัครสมาชิกแบบฟรี"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crusades00nico"><i>The Crusades</i></a></span>. Essential Histories. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-1-84176-179-4" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-1-84176-179-4"><bdi>978-1-84176-179-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crusades&rft.series=Essential+Histories&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-179-4&rft.aulast=Nicolle&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrusades00nico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFRunciman1987" class="citation book cs1">Runciman, Steven (1987). <i>A History of the Crusades: Volume 3, The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-0-521-34772-3" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-0-521-34772-3"><bdi>978-0-521-34772-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Crusades%3A+Volume+3%2C+The+Kingdom+of+Acre+and+the+Later+Crusades&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-521-34772-3&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFSchein1979" class="citation journal cs1">Schein, Sylvia (October 1979). "Gesta Dei per Mongolos 1300. The Genesis of a Non-Event". <i>The English Historical Review</i>. <b>94</b> (373): 805–819. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FXCIV.CCCLXXIII.805">10.1093/ehr/XCIV.CCCLXXIII.805</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/565554">565554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Gesta+Dei+per+Mongolos+1300.+The+Genesis+of+a+Non-Event&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=373&rft.pages=805-819&rft.date=1979-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FXCIV.CCCLXXIII.805&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F565554%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Schein&rft.aufirst=Sylvia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFTwain1869" class="citation book cs1">Twain, Mark (1869). <i>The Innocents Abroad</i>. San Francisco, CA: American Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/794976794">794976794</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Innocents+Abroad&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+CA&rft.pub=American+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1869&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F794976794&rft.aulast=Twain&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น"><span id=".E0.B9.81.E0.B8.AB.E0.B8.A5.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.82.E0.B9.89.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.A1.E0.B8.B9.E0.B8.A5.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.B7.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.99"></span>แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA&action=edit&section=10" title="แก้ไขส่วน: แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r10827797">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9259874">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{list-style:none;padding-left:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search">วิกิมีเดียคอมมอนส์</a>มีสื่อที่เกี่ยวข้องกับ <b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Damascus?setlang=th">ดามัสกัส</a></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10827797"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9259874"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">วิกิท่องเที่ยว มีคำแนะนำการท่องเที่ยวสำหรับ <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Damascus#Q3766" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Damascus">ดามัสกัส</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFMacalister1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._A._Stewart_Macalister&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R. A. Stewart Macalister (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Macalister, R. A. Stewart</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="Wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Damascus"><a class="external text" href="https://th.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Damascus">"Damascus" </a></span>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" class="extiw" title="en:Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">สารานุกรมบริตานิกา ค.ศ. 1911</a></i> (11 ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Damascus&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2+%E0%B8%84.%E0%B8%A8.+1911&rft.edition=11&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Macalister&rft.aufirst=R.+A.+Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nli.org.il:80/F/?func=direct&doc_number=002370090&local_base=NNLMAP">Map of Damascus, 1929</a>, Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, The National Library of Israel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/syria/damascus/maps/tfl_1929_damascus.html">Historic Cities Research Project</a>.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r10552737">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="คุยเรื่องแม่แบบ:เมืองหลวงในทวีปเอเชีย"><abbr title="อภิปรายแม่แบบนี้" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">ค</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-แก้"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:EditPage/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A:%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="พิเศษ:EditPage/แม่แบบ:เมืองหลวงในทวีปเอเชีย"><abbr title="แก้ไขแม่แบบนี้" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">ก</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="เมืองหลวงในทวีปเอเชีย" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87" title="เมืองหลวง">เมืองหลวง</a>ใน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ทวีปเอเชีย">ทวีปเอเชีย</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px;"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD" title="เอเชียเหนือ">เอเชียเหนือ</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89" title="เอเชียใต้">เอเชียใต้</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89" title="เอเชียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้">เอเชียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89" title="เอเชียตะวันตกเฉียงใต้">เอเชียตะวันตกเฉียงใต้</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;;;;width:20%;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81" title="มอสโก">มอสโก</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="รัสเซีย">รัสเซีย</a></i> <sup><small>†</small></sup><br /> </p> <div style="background:#dcdcfe; text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="เอเชียกลาง">เอเชียกลาง</a></b></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A" title="ดูชานเบ">ดูชานเบ</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="ทาจิกิสถาน">ทาจิกิสถาน</a></i><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="ทาชเคนต์">ทาชเคนต์</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="อุซเบกิสถาน">อุซเบกิสถาน</a></i><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%81" title="บิชเคก">บิชเคก</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="คีร์กีซสถาน">คีร์กีซสถาน</a></i><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2" title="อัสตานา">อัสตานา</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="คาซัคสถาน">คาซัคสถาน</a></i> <sup><small>†</small></sup><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95" title="อาชกาบัต">อาชกาบัต</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="เติร์กเมนิสถาน">เติร์กเมนิสถาน</a></i> </p> <div style="background:#dcdcfe; text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81" title="เอเชียตะวันออก">เอเชียตะวันออก</a></b></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A5" title="โซล">โซล</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="เกาหลีใต้">เกาหลีใต้</a></i><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7" title="โตเกียว">โตเกียว</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99" title="ประเทศญี่ปุ่น">ญี่ปุ่น</a></i><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B" title="ไทเป">ไทเป</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="สาธารณรัฐจีน">ไต้หวัน</a></i><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87" title="ปักกิ่ง">ปักกิ่ง</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="จีน">จีน</a></i><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%87" title="ฮ่องกง">ฮ่องกง</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%87" title="ฮ่องกง">ฮ่องกง</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="จีน">จีน</a>)<br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8A%E0%B8%B2" title="มาเก๊า">มาเก๊า</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8A%E0%B8%B2" title="มาเก๊า">มาเก๊า</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="จีน">จีน</a>)<br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="เปียงยาง">เปียงยาง</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="เกาหลีเหนือ">เกาหลีเหนือ</a></i><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="อูลานบาตาร์">อูลานบาตาร์</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="มองโกเลีย">มองโกเลีย</a></i> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:20%;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%B8" title="กาฐมาณฑุ">กาฐมาณฑุ</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="เนปาล">เนปาล</a></i><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8F%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8F" title="ศรีชยวรรธนปุระโกฏเฏ">ศรีชยวรรธนปุระโกฏเฏ</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="ศรีลังกา">ศรีลังกา</a></i><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5" title="คาบูล">คาบูล</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="อัฟกานิสถาน">อัฟกานิสถาน</a></i><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2" title="ดีเอโกการ์ซีอา">ดีเอโกการ์ซีอา</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5" title="บริติชอินเดียนโอเชียนเทร์ริทอรี">บริติชอินเดียนโอเชียนเทร์ริทอรี</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3" title="สหราชอาณาจักร">สหราชอาณาจักร</a>)<br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B9" title="ทิมพู">ทิมพู</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="ภูฏาน">ภูฏาน</a></i><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2" title="ธากา">ธากา</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="บังกลาเทศ">บังกลาเทศ</a></i><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5" title="นิวเดลี">นิวเดลี</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="อินเดีย">อินเดีย</a></i><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5" title="มาเล">มาเล</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="มัลดีฟส์">มัลดีฟส์</a></i><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94" title="อิสลามาบาด">อิสลามาบาด</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="ปากีสถาน">ปากีสถาน</a></i><br /> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:20%;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3" title="กรุงเทพมหานคร">กรุงเทพมหานคร</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="ไทย">ไทย</a></i><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="กัวลาลัมเปอร์">กัวลาลัมเปอร์</a></b> ,<i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="มาเลเซีย">มาเลเซีย</a></i><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2" title="จาการ์ตา">จาการ์ตา</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="อินโดนีเซีย">อินโดนีเซีย</a></i> <sup><small>†</small></sup><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5" title="ดิลี">ดิลี</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95" class="mw-redirect" title="ติมอร์-เลสเต">ติมอร์-เลสเต</a></i><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="เดอะเซตเทิลเมนต์">เดอะเซตเทิลเมนต์</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA" title="เกาะคริสต์มาส">เกาะคริสต์มาส</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="ออสเตรเลีย">ออสเตรเลีย</a>)<br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD" title="เนปยีดอ">เนปยีดอ</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="พม่า">พม่า</a></i><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="บันดาร์เซอรีเบอกาวัน">บันดาร์เซอรีเบอกาวัน</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="บรูไน">บรูไน</a></i><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8D" title="พนมเปญ">พนมเปญ</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="กัมพูชา">กัมพูชา</a></i><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5" title="พอร์ตมอร์สบี">พอร์ตมอร์สบี</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ปาปัวนิวกินี">ปาปัวนิวกินี</a><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2" title="มะนิลา">มะนิลา</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="ฟิลิปปินส์">ฟิลิปปินส์</a></i><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C" title="เวียงจันทน์">เวียงจันทน์</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="ลาว">ลาว</a></i><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="สิงคโปร์">สิงคโปร์</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ประเทศสิงคโปร์">สิงคโปร์</a></i><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2" title="ฮานอย">ฮานอย</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="เวียดนาม">เวียดนาม</a></i><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="เวสต์ไอแลนด์">เวสต์ไอแลนด์</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AA_(%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87)" title="หมู่เกาะโคโคส (คีลิง)">หมู่เกาะโคโคส (คีลิง)</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="ออสเตรเลีย">ออสเตรเลีย</a>)<br /> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:20%;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5" title="คูเวตซิตี">คูเวตซิตี </a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%95" class="mw-redirect" title="คูเวต">คูเวต</a></i><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2" title="ซานา">ซานา</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="เยเมน">เยเมน</a></i><br /> <b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ดามัสกัส</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="ซีเรีย">ซีเรีย</a></i><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2" title="โดฮา">โดฮา</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="กาตาร์">กาตาร์</a></i><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="เตหะราน">เตหะราน</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="อิหร่าน">อิหร่าน</a></i><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5" title="ทบิลีซี">ทบิลีซี</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="จอร์เจีย">จอร์เจีย</a></i> <sup><small>†</small></sup><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="นิโคเซีย">นิโคเซีย</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="ไซปรัส">ไซปรัส</a></i> <sup><small>†</small></sup><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="นอร์ทนิโคเซีย">นอร์ทนิโคเซีย</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="นอร์เทิร์นไซปรัส">นอร์เทิร์นไซปรัส</a></i> <sup><small>†</small></sup><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B9" title="บากู">บากู</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="อาเซอร์ไบจาน">อาเซอร์ไบจาน</a></i> <sup><small>†</small></sup><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%95" title="เบรุต">เบรุต</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="เลบานอน">เลบานอน</a></i><br /> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:20%;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%94" title="แบกแดด">แบกแดด</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81" class="mw-redirect" title="อิรัก">อิรัก</a></i><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95" title="มัสกัต">มัสกัต</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="โอมาน">โอมาน</a></i><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2" title="มานามา">มานามา</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="บาห์เรน">บาห์เรน</a></i><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A1" title="เยรูซาเลม">เยรูซาเลม</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="อิสราเอล">อิสราเอล</a></i><sup><small>#</small></sup><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81" title="เยรูซาเลมตะวันออก">เยรูซาเลมตะวันออก</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C" title="รัฐปาเลสไตน์">ปาเลสไตน์</a></i><sup><small>#</small></sup><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="เยเรวาน">เยเรวาน</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="อาร์มีเนีย">อาร์มีเนีย</a></i> <sup><small>†</small></sup><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94" title="รียาด">รียาด</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="ซาอุดีอาระเบีย">ซาอุดีอาระเบีย</a></i><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2" title="อังการา">อังการา</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ตุรกี">ตุรกี</a></i> <sup><small>†</small></sup><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="อัมมาน">อัมมาน</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="จอร์แดน">จอร์แดน</a></i><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5" title="อาบูดาบี">อาบูดาบี</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="สหรัฐอาหรับเอมิเรตส์">สหรัฐอาหรับเอมิเรตส์</a></i><br /> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.5em 0 0.3em; line-height:1.3em;"><div><span class="nowrap"><sup><small>†</small></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ประเทศข้ามทวีป (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ประเทศข้ามทวีป</a> </span> <span class="nowrap"><sup><small>#</small></sup> พิพาท</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10552737"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10791470"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="เมืองหลวงทางวัฒนธรรมของอาหรับ" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #BFD7FF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10552737"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10552732"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-ดู"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A:%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A" title="แม่แบบ:เมืองหลวงทางวัฒนธรรมของอาหรับ"><abbr title="ดูแม่แบบนี้" style=";background: #BFD7FF;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">ด</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-คุย"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A:%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="คุยเรื่องแม่แบบ:เมืองหลวงทางวัฒนธรรมของอาหรับ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)"><abbr title="อภิปรายแม่แบบนี้" style=";background: #BFD7FF;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">ค</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-แก้"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:EditPage/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A:%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A" title="พิเศษ:EditPage/แม่แบบ:เมืองหลวงทางวัฒนธรรมของอาหรับ"><abbr title="แก้ไขแม่แบบนี้" style=";background: #BFD7FF;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">ก</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="เมืองหลวงทางวัฒนธรรมของอาหรับ" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A" title="เมืองหลวงทางวัฒนธรรมของอาหรับ">เมืองหลวงทางวัฒนธรรมของอาหรับ</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">1996 <a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3" title="ไคโร">ไคโร</a> • 1997 <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA" title="ตูนิส">ตูนิส</a> • 1998 <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="ชาร์จาห์">ชาร์จาห์</a> • 1999 <a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%95" title="เบรุต">เบรุต</a> • 2000 <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94" class="mw-redirect" title="ริยาด">ริยาด</a> • 2001 <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5" title="คูเวตซิตี">คูเวตซิตี</a> • 2002 <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="อัมมาน">อัมมาน</a> • 2003 <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95" title="ราบัต">ราบัต</a> • 2004 <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2" title="ซานา">ซานา</a> • 2005 <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1" title="คาร์ทูม">คาร์ทูม</a> •<br /> 2006 <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95" title="มัสกัต">มัสกัต</a> • 2007 <a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="แอลเจียร์">แอลเจียร์</a> • 2008 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">ดามัสกัส</a> • 2009 <a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A1" title="เยรูซาเลม">เยรูซาเลม</a> • 2010 <a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2" title="โดฮา">โดฮา</a> • 2011 <a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95" title="เซิร์ต">เซิร์ต</a> • 2012 <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2" title="มานามา">มานามา</a> • 2013 <a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%94" title="แบกแดด">แบกแดด</a> • 2014 <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5" title="ตริโปลี">ตริโปลี</a> • 2015 <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99_(%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2)" title="กงส์ต็องตีน (ประเทศแอลจีเรีย)">กงส์ต็องตีน</a><br /> • 2016 <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" title="สฟักซ์">สฟักซ์</a> • 2017 <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ลักซอร์">ลักซอร์</a> • 2018 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="อุจดา (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">อุจดา</a> • 2019 <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="พอร์ตซูดาน">พอร์ตซูดาน</a> • 2020 <a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%A1" title="เบธเลเฮม">เบธเลเฮม</a> • 2021 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="อิรบิด (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">อิรบิด</a> • 2022 <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5" title="คูเวตซิตี">คูเวตซิตี</a> • 2023 <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5_(%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99)" title="ตริโปลี (เลบานอน)">ตรีโปลี</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10552737"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10791470"><style 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href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89:%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="วิธีใช้:การควบคุมรายการหลักฐาน">ฐานข้อมูลการควบคุมรายการหลักฐาน</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3766#identifiers" title="แก้ไขสิ่งนี้ที่วิกิสนเทศ"><img alt="แก้ไขสิ่งนี้ที่วิกิสนเทศ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX452306">สเปน</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058620288906706">กาตาลุญญา</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4010956-2">เยอรมนี</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007557363105171">อิสราเอล</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79143055">สหรัฐ</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/jgvxwbg23s1j8vg">สวีเดน</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Damašek (Sýrie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge553249&CON_LNG=ENG">เช็กเกีย</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ภูมิศาสตร์</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/725210c4-3f89-4f49-a508-794e92f700ef">มิวสิกเบรนซ์ พื้นที่</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/678106">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">อื่น ๆ</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044404">NARA</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9895811">.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox p{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .asbox p+p{margin-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .asbox-body{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .asbox-note{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .asbox .navbar{position:absolute;top:-0.75em;right:1em;display:none}</style><div role="note" class="metadata plainlinks asbox stub"><table role="presentation"><tbody><tr class="noresize"><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Emoji_u1f5fa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stub icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Emoji_u1f5fa.svg/35px-Emoji_u1f5fa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" 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class="nv-แก้"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:EditPage/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A:%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8" title="พิเศษ:EditPage/แม่แบบ:โครงประเทศ"><abbr title="แก้ไขแม่แบบนี้">ก</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">เข้าถึงจาก "<a dir="ltr" href="https://th.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ดามัสกัส&oldid=11874027">https://th.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ดามัสกัส&oldid=11874027</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88" 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88:%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2Sabaean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="หมวดหมู่:บทความที่มีข้อความภาษาSabaean (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">บทความที่มีข้อความภาษาSabaean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88:%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="หมวดหมู่:ดามัสกัส">ดามัสกัส</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88:%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="หมวดหมู่:เมืองหลวงในทวีปเอเชีย">เมืองหลวงในทวีปเอเชีย</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88:%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A" title="หมวดหมู่:เมืองหลวงทางวัฒนธรรมของอาหรับ">เมืองหลวงทางวัฒนธรรมของอาหรับ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88:%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="หมวดหมู่:เมืองในประเทศซีเรีย">เมืองในประเทศซีเรีย</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88:%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="หมวดหมู่:ลิแวนต์">ลิแวนต์</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88:%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88" title="หมวดหมู่:เมืองในพันธสัญญาใหม่">เมืองในพันธสัญญาใหม่</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88:%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A_%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87_%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C" title="หมวดหมู่:บทความเกี่ยวกับ ประเทศและเขตการปกครอง ที่ยังไม่สมบูรณ์">บทความเกี่ยวกับ ประเทศและเขตการปกครอง ที่ยังไม่สมบูรณ์</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">หมวดหมู่ที่ซ่อนอยู่: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88:Pages_using_the_WikiHiero_extension" title="หมวดหมู่:Pages using the WikiHiero extension">Pages using the WikiHiero extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88:%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A" title="หมวดหมู่:บทความที่มีข้อความภาษาอาหรับ">บทความที่มีข้อความภาษาอาหรับ</a></li><li><a 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title="หมวดหมู่:CS1 แหล่งที่มาภาษาอังกฤษ (en)">CS1 แหล่งที่มาภาษาอังกฤษ (en)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88:CS1_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2_(ru)" title="หมวดหมู่:CS1 แหล่งที่มาภาษารัสเซีย (ru)">CS1 แหล่งที่มาภาษารัสเซีย (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88:CS1_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5_(tr)" title="หมวดหมู่:CS1 แหล่งที่มาภาษาตุรกี (tr)">CS1 แหล่งที่มาภาษาตุรกี (tr)</a></li><li><a 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