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社会心理学 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书

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class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=spontaneous&amp;uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&amp;returnto=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录,但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&amp;returnto=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="建议你登录,尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-发展历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#发展历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>发展历史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-发展历史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关发展历史子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-发展历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-产生阶段" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#产生阶段"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>产生阶段</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-产生阶段-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-精神分析" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#精神分析"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>精神分析</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-精神分析-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-古典精神分析" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#古典精神分析"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1.1</span> <span>古典精神分析</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-古典精神分析-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-新精神分析" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#新精神分析"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1.2</span> <span>新精神分析</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-新精神分析-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-行为主义" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#行为主义"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>行为主义</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-行为主义-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-人本主义" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#人本主义"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>人本主义</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-人本主义-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-初步发展阶段" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#初步发展阶段"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>初步发展阶段</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-初步发展阶段-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-初步繁荣阶段" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#初步繁荣阶段"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>初步繁荣阶段</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-初步繁荣阶段-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-危机阶段" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#危机阶段"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>危机阶段</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-危机阶段-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-繁荣阶段" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#繁荣阶段"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>繁荣阶段</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-繁荣阶段-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-研究取向和研究层面" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#研究取向和研究层面"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>研究取向和研究层面</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-研究取向和研究层面-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关研究取向和研究层面子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-研究取向和研究层面-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-研究取向" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#研究取向"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>研究取向</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-研究取向-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-研究层面" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#研究层面"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>研究层面</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-研究层面-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-研究理论、研究方法和实验" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#研究理论、研究方法和实验"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>研究理论、研究方法和实验</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-研究理论、研究方法和实验-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关研究理论、研究方法和实验子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-研究理论、研究方法和实验-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-研究理论" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#研究理论"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>研究理论</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-研究理论-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-生物理论" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生物理论"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>生物理论</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-生物理论-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-学习理论" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#学习理论"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>学习理论</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-学习理论-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-诱因理论" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#诱因理论"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>诱因理论</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-诱因理论-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-认知理论" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#认知理论"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>认知理论</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-认知理论-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-角色理论" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#角色理论"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>角色理论</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-角色理论-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-社会认同理论" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#社会认同理论"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.6</span> <span>社会认同理论</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-社会认同理论-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-研究方法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#研究方法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>研究方法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-研究方法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-著名实验" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#著名实验"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>著名实验</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-著名实验-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-研究内容" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#研究内容"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>研究内容</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-研究内容-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关研究内容子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-研究内容-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-自我" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#自我"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>自我</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-自我-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-自我概念" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#自我概念"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>自我概念</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-自我概念-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-自我图式" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#自我图式"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>自我图式</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-自我图式-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-自我觉知" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#自我觉知"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>自我觉知</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-自我觉知-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-自我效能" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#自我效能"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>自我效能</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-自我效能-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-自尊" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#自尊"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.5</span> <span>自尊</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-自尊-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-自我确认" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#自我确认"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.5.1</span> <span>自我确认</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-自我确认-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-自我表演" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#自我表演"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.5.2</span> <span>自我表演</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-自我表演-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-自我检控" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#自我检控"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.5.3</span> <span>自我检控</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-自我检控-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-自我障碍" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#自我障碍"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.5.4</span> <span>自我障碍</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-自我障碍-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-自证预言" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#自证预言"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.6</span> <span>自证预言</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-自证预言-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-体像" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#体像"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.7</span> <span>体像</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-体像-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-自我偏差" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#自我偏差"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.8</span> <span>自我偏差</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-自我偏差-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-自我提升" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#自我提升"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.8.1</span> <span>自我提升</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-自我提升-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-焦点效应" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#焦点效应"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.8.2</span> <span>焦点效应</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-焦点效应-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-自利偏差" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#自利偏差"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.8.3</span> <span>自利偏差</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-自利偏差-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-盲目乐观" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#盲目乐观"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.8.4</span> <span>盲目乐观</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-盲目乐观-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-虚假一致性和虚假独特性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#虚假一致性和虚假独特性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.8.5</span> <span>虚假一致性和虚假独特性</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-虚假一致性和虚假独特性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-自我文化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#自我文化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.9</span> <span>自我文化</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-自我文化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-独立型自我和依赖型自我" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#独立型自我和依赖型自我"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.9.1</span> <span>独立型自我和依赖型自我</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-独立型自我和依赖型自我-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-社会认知、个体知觉和归因" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#社会认知、个体知觉和归因"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>社会认知、个体知觉和归因</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-社会认知、个体知觉和归因-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-社会认知" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#社会认知"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>社会认知</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-社会认知-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-社会分类" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#社会分类"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1.1</span> <span>社会分类</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-社会分类-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-图式" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#图式"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1.2</span> <span>图式</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-图式-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-社会认知法则" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#社会认知法则"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1.3</span> <span>社会认知法则</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-社会认知法则-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-个体知觉" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#个体知觉"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>个体知觉</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-个体知觉-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-系列位置效应" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#系列位置效应"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2.1</span> <span>系列位置效应</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-系列位置效应-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-知觉偏差" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#知觉偏差"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2.2</span> <span>知觉偏差</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-知觉偏差-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-归因" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#归因"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>归因</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-归因-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-社会行为" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#社会行为"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>社会行为</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-社会行为-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-侵犯行为" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#侵犯行为"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>侵犯行为</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-侵犯行为-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-亲社会行为" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#亲社会行为"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>亲社会行为</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-亲社会行为-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-社会交换和社会影响" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#社会交换和社会影响"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>社会交换和社会影响</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-社会交换和社会影响-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-社会交换" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#社会交换"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>社会交换</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-社会交换-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-社会影响" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#社会影响"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>社会影响</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-社会影响-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-从众、顺从和服从" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#从众、顺从和服从"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.3</span> <span>从众、顺从和服从</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-从众、顺从和服从-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-态度、偏见和说服" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#态度、偏见和说服"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>态度、偏见和说服</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-态度、偏见和说服-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-社会态度" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#社会态度"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>社会态度</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-社会态度-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-偏见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#偏见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.2</span> <span>偏见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-偏见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-说服" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#说服"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.3</span> <span>说服</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-说服-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-人际关系" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#人际关系"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>人际关系</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-人际关系-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-人际吸引和亲密关系" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#人际吸引和亲密关系"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.1</span> <span>人际吸引和亲密关系</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-人际吸引和亲密关系-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-爱情" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#爱情"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.2</span> <span>爱情</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-爱情-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-团体" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#团体"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>团体</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-团体-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-团体分类" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#团体分类"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.1</span> <span>团体分类</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-团体分类-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-团体规范" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#团体规范"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.2</span> <span>团体规范</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-团体规范-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-团体凝聚力" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#团体凝聚力"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.3</span> <span>团体凝聚力</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-团体凝聚力-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-团体领导" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#团体领导"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.4</span> <span>团体领导</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-团体领导-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-团体沟通" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#团体沟通"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.5</span> <span>团体沟通</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-团体沟通-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-团体决策" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#团体决策"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.6</span> <span>团体决策</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-团体决策-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-一般性问题" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#一般性问题"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.6.1</span> <span>一般性问题</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-一般性问题-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-决策规则" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#决策规则"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.6.2</span> <span>决策规则</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-决策规则-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-决策方法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#决策方法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.6.3</span> <span>决策方法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-决策方法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-团体极化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#团体极化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.7</span> <span>团体极化</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-团体极化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-团体思维" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#团体思维"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.8</span> <span>团体思维</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-团体思维-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注脚" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注脚"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>注脚</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注脚-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">社会心理学</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。78种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiale_sielkunde" title="Sosiale sielkunde – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sosiale sielkunde" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sozialpsychologie" title="Sozialpsychologie – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sozialpsychologie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="علم النفس الاجتماعي – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم النفس الاجتماعي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="سيكولوجيا اجتماعية – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سيكولوجيا اجتماعية" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="সামাজিক মনোবিজ্ঞান – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সামাজিক মনোবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicolox%C3%ADa_social" title="Psicoloxía social – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Psicoloxía social" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosial_psixologiya" title="Sosial psixologiya – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sosial psixologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Сацыяльная псіхалогія – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сацыяльная псіхалогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Сацыяльная псыхалёгія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сацыяльная псыхалёгія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Социална психология – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Социална психология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="सामाजिक मनोबिज्ञान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सामाजिक मनोबिज्ञान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socijalna_psihologija" title="Socijalna psihologija – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Socijalna psihologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicologia_social" title="Psicologia social – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Psicologia social" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="دەروونناسیی کۆمەڵایەتی – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەروونناسیی کۆمەڵایەتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_psychologie" title="Sociální psychologie – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sociální psychologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialpsykologi" title="Socialpsykologi – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Socialpsykologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sozialpsychologie" title="Sozialpsychologie – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sozialpsychologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikolociya_sosyale" title="Psikolociya sosyale – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Psikolociya sosyale" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%88%CF%85%CF%87%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Κοινωνική ψυχολογία – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κοινωνική ψυχολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Social psychology" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socia_psikologio" title="Socia psikologio – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Socia psikologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicolog%C3%ADa_social" title="Psicología social – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Psicología social" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotsiaalps%C3%BChholoogia" title="Sotsiaalpsühholoogia – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sotsiaalpsühholoogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizarte_psikologia" title="Gizarte psikologia – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gizarte psikologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C" title="روان‌شناسی اجتماعی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روان‌شناسی اجتماعی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiaalipsykologia" title="Sosiaalipsykologia – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sosiaalipsykologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologie_sociale" title="Psychologie sociale – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Psychologie sociale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicolox%C3%ADa_social" title="Psicoloxía social – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Psicoloxía social" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="פסיכולוגיה חברתית – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פסיכולוגיה חברתית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="समाज मनोविज्ञान – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="समाज मनोविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socijalna_psihologija" title="Socijalna psihologija – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Socijalna psihologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikoloji_sosyal" title="Sikoloji sosyal – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sikoloji sosyal" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szoci%C3%A1lpszichol%C3%B3gia" title="Szociálpszichológia – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szociálpszichológia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Սոցիալական հոգեբանություն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սոցիալական հոգեբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikologi_sosial" title="Psikologi sosial – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Psikologi sosial" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lagss%C3%A1lfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Félagssálfræði – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Félagssálfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicologia_sociale" title="Psicologia sociale – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Psicologia sociale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="社会心理学 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="社会心理学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="სოციალური ფსიქოლოგია – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სოციალური ფსიქოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_psixologiya" title="Social psixologiya – 卡拉卡尔帕克语" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Social psixologiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡尔帕克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sama%C9%A3_t%C9%9B_ma%C9%A3z%C9%A9m_kp%C9%9Bl%C9%9Bk%CA%8A%CA%8A_t%CA%8Am%C9%A9y%C9%9B" title="Samaɣ tɛ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Samaɣ tɛ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Әлеуметтік психология – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әлеуметтік психология" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C%EC%8B%AC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="사회심리학 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사회심리학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der%C3%BBnnasiya_kom%C3%AE" title="Derûnnasiya komî – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Derûnnasiya komî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologia_socialis" title="Psychologia socialis – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Psychologia socialis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialin%C4%97_psichologija" title="Socialinė psichologija – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Socialinė psichologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C4%81l%C4%81_psiholo%C4%A3ija" title="Sociālā psiholoģija – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sociālā psiholoģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Социјална психологија – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Социјална психологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikologi_sosial" title="Psikologi sosial – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Psikologi sosial" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociale_psychologie" title="Sociale psychologie – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sociale psychologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosialpsykologi" title="Sosialpsykologi – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sosialpsykologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਸਮਾਜਕ ਮਨੋਵਿਗਿਆਨ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਮਾਜਕ ਮਨੋਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologia_spo%C5%82eczna" title="Psychologia społeczna – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Psychologia społeczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="ټولنيزه ارواپوهنه – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ټولنيزه ارواپوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicologia_social" title="Psicologia social – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Psicologia social" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psihologie_social%C4%83" title="Psihologie socială – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Psihologie socială" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Социальная психология – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Социальная психология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="सामाजिक मनोविज्ञान – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सामाजिक मनोविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B6%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B2_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AC%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ – 桑塔利语" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="桑塔利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Social psychology" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socijalna_psihologija" title="Socijalna psihologija – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Socijalna psihologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2_%E0%B6%B8%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="සමාජ ම‍නෝවිද්‍යාව – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සමාජ ම‍නෝවිද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Social psychology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A1lna_psychol%C3%B3gia" title="Sociálna psychológia – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sociálna psychológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialna_psihologija" title="Socialna psihologija – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Socialna psihologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikologjia_shoq%C3%ABrore" title="Psikologjia shoqërore – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Psikologjia shoqërore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Социјална психологија – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Социјална психологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialpsykologi" title="Socialpsykologi – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Socialpsykologi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="சமூக உளவியல் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சமூக உளவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1" title="จิตวิทยาสังคม – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จิตวิทยาสังคม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikolohiyang_pampakikitungo" title="Sikolohiyang pampakikitungo – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sikolohiyang pampakikitungo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosyal_psikoloji" title="Sosyal psikoloji – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sosyal psikoloji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Соціальна психологія – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Соціальна психологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="سماجی نفسیات – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سماجی نفسیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijtimoiy_psixologiya" title="Ijtimoiy psixologiya – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ijtimoiy psixologiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2m_l%C3%BD_h%E1%BB%8Dc_x%C3%A3_h%E1%BB%99i" title="Tâm lý học xã hội – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tâm lý học xã hội" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="社会心理学 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="社会心理学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="社會心理學 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="社會心理學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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.sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79074265">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79074265"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79074265"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79074265"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79074265"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79074265"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccf;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="心理学">心理学</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Greek letter &#39;psi&#39;, a symbol for psychology"><img alt="The Greek letter &#39;psi&#39;, a symbol for psychology" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg/100px-Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg/150px-Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg/200px-Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="94" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="padding-bottom:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%A4%A7%E7%BA%B2" title="心理学大纲">大綱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="心理学史">历史</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="心理學的子領域" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Subfields of psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E7%9A%84%E5%AD%90%E9%A0%98%E5%9F%9F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="心理學的子領域(页面不存在)">子領域</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subfields_of_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Subfields of psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Subfields of psychology</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.1em 0.1em 0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="心理學基礎" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Basic science (psychology)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%9F%BA%E7%A4%8E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="心理學基礎(页面不存在)">心理學基礎</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_science_(psychology)" class="extiw" title="en:Basic science (psychology)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Basic science (psychology)</span></a></span>)</span></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="div-col div-col-rules" style="column-width:10em;column-gap:0.1em;"> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E5%B8%B8%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="異常心理學">異常心理學</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="行为遗传学">行为遗传学</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生物心理学">生物心理学</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E8%97%A5%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="精神藥理學">心理藥物學</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="認知心理學">認知心理學</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="比較心理學">比較心理學</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="跨文化心理學">跨文化心理學</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="文化心理学">文化心理学</a><br /> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="差異心理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Differential psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%AE%E7%95%B0%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="差異心理學(页面不存在)">差異心理學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Differential psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Differential psychology</span></a></span>)</span></span><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="发展心理学">发展心理学</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="演化心理學">演化心理學</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="实验心理学">实验心理学</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="数学心理学">数学心理学</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="神经心理学">神经心理学</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%A0%BC%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="人格心理學">人格心理學</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E9%9D%A2%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="正面心理學">正面心理學</a><br /> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="定量心理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantitative psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%9A%E9%87%8F%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="定量心理學(页面不存在)">定量心理學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Quantitative psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantitative psychology</span></a></span>)</span></span><br /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">社会心理学</a><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.1em 0.1em 0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="应用心理学">应用心理学</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="div-col div-col-rules" style="column-width:10em;column-gap:0.1em;"> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="應用行為分析">應用行為分析</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="心理语言学">心理语言学</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="臨床心理學">臨床心理學</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="社區心理學">社區心理學</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E8%B2%BB%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="消費行為">消費行為</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%AE%E5%95%86%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="諮商心理學">諮商心理學</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="批判社區心理學">批判社區心理學</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="教育心理学">教育心理学</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="環境心理學">環境心理學</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="人因工程学">人因工程学</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BA%AD%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="法庭心理學">法庭心理學</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="健康心理学">健康心理学</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="人本主义心理学">人本主义心理学</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E8%88%87%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="工業與組織心理學">工業與組織心理學</a><br /> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="本體解釋學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ontological hermeneutics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%AC%E9%AB%94%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="本體解釋學(页面不存在)">本體解釋學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontological_hermeneutics" class="extiw" title="en:Ontological hermeneutics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ontological hermeneutics</span></a></span>)</span></span><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BA%AD%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="法庭心理學">法庭心理學</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="經濟心理學">經濟心理學</a><br /> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="醫學心理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Medical psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="医学心理学">醫學心理學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Medical psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Medical psychology</span></a></span>)</span></span><br /> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="軍事心理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Military psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="軍事心理學(页面不存在)">軍事心理學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Military psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Military psychology</span></a></span>)</span></span><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="音樂心理學">音樂心理學</a><br /> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="職業健康心理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Occupational health psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B7%E6%A5%AD%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="職業健康心理學(页面不存在)">職業健康心理學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_health_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Occupational health psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Occupational health psychology</span></a></span>)</span></span><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="政治心理學">政治心理學</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="宗教心理學">宗教心理學</a><br /> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="學校心理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="School psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%B8%E6%A0%A1%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="學校心理學(页面不存在)">學校心理學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:School psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">School psychology</span></a></span>)</span></span><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="運動心理學">運動心理學</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="交通心理學">交通心理學</a><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.1em 0.1em 0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Category:心理学列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Category:Psychology lists"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:心理学列表(页面不存在)">心理學列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Psychology_lists" class="extiw" title="en:Category:Psychology lists"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Category:Psychology lists</span></a></span>)</span></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="div-col div-col-rules" style="column-width:10em;column-gap:0.1em;"> <p><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="心理學學科列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of psychology disciplines"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AD%B8%E7%A7%91%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="心理學學科列表(页面不存在)">心理學學科列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychology_disciplines" class="extiw" title="en:List of psychology disciplines"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of psychology disciplines</span></a></span>)</span></span><br /> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="心理學組織列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of psychology organizations"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="心理學組織列表(页面不存在)">心理學組織列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychology_organizations" class="extiw" title="en:List of psychology organizations"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of psychology organizations</span></a></span>)</span></span><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="心理学家列表">心理学家列表</a><br /> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="心理治療列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of psychotherapies"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="心理治療列表(页面不存在)">心理治療列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychotherapies" class="extiw" title="en:List of psychotherapies"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of psychotherapies</span></a></span>)</span></span><br /> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="心理學重要著作列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of important publications in psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="心理學重要著作列表(页面不存在)">心理學重要著作列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:List of important publications in psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of important publications in psychology</span></a></span>)</span></span><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="心理學研究方法列表">心理學研究方法列表</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="心理学学派列表">心理学学派列表</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="心理學年表">心理學的時間表</a><br /> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="心理學文章索引" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Index of psychology articles"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="心理學文章索引(页面不存在)">心理學文章索引</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_psychology_articles" class="extiw" title="en:Index of psychology articles"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Index of psychology articles</span></a></span>)</span></span><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Psi2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/16px-Psi2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/24px-Psi2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/32px-Psi2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:心理学">心理学主题</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frontal_lobe_-_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Frontal_lobe_-_animation.gif/16px-Frontal_lobe_-_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Frontal_lobe_-_animation.gif/24px-Frontal_lobe_-_animation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Frontal_lobe_-_animation.gif/32px-Frontal_lobe_-_animation.gif 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="320" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="Portal:神經科學">神經科學主题</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Esculaap4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Esculaap4.svg/10px-Esculaap4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Esculaap4.svg/16px-Esculaap4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Esculaap4.svg/21px-Esculaap4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="Portal:醫學">醫學主题</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/16px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/24px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A" title="Portal:社会">社会主题</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Psychology" title="Template:Psychology"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Psychology" title="Template talk:Psychology"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Psychology" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Psychology"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74069148">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.mobile{display:none}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.nomobile{display:inherit;display:initial}</style><span class="ifmobile"><span class="nomobile">&#160;&#160;</span><span class="mobile"></span></span>此條目介紹的是心理学的概念。关于社会学领域的概念,请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6_(%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6)" title="社会心理学 (社会学)">社会心理学 (社会学)</a></b>」。</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gnothi_Sauton_Reichert-Haus_in_Ludwigshafen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Gnothi_Sauton_Reichert-Haus_in_Ludwigshafen.jpg/200px-Gnothi_Sauton_Reichert-Haus_in_Ludwigshafen.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Gnothi_Sauton_Reichert-Haus_in_Ludwigshafen.jpg/300px-Gnothi_Sauton_Reichert-Haus_in_Ludwigshafen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Gnothi_Sauton_Reichert-Haus_in_Ludwigshafen.jpg/400px-Gnothi_Sauton_Reichert-Haus_in_Ludwigshafen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1420" data-file-height="993" /></a><figcaption>「<span lang="el">γνώθι σεαυτόν</span>」认识你自己</figcaption></figure> <p><b>社会心理学</b>(英語:<span lang="en">Social Psychology</span>)是一门研究<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AA%E4%BD%93" title="个体">个体</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E9%AB%94" title="集體">群体</a>的社会心理、<a href="#社会行为">社会行为</a>及其发展规律的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="科学">科学</a><sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:7</sup><span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。同时,社会心理学也是一门介于<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="心理学">心理学</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="社会学">社会学</a>之间的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E9%99%85%E6%95%B4%E5%90%88" title="科际整合">交叉边缘学科</a><sup id="cite_ref-ECNU_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECNU-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:2</sup>,在一定程度上填补了两学科之间的空白<sup id="cite_ref-Sewell_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sewell-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>社会心理学可以帮助个体<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E4%BD%A0%E8%87%AA%E5%B7%B1" title="认识你自己">认识自己</a>和他人,了解<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A" title="社会">社会</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB" title="生活">生活</a>的意义<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:1-6</sup>。通常可以将社会心理学的研究领域分为以下三种:<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:8-9</sup> </p> <ul><li>个体过程:主要研究和个体有关的心理和行为,包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E5%B0%B1%E5%8A%A8%E6%9C%BA%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="成就动机理论">成就行为</a>和个体的工作绩效、社会<a href="#社会态度">态度</a>和<a href="#态度改变和认知失调">态度改变</a>、<a href="#归因">归因</a>、<a href="#社会认知">认知过程</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%A4%B1%E8%AA%BF" title="認知失調">认知失调</a>、<a href="#个体知觉">个体知觉</a>和<a href="#自我">自我意识</a>、个体<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%A0%BC" title="人格">人格</a>和社会发展,以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%94%E6%BF%80" class="mw-redirect" title="应激">应激</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E7%BB%AA" title="情绪">情绪</a>问题;</li> <li>人际过程:主要研究人和人之间的相互作用,包括<a href="#侵犯行为">侵犯</a>和<a href="#亲社会行为">助人行为</a>、<a href="#人际吸引和亲密关系">人际吸引</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%83%85" title="愛情">爱情</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%9E%E7%9C%BE%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="從眾行為">从众</a>和<a href="#从众、顺从和服从">服从</a>、<a href="#社会交换">社会交换</a>和<a href="#社会影响">社会影响</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%AF%AD%E4%BA%A4%E9%99%85" title="非言语交际">非言语交流</a>,以及<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E5%88%AB%E8%A7%92%E8%89%B2" title="性别角色">性别角色</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E5%88%AB%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="性别社会学">性别差异</a>;</li> <li>群体过程:主要以群体和宏观<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="文化">文化</a>及社会环境的角度研究个体和群体的心理和行为,包括<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="跨文化比较(页面不存在)">跨文化比较</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="環境心理學">环境心理</a>、<a href="#团体">团体过程</a>和组织行为、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="种族主义">种族偏见</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83" title="伦理困境">伦理问题</a>,以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="健康心理学">健康心理</a>。</li></ul> <p>社会心理学的研究层面可以分为以下三种:<sup id="cite_ref-ECNU_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECNU-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:5-9</sup> </p> <ul><li>个体社会心理学:主要研究在特定社会环境下,个体的心理和行为特征对个体社会因素的影响。包括个体的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%8C%96" title="社會化">社会化</a>、<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#自我">自我意识</a>、社会动机、<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#个体知觉">社会认知</a>、<a href="#社会态度">态度</a>、<a href="#态度改变和认知失调">态度改变</a>和人际关系等方面;</li> <li>群体社会心理学:主要研究团体成员之间、成员和其他个体之间、团体和其他团体之间的相互作用,包括人际互动、<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#团体凝聚力">团体凝聚力</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%9E%E7%9C%BE%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="從眾行為">从众</a>和<a href="#从众、顺从和服从">服从</a>等和<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#团体">团体相关的问题</a>;</li> <li>应用社会心理学:应用社会心理学是一门将社会心理学的理论方法实际运用在理解和解答社会问题的应用学科,可以分为理论、研究和实践三个领域,也可以分为知识建构、利用和干预、改善生活质量三个领域。</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="发展历史"><span id=".E5.8F.91.E5.B1.95.E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>发展历史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="编辑章节:发展历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="产生阶段"><span id=".E4.BA.A7.E7.94.9F.E9.98.B6.E6.AE.B5"></span>产生阶段</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="编辑章节:产生阶段"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1895-1934年是社会心理学的产生阶段。一般认为,具备较为完整理论体系的社会心理学诞生于19世纪末。1895年,由<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E7%AC%AC%E5%AE%89%E7%BA%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="印第安纳大学">印第安纳大学</a>的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="诺曼·特里普莱特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Norman Triplett"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%BA%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E6%99%AE%E8%8E%B1%E7%89%B9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="诺曼·特里普莱特(页面不存在)">诺曼·特里普莱特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Triplett" class="extiw" title="en:Norman Triplett"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Norman Triplett</span></a></span>)</span></span>教授所进行的首场社会心理学<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C" title="实验">实验</a>标志了美国社会心理学研究的开始<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:13</sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。1908年,由<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a>心理学家<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E7%8B%AC%E5%AD%A4" title="威廉·麦独孤">威廉·麦独孤</a>所著的《社会心理学导论》和由美国心理学家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="李·罗斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lee Ross"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="李·羅斯">李·罗斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Ross" class="extiw" title="en:Lee Ross"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lee Ross</span></a></span>)</span></span>所著的《社会心理学》的出版,标志了社会心理学理论的正式建立。1924年,在美国心理学家<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%B0%94%E9%A1%BF%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%B3%A2%E7%89%B9" title="高尔顿·威拉德·奥尔波特">高尔顿·威拉德·奥尔波特</a>证明了实验是理解个体社会行为的重要手段之后,人们开始真正注意到社会心理学<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:14</sup>。 </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="心理学">科学心理学</a>建立并发展最为迅速的学派时期前期<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>,尚未形成较为完整的社会心理学理论体系,只有一些与之相关的观念存在于此时期最有影响力的三大心理学流派中<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:10</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="精神分析"><span id=".E7.B2.BE.E7.A5.9E.E5.88.86.E6.9E.90"></span>精神分析</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="编辑章节:精神分析"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息:<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%AD%A6" title="精神分析学">精神分析学</a></div> <p>约19世纪末-20世纪30年代,<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%AD%A6" title="精神分析学">精神分析学派</a>中的古典精神分析学派只关注个体的内部因素<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>对个体心理特质的影响<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。20世纪30年代以后,后弗洛伊德主义者<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>开始更为关注<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AF%86" title="意识">意识</a>和<a href="#社会文化">社会文化</a>对个体心理特质<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>的影响<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:10-11</sup><sup id="cite_ref-BNU_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNU-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:30-34</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="古典精神分析"><span id=".E5.8F.A4.E5.85.B8.E7.B2.BE.E7.A5.9E.E5.88.86.E6.9E.90"></span>古典精神分析</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="编辑章节:古典精神分析"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>约1889年,<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9" title="奥地利">奥地利</a>心理学家<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%A0%BC%E8%92%99%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7" title="西格蒙德·弗洛伊德">西格蒙德·弗洛伊德</a>创立了古典精神分析理论<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>。其将个体心理特质的发展归因于内部因素<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>的影响,并忽视外部社会因素的影响。此时个体心理特质的发展被看作是一个独立于外部世界的封闭体系<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:10</sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB" title="瑞士">瑞士</a>心理学家<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%8D%A3%E6%A0%BC" title="卡尔·荣格">卡尔·荣格</a>继承并发展了古典精神分析的<a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%9B%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" title="潛意識">无意识</a>理论。其将无意识分为了个体无意识和集体无意识,更强调社会文化对个体心理发展的影响。古典精神分析学派逐渐向新精神分析学派过渡<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:10</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="新精神分析"><span id=".E6.96.B0.E7.B2.BE.E7.A5.9E.E5.88.86.E6.9E.90"></span>新精神分析</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="编辑章节:新精神分析"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在新精神分析学派中,包含一种社会文化学派,其观点明确指出了社会文化对个体心理特质<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>发展的影响。支持者主要有以下三人:<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:10-11</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a>心理学家<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E4%BC%A6%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%A6%AE" title="卡伦·霍妮">卡伦·霍妮</a>认为:<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD" title="家庭">家庭</a>环境和<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="教育">教育</a>方式决定了人格的发展趋势;</li> <li>美国心理学家<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87" title="哈里·斯塔克·沙利文">哈里·斯塔克·沙利文</a>认为:社会影响对人格的发展有着重要作用,应该从<a href="#人际关系">人际关系</a>的角度看待人格的发展过程;</li> <li>美国心理学家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿布拉姆·卡迪纳" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Abram Kardiner"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E8%BF%AA%E7%BA%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="阿布拉姆·卡迪纳(页面不存在)">阿布拉姆·卡迪纳</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abram_Kardiner" class="extiw" title="en:Abram Kardiner"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Abram Kardiner</span></a></span>)</span></span>认为:社会文化的变化为检验和发展人格理论提供了支持,应该用文化材料来说明人格的发展过程。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="行为主义"><span id=".E8.A1.8C.E4.B8.BA.E4.B8.BB.E4.B9.89"></span>行为主义</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="编辑章节:行为主义"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息:<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-disambig" title="行为主义">行为主义</a></div> <p>行为主义反对研究意识,认为个体的行为完全并单纯地受外部环境所影响,并认为正负强化<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>比来自于社会环境的影响更有效<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:11</sup><sup id="cite_ref-BNU_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNU-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:27</sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在20世纪5、60年代以后,随着社会心理学和<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A4%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="认知心理学">认知心理学</a>的发展,行为主义受到了前所未有的质疑和挑战<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:12</sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="人本主义"><span id=".E4.BA.BA.E6.9C.AC.E4.B8.BB.E4.B9.89"></span>人本主义</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="编辑章节:人本主义"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="人本主义心理学">人本主义心理学</a></div> <p>人本主义心理学是由美国心理学家<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E4%BC%AF%E6%8B%89%E7%BD%95%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B" title="亚伯拉罕·马斯洛">亚伯拉罕·马斯洛</a>和美国心理学家<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E6%9D%B0%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="卡尔·罗杰斯">卡尔·罗杰斯</a>借鉴<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="现象学">现象学</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="存在主义">存在主义</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="哲学">哲学</a>的观点所创立的心理学流派。其认为个体都是单独存在的,强调个体内部因素的整体性,而不重视个体的社会性<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:12</sup><sup id="cite_ref-BNU_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNU-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:30-34</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="初步发展阶段"><span id=".E5.88.9D.E6.AD.A5.E5.8F.91.E5.B1.95.E9.98.B6.E6.AE.B5"></span>初步发展阶段</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="编辑章节:初步发展阶段"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1935-1945年是社会心理学的初步发展阶段。此时期发生的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%90%A7%E6%9D%A1" title="大萧条">1929年经济危机</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第二次世界大战">第二次世界大战</a>使人们切身体会到了社会因素对日常生活的重要性<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:14</sup>。 </p><p>1936年,美国心理学家发起了一个专门对社会问题进行深入研究的组织——社会问题的心理学研究协会。与此同时,<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="种族主义">种族主义</a>在德国的兴起也使心理学家开始从社会层面去研究个体行为。德裔美国心理学家<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%8B%92%E6%B8%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="库尔特·勒温">库尔特·勒温</a>提出应该将内部因素和外部因素<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>相结合,同时分析二者对个体社会行为的影响,这为社会心理学的研究指出了一条以研究相互作用的新思路<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:14</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sewell_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sewell-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="初步繁荣阶段"><span id=".E5.88.9D.E6.AD.A5.E7.B9.81.E8.8D.A3.E9.98.B6.E6.AE.B5"></span>初步繁荣阶段</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="编辑章节:初步繁荣阶段"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1946-1969年是社会心理学的初步繁荣阶段。在<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第二次世界大战">第二次世界大战</a>结束后,许多心理学家从<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2" title="欧洲">欧洲</a>移居至美国,这极大地推动了美国本土心理学的发展。与此同时,他们继承并发展了<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E5%A1%94%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="格式塔心理学">格式塔心理学</a>“重视<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A4%E7%9F%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="认知">认知过程</a>对个体社会行为的作用”的思想,开始关注文化等社会因素对个体的影响<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:14-15</sup>。 </p><p>1950年,德国社会学家<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%84%E5%A5%A7%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%A4%9A%E8%AB%BE" title="狄奧多·阿多諾">狄奥多·阿多诺</a>发现德国<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="反犹太主义">反犹太情绪</a>的产生是受当地人的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="权威人格" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Authoritarian personality"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%83%E5%A8%81%E4%BA%BA%E6%A0%BC&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="权威人格(页面不存在)">权威人格</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarian_personality" class="extiw" title="en:Authoritarian personality"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Authoritarian personality</span></a></span>)</span></span>所影响。1961年,由美国社会心理学家<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86" title="斯坦利·米尔格拉姆">斯坦利·米尔格拉姆</a>所开展的对<a href="#从众、顺从和服从">服从行为</a>进行研究的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="米尔格拉姆实验">米尔格拉姆实验</a>和由美国社会心理学家<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%98%82%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E6%96%AF%E5%BB%B7%E6%A0%BC" title="利昂·费斯廷格">利昂·费斯廷格</a>所提出的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A4%E7%9F%A5%E5%A4%B1%E8%B0%83" class="mw-redirect" title="认知失调">认知失调理论</a>标志了社会心理学的繁荣<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:14</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="危机阶段"><span id=".E5.8D.B1.E6.9C.BA.E9.98.B6.E6.AE.B5"></span>危机阶段</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="编辑章节:危机阶段"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>20世纪70年代是社会心理学的危机阶段。尽管此时期的社会心理学发展迅速,但有许多问题依然无法被解决——此时期实验社会心理学盛行,而其结果却不能很好地解释个体的行为<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>。部分心理学家对这些实验结果的外部<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%88%E5%BA%A6" title="效度">效度</a>产生了怀疑并进行反省<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:15</sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>但很快心理学家便开始将<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E6%95%88%E5%BA%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="生态效度(页面不存在)">生态效度</a>作为衡量实验效度的主要部分,并发现在实验设计足够完备的情况下,基于行为指标进行的实验社会心理学实验所得到的结果依然能够解释个体的行为规律。为了提高生态效度,<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F%E6%B3%95" title="參與觀察法">参与观察</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%B0%E5%9C%BA%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="现场研究法(页面不存在)">现场研究</a>这两种方法成为了社会心理学中常用的研究方法<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:15</sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="繁荣阶段"><span id=".E7.B9.81.E8.8D.A3.E9.98.B6.E6.AE.B5"></span>繁荣阶段</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="编辑章节:繁荣阶段"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>20世纪80年代至今是社会心理学的繁荣阶段。此时期社会心理学的研究领域越来越广泛并更贴近现实生活,社会心理学家开始关注所有和现实生活有关的问题<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>,社会心理学也开始在全球范围内发展起来<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:15</sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>与此同时,整合了<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="生物学">生物学</a>和心理学观点的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="社会神经科学">社会神经科学</a>的发展也使社会心理学家开始研究社会行为和情绪行为等的生物(<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="神经系统">神经</a>)基础和心理基础。现代生物学技术越来越多地被应用于实验社会心理学的研究中<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:15-16</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="研究取向和研究层面"><span id=".E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6.E5.8F.96.E5.90.91.E5.92.8C.E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6.E5.B1.82.E9.9D.A2"></span>研究取向和研究层面</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="编辑章节:研究取向和研究层面"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="研究取向"><span id=".E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6.E5.8F.96.E5.90.91"></span>研究取向</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="编辑章节:研究取向"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>社会心理学是一门结合了<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="社会学">社会学</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="心理学">心理学</a>的交叉学科,研究者会因为其学科背景的不同而有着不同的研究取向,在研究目的和思路上也会有所不同<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:20</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sewell_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sewell-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto"> <caption>社会心理学的两种研究取向 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86-%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="心理-社会心理学">心理-社会心理学</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A-%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="社会-社会心理学(页面不存在)">社会-社会心理学</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>研究重点</b> </td> <td>个体自身的心理和行为 </td> <td>团体或社会对个体的影响 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>理解行为的途径</b> </td> <td>分析心理状态、情绪或人格等个体(内部)因素 </td> <td>分析权力、地位或角色等外部(社会)因素 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>首要目标</b> </td> <td>预测行为 </td> <td>描述行为 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>主要方法</b> </td> <td>主实验,兼调查 </td> <td>主调查和参与观察 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="研究层面"><span id=".E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6.E5.B1.82.E9.9D.A2"></span>研究层面</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="编辑章节:研究层面"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>社会心理学作为一门<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="社会科学">社会科学</a>,社会行为是其研究领域之一,而研究此领域的学科却不止社会心理学一门<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>。因为学科的不同,它们在研究和解释社会行为的时候,研究层面也会有所不同。主要有以下三个研究层面:<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:20-22</sup> </p> <ul><li>社会层面:社会学家和政治学家所采用的研究层面,常用比较广泛的外部因素来解释社会行为;</li> <li>人际层面:社会心理学家所采用的研究层面,常用个体所处的情景和其人际关系来解释社会行为;</li> <li>个人层面:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%A0%BC%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="人格心理學">人格心理学</a>家和<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="臨床心理學">临床心理学</a>家所采用的研究层面,常用个体特有的心理特质<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>来解释社会行为。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="研究理论、研究方法和实验"><span id=".E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6.E7.90.86.E8.AE.BA.E3.80.81.E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6.E6.96.B9.E6.B3.95.E5.92.8C.E5.AE.9E.E9.AA.8C"></span>研究理论、研究方法和实验</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="编辑章节:研究理论、研究方法和实验"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="研究理论"><span id=".E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6.E7.90.86.E8.AE.BA"></span>研究理论</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="编辑章节:研究理论"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>为了解释同一层面的问题,心理学逐渐发展出了许多理论,其中有些理论和社会心理学有着紧密联系,而有些则没有,但它们依然可以被用来解释社会心理和社会行为<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:22</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="生物理论"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E7.89.A9.E7.90.86.E8.AE.BA"></span>生物理论</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="编辑章节:生物理论"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息:<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E8%83%BD%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="本能理论">本能理论</a></div> <p>生物理论又称本能理论,主要支持者有美国心理学家<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E7%8B%AC%E5%AD%A4" title="威廉·麦独孤">威廉·麦独孤</a>、奥地利心理学家<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%A0%BC%E8%92%99%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7" title="西格蒙德·弗洛伊德">西格蒙德·弗洛伊德</a>和奥地利动物学家<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%A6%E5%85%B9" title="康拉德·洛伦兹">康拉德·洛伦兹</a>等。此理论强调生物因素<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>对个体行为的影响,认为个体的生物特征是与生俱来的,并在行为决定方面有重要作用<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:23</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="学习理论"><span id=".E5.AD.A6.E4.B9.A0.E7.90.86.E8.AE.BA"></span>学习理论</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="编辑章节:学习理论"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息:<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="社会学习理论">社会学习理论</a></div> <p>学习理论原是<a href="#行为主义">行为主义</a>的基础,在美国心理学家<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E5%B0%94%E8%B5%AB%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E9%87%91%E7%BA%B3" title="伯尔赫斯·弗雷德里克·斯金纳">伯尔赫斯·弗雷德里克·斯金纳</a>、美国心理学家<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7A%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E5%8B%92" class="mw-redirect" title="乔治·A·米勒">乔治·A·米勒</a>和美国心理学家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="约翰·多拉德" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="John Dollard"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%A4%9A%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="约翰·多拉德(页面不存在)">约翰·多拉德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dollard" class="extiw" title="en:John Dollard"><span lang="en" dir="auto">John Dollard</span></a></span>)</span></span>等人将行为主义的理论原理运用在社会心理学上后,<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="加拿大">加拿大</a>心理学家<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%B3%A2%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%8F%AD%E6%9D%9C%E6%8B%89" title="阿尔波特·班杜拉">阿尔波特·班杜拉</a>在20世纪70年代提出了社会学习理论<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:25</sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>社会学习理论认为个体的学习主要通过<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%88%B6%E7%B4%84" title="古典制約">联结</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E5%88%B6%E7%B4%84" title="操作制約">强化</a>和模仿三种机制实现,并有以下三个特点:<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:25-26</sup> </p> <ul><li>强调过去<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E9%A9%97" title="經驗">经验</a>对个体行为的影响。假定行为来自于个体过去的学习经验,并忽视当时的情境细节;</li> <li>强调外部事件的刺激、个体早期的强化过程和接触过的行为模式等外部因素的影响,较为忽视个体在当时情境下的感受和情绪等内部因素。即对个体行为的归因存在侧重点;</li> <li>强调外显行为。通常只解释个体表现出来的行为,而忽视个体主观的心理状态。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="诱因理论"><span id=".E8.AF.B1.E5.9B.A0.E7.90.86.E8.AE.BA"></span>诱因理论</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="编辑章节:诱因理论"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息:<a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/zh:%E8%B6%85%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6/%E5%8B%95%E6%A9%9F%E8%88%87%E6%83%85%E7%B7%92#V._誘因理論_(incentive_theory)" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:zh:超普通心理学/動機與情緒">wikibooks:zh:超普通心理学/動機與情緒 §&#160;V. 誘因理論 (incentive theory)</a></div> <p>诱因理论强调行为带来的相对<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E7%9B%8A" title="利益">利益</a>和相对损失,而不是个体过去的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%A0%E6%83%AF" title="习惯">习惯</a>,认为个体是否会做某种行为取决于其对行为结果所做的诱因分析,即简单地考虑行为结果是正性(有利)还是负性(不利)的。与学习理论相比,诱因理论强调个体在当时情境下的感受和情绪等内部因素,较为忽视个体早期的强化过程和接触过的行为模式等外部因素的影响<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:26</sup>。 </p><p>在社会心理学中,主要有以下三种诱因理论:<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:26-27</sup> </p> <ul><li>理性决策论:此理论是经济学家对行为的基本看法。认为个体或团体在进行决策时会以理性的方式估算利益和损失,根据实现目标结果的概率做出最佳决策,即以最低的代价获得最大的利益;</li> <li>交换理论:此理论将理性决策扩大到个体彼此间的互动。认为人际互动是个体所做的连续的理性决策,取决于个体对行为结果所做的诱因分析,强调相对利益和相对代价;</li> <li>需求满足论:此理论认为人的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81" title="需要">需要</a>应该被满足。认为行为因能满足某种需要或<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E6%9C%BA" title="动机">动机</a>而产生。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="认知理论"><span id=".E8.AE.A4.E7.9F.A5.E7.90.86.E8.AE.BA"></span>认知理论</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="编辑章节:认知理论"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息:<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%9F%A5%E8%A7%89" title="社会知觉">社会知觉</a></div> <p>认知理论认为个体的行为取决于其对社会情境的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%A7%89" title="知觉">知觉</a>和加工过程,这种过程<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>的规律和个体对物体知觉的规律相似,个体会将复杂的社会情境知觉成类似<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%A8%A1_(%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="基模 (心理學)">图式</a>的简单而有意义的形式,从而影响个体对社会情境的反应<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:27</sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%92%E5%9B%A0%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="归因理论">归因理论</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A4%E7%9F%A5%E5%A4%B1%E8%B0%83" class="mw-redirect" title="认知失调">认知失调理论</a>是两个重要的社会认知理论<sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:28</sup>。 </p><p>社会认知理论认为个体的认知过程有分类<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>和聚焦<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>两个原则<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:27</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="角色理论"><span id=".E8.A7.92.E8.89.B2.E7.90.86.E8.AE.BA"></span>角色理论</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="编辑章节:角色理论"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息:<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E8%A7%92%E8%89%B2" title="社会角色">社会角色</a>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Role theory" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Role theory"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Role_theory&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Role theory(页面不存在)">Role theory</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role_theory" class="extiw" title="en:Role theory"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Role theory</span></a></span>)</span></span></div> <p>角色理论是和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="社会学">社会学</a>有着紧密联系的理论。此理论认为个体的行为受个体的社会角色<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>所影响<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:28</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="社会认同理论"><span id=".E7.A4.BE.E4.BC.9A.E8.AE.A4.E5.90.8C.E7.90.86.E8.AE.BA"></span>社会认同理论</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="编辑章节:社会认同理论"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息:<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E8%AA%8D%E5%90%8C%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="社會認同理論">社會認同理論</a></div> <p>社会认同理论和<a href="#角色理论">角色理论</a>较为相似,是在研究团体关系时所使用的主要理论。此理论认为影响个体的社会知觉、社会态度和社会行为的主要因素是个体对自己团体成员身份的<a href="#团体">认同感</a>,个体不仅会从自己的成就中获得认同感,还会从同一个团体的其他成员处获得认同感<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:28</sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="研究方法"><span id=".E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6.E6.96.B9.E6.B3.95"></span>研究方法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="编辑章节:研究方法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>社会心理学中的研究方法可以归为相关研究和实验研究两个大类。相关研究是被动地观察两个<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8" title="變數">变量</a>之间的关系,实验研究则是人为地、主动地通过控制变量去探寻两个变量之间的关系<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:30</sup>。 </p><p>研究的过程需要收集各种数据。在社会心理学的研究中,收集数据的方法主要有以下五种:<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:31-33</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F%E6%B3%95" title="參與觀察法">观察法</a>:此方法通过直接观察<a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E8%AF%95%E8%80%85" title="被试者">被试</a><span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>来获得第一手数据;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="調查法">调查法</a>:此方法和观察法类似,只是数据的来源不是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%BB%E8%AF%95%E8%80%85&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="主试者(页面不存在)">主试</a><span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>的观察,而是被试的主动报告;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%B3%95" title="心理學實驗研究法">实验法</a>:此方法是社会心理学中最常用的研究方法。实验既可以在实验室中进行,也可以在自然情境中进行。通过预设情景和控制变量等手段来获得较为准确的量化数据;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="元分析">元分析法</a>:此方法通常被用来对正在进行或已完成的研究进行校验分析,使用一套统计程序来衡量数据或效应的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%BA%A6" title="信度">信度</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%88%E5%BA%A6" title="效度">效度</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AA%94%E6%A1%88%E6%B3%95" title="檔案法">档案研究法</a>:此方法通过对现存的档案、材料或数据等进行分析来获得结论。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="著名实验"><span id=".E8.91.97.E5.90.8D.E5.AE.9E.E9.AA.8C"></span>著名实验</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="编辑章节:著名实验"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Social psychology#Famous experiments" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Social psychology#Famous experiments"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_psychology&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Social psychology(页面不存在)">Social psychology#Famous experiments</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_psychology#Famous_experiments" class="extiw" title="en:Social psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Social psychology#Famous experiments</span></a></span>)</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asch_experiment.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Asch_experiment.svg/200px-Asch_experiment.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Asch_experiment.svg/300px-Asch_experiment.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Asch_experiment.svg/400px-Asch_experiment.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption>第二张图中的哪条线和第一张图中的线一样长?是A、B还是C?在阿希从众实验中,人们通常跟随其他人的判断,哪怕其偏离了客观事实</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milgram_experiment_v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Milgram_experiment_v2.svg/200px-Milgram_experiment_v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Milgram_experiment_v2.svg/300px-Milgram_experiment_v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Milgram_experiment_v2.svg/400px-Milgram_experiment_v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption>米尔格拉姆实验:主试要求一位被试(甲)将其认为足够痛苦的电击施加给另一位知情被试(乙),尽管乙要求停止,但在主试的要求下甲仍会向乙施加电击</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%8C%E4%BB%8E%E4%BC%97%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C" title="阿希从众实验">阿希从众实验</a>:由美国心理学家<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%80%E7%BD%97%E9%97%A8%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%8C" title="所罗门·阿希">所罗门·阿希</a>于1956年所进行的一次关于<a href="#从众">从众现象</a>的实验<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%BC%E4%BC%A6%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="米尔格伦实验">米尔格拉姆实验</a>:由美国心理学家<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86" title="斯坦利·米尔格拉姆">斯坦利·米尔格拉姆</a>于1961年所进行的一次关于<a href="#服从">服从现象</a>的实验<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E7%A6%8F%E7%9B%91%E7%8B%B1%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C" title="斯坦福监狱实验">斯坦福监狱实验</a>:由美国心理学家<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%88%A9%E6%99%AE%C2%B7%E6%B4%A5%E5%B7%B4%E5%A4%9A" title="菲利普·津巴多">菲利普·津巴多</a>于1971年所进行的一次关于<a href="#服从">服从现象</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E8%A5%BF%E6%B3%95%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94" title="路西法效应">路西法效应</a>的实验<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="研究内容"><span id=".E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6.E5.86.85.E5.AE.B9"></span>研究内容</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="编辑章节:研究内容"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="自我"><span id=".E8.87.AA.E6.88.91"></span>自我</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="编辑章节:自我"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Structural-Iceberg-zh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Structural-Iceberg-zh.svg/200px-Structural-Iceberg-zh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Structural-Iceberg-zh.svg/300px-Structural-Iceberg-zh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Structural-Iceberg-zh.svg/400px-Structural-Iceberg-zh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>冰山图常用来比喻自我(<span lang="de">ego</span>)、本我(<span lang="de">id</span>)和超我(<span lang="de">superego</span>)之间的关系</figcaption></figure> <p>自我又称自我意识,是个体在进行自我觉知时的习惯性倾向。其具有相对稳定性,可以被看作是一种人格特质<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:39-40</sup>。对自我的研究是社会心理学的核心内容<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:2</sup>。 </p><p>关于自我的看法主要有以下九种:<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:39-40</sup> </p> <ul><li>美国心理学家<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E5%A3%AB" title="威廉·詹姆士">威廉·詹姆士</a>认为:自我具有二元性。自我既是由对自己的看法和信念所组成的宾我,又是一个活跃的信息处理器(即主我);</li> <li>美国心理学家库勒认为:自我是通过<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="人際關係">人际关系</a>建立的,既是个人实体,又是社会产物——他人如何看待自己、他人如何评价自己,以及他人对这些投射的情绪反应(即投射自我,又称镜中自我);</li> <li>美国心理学家<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E8%B3%80%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E5%BE%B7" title="喬治·賀伯特·米德">乔治·贺伯特·米德</a>认为:社会经验在自我形成的过程中发挥了重要作用,没有社会经验便不可能产生自我;</li> <li>美国心理学家<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87" title="哈里·斯塔克·沙利文">哈里·斯塔克·沙利文</a>认为:自我只有在人际关系中才能发展。强调自我的社会基础和人际关系基础;</li> <li>奥地利心理学家<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%A0%BC%E8%92%99%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7" title="西格蒙德·弗洛伊德">西格蒙德·弗洛伊德</a>认为:自我可以被分为自我(德語:<span lang="de">ego</span>)、本我(德語:<span lang="de">id</span>)和超我(德語:<span lang="de">superego</span>),三者中的自我(<span lang="de">ego</span>)是人格的重要特质。自我(<span lang="de">ego</span>)是个体可以自己意识到的部分,以<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E5%8E%9F%E5%89%87" title="現實原則">现实原则</a>进行思考、感觉、判断和记忆,并寻求本我(<span lang="de">id</span>)的满足,保护个体不受伤害。</li> <li>美国心理学家<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E6%9D%B0%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="卡尔·罗杰斯">卡尔·罗杰斯</a>认为:自我是个体自我知觉的组织系统,代表了个体看待自己的方式;</li> <li>美国心理学家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="马歇尔·罗森伯格" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Marshall Rosenberg"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E6%AD%87%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E6%A3%AE%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="马歇尔·罗森伯格(页面不存在)">马歇尔·罗森伯格</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Rosenberg" class="extiw" title="en:Marshall Rosenberg"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Marshall Rosenberg</span></a></span>)</span></span>认为:自我是个体对自己思想和情感的总和;</li> <li>美国心理学家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="理查德·沙维尔森" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Richard Shavelson"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E6%A3%AE&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="理查德·沙维尔森(页面不存在)">理查德·沙维尔森</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Shavelson" class="extiw" title="en:Richard Shavelson"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Richard Shavelson</span></a></span>)</span></span>认为:自我是个体的自我知觉。其源于人际关系、个体特质和社会经验,通过经验和对经验的理解而形成,是一个多维度的、有一定层次的系统;</li> <li>美国心理学家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="黑兹尔·罗斯·马库斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hazel Rose Markus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E5%85%B9%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="黑兹尔·罗斯·马库斯(页面不存在)">黑兹尔·罗斯·马库斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazel_Rose_Markus" class="extiw" title="en:Hazel Rose Markus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hazel Rose Markus</span></a></span>)</span></span>和<span lang="en">Wurf Elissa</span>认为:自我是一个在内容和结构上的动态多面体,是不同图式、概念、原型和理论等的集合<sup id="cite_ref-Wurf_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wurf-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="自我概念"><span id=".E8.87.AA.E6.88.91.E6.A6.82.E5.BF.B5"></span>自我概念</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="编辑章节:自我概念"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息:<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5" title="自我概念">自我概念</a></div> <p>自我概念是自我的认知方面,即个体对自己各方面的认识和信念的总和<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:39-41</sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>可以通过自我意识推测自我、通过自己的行为推测自我、通过他人的对自己行为的反应推测自我和通过社会比较推测自我四种方式来构建自我概念<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:41</sup>。 </p><p>美国心理学家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="爱德华·托里·希金斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="E. Tory Higgins"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="爱德华·托里·希金斯(页面不存在)">爱德华·托里·希金斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Tory_Higgins" class="extiw" title="en:E. Tory Higgins"><span lang="en" dir="auto">E. Tory Higgins</span></a></span>)</span></span>提出了<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="自我参照效应" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Self-reference effect"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91%E5%8F%82%E7%85%A7%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="自我参照效应(页面不存在)">自我参照效应</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-reference_effect" class="extiw" title="en:Self-reference effect"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Self-reference effect</span></a></span>)</span></span>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="自我差异理论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Self-discrepancy theory"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91%E5%B7%AE%E5%BC%82%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="自我差异理论(页面不存在)">自我差异理论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-discrepancy_theory" class="extiw" title="en:Self-discrepancy theory"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Self-discrepancy theory</span></a></span>)</span></span>,其发现个体在认知和自己有关的信息的时候记忆效率更高,效果更好;并认为自我概念包括理想自我、应该自我和实际自我三个部分,理想自我和应该自我对自我概念具有指导作用<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:41</sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="自我图式"><span id=".E8.87.AA.E6.88.91.E5.9B.BE.E5.BC.8F"></span>自我图式</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="编辑章节:自我图式"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息:<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91%E5%9B%BE%E5%BC%8F" title="自我图式">自我图式</a></div> <p>自我图式是以<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A4%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="认知心理学">信息加工</a>的角度看待自我概念,用来组织和指引和个体有关信息的自我信念<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:40</sup>。 </p><p>美国心理学家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="黑兹尔·罗斯·马库斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hazel Rose Markus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E5%85%B9%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="黑兹尔·罗斯·马库斯(页面不存在)">黑兹尔·罗斯·马库斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazel_Rose_Markus" class="extiw" title="en:Hazel Rose Markus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hazel Rose Markus</span></a></span>)</span></span>和<span lang="en">Wurf Elissa</span>认为自我图式构成了自我概念,能够帮助个体分类和提取经验<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:41</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wurf_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wurf-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="自我觉知"><span id=".E8.87.AA.E6.88.91.E8.A7.89.E7.9F.A5"></span>自我觉知</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="编辑章节:自我觉知"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见:<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8)" class="mw-redirect" title="自我意識 (哲學)">自我意識 (哲學)</a></div> <p>自我觉知是个体对自己的形象、行为、态度和价值观等方面的知觉,是个体将自己当作<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F" title="注意">注意</a>对象时的心理状态<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:42</sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>美国心理学家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿诺德·赫伯特·巴斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Arnold H. Buss"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E8%AF%BA%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="阿诺德·赫伯特·巴斯(页面不存在)">阿诺德·赫伯特·巴斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_H._Buss" class="extiw" title="en:Arnold H. Buss"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Arnold H. Buss</span></a></span>)</span></span>认为可以将自我觉知分为内在自我觉知<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>和公众自我觉知<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>两类<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:42</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="自我效能"><span id=".E8.87.AA.E6.88.91.E6.95.88.E8.83.BD"></span>自我效能</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="编辑章节:自我效能"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息:<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91%E6%95%88%E8%83%BD" title="自我效能">自我效能</a></div> <p>自我效能是个体对自己某种能力的信念,此概念由加拿大心理学家<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%B3%A2%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%8F%AD%E6%9D%9C%E6%8B%89" title="阿尔波特·班杜拉">阿尔波特·班杜拉</a>于20世纪90年代提出<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:44</sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>个体可以通过成功经验<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>、言语说服和情绪唤起等方式来提高自我效能感<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:45</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="自尊"><span id=".E8.87.AA.E5.B0.8A"></span>自尊</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31" title="编辑章节:自尊"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息:<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%B0%8A" title="自尊">自尊</a></div> <p>自尊又称自我价值感,是个体进行自我评价的重要维度,和个体情绪有关。自尊可以分为<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E6%98%BE%E8%87%AA%E5%B0%8A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="外显自尊(页面不存在)">外显自尊</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E9%9A%90%E8%87%AA%E5%B0%8A" title="内隐自尊">内隐自尊</a>,是人格成熟的重要标志<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:43</sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>自尊是个体对自己整体情况的满意程度,既可以是积极的,又可以是消极的。自尊的确立依赖于个体控制环境的成功经验和他人对其的积极评价。美国心理学家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="罗伊·鲍迈斯特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="罗伊·鲍迈斯特"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%8A%C2%B7%E9%B2%8D%E8%BF%88%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="罗伊·鲍迈斯特(页面不存在)">罗伊·鲍迈斯特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%8A%C2%B7%E9%B2%8D%E8%BF%88%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" class="extiw" title="en:罗伊·鲍迈斯特"><span lang="en" dir="auto">罗伊·鲍迈斯特</span></a></span>)</span></span>认为个体可以通过用<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%88%A9%E6%80%A7%E5%81%8F%E5%B7%AE" title="自利性偏差">自我服务</a>的方式去解释生活、用<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91%E5%A6%A8%E7%A2%8D" title="自我妨碍">自我障碍</a>的策略为失败找借口、用<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E9%98%B2%E5%8D%AB%E6%9C%BA%E5%88%B6" title="心理防卫机制">防御机制</a>拒绝或逃避消极的反馈、用<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="补偿作用" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Compensation (psychology)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%A5%E5%81%BF%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="补偿作用(页面不存在)">向下比较和补偿作用</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compensation_(psychology)" class="extiw" title="en:Compensation (psychology)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Compensation (psychology)</span></a></span>)</span></span>或在自己某方面受到怀疑时转向自己擅长的方面五种方式来提高自尊<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:44</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="自我确认"><span id=".E8.87.AA.E6.88.91.E7.A1.AE.E8.AE.A4"></span>自我确认</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32" title="编辑章节:自我确认"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息:<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91%E6%8F%90%E5%8D%87" title="自我提升">自我提升</a></div> <p>自我确认又称自我美化或自我强化,是个体收集和解释有利于对自己做正面评价的信息,以佐证自我概念的行为<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:44</sup>。 </p><p>个体通过收集和解释和其自我概念相一致的外部评价性信息,拒绝与之相反的信息来提高自尊,使他人对其有一致性的认识和评价<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:44</sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="自我表演"><span id=".E8.87.AA.E6.88.91.E8.A1.A8.E6.BC.94"></span>自我表演</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33" title="编辑章节:自我表演"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Impression management#Self-presentation" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Impression management#Self-presentation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impression_management&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Impression management(页面不存在)">Impression management#Self-presentation</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impression_management#Self-presentation" class="extiw" title="en:Impression management"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Impression management#Self-presentation</span></a></span>)</span></span></div> <p>自我表演又称自我展示,是个体在他人对自己形成评价的时候进行自我展示的行为。个体为给他人留下好印象会经常进行自我表演,遇到失败则会表现出<a href="#自我障碍">自我障碍</a>行为或使用<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%88%A9%E6%80%A7%E5%81%8F%E5%B7%AE" title="自利性偏差">自我服务</a>策略<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:45</sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>美国心理学家<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E6%B2%83%E6%80%9D%C2%B7%E7%90%BC%E6%96%AF" title="爱德华·埃尔斯沃思·琼斯">爱德华·埃尔斯沃思·琼斯</a>认为自我表演策略主要有自我抬高<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>、显示<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>、谦虚<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>、恳求<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>、恫吓<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>和奉迎<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>六种<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:45</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="自我检控"><span id=".E8.87.AA.E6.88.91.E6.A3.80.E6.8E.A7"></span>自我检控</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=34" title="编辑章节:自我检控"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Self-monitoring" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Self-monitoring"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-monitoring&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Self-monitoring(页面不存在)">Self-monitoring</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-monitoring" class="extiw" title="en:Self-monitoring"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Self-monitoring</span></a></span>)</span></span></div> <p>自我检控是个体通过观察他人的自我表演来控制自己的自我表演的行为,即根据他人的表现来决定自己的行为<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:46</sup>。 </p><p>美国心理学家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="马克·斯奈德" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mark Snyder (psychologist)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%A5%88%E5%BE%B7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="马克·斯奈德(页面不存在)">马克·斯奈德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Snyder_(psychologist)" class="extiw" title="en:Mark Snyder (psychologist)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mark Snyder (psychologist)</span></a></span>)</span></span>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="苏珊·菲斯克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Susan Fiske"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E7%8F%8A%C2%B7%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="苏珊·菲斯克(页面不存在)">苏珊·菲斯克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Fiske" class="extiw" title="en:Susan Fiske"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Susan Fiske</span></a></span>)</span></span>认为高自我检控的人擅长自我表演,更擅长根据情景他人的需要来进行自己的行为;低自我检控的人不善于在他人面前自我表演,会表现出自己真实的态度和感受<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:46</sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="自我障碍"><span id=".E8.87.AA.E6.88.91.E9.9A.9C.E7.A2.8D"></span>自我障碍</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=35" title="编辑章节:自我障碍"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息:<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91%E5%A6%A8%E7%A2%8D" title="自我妨碍">自我妨碍</a></div> <p>自我障碍又称自我妨碍,是个体提前准备用来解释自己失败原因的一套行为模式<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:46</sup>,通过预先假定自己会失败来维持或提高自尊<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:46</sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>个体常以自己受到各种外部因素影响为由引导他人将自己的成功归因于自己的能力,将失败归因于外部因素<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:46</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="自证预言"><span id=".E8.87.AA.E8.AF.81.E9.A2.84.E8.A8.80"></span>自证预言</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=36" title="编辑章节:自证预言"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息:<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E8%AF%81%E9%A2%84%E8%A8%80" title="自证预言">自证预言</a></div> <p>自证预言又称自我实现的预言,是他人被另一个人的期望所影响,做出按其期望进行某种行为的现象<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:47</sup>。 </p><p>个体会对他人有一种先入为主的预期<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>,这种预期不仅会影响个体对待他人及其行为的态度,其还会导致他人被这种预期和态度所影响而出现相应的行为倾向或做出被期望的行为,使预期成为现实<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:47</sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="体像"><span id=".E4.BD.93.E5.83.8F"></span>体像</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=37" title="编辑章节:体像"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息:<a href="/wiki/%E8%BA%AB%E9%AB%94%E6%84%8F%E8%B1%A1" title="身體意象">身體意象</a></div> <p>体像是用来描述个体对自己躯体的知觉和有关现象的总称<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:48</sup>。 </p><p>美国心理学家<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B9%AF%E5%A7%86%E6%A3%AE" title="羅斯·湯姆森">罗斯·汤普森</a><span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210122090348/https://psychology.ucdavis.edu/people/rathom">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)认为青少年对自己体像的要求更高,并通过实验证明大部分青少年对自己的体像感到不满<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:48</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="自我偏差"><span id=".E8.87.AA.E6.88.91.E5.81.8F.E5.B7.AE"></span>自我偏差</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=38" title="编辑章节:自我偏差"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息:<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%81%8F%E8%AA%A4" title="認知偏誤">認知偏誤</a></div> <p>自我偏差即<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%81%8F%E8%AA%A4" title="認知偏誤">认知偏误</a>,是个体偏离系统<a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%83%E5%BC%8F" title="范式">范式</a>所做的不具有合理性的判断<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>个体从客观的感觉中获得信息,但主观地建构认知事实。个体受自我偏差的影响,可能会出现认知扭曲、判断失实或进行不合逻辑的解释等行为<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="自我提升"><span id=".E8.87.AA.E6.88.91.E6.8F.90.E5.8D.87"></span>自我提升</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=39" title="编辑章节:自我提升"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息:<a href="#自我确认">§&#160;自我确认</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="焦点效应"><span id=".E7.84.A6.E7.82.B9.E6.95.88.E5.BA.94"></span>焦点效应</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=40" title="编辑章节:焦点效应"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息:<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E5%85%89%E7%87%88%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="聚光燈效應">聚光燈效應</a></div> <p>焦点效应是个体在进行自我观察时,高估自己的突出程度,将自己看作是某一情境的中心,或高估他人对自己的注意程度的现象<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:48</sup>。 </p><p>和焦点效应相对应的是<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%8F%E6%98%8E%E5%BA%A6%E9%94%99%E8%A7%89" title="透明度错觉">透明度错觉</a>,即个体会认为自己隐藏的情绪一经展现便随即会被他人发现,而实际上他人可能完全感知不到<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:48</sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="自利偏差"><span id=".E8.87.AA.E5.88.A9.E5.81.8F.E5.B7.AE"></span>自利偏差</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=41" title="编辑章节:自利偏差"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息:<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%88%A9%E6%80%A7%E5%81%8F%E5%B7%AE" title="自利性偏差">自利性偏差</a></div> <p>自利偏差又称自我服务偏见,是个体无理由认为自己比他人更好的倾向<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:50</sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>个体在处理和自己有关的信息时,为了维持较高的自尊水平<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,会更轻易地为自己的失败找理由,并会更欣然地接受成功所带来的影响。个体倾向于将成功归因于自己的能力和努力,将失败归因于外部因素的不完善<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:50</sup> </p><p>自利偏差会体现在生活的各个方面,如以下三个举例:<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:50</sup> </p> <ul><li>伦理道德:多数人认为自己比他人更有道德;</li> <li>智力才能:多数人认为自己比他人更聪明、长相更好。当有人超过自己时,个体倾向将对方看成天才;</li> <li>摆脱偏见:多数人认为自己比他人更没有偏见,更不容易被偏见所影响。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="盲目乐观"><span id=".E7.9B.B2.E7.9B.AE.E4.B9.90.E8.A7.82"></span>盲目乐观</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=42" title="编辑章节:盲目乐观"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息:<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%82%E8%A7%80%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="樂觀主義">樂觀主義</a></div> <p>盲目乐观是一种个体的自我认知倾向。个体认为自己一直都会逢凶化吉,面对可能的失败通常不会采取预防措施。个体对自身能力的自负幻想和高估自己取得成功或规避失败的可能性是导致盲目乐观的原因之一<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:51</sup>。 </p><p>盲目乐观会体现在生活的各个方面,如以下三个举例:<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:51</sup> </p> <ul><li>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E4%BA%A4" title="性交">性生活</a>中意外<a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%8A%E5%A8%A0" title="妊娠">怀孕</a>的女性中,多数是因为她们不认为自己会意外怀孕,所以没有采取避孕措施;</li> <li>赌徒、股民和房地产商等高风险群体会认为自己的直觉比对手的直觉更强,高估自己的盈利可能性;</li> <li>多数的未成年人会认为如果自己成为成年人将取得更好的成绩。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="虚假一致性和虚假独特性"><span id=".E8.99.9A.E5.81.87.E4.B8.80.E8.87.B4.E6.80.A7.E5.92.8C.E8.99.9A.E5.81.87.E7.8B.AC.E7.89.B9.E6.80.A7"></span>虚假一致性和虚假独特性</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=43" title="编辑章节:虚假一致性和虚假独特性"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息:<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AF%E8%AA%A4%E5%85%B1%E8%AD%98%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="錯誤共識效應">錯誤共識效應</a></div> <p>虚假一致性和虚假独特性是一种个体对他人的认知倾向。个体为了维持较高的自尊水平,会在虚假一致性的影响下过度高估他人和自己的想法或行为的同一性<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,在虚假独特性的影响下过度高估自己的智力、能力和道德<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:51-52</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="自我文化"><span id=".E8.87.AA.E6.88.91.E6.96.87.E5.8C.96"></span>自我文化</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=44" title="编辑章节:自我文化"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息:<a href="/wiki/%E8%BA%AB%E4%BB%BD%E8%AE%A4%E5%90%8C" title="身份认同">身份认同</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E8%AA%8D%E5%90%8C" title="文化認同">文化認同</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="独立型自我和依赖型自我"><span id=".E7.8B.AC.E7.AB.8B.E5.9E.8B.E8.87.AA.E6.88.91.E5.92.8C.E4.BE.9D.E8.B5.96.E5.9E.8B.E8.87.AA.E6.88.91"></span>独立型自我和依赖型自我</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=45" title="编辑章节:独立型自我和依赖型自我"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>独立型自我和依赖型自我是个体对自我认知的不同表现形式(模型),不同的形式会导致人际关系的差异<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:52</sup>。 </p><p>具有独立型自我的个体更为关注自己并表现出更多的内在特质<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>;具有依赖型自我的个体更为关注自己和他人之间的内在联系,表现出更多的公共成分<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:52</sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="社会认知、个体知觉和归因"><span id=".E7.A4.BE.E4.BC.9A.E8.AE.A4.E7.9F.A5.E3.80.81.E4.B8.AA.E4.BD.93.E7.9F.A5.E8.A7.89.E5.92.8C.E5.BD.92.E5.9B.A0"></span>社会认知、个体知觉和归因</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=46" title="编辑章节:社会认知、个体知觉和归因"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="社会认知"><span id=".E7.A4.BE.E4.BC.9A.E8.AE.A4.E7.9F.A5"></span>社会认知</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=47" title="编辑章节:社会认知"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Social cognition" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Social cognition"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_cognition&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Social cognition(页面不存在)">Social cognition</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_cognition" class="extiw" title="en:Social cognition"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Social cognition</span></a></span>)</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brain_areas_that_participate_in_social_processing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Brain_areas_that_participate_in_social_processing.jpg/200px-Brain_areas_that_participate_in_social_processing.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Brain_areas_that_participate_in_social_processing.jpg/300px-Brain_areas_that_participate_in_social_processing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Brain_areas_that_participate_in_social_processing.jpg/400px-Brain_areas_that_participate_in_social_processing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="828" data-file-height="308" /></a><figcaption>参与社会认知活动的脑区</figcaption></figure> <p>社会认知又称社会知觉,是个体进行选择、理解、识记和根据社会信息进行推断人或事物的过程<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:59</sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。主要有以下两种假设:<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:59</sup> </p> <ul><li>将个体看成是<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A4%E7%9F%A5%E5%90%9D%E5%95%AC%E8%80%85" title="认知吝啬者">认知吝啬者</a>:认为个体的认知资源是有限的,个体更倾向于使用更为简单且省力的而非更为深思熟虑的方式进行认知活动,不需要付出的时候绝不轻易付出<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>;</li> <li>认为人们会努力形成对世界的准确印象。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="社会分类"><span id=".E7.A4.BE.E4.BC.9A.E5.88.86.E7.B1.BB"></span>社会分类</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=48" title="编辑章节:社会分类"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>社会分类是个体在认知他人时,通常并非将其当作是独立的个体,而是将其归为某一群体中的现象。群体可以分为“<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E5%9C%98%E9%AB%94%E8%88%87%E5%A4%96%E5%9C%98%E9%AB%94" title="內團體與外團體">内群</a>(我们)”和“<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E5%9C%98%E9%AB%94%E8%88%87%E5%A4%96%E5%9C%98%E9%AB%94" title="內團體與外團體">外群</a>(他们)”两种,对于不同的群体,个体可能会夸大群体内部的相似性和不同群体之间的差异性,导致发生<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%9C%98%E9%AB%94%E5%90%8C%E8%B3%AA%E6%80%A7" title="外團體同質性">外群体同质效应</a><sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:59-60</sup>。这种分类受很多方面差别的影响,包括种族、性别、年龄、职业和政治倾向等,是引起<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%8F%E8%A6%8B" title="偏見">偏见</a>的原因之一<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。同时,个体在对待内群的成员时,相比对待外群的成员会更为友好,也更容易发生<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%AD%B8%E5%9B%A0%E8%AC%AC%E8%AA%A4" title="基本歸因謬誤">归因偏差</a>和内群体偏好<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>; </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="图式"><span id=".E5.9B.BE.E5.BC.8F"></span>图式</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=49" title="编辑章节:图式"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息:<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%A8%A1_(%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="基模 (心理學)">基模 (心理學)</a></div> <p>图式描述了一种思维或行为类型,其用来区分信息的类别,区分信息之间的关系<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。心理学家认为可以将图式分为个人图式、<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91%E5%9B%BE%E5%BC%8F" title="自我图式">自我图式</a>、团体图式、角色图式和剧本五种<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:61</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="社会认知法则"><span id=".E7.A4.BE.E4.BC.9A.E8.AE.A4.E7.9F.A5.E6.B3.95.E5.88.99"></span>社会认知法则</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=50" title="编辑章节:社会认知法则"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>社会认知法则主要有<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="便民法则" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Availability heuristic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BE%BF%E6%B0%91%E6%B3%95%E5%88%99&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="便民法则(页面不存在)">便利法则</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Availability_heuristic" class="extiw" title="en:Availability heuristic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Availability heuristic</span></a></span>)</span></span><span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E6%80%A7%E6%8D%B7%E6%80%9D%E6%B3%95" title="代表性捷思法">象征性法则</a><span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>、基础比例信息<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="锚定和调整法则" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Anchoring (cognitive bias)#Anchoring-and-adjusting"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%94%9A%E5%AE%9A%E5%92%8C%E8%B0%83%E6%95%B4%E6%B3%95%E5%88%99&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="锚定和调整法则(页面不存在)">锚定和调整法则</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchoring_(cognitive_bias)#Anchoring-and-adjusting" class="extiw" title="en:Anchoring (cognitive bias)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Anchoring (cognitive bias)#Anchoring-and-adjusting</span></a></span>)</span></span><span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>四种<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:62-63</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="个体知觉"><span id=".E4.B8.AA.E4.BD.93.E7.9F.A5.E8.A7.89"></span>个体知觉</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=51" title="编辑章节:个体知觉"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>个体知觉是个体通过有限的信息认识他人的过程<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:65</sup>。知觉线索包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E7%BB%AA" title="情绪">情绪</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%9F%E9%80%9A" title="沟通">言语交流</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%AF%AD%E4%BA%A4%E9%99%85" title="非言语交际">非言语线索</a>三种<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:70-71</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="系列位置效应"><span id=".E7.B3.BB.E5.88.97.E4.BD.8D.E7.BD.AE.E6.95.88.E5.BA.94"></span>系列位置效应</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=52" title="编辑章节:系列位置效应"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="First impression (psychology)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="First impression (psychology)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_impression_(psychology)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="First impression (psychology)(页面不存在)">First impression (psychology)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_impression_(psychology)" class="extiw" title="en:First impression (psychology)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">First impression (psychology)</span></a></span>)</span></span></div> <p>系列位置效应影响着个体对他人的印象形成过程,包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%8D%B0%E8%B1%A1" title="第一印象">第一印象</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B4%E4%BD%93%E5%8D%B0%E8%B1%A1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="整体印象(页面不存在)">整体印象</a>两种<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:66-67</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="知觉偏差"><span id=".E7.9F.A5.E8.A7.89.E5.81.8F.E5.B7.AE"></span>知觉偏差</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=53" title="编辑章节:知觉偏差"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>知觉偏差是个体知觉过程的特性,包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%95%E8%BD%AE%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94" title="晕轮效应">晕轮效应</a>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="正性偏差" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Positivity effect"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%A3%E6%80%A7%E5%81%8F%E5%B7%AE&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="正性偏差(页面不存在)">正性偏差</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positivity_effect" class="extiw" title="en:Positivity effect"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Positivity effect</span></a></span>)</span></span><span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="负性偏差" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Negativity bias"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%9F%E6%80%A7%E5%81%8F%E5%B7%AE&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="负性偏差(页面不存在)">负性偏差</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negativity_bias" class="extiw" title="en:Negativity bias"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Negativity bias</span></a></span>)</span></span>两种<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:68-69</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="归因"><span id=".E5.BD.92.E5.9B.A0"></span>归因</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=54" title="编辑章节:归因"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息:<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%92%E5%9B%A0" title="归因">归因</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%92%E5%9B%A0%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="归因理论">归因理论</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%AD%B8%E5%9B%A0%E8%AC%AC%E8%AA%A4" title="基本歸因謬誤">基本歸因謬誤</a></div> <p>归因是个体根据已有的外部信息或线索来判断个体的内在状态或根据个体的外在行为来推测行为原因的过程<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:73</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="社会行为"><span id=".E7.A4.BE.E4.BC.9A.E8.A1.8C.E4.B8.BA"></span>社会行为</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=55" title="编辑章节:社会行为"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Social behavior" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Social behavior"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_behavior&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Social behavior(页面不存在)">Social behavior</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_behavior" class="extiw" title="en:Social behavior"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Social behavior</span></a></span>)</span></span></div> <p>社会行为是多个个体之间或多个团体之间、团体内部或多个团体之间的互动行为<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="侵犯行为"><span id=".E4.BE.B5.E7.8A.AF.E8.A1.8C.E4.B8.BA"></span>侵犯行为</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=56" title="编辑章节:侵犯行为"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Aggression" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Aggression"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aggression&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aggression(页面不存在)">Aggression</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggression" class="extiw" title="en:Aggression"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Aggression</span></a></span>)</span></span></div> <p>侵犯行为又称攻击性行为,是有意图、外显并伤害他人身心健康的行为。行为有“亲社会”和“反社会”两种倾向(意图),并非所有的侵犯行为都是坏事<sup id="cite_ref-ECNU_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECNU-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:131-132</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="亲社会行为"><span id=".E4.BA.B2.E7.A4.BE.E4.BC.9A.E8.A1.8C.E4.B8.BA"></span>亲社会行为</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=57" title="编辑章节:亲社会行为"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息:<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E5%BA%A6%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%8C%96" title="過度社會化">過度社會化</a></div> <p>亲社会行为是个体自发地或有意图地帮助他人的行为,包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E4%BB%96%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="利他主义">利他行为</a>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="助人行为" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Helping behavior"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A9%E4%BA%BA%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="助人行为(页面不存在)">助人行为</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helping_behavior" class="extiw" title="en:Helping behavior"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Helping behavior</span></a></span>)</span></span>两种<sup id="cite_ref-ECNU_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECNU-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:99</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="社会交换和社会影响"><span id=".E7.A4.BE.E4.BC.9A.E4.BA.A4.E6.8D.A2.E5.92.8C.E7.A4.BE.E4.BC.9A.E5.BD.B1.E5.93.8D"></span>社会交换和社会影响</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=58" title="编辑章节:社会交换和社会影响"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="社会交换"><span id=".E7.A4.BE.E4.BC.9A.E4.BA.A4.E6.8D.A2"></span>社会交换</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=59" title="编辑章节:社会交换"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息:<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2%E8%AE%BA" title="社会交换论">社会交换论</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9A%E5%BE%92%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83" title="囚徒困境">囚徒困境</a></div> <p>社会交换是个体的社会生活的基本原则之一,可以使个体和他人建立积极联系<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:177</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="社会影响"><span id=".E7.A4.BE.E4.BC.9A.E5.BD.B1.E5.93.8D"></span>社会影响</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=60" title="编辑章节:社会影响"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Social influence" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Social influence"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_influence&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Social influence(页面不存在)">Social influence</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence" class="extiw" title="en:Social influence"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Social influence</span></a></span>)</span></span></div> <p>社会影响是个体或团体的社会力量在特定方向上改变他人态度或行为的现象。社会力量主要来源于奖赏权、强制权、参照权、法定权、专家权、信息权、社会地位相联系的各种权力,以及被爱和受尊敬的影响力<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:183</sup>。 </p><p>社会影响主要体现在<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%8A%A9%E9%95%BF" title="社会助长">社会促进</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%80%A7%E6%87%88%E6%80%A0" title="社會性懈怠">社会懈怠</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%BB%E5%80%8B%E4%BA%BA%E5%8C%96" title="去個人化">去个体化</a>三个方面<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:185-189</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="从众、顺从和服从"><span id=".E4.BB.8E.E4.BC.97.E3.80.81.E9.A1.BA.E4.BB.8E.E5.92.8C.E6.9C.8D.E4.BB.8E"></span>从众、顺从和服从</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=61" title="编辑章节:从众、顺从和服从"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息:<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%9E%E7%9C%BE%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="從眾行為">從眾行為</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Compliance (psychology)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Compliance (psychology)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compliance_(psychology)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Compliance (psychology)(页面不存在)">Compliance (psychology)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compliance_(psychology)" class="extiw" title="en:Compliance (psychology)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Compliance (psychology)</span></a></span>)</span></span>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Obedience (human behavior)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Obedience (human behavior)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obedience_(human_behavior)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Obedience (human behavior)(页面不存在)">Obedience (human behavior)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="extiw" title="en:Obedience (human behavior)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Obedience (human behavior)</span></a></span>)</span></span></div> <p>从众、顺从和服从行为是社会影响对个体行为的决定作用的直接体现<sup id="cite_ref-ECNU_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECNU-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:191</sup>。 </p><p>从众是个体在压力下改变行为的倾向<sup id="cite_ref-ECNU_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECNU-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:191</sup>;顺从是个体在他人的直接请求下按照其要求改变行为的倾向<sup id="cite_ref-ECNU_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECNU-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:196</sup>;服从是个体在他人的直接命令下按其命令做出某种行为的倾向<sup id="cite_ref-ECNU_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECNU-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:198</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="态度、偏见和说服"><span id=".E6.80.81.E5.BA.A6.E3.80.81.E5.81.8F.E8.A7.81.E5.92.8C.E8.AF.B4.E6.9C.8D"></span>态度、偏见和说服</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=62" title="编辑章节:态度、偏见和说服"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="社会态度"><span id=".E7.A4.BE.E4.BC.9A.E6.80.81.E5.BA.A6"></span>社会态度</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=63" title="编辑章节:社会态度"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息:<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%8B%E5%BA%A6_(%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="態度 (心理學)">態度 (心理學)</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%A4%B1%E8%AA%BF" title="認知失調">認知失調</a>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Attitude (psychology)#Social_psychology" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Attitude (psychology)#Social_psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attitude_(psychology)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Attitude (psychology)(页面不存在)">Attitude (psychology)#Social_psychology</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude_(psychology)#Social_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Attitude (psychology)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Attitude (psychology)#Social_psychology</span></a></span>)</span></span></div> <p>社会态度是社会心理学的核心问题<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:112</sup>。在社会心理学中,态度的定义多种多样,其中有以下三种具有代表性的观点:<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:112</sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>美国心理学家<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%B0%94%E9%A1%BF%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%B3%A2%E7%89%B9" title="高尔顿·威拉德·奥尔波特">高尔顿·威拉德·奥尔波特</a>认为:态度是凭借经验组织起来的、影响个体对情景的反应的心理和神经的准备状态,其强调经验在态度形成中所发挥的作用;</li> <li>美国心理学家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="大卫·克雷奇" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="David Krech"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%AB%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%9B%B7%E5%A5%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="大卫·克雷奇(页面不存在)">大卫·克雷奇</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Krech" class="extiw" title="en:David Krech"><span lang="en" dir="auto">David Krech</span></a></span>)</span></span>认为:态度是个体对自己所生活的世界中的某些现象的动机过程、情感过程、知觉过程的持久组织,其强调现在的主观经验而不是过去的主观经验对态度形成的影响;</li> <li>心理学家<span lang="en">Freeman</span>认为:态度是个体对某一特定事物或观念的由认知、情感和行为倾向三个成分所组成的心理倾向,其强调了态度的组成和特点。是目前心理学家们所公认的对态度比较好的解释。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="偏见"><span id=".E5.81.8F.E8.A7.81"></span>偏见</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=64" title="编辑章节:偏见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息:<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%8F%E8%A6%8B" title="偏見">偏見</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A7%E8%A7%86" class="mw-redirect" title="歧视">歧视</a></div> <p>偏见是个体或群体基于不正确或不充分的信息对其他个体或群体形成的错误或片面的看法<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:139</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="说服"><span id=".E8.AF.B4.E6.9C.8D"></span>说服</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=65" title="编辑章节:说服"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Persuasion" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Persuasion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persuasion&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Persuasion(页面不存在)">Persuasion</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persuasion" class="extiw" title="en:Persuasion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Persuasion</span></a></span>)</span></span></div> <p>说服是个体试图形成、加强或改变他人态度或行为倾向的行为<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:129-130</sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>说服有三种<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="说服模型" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Persuasion#Persuasion Knowledge Model (PKM)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%B4%E6%9C%8D%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="说服模型(页面不存在)">说服模型</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persuasion#Persuasion_Knowledge_Model_(PKM)" class="extiw" title="en:Persuasion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Persuasion#Persuasion Knowledge Model (PKM)</span></a></span>)</span></span>:<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%A4%AB%E5%85%B0%E5%BE%B7" title="卡尔·霍夫兰德">卡尔·霍夫兰德</a>说服模型、路径和中心模型和Sears说服模型,以及一些<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="说服策略" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Persuasion#Methods"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%B4%E6%9C%8D%E7%AD%96%E7%95%A5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="说服策略(页面不存在)">说服策略</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persuasion#Methods" class="extiw" title="en:Persuasion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Persuasion#Methods</span></a></span>)</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:130-132</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="人际关系"><span id=".E4.BA.BA.E9.99.85.E5.85.B3.E7.B3.BB"></span>人际关系</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=66" title="编辑章节:人际关系"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Intrapersonal_Relations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Intrapersonal_Relations.jpg/200px-Intrapersonal_Relations.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Intrapersonal_Relations.jpg/300px-Intrapersonal_Relations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Intrapersonal_Relations.jpg/400px-Intrapersonal_Relations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="271" /></a><figcaption>人际关系模型示意图</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="人際關係">人際關係</a></div> <p>人际关系是个体在彼此交往的过程中形成的心理关系<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:146</sup>。 </p><p>人际关系表现在个体对他人的影响和依赖两个方面,和他人建立良好的人际关系是个体的社会生活中最重要的任务之一<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:146</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="人际吸引和亲密关系"><span id=".E4.BA.BA.E9.99.85.E5.90.B8.E5.BC.95.E5.92.8C.E4.BA.B2.E5.AF.86.E5.85.B3.E7.B3.BB"></span>人际吸引和亲密关系</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=67" title="编辑章节:人际吸引和亲密关系"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%99%85%E5%90%B8%E5%BC%95" title="人际吸引">人际吸引</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%B2%E5%AF%86%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="亲密关系">亲密关系</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="爱情"><span id=".E7.88.B1.E6.83.85"></span>爱情</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=68" title="编辑章节:爱情"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息:<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E6%83%85" class="mw-redirect" title="爱情">爱情</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="团体"><span id=".E5.9B.A2.E4.BD.93"></span>团体</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=69" title="编辑章节:团体"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A4%E7%9C%BE%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="群眾心理學">群眾心理學</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soc-psy_diagram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Soc-psy_diagram.jpg/200px-Soc-psy_diagram.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="425" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Soc-psy_diagram.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>社会心理学研究团体内部成员之间、团体和其他团体之间的相互作用</figcaption></figure> <p>在社会心理学中,团体是由一群相互依赖并相互影响的人所组成的集合,团体成员之间应有相互接触和互动的可能。规模是团体最重要的维度之一<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:205-206</sup>。 </p><p>团体对个体心理的影响主要体现在以下三个方面:<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:206</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B8%E5%B1%AC%E6%84%9F" title="歸屬感">归属感</a>:即个体对团体的归属感,是某团体成员所具有的自己属于此团体的感觉。这种感觉可以衍生出许多情感,如:民族情感、爱国情感和家庭情感等;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A4%E5%90%8C%E6%84%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="认同感">认同感</a>:即个体对一些重大事件和原则问题的认识和团体要求之间的同一性。个体通常将团体作为社会认同的对象,认同感影响着个体的心理和行为;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%94%AF%E6%8C%81" title="社會支持">社会支持</a>:即团体对个体的正强化作用。当个体的思想和行为等符合其所在团体的要求时,团体通常会对其加以赞许或进行鼓励,从而强化个体的特定行为。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="团体分类"><span id=".E5.9B.A2.E4.BD.93.E5.88.86.E7.B1.BB"></span>团体分类</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=70" title="编辑章节:团体分类"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>根据个体彼此间关系的紧密程度可以将社会群体分为以下六种:<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:205</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E5%90%88_(%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6)" title="集合 (数学)">统计集合</a>:根据某一特征对群体进行划分,如<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B7%E6%80%A7" title="男性">男性</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%BA" title="维基人">维基人</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7" title="女性">女性</a>维基人、<a href="/wiki/LGBT" title="LGBT">可男可女</a>或<a href="/wiki/LGBT" title="LGBT">非男非女</a>的维基人。这种群体中的成员不一定彼此相识或有所互动,不能算作团体;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%85%E5%90%AC%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="阅听人">观众</a>:根据某一相同的活动对象对群体进行划分,如<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="山东">山东</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E5%B2%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="青岛">青岛</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86%E5%8F%B0" title="电视台">电视台</a>某<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%82%E7%9B%AE" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="节目">节目</a>的观众。这种群体中的成员彼此不相识,也没有互动,不能算作团体;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A4%E4%BC%97" class="mw-redirect" title="群众">群众</a>:根据某一情境对群体进行划分,如在街头围观<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E4%BA%8B%E6%95%85" title="交通事故">车祸</a>现场的围观者。这种群体中的成员只在空间上较为接近,而彼此不相识,也没有互动,不能算作团体;</li> <li>组或队:根据某一相同的目标对群体进行划分,如<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E8%B6%B3%E7%90%83%E9%98%9F" title="中国国家足球队">中国国家足球队</a>。这种群体中的成员彼此间有所互动,可以算作团体;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD" title="家庭">家庭</a>:这种群体中的成员彼此间有<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E8%A6%AA" title="血親">血缘</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%9A%E5%A7%BB" title="婚姻">婚姻</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B6%E9%A4%8A" title="收養">收养</a>关系等,通常共同居住,可以算作团体;</li> <li>正式<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87_(%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6)" title="组织 (社会科学)">组织</a>:这种群体中的成员以清晰、有结构的方式协作,以完成任务为目标。如<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%AA%92%E4%BD%93%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E4%BC%9A" title="维基媒体基金会">维基媒体基金会</a>,可以算作团体。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="团体规范"><span id=".E5.9B.A2.E4.BD.93.E8.A7.84.E8.8C.83"></span>团体规范</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=71" title="编辑章节:团体规范"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>团体规范是团体用来保证其目标的实现,制约其成员思想、信念和行为的范围性准则,这使团体成员表现出一定程度的一致性<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:207</sup>。 </p><p>松散的团体规范通常不会对团体成员产生较大影响,但可以使这种规范得以长久存在;严格的团体规范通常会对团体成员产生较大影响,但这种规范更容易受到团体成员的修改<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:208</sup>。 </p><p>心理学家通常以规范的正式程度将团体规范分为正式规范<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>和非正式规范<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>两种<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:207</sup>。 </p><p>团体规范的作用主要体现在以下三个方面:<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:207-208</sup> </p> <ul><li>保持团体的一致性:即维持<a href="#团体">团体认同感</a>。团体规范不仅从外部约束着团体成员的思想、信念和行为方式,还从内部为团体成员提供了相互认同的依据,从而使某位团体成员和团体其他成员保持一致。团体规范的约束力影响着<a href="#从众、顺从和服从">从众行为</a>和<a href="#团体决策">团体决策</a>;</li> <li>为团体成员提供同一认知标准和行为准则:团体规范为不同团体成员提供一个衡量自己和他人思想、信念和行为方式的共同心理<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E7%B3%BB" title="参考系">参照系</a>,即团体中的统一<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86" title="标准">标准</a>;</li> <li>惰性作用:团体规范会限制团体成员的努力水平,使团体成员不能表现得太好或太差,即<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E6%A1%91%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94" title="霍桑效应">霍桑效应</a>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="团体凝聚力"><span id=".E5.9B.A2.E4.BD.93.E5.87.9D.E8.81.9A.E5.8A.9B"></span>团体凝聚力</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=72" title="编辑章节:团体凝聚力"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息:<a href="/wiki/%E8%BA%AB%E4%BB%BD%E8%AE%A4%E5%90%8C" title="身份认同">身份认同</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E8%AA%8D%E5%90%8C" title="文化認同">文化認同</a></div> <p>团体凝聚力是使团体成员团结一致的力量,通常用来衡量<a href="#认同感">团体认同感</a>的程度。美国社会心理学家<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%98%82%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E6%96%AF%E5%BB%B7%E6%A0%BC" title="利昂·费斯廷格">利昂·费斯廷格</a>认为团体凝聚力是作用于团体成员之间的使其能够留在当前团体的各种因素的合力,包括正性力量和负性力量<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:209</sup>。 </p><p>团体凝聚力对团体成员的影响主要体现在以下四个方面:<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:211</sup> </p> <ul><li>团体成员的稳定程度:团体凝聚力越强的团体,其成员越不愿意离开,团体的稳定程度越高;</li> <li>对团体成员的影响力:团体凝聚力越强的团体,其成员受到团体的影响更大,更容易出现<a href="#从众、顺从和服从">从众行为</a>;</li> <li>团体成员的自尊程度:团体凝聚力越强的团体,其成员的<a href="#自尊">自尊</a>程度越高,表现出更低的焦虑,并更信任彼此;</li> <li>团体产出和工作效率:团体凝聚力越强的团体,其成员的工作效率在团体规范倡导高效时越高,在<a href="#团体规范">团体规范</a>不倡导高效时越低。</li></ul> <p>影响团体凝聚力的因素主要有以下四种:<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:210</sup> </p> <ul><li>需要的满足:团体越能满足其成员的需要,其凝聚力越大;</li> <li>团体目标:当团体的目标和团体成员的目标相同时,其凝聚力越大;</li> <li>团体活动:团体的活动越对其成员有吸引力,其凝聚力越大;</li> <li>团体领导:在团体决策中允许团体成员参与的民主型领导,其所领导的团体凝聚力越大。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="团体领导"><span id=".E5.9B.A2.E4.BD.93.E9.A2.86.E5.AF.BC"></span>团体领导</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=73" title="编辑章节:团体领导"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>团体领导是对团体行为和信念产生并施加较大影响的人,能够发起活动、下达命令、陟罚臧否、调停争议并使团体向着达成目标前进<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:213</sup>。 </p><p>美国社会心理学家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="罗伯特·弗里德·贝尔斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Robert F. Bales"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="罗伯特·弗里德·贝尔斯(页面不存在)">罗伯特·弗里德·贝尔斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Bales" class="extiw" title="en:Robert F. Bales"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Robert F. Bales</span></a></span>)</span></span>从社会影响的角度将团体领导分为任务型领导<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>和社会情绪型领导<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>两类<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:213</sup>。 </p><p>有关团体领导的理论主要有:特质理论、胜任特征理论、领导与下属交换理论、权变领导模型、路径-目标模型和三重需要理论<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:213-219</sup>。 </p><p>团体领导的效能除了受领导风格和情境因素的影响之外,还受以下两种因素的影响:<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:219-220</sup> </p> <ul><li>性别和领导方式:美国心理学家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="艾丽斯·伊格利" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Alice Eagly"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BE%E4%B8%BD%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E6%A0%BC%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="艾丽斯·伊格利(页面不存在)">艾丽斯·伊格利</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Eagly" class="extiw" title="en:Alice Eagly"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Alice Eagly</span></a></span>)</span></span>和美国<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%B6%85%E7%8B%84%E6%A0%BC%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="康涅狄格大学">康涅狄格大学</a>教授<span lang="en">Blair T. Johnson</span><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>通过研究指出,女性领导在带领团体进行决策时,相比于男性领导更愿意使用民主和参与性的方法,而男性领导则更愿意使用独裁和指导性的方法。同时,艾丽斯·伊格利认为女性在社会化过程中人际交往能力发展得比男性更完善;<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>文化和领导方式:<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="希腊">希腊</a>心理学家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="哈里·查兰博斯·特里安迪斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Harry C. Triandis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%9F%A5%E5%85%B0%E5%8D%9A%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E5%AE%89%E8%BF%AA%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="哈里·查兰博斯·特里安迪斯(页面不存在)">哈里·查兰博斯·特里安迪斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_C._Triandis" class="extiw" title="en:Harry C. Triandis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Harry C. Triandis</span></a></span>)</span></span>通过研究指出,人们在不同的文化环境中所理想的领导的特征也有一些不同。在<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E4%BD%93%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="集体主义">集体主义</a>文化中,团体领导被认为应该更关心团体及其成员的需要和团体内的人际关系;在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AA%E4%BA%BA%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="个人主义">个人主义</a>文化中,团体领导被认为应该更以任务为中心,并强调团体成员个人的成就。<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="团体沟通"><span id=".E5.9B.A2.E4.BD.93.E6.B2.9F.E9.80.9A"></span>团体沟通</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=74" title="编辑章节:团体沟通"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A4%E4%BD%93%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="群体动力学">群体动力学</a></div> <p>团体沟通是实现团体实现其组织功能的重要保障,可以使团体成员相互了解,也是重要的团体活动课题<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:220</sup>。 </p><p>团体沟通主要有以下两种特性:<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:220-221</sup> </p> <ul><li>团体成员发言不平等:在团体沟通时,无论何种话题、团体成员之间的熟悉程度如何,总会出现一或两位成员主导讨论的情况;</li> <li>团体领导的主导作用:在团体沟通时,团体领导有突出的主导作用。团体领导是团体中最活跃的人,发言次数是其成为团体领导的必要条件。</li></ul> <p>用特定的模式<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>表示团体沟通的方式时,可以分为以下四种沟通网络:<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:222</sup> </p> <ul><li>圆型:团体成员沟通机会均等,成员之间只能和自己相邻的成员沟通,不能和其他成员沟通;</li> <li>链型:处在端点处的团体成员只能和自己相邻的成员沟通,处在中间的三位成员能和自己相邻的两位成员沟通,最中间的成员更为重要;</li> <li>树(Y)型:链型的分支。处在端点处的团体成员只能和自己相邻的成员沟通,处在中间的两位成员能和自己相邻的成员沟通;</li> <li>轮(+)型:处在端点处的团体成员只能和自己相邻的成员沟通,处在中间的成员能和所有的成员沟通。</li></ul> <p>团体沟通的顺畅与否会影响团体士气和效率。美国<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="管理心理学">管理心理学</a>家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="哈罗德·杰克·莱维特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Harold Leavitt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%88%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%9D%B0%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E8%8E%B1%E7%BB%B4%E7%89%B9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="哈罗德·杰克·莱维特(页面不存在)">哈罗德·杰克·莱维特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Leavitt" class="extiw" title="en:Harold Leavitt"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Harold Leavitt</span></a></span>)</span></span>通过研究指出,团体成员相互交流的自由度越高,其满意度越高<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。在解决简单的问题时,集中度高的沟通更有利,因为团体领导可以较为迅速地收集到所有的信息;在解决复杂问题时,集中度低的沟通更有利,因为团体成员可以较为自由地交流所有的信息<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:222-223</sup>。 </p><p>尽管团体通常有着共同的目标,但因为团体成员之间存在利益和矛盾、对其他团体成员行为的错误归因、使用不良的沟通方式和对利益和矛盾的知觉,还是会引发团体<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="衝突">冲突</a>。在心理学中,冲突是一种两个或多个社会成员之间因有不同的反应或期望而产生的紧张状态。冲突有零和非零两种形式,<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B6%E5%92%8C%E5%8D%9A%E5%BC%88" title="零和博弈">零和冲突</a>是竞争性的、冲突一方的收益是另一方的损失,<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E9%9B%B6%E5%92%8C%E5%8D%9A%E5%BC%88" title="非零和博弈">非零和冲突</a>是非竞争性的、冲突一方的收益不等于另一方的损失<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:223</sup>。 </p><p>解决冲突的方式主要有<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%AF%E7%91%AA%E6%96%AF%E2%94%80%E5%9F%BA%E7%88%BE%E6%9B%BC%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81%E8%A7%A3%E6%B1%BA%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="湯瑪斯─基爾曼衝突解決模型">湯瑪斯─基爾曼衝突解決模型</a>、协商式沟通和利用中间人沟通三种<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:223-225</sup>。 </p><p>团体沟通方式的差异、沟通者的性别差异和沟通时的文化差异会导致<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%9F%E9%80%9A%E9%9A%9C%E7%A2%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="沟通障碍">沟通障碍</a><sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:225-227</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="团体决策"><span id=".E5.9B.A2.E4.BD.93.E5.86.B3.E7.AD.96"></span>团体决策</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=75" title="编辑章节:团体决策"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Group decision-making" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Group decision-making"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Group_decision-making&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Group decision-making(页面不存在)">Group decision-making</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_decision-making" class="extiw" title="en:Group decision-making"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Group decision-making</span></a></span>)</span></span></div> <p>团体决策是团体成员面对团体所遇到的问题,探寻问题解决策略的过程<sup id="cite_ref-ECNU_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECNU-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:218</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="一般性问题"><span id=".E4.B8.80.E8.88.AC.E6.80.A7.E9.97.AE.E9.A2.98"></span>一般性问题</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=76" title="编辑章节:一般性问题"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>团体决策的一般性问题主要有以下三种:<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:227-228</sup> </p> <ul><li>两类决策问题:智力问题和判断问题;</li> <li>多数人和少数人对决策的影响:团体决策通常会选择多数人的意见,除非少数人的意见是由团体领导发出的或少数人对自己的意见极为坚持;</li> <li>团体领导对决策的影响:团体领导的意见带有权威性。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="决策规则"><span id=".E5.86.B3.E7.AD.96.E8.A7.84.E5.88.99"></span>决策规则</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=77" title="编辑章节:决策规则"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>团体决策的规则主要有一致性规则<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>、优势取胜规则<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>和多数取胜规则<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>三种<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:229</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="决策方法"><span id=".E5.86.B3.E7.AD.96.E6.96.B9.E6.B3.95"></span>决策方法</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=78" title="编辑章节:决策方法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>团体决策的方法主要有<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B4%E8%84%91%E9%A3%8E%E6%9A%B4%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="头脑风暴法">头脑风暴</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94%E8%8F%B2%E6%B3%95" title="德尔菲法">德尔菲法</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="具名群体技术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nominal group technique"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%B7%E5%90%8D%E7%BE%A4%E4%BD%93%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="具名群体技术(页面不存在)">具名群体技术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominal_group_technique" class="extiw" title="en:Nominal group technique"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nominal group technique</span></a></span>)</span></span>、阶梯技术<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>和群体决策支持系统<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>五种<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:229</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="团体极化"><span id=".E5.9B.A2.E4.BD.93.E6.9E.81.E5.8C.96"></span>团体极化</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=79" title="编辑章节:团体极化"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A4%E4%BD%93%E6%9E%81%E5%8C%96" title="群体极化">群体极化</a></div> <p>团体极化是经团体沟通使团体决策趋向极端的现象,即风险转移<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>;或经团体沟通使团体决策趋向保守的现象<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>团体在解决重要问题时,相比一般问题更容易发生团体极化现象<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:231</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="团体思维"><span id=".E5.9B.A2.E4.BD.93.E6.80.9D.E7.BB.B4"></span>团体思维</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=80" title="编辑章节:团体思维"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息:<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A2%E4%BD%93%E8%BF%B7%E6%80%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="团体迷思">团体迷思</a></div> <p>团体思维又称小集团意识,是在高团体凝聚力的团体内部,因其成员在思考问题和决策时过度追求团体一致而使团体决策不能作出客观且实际的评价和方案的思维模式<sup id="cite_ref-PKU_1-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:233</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注脚"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E8.84.9A"></span>注脚</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=81" title="编辑章节:注脚"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="references-NoteFoot"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">原句如此,属学术性定义。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">约19世纪末-20世纪60年代。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">如:<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B%E6%AF%94%E5%A4%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="力比多">性因素</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%84%8F%E8%AF%86" class="mw-redirect" title="无意识">无意识</a>等。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">即<a href="#新精神分析">新精神分析学派</a>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">如:<a href="#自我">自我</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%A0%BC" title="人格">人格</a>等。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">即古典精神分析学派。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">主要是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B%E6%AF%94%E5%A4%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="力比多">力比多</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%84%8F%E8%AF%86" class="mw-redirect" title="无意识">无意识</a>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">如:人格。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">即奖励和惩罚。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">即个体因素和环境因素。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">如:<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E5%88%A5%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89" title="性別平等">女性问题</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="美国种族主义">美国种族问题</a>等。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">如:性别、环境、政治、犯罪、司法、市场、消费、营销和健康等。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="社会学">社会学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="经济学">经济学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="政治学">政治学</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="人类学">人类学</a>等学科均对此领域有所涉及。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">如:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%A0%BC" title="人格">人格</a>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">即本能和遗传差异。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">即社会认知和社会知觉。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">即个体在知觉事物前,会根据简单的原则将事物分类。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">即个体在知觉事物时,会将注意集中到认知对象上,而忽视背景的影响。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">如:个体在社会中所处的地位、接受的思想和行为方式等。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">即被研究的个体或群体。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">即研究人员。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E4%BD%A0%E8%87%AA%E5%B7%B1" title="认识你自己">我是谁?</a>”的一般性回答。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">即个体对自己的内部特征和感受的知觉。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">即个体对自己的外在表现的知觉。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">可以是切身经验或替代经验。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">即通过语言或行为将自己的正性信息(如:正直、成就和贡献等)展示给他人<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">即通过向他人展示自己的正性信息来引起他人的内疚。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">即故意低估自己的正性信息。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">即通过向他人展示自己的不足和对其的依赖,来引起他人的同情。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">即通过威胁来使他人接受自己或自己的观点。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">通过说他人爱听的话来抬高自己。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">即对他人的期望。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span lang="en">Thompson, R. A.</span><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">如:<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E7%BB%AA" title="情绪">情绪</a>、<a href="#社会态度">态度</a>、能力和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%B7%E5%80%BC%E8%A7%82" class="mw-redirect" title="价值观">价值观</a>等。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">如:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%B2%E5%AF%86%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="亲密关系">亲密关系</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%99%85%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="人际关系">人际关系</a>、<a href="#团体">团体</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E8%A7%92%E8%89%B2" title="社会角色">社会角色</a>等。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">即根据某事件回忆起来的容易程度做出判断。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">即根据某个事物和某个典型事物的相似性做出归类。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">即根据某信息所占总体的比例做出判断。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">即根据假设的初始点调整判断。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">又称慈悲效应。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">通常有正式的书面文件,并由上级或团体的其他成员所监督执行,只存在于<a href="#团体分类">正式团体</a>中。如:学校规章和制度。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">通常没有正式的书面文件,是由团体成员所约定俗成的行为标准,可以存在于正式团体或非正式团体中。如:社会风俗和习惯。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">这种领导关心的是如何达成团体目标,通过指导下级以使下级达到其工作目标来体现自己的风格和价值。通常喜欢自己做决定,更为独裁。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">这种领导关心的是团体成员的情绪和团体内部的人际关系。通常对团体成员更友好且富有同情心,协调能力更强,更为民主。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">此处假设有一个五人团体。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">即最终的团体决策受到所有团体成员支持。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">即最终的团体决策受到一半以上的团体成员支持。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">即在多个方案中没有显著占优势的方案时选择支持人数最多的方案。</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=82" title="编辑章节:参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PKU-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-0"><sup><b>1.000</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-1"><sup><b>1.001</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-2"><sup><b>1.002</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-3"><sup><b>1.003</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-4"><sup><b>1.004</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-5"><sup><b>1.005</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-6"><sup><b>1.006</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-7"><sup><b>1.007</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-8"><sup><b>1.008</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-9"><sup><b>1.009</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-10"><sup><b>1.010</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-11"><sup><b>1.011</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-12"><sup><b>1.012</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-13"><sup><b>1.013</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-14"><sup><b>1.014</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-15"><sup><b>1.015</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-16"><sup><b>1.016</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-17"><sup><b>1.017</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-18"><sup><b>1.018</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-19"><sup><b>1.019</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-20"><sup><b>1.020</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-21"><sup><b>1.021</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-22"><sup><b>1.022</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-23"><sup><b>1.023</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-24"><sup><b>1.024</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-25"><sup><b>1.025</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-26"><sup><b>1.026</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-27"><sup><b>1.027</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-28"><sup><b>1.028</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-29"><sup><b>1.029</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-30"><sup><b>1.030</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-31"><sup><b>1.031</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-32"><sup><b>1.032</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-33"><sup><b>1.033</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-34"><sup><b>1.034</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-35"><sup><b>1.035</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-36"><sup><b>1.036</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-37"><sup><b>1.037</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-38"><sup><b>1.038</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-39"><sup><b>1.039</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-40"><sup><b>1.040</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-41"><sup><b>1.041</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-42"><sup><b>1.042</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-43"><sup><b>1.043</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-44"><sup><b>1.044</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-45"><sup><b>1.045</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-46"><sup><b>1.046</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-47"><sup><b>1.047</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-48"><sup><b>1.048</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-49"><sup><b>1.049</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-50"><sup><b>1.050</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-51"><sup><b>1.051</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-52"><sup><b>1.052</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-53"><sup><b>1.053</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-54"><sup><b>1.054</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-55"><sup><b>1.055</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-56"><sup><b>1.056</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-57"><sup><b>1.057</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-58"><sup><b>1.058</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-59"><sup><b>1.059</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-60"><sup><b>1.060</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-61"><sup><b>1.061</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-62"><sup><b>1.062</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-63"><sup><b>1.063</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-64"><sup><b>1.064</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-65"><sup><b>1.065</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-66"><sup><b>1.066</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-67"><sup><b>1.067</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-68"><sup><b>1.068</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-69"><sup><b>1.069</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-70"><sup><b>1.070</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-71"><sup><b>1.071</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-72"><sup><b>1.072</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-73"><sup><b>1.073</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-74"><sup><b>1.074</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-75"><sup><b>1.075</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-76"><sup><b>1.076</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-77"><sup><b>1.077</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-78"><sup><b>1.078</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-79"><sup><b>1.079</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-80"><sup><b>1.080</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-81"><sup><b>1.081</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-82"><sup><b>1.082</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-83"><sup><b>1.083</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-84"><sup><b>1.084</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-85"><sup><b>1.085</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-86"><sup><b>1.086</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-87"><sup><b>1.087</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-88"><sup><b>1.088</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-89"><sup><b>1.089</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-90"><sup><b>1.090</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-91"><sup><b>1.091</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-92"><sup><b>1.092</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-93"><sup><b>1.093</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-94"><sup><b>1.094</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-95"><sup><b>1.095</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-96"><sup><b>1.096</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-97"><sup><b>1.097</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-98"><sup><b>1.098</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-99"><sup><b>1.099</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-100"><sup><b>1.100</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-101"><sup><b>1.101</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-102"><sup><b>1.102</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-103"><sup><b>1.103</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-104"><sup><b>1.104</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-105"><sup><b>1.105</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-106"><sup><b>1.106</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-107"><sup><b>1.107</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-108"><sup><b>1.108</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-109"><sup><b>1.109</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-110"><sup><b>1.110</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-111"><sup><b>1.111</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-112"><sup><b>1.112</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-113"><sup><b>1.113</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-114"><sup><b>1.114</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-115"><sup><b>1.115</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-116"><sup><b>1.116</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKU_1-117"><sup><b>1.117</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">社会心理学. 北京大学出版社. 2018. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-301-29743-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-301-29743-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-7-301-29743-8</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(中国大陆)网页">(中文(中国大陆))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;rft.btitle=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-7-301-29743-8&amp;rft.pub=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Allport, G. W. The Historical Background of Social Psychology. G. Lindzey and E. Aronson (编). The Handbook of Social Psychology. New York: <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="McGraw Hill" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="McGraw Hill"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=McGraw_Hill&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="McGraw Hill(页面不存在)">McGraw Hill</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGraw_Hill" class="extiw" title="en:McGraw Hill"><span lang="en" dir="auto">McGraw Hill</span></a></span>)</span></span>: 5. 1985 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;rft.atitle=The+Historical+Background+of+Social+Psychology&amp;rft.aufirst=G.+W&amp;rft.aulast=Allport&amp;rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Social+Psychology&amp;rft.date=1985&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pages=5&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-all+%22+data-orig-title%3D%22McGraw+Hill%22+data-lang-code%3D%22en%22+data-lang-name%3D%22%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%22+data-foreign-title%3D%22McGraw+Hill%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-page%22%3EMcGraw+Hill%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint+ilh-comment%22%3E%EF%BC%88%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-lang%22%3E%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-colon%22%3E%EF%BC%9A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-link%22%3E-%7B%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22+dir%3D%22auto%22%3EMcGraw+Hill%3C%2Fspan%3E%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3E%EF%BC%89%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ECNU-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ECNU_4-0"><sup><b>3.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ECNU_4-1"><sup><b>3.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ECNU_4-2"><sup><b>3.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ECNU_4-3"><sup><b>3.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ECNU_4-4"><sup><b>3.4</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ECNU_4-5"><sup><b>3.5</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ECNU_4-6"><sup><b>3.6</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ECNU_4-7"><sup><b>3.7</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ECNU_4-8"><sup><b>3.8</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">社会心理学. 华东师范大学出版社. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-561-73992-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-561-73992-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-7-561-73992-1</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(中国大陆)网页">(中文(中国大陆))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;rft.btitle=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-7-561-73992-1&amp;rft.pub=%E5%8D%8E%E4%B8%9C%E5%B8%88%E8%8C%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sewell-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sewell_5-0"><sup><b>4.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sewell_5-1"><sup><b>4.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sewell_5-2"><sup><b>4.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">W. Sewell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.so.15.080189.000245">Some Reflections on the Golden Age of Interdisciplinary Social Psychology</a>. Annual Review of Sociology. 1989, <b>15</b>: 1–17 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2021-07-22</span>&#93;</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2FANNUREV.SO.15.080189.000245"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1146/ANNUREV.SO.15.080189.000245</span></a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211211012210/https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.so.15.080189.000245">存档</a>于2021-12-11) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;rft.atitle=Some+Reflections+on+the+Golden+Age+of+Interdisciplinary+Social+Psychology&amp;rft.au=W.+Sewell&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Sociology&amp;rft.pages=1-17&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.annualreviews.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.so.15.080189.000245&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2FANNUREV.SO.15.080189.000245&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Triplett&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Norman Triplett(页面不存在)">Norman Triplett</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1412188">The dynamogenic factors in pacemaking and competition</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A" title="美国心理学期刊">American Journal of Psychology</a>. 1898, <b>9</b> (4): 507–533 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2021-07-22</span>&#93;</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/1412188"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR&#160;1412188</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1412188"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2307/1412188</span></a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211211010705/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1412188">存档</a>于2021-12-11) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;rft.atitle=The+dynamogenic+factors+in+pacemaking+and+competition&amp;rft.au=Norman+Triplett&amp;rft.date=1898&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Psychology&amp;rft.pages=507-533&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1412188&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1412188&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1412188&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Milton, Jane. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shortintroductio0000milt_2edi">A Short Introduction to Psychoanalysis</a>. SAGE Publications Ltd. 2011: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shortintroductio0000milt_2edi/page/27">27</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0857020598" title="Special:网络书源/978-0857020598"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0857020598</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;rft.aufirst=Jane&amp;rft.aulast=Milton&amp;rft.btitle=A+Short+Introduction+to+Psychoanalysis&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0857020598&amp;rft.pages=27&amp;rft.pub=SAGE+Publications+Ltd.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshortintroductio0000milt_2edi&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BNU-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BNU_12-0"><sup><b>7.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BNU_12-1"><sup><b>7.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BNU_12-2"><sup><b>7.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">普通心理学. 北京师范大学出版社. 2019. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-303-23687-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-303-23687-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-7-303-23687-9</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(中国大陆)网页">(中文(中国大陆))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;rft.btitle=%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-7-303-23687-9&amp;rft.pub=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%88%E8%8C%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Chiesa, Mecca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170904195958/http://www.behavior.org/item.php?id=154">Radical Behaviorism: The Philosophy and the Science</a>. Authors Cooperative, Inc. 1994: 1–241 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2021-07-09</span>&#93;</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0962331145" title="Special:网络书源/978-0962331145"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0962331145</a>. 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Mickey Keenan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13668250902845244">None of the As in ABA stand for autism: Dispelling the myths</a>. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability. 2009, <b>34</b> (2): 193–195 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2021-07-22</span>&#93;</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19404840"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID&#160;19404840</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13668250902845244"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1080/13668250902845244</span></a>. 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AI &amp; SOCIETY. 2010, <b>25</b>: 83-92 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2021-07-22</span>&#93;</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00146-009-0264-8"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1007/s00146-009-0264-8</span></a>. 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Penguin Books. 2002: 139–140. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0142001356" title="Special:网络书源/978-0142001356"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0142001356</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;rft.aufirst=M.+Mitchell&amp;rft.aulast=Waldrop&amp;rft.btitle=The+Dream+Machine%3A+J.C.R.+Licklider+and+the+Revolution+That+Made+Computing+Personal&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0142001356&amp;rft.pages=139-140&amp;rft.pub=Penguin+Books&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%AF%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E6%A0%B9" title="肯尼斯·格根">Kenneth J Gergen</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fh0034436">Social psychology as history</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AA%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%8E%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E6%9D%82%E5%BF%97" title="个性与社会心理学杂志">个性与社会心理学杂志</a>. 1973, <b>26</b> (2): 309–320 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2021-07-22</span>&#93;</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0034436"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1037/h0034436</span></a>. 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Annual Review of Sociology. 1982, <b>8</b>: 1–33 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2021-03-04</span>&#93;</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0360-0572"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN&#160;0360-0572</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/2945986"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR&#160;2945986</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.so.08.080182.000245"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1146/annurev.so.08.080182.000245</span></a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211211012212/https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.so.08.080182.000245">存档</a>于2021-12-11).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;rft.atitle=The+Self-Concept&amp;rft.au=Viktor+Gecas&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issn=0360-0572&amp;rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Sociology&amp;rft.pages=1-33&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2945986&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.annualreviews.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.so.08.080182.000245&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.so.08.080182.000245&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kassin, Saul. Social Psychology. Wadsworth Publishing. 2017. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-305-58022-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-305-58022-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-1-305-58022-0</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;rft.aufirst=Saul&amp;rft.aulast=Kassin&amp;rft.btitle=Social+Psychology&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-305-58022-0&amp;rft.pub=Wadsworth+Publishing&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Moscovici, Serge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingofmodernso0000mosc">The Making of Modern Social Psychology</a>. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. 2006. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1566704793" title="Special:网络书源/978-1566704793"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-1566704793</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;rft.aufirst=Serge&amp;rft.aulast=Moscovici&amp;rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Modern+Social+Psychology&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1566704793&amp;rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&amp;rft.pub=Polity+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingofmodernso0000mosc&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Albert Bandura. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1985-98423-000">Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory.</a>. National Inst of Mental Health. 1986 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2021-03-04</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200908101527/https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1985-98423-000">存档</a>于2020-09-08) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;rft.atitle=Social+foundations+of+thought+and+action%3A+A+social+cognitive+theory.&amp;rft.au=Albert+Bandura&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsycnet.apa.org%2Frecord%2F1985-98423-000&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Moskowitz, Gordon B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialcognitionu0000mosk">Social Cognition: Understanding Self and Others (Texts in Social Psychology)</a>. The Guilford Press. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1593850852" title="Special:网络书源/978-1593850852"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-1593850852</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;rft.aufirst=Gordon+B.&amp;rft.aulast=Moskowitz&amp;rft.btitle=Social+Cognition%3A+Understanding+Self+and+Others+%28Texts+in+Social+Psychology%29&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1593850852&amp;rft.pub=The+Guilford+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsocialcognitionu0000mosk&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Austin, William G. An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialpsychology0000unse_s1d3">The Social psychology of intergroup relations</a>. Monterey, CA: Brooks Cole Publishing. 1979: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialpsychology0000unse_s1d3/page/33">33</a>–47. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0818502781" title="Special:网络书源/978-0818502781"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0818502781</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;rft.atitle=An+integrative+theory+of+intergroup+conflict&amp;rft.aufirst=William+G.&amp;rft.aulast=Austin&amp;rft.btitle=The+Social+psychology+of+intergroup+relations&amp;rft.date=1979&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=978-0818502781&amp;rft.pages=33-47&amp;rft.place=Monterey%2C+CA&amp;rft.pub=Brooks+Cole+Publishing&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsocialpsychology0000unse_s1d3&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">J. C. Turner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141235185">Some current issues in research on social identity and self-categorization theories</a>. Social Identity (Oxford: Blackwell). 1999: 6–34 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;rft.atitle=Some+current+issues+in+research+on+social+identity+and+self-categorization+theories&amp;rft.au=J.+C.+Turner&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Social+Identity&amp;rft.pages=6-34&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A141235185&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110625003711/http://yjsy.nenu.edu.cn/wlkc/xinlixue/congzhongal1.htm">阿希的从众实验</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2021-07-22</span>&#93;</span>. 原始内容存档于2011-06-25 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(中国大陆)网页">(中文(中国大陆))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;rft.btitle=%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%8C%E7%9A%84%E4%BB%8E%E4%BC%97%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyjsy.nenu.edu.cn%2Fwlkc%2Fxinlixue%2Fcongzhongal1.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Milgram, Stanley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/obediencetoautho00milg">Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View</a>. HarperCollins. 1974. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-06-131983-X" title="Special:网络书源/0-06-131983-X"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0-06-131983-X</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;rft.aufirst=Stanley&amp;rft.aulast=Milgram&amp;rft.btitle=Obedience+to+Authority%3A+An+Experimental+View&amp;rft.date=1974&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-06-131983-X&amp;rft.pub=HarperCollins&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fobediencetoautho00milg&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prisonexp.org">Stanford Prison Experiment</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2021-07-22</span>&#93;</span>. 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(原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211211010820/https://doi.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2F0012-1649.41.2.319">存档</a>于2021-12-11) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;rft.atitle=Classroom+social+experiences+as+predictors+of+academic+performance&amp;rft.au=Lisa+Flook&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issn=0012-1649&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Developmental+Psychology&amp;rft.pages=31-327&amp;rft.volume=41&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.apa.org%2FdoiLanding%3Fdoi%3D10.1037%252F0012-1649.41.2.319&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0012-1649.41.2.319&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15769188&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Myers, David G. Social psychology 10. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. 2009. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0073370668" title="Special:网络书源/978-0073370668"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0073370668</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;rft.aufirst=David+G.&amp;rft.aulast=Myers&amp;rft.btitle=Social+psychology&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.edition=10&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0073370668&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Higher+Education&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Rogers, Carl Ransom. A Theory of Therapy, Personality, and Interpersonal Relationships: As Developed in the Client-centered Framework. McGraw-Hill. 1959 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;rft.aufirst=Carl+Ransom&amp;rft.aulast=Rogers&amp;rft.btitle=A+Theory+of+Therapy%2C+Personality%2C+and+Interpersonal+Relationships%3A+As+Developed+in+the+Client-centered+Framework&amp;rft.date=1959&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.simplypsychology.org/self-concept.html">Self Concept - Simply Psychology</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2021-07-22</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420053203/https://www.simplypsychology.org/self-concept.html">存档</a>于2021-04-20) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;rft.btitle=Self+Concept+-+Simply+Psychology&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.simplypsychology.org%2Fself-concept.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/self-awareness">Self-awareness - Definition of Self-awareness by Merriam-Webster</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2021-07-22</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201023151216/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/self-awareness">存档</a>于2020-10-23) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;rft.btitle=Self-awareness+-+Definition+of+Self-awareness+by+Merriam-Webster&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fself-awareness&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Albert Bandura. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2F0003-066X.37.2.122">Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency.</a>. American Psychologist. 1982, <b>37</b>: 122–147 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2021-07-22</span>&#93;</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0003-066X.37.2.122"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1037/0003-066X.37.2.122</span></a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211224194914/https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2F0003-066X.37.2.122">存档</a>于2021-12-24) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;rft.atitle=Self-efficacy+mechanism+in+human+agency.&amp;rft.au=Albert+Bandura&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Psychologist&amp;rft.pages=122-147&amp;rft.volume=37&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsycnet.apa.org%2FdoiLanding%3Fdoi%3D10.1037%252F0003-066X.37.2.122&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0003-066X.37.2.122&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hewitt, John P. Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology. Oxford University Press. 2009: 217–224. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-518724-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-518724-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0-19-518724-3</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;rft.aufirst=John+P.&amp;rft.aulast=Hewitt&amp;rft.btitle=Oxford+Handbook+of+Positive+Psychology&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-518724-3&amp;rft.pages=217-224&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Constantine Sedikides. Michael J. Strube. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/01461672952112010">The Multiply Motivated Self</a>. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 1995, <b>21</b> (12): 1330–1335 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2021-03-04</span>&#93;</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F01461672952112010"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1177/01461672952112010</span></a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200602062409/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/01461672952112010">存档</a>于2020-06-02) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>. <q>The self-enhancement motive refers to people's desire to enhance the positivity or decrease the negativity of the self-concept.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;rft.atitle=The+Multiply+Motivated+Self&amp;rft.au=Constantine+Sedikides&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.jtitle=Personality+and+Social+Psychology+Bulletin&amp;rft.pages=1330-1335&amp;rft.volume=21&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F01461672952112010&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F01461672952112010&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Roy F. Baumeister. Debra G. Hutton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4612-4634-3_4">Self-Presentation Theory: Self-Construction and Audience Pleasing</a>. Theories of Group Behavior. 1987 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2021-03-04</span>&#93;</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4612-4634-3_4"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4634-3_4</span></a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201001055736/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4612-4634-3_4">存档</a>于2020-10-01) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;rft.atitle=Self-Presentation+Theory%3A+Self-Construction+and+Audience+Pleasing&amp;rft.au=Roy+F.+Baumeister&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Theories+of+Group+Behavior&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4612-4634-3_4&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4612-4634-3_4&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Millon, Theodore. Handbook of Psychology, Personality and Social Psychology. John Wiley &amp; Sons. 2003: 337. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-471-38404-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-471-38404-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0-471-38404-5</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;rft.aufirst=Theodore&amp;rft.aulast=Millon&amp;rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Psychology%2C+Personality+and+Social+Psychology&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-471-38404-5&amp;rft.pages=337&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Chapman, Antony J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KzA6s7KZo-MC&amp;pg=PA532">Biographical Dictionary of Psychology</a>. Taylor &amp; Francis. 2002. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-415-28561-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-415-28561-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0-415-28561-2</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;rft.aufirst=Antony+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Chapman&amp;rft.btitle=Biographical+Dictionary+of+Psychology&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-415-28561-2&amp;rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKzA6s7KZo-MC%26pg%3DPA532&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Thomas A. Kolditz. Robert M. Arkin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2F0022-3514.43.3.492">An impression management interpretation of the self-handicapping strategy</a>. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1982, <b>43</b> (3): 492–502 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2021-07-22</span>&#93;</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.43.3.492"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1037/0022-3514.43.3.492</span></a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211211010929/https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2F0022-3514.43.3.492">存档</a>于2021-12-11) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;rft.atitle=An+impression+management+interpretation+of+the+self-handicapping+strategy&amp;rft.au=Thomas+A.+Kolditz&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Personality+and+Social+Psychology&amp;rft.pages=492-502&amp;rft.volume=43&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsycnet.apa.org%2FdoiLanding%3Fdoi%3D10.1037%252F0022-3514.43.3.492&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0022-3514.43.3.492&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">David L. Feick. Frederick Rhodewalt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1024434600296">The Double-Edged Sword of Self-Handicapping: Discounting, Augmentation, and the Protection and Enhancement of Self-Esteem</a>. Motivation and Emotion. 1997, <b>21</b>: 147-163 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2021-03-04</span>&#93;</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1024434600296"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1023/A:1024434600296</span></a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200509210027/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1024434600296">存档</a>于2020-05-09) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;rft.atitle=The+Double-Edged+Sword+of+Self-Handicapping%3A+Discounting%2C+Augmentation%2C+and+the+Protection+and+Enhancement+of+Self-Esteem&amp;rft.au=David+L.+Feick&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Motivation+and+Emotion&amp;rft.pages=147-163&amp;rft.volume=21&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1024434600296&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1024434600296&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Biggs, Michael. Encyclopedia of Philosophy and the Social Sciences. SAGE Publications, Inc. 2013. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781412986892" title="Special:网络书源/9781412986892"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;9781412986892</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781452276052.n292"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.4135/9781452276052.n292</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rft.aulast=Biggs&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy+and+the+Social+Sciences&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9781412986892&amp;rft.pub=SAGE+Publications%2C+Inc.&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781452276052.n292&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;chapter=</code>被忽略 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#chapter_ignored" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psychology.ucdavis.edu/people/rathom">Ross Thompson — People in the Social Science Departments at UC Davis</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2021-07-22</span>&#93;</span>. 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The evolution of cognitive bias.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookevolutio00buss">The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology</a>. Hoboken, NJ, US: John Wiley &amp; Sons Inc. 2005: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookevolutio00buss/page/n751">724–746</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0471264033" title="Special:网络书源/978-0471264033"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0471264033</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+cognitive+bias.&amp;rft.aufirst=David+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Buss&amp;rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Evolutionary+Psychology&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=978-0471264033&amp;rft.pages=724-746&amp;rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ%2C+US&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons+Inc&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbookevolutio00buss&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Daniel Kahneman. 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New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. 2007. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0521680431" title="Special:网络书源/978-0521680431"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0521680431</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;rft.aufirst=Jonathan&amp;rft.aulast=Baron&amp;rft.btitle=Thinking+and+Deciding&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.edition=4&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0521680431&amp;rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ariely, Dan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nlsiu.153.83.ari.35836">Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions</a>. New York, NY: Harper Perennial. 2010. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0061353246" title="Special:网络书源/978-0061353246"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0061353246</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;rft.aufirst=Dan&amp;rft.aulast=Ariely&amp;rft.btitle=Predictably+Irrational%3A+The+Hidden+Forces+That+Shape+Our+Decisions&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0061353246&amp;rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&amp;rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnlsiu.153.83.ari.35836&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Shatz, Itamar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://effectiviology.com/illusion-of-transparency/">The Illusion of Transparency: Why You’re Not as Obvious as You Think You Are – Effectiviology</a>. 2016 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2021-07-22</span>&#93;</span>. 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Exploring Social Psychology. McGraw-Hill Education. 2014. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0077825454" title="Special:网络书源/978-0077825454"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0077825454</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.aulast=Myers&amp;rft.btitle=Exploring+Social+Psychology&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0077825454&amp;rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Education&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donelson_R._Forsyth&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Donelson R. 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BioMed Research International. 2015: 1–7 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2021-07-22</span>&#93;</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2314-6133"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN&#160;2314-6133</span></a>. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4506840"><span title="公共医学中心">PMC&#160;4506840</span></a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26236723"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID&#160;26236723</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2015%2F313274"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1155/2015/313274</span></a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211211012420/https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2015/313274/">存档</a>于2021-12-11) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;rft.atitle=The+Relation+between+Nonverbal+IQ+and+Postoperative+CI+Outcomes+in+Cochlear+Implant+Users%3A+Preliminary+Result&amp;rft.au=Mina+Park&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issn=2314-6133&amp;rft.jtitle=BioMed+Research+International&amp;rft.pages=1-7&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4506840&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fbmri%2F2015%2F313274%2F&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2015%2F313274&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26236723&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keith_Stanovich&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Keith Stanovich(页面不存在)">Stanovich, Keith E.</a> What intelligence tests miss: the psychology of rational thought. 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Annual Review of Psychology. 2000, <b>51</b>: 539–570 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2021-07-22</span>&#93;</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10751980"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID&#160;10751980</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.psych.51.1.539"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.539</span></a>. 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Pearson. 2010: 33 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2021-04-02</span>&#93;</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-205-69818-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-205-69818-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0-205-69818-9</a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120316042346/http://www.amazon.com/Persuasion-Social-Influence-Compliance-Gaining/dp/0205698182">存档</a>于2012-03-16) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;rft.au=Seiter%2C+John+S.&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&amp;rft.aulast=Gass&amp;rft.btitle=Persuasion%2C+social+influence%2C+and+compliance+gaining&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.edition=4&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-205-69818-9&amp;rft.pages=33&amp;rft.pub=Pearson&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FPersuasion-Social-Influence-Compliance-Gaining%2Fdp%2F0205698182&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">University of Connecticut. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://socialpsych.uconn.edu/blair_t_johnson/">Blair T. Johnson - Social Psychology</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2021-07-22</span>&#93;</span>. 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(原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210722032351/https://psychology.wikia.org/wiki/Risky_shift">存档</a>于2021-07-22) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;rft.btitle=Risky+shift+-+Psychology+Wiki+-+Fandom&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsychology.wikia.org%2Fwiki%2FRisky_shift&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Colin Fraser. Celia Gouge, Michael Billig. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ejsp.2420010103">Risky shifts, cautious shifts, and group polarization</a>. European Journal of Social Psychology. 1971, <b>1</b>: 7-30 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2021-07-22</span>&#93;</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fejsp.2420010103"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420010103</span></a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210722094952/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ejsp.2420010103">存档</a>于2021-07-22) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;rft.atitle=Risky+shifts%2C+cautious+shifts%2C+and+group+polarization&amp;rft.au=Colin+Fraser&amp;rft.date=1971&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Social+Psychology&amp;rft.pages=7-30&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fejsp.2420010103&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fejsp.2420010103&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Anne R. Fitzpatrick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3102/00346543059003315">Social Influences in Standard Setting: The Effects of Social Interaction on Group Judgments</a>. Review of Educational Research. 1989, <b>59</b> (3): 315-328 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2021-07-22</span>&#93;</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1170185"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2307/1170185</span></a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211211011311/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3102/00346543059003315">存档</a>于2021-12-11) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;rft.atitle=Social+Influences+in+Standard+Setting%3A+The+Effects+of+Social+Interaction+on+Group+Judgments&amp;rft.au=Anne+R.+Fitzpatrick&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Review+of+Educational+Research&amp;rft.pages=315-328&amp;rft.volume=59&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.3102%2F00346543059003315&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1170185&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=83" title="编辑章节:外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84913072"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks infobox" style="width:auto"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">關於<b>社会心理学</b><br />的<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:LIBRARY" class="mw-redirect" 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0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E5%B8%B8%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="異常心理學">異常</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生物心理学">生物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="認知心理學">認知</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="比較心理學">比較</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="文化心理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cultural psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="文化心理学">文化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Cultural psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cultural psychology</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="发展心理学">发展</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="差別心理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Differential psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%AE%E5%88%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="差別心理學(页面不存在)">差別</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Differential psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Differential psychology</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="演化心理學">演化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="实验心理学">实验</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="数学心理学">数学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="神经心理学">神经</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%A0%BC%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="人格心理學">人格</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E9%9D%A2%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="正面心理學">正面</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生理心理学">生理</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">社会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="理论心理学">理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="哲學心理學">哲學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="科學心理學">科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%95%E7%94%9F%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="毕生发展心理学">發展</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="心理语言学">心理语言学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="心理物理学">心理物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="人本主义心理学">人本主義</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="情感科学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Affective science"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%83%85%E6%84%9F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="情感科学(页面不存在)">情感科学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affective_science" class="extiw" title="en:Affective science"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Affective science</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="情感神經科學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Affective neuroscience"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%83%85%E6%84%9F%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="情感神經科學(页面不存在)">情感神經科學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" class="extiw" title="en:Affective neuroscience"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Affective neuroscience</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89_(%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6)" title="行为主义 (心理学)">行為主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="精神分析學">精神分析學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知神經科學">認知神經科學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="应用心理学">应用心理学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="應用行為分析">应用行为分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%A9%97" title="心理測驗">心理測驗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="臨床心理學">臨床心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="社區心理學">社區心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E8%B2%BB%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="消費行為">消費行為</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%94%E5%B0%8E" title="輔導">咨询</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="教育心理学">教育</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BA%AD%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="法庭心理學">法医</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="健康心理学">健康</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E8%88%87%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="工業與組織心理學">工业与组织</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="傳媒心理学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Media psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%82%B3%E5%AA%92%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="傳媒心理学(页面不存在)">傳媒心理学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Media psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Media psychology</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="军事心理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Military psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="军事心理學(页面不存在)">军事心理學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Military psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Military psychology</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="职业心理健康" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Occupational health psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%8C%E4%B8%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="职业心理健康(页面不存在)">职业心理健康</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_health_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Occupational health psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Occupational health psychology</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="宗教心理學">宗教心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="政治心理學">政治心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="心理统计学">心理统计学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%A1%E5%9B%AD%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="校园心理學(页面不存在)">校园心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="運動心理學">運動心理學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="自杀学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Suicidology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="自杀学(页面不存在)">自杀学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicidology" class="extiw" title="en:Suicidology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Suicidology</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="系统心理学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Systems psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="系统心理学(页面不存在)">系统心理学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Systems psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Systems psychology</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="交通心理學">交通心理學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="心理學研究方法列表">研究方法</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="動物測試">动物测试</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="档案研究" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Archival research"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="档案研究(页面不存在)">档案研究</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archival_research" class="extiw" title="en:Archival research"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Archival research</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="行为遗传学">行为遗传学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="行为表观遗传学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Behavioral epigenetics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E8%A1%A8%E8%A7%82%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="行为表观遗传学(页面不存在)">行为表观遗传学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_epigenetics" class="extiw" title="en:Behavioral epigenetics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Behavioral epigenetics</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%88%E4%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="案例">案例研究</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E6%B3%95" title="內容分析法">內容分析法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="实验心理学">实验心理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E4%BD%93%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C" title="人体试验">人体试验</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A2%E8%AB%87" title="面談">面談</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E6%88%90%E5%83%8F" title="神经成像">神经成像</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%82%E5%AF%9F" title="观察">观察</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="心理定性研究" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Qualitative psychological research"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="心理定性研究(页面不存在)">定性研究</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualitative_psychological_research" class="extiw" title="en:Qualitative psychological research"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Qualitative psychological research</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="心理定量研究" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantitative psychological research"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AE%9A%E9%87%8F%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="心理定量研究(页面不存在)">定量研究</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_psychological_research" class="extiw" title="en:Quantitative psychological research"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantitative psychological research</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="自陳量表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Self-report inventory"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E9%99%88%E9%87%8F%E8%A1%A8" title="自陈量表">自陳量表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-report_inventory" class="extiw" title="en:Self-report inventory"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Self-report inventory</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E8%B0%83%E6%9F%A5" title="社会统计调查">统计调查</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%8A%9B" title="智力">智力</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">取向</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿德勒心理学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Adlerian psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%BE%B7%E5%8B%92%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="阿德勒心理学(页面不存在)">阿德勒心理学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adlerian_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Adlerian psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Adlerian psychology</span></a></span>)</span></span>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E9%98%BF%E5%BE%B7%E5%8B%92%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="古典阿德勒心理学">古典阿德勒心理学</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="分析心理学">分析心理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89_(%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6)" title="行为主义 (心理学)">行为主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A4%E7%9F%A5%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E7%96%97%E6%B3%95" title="认知行为疗法">认知行为疗法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="認知主義">認知主義</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="描述心理学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Descriptive psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8F%8F%E8%BF%B0%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="描述心理学(页面不存在)">描述心理学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descriptive_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Descriptive psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Descriptive psychology</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="生态系统理论">生态系统理论</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="存在主义治疗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Existential therapy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E6%B2%BB%E7%96%97&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="存在主义治疗(页面不存在)">存在主义治疗</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_therapy" class="extiw" title="en:Existential therapy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Existential therapy</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="家庭療法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Family therapy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD%E7%99%82%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="家庭療法(页面不存在)">家庭療法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_therapy" class="extiw" title="en:Family therapy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Family therapy</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="女权主义疗法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Feminist therapy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B3%E6%9D%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E7%96%97%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="女权主义疗法(页面不存在)">女权主义疗法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_therapy" class="extiw" title="en:Feminist therapy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Feminist therapy</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E5%A1%94%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE" title="格式塔学派">格式塔学派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="人本主义心理学">人本主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="晤談治療法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Narrative therapy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%A4%E8%AB%87%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="晤談治療法(页面不存在)">晤談治療法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrative_therapy" class="extiw" title="en:Narrative therapy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Narrative therapy</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學哲學">心理學哲學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="精神動力取向心理治療" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Psychodynamic psychotherapy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%8F%96%E5%90%91%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="精神動力取向心理治療(页面不存在)">精神動力取向心理治療</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychodynamic_psychotherapy" class="extiw" title="en:Psychodynamic psychotherapy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Psychodynamic psychotherapy</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="理性情緒行為治療法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rational emotive behavior therapy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E6%83%85%E7%B7%92%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="理性情緒行為治療法(页面不存在)">理性情緒行為治療法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_emotive_behavior_therapy" class="extiw" title="en:Rational emotive behavior therapy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rational emotive behavior therapy</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%AD%A6" title="精神分析学">精神分析学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%80%8B%E4%BA%BA%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="超個人心理學">超个人</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="心理学家列表">著名心理学家</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%BE%B7%E5%8B%92" title="阿尔弗雷德·阿德勒">阿尔弗雷德·阿德勒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%B0%94%E9%A1%BF%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%B3%A2%E7%89%B9" title="高尔顿·威拉德·奥尔波特">高尔顿·威拉德·奥尔波特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%B3%A2%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%8F%AD%E6%9D%9C%E6%8B%89" title="阿尔波特·班杜拉">阿尔波特·班杜拉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%BE%99%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="阿龙·贝克">阿龙·贝克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E9%AE%91%E6%AF%94" title="約翰·鮑比">約翰·鮑比</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E8%92%99%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E7%89%B9%E5%B0%94" title="雷蒙德·卡特尔">雷蒙德·卡特尔</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="肯尼斯和玛米·克拉克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kenneth and Mamie Clark"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%AF%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%92%8C%E7%8E%9B%E7%B1%B3%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="肯尼斯和玛米·克拉克(页面不存在)">肯尼斯和玛米·克拉克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_and_Mamie_Clark" class="extiw" title="en:Kenneth and Mamie Clark"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kenneth and Mamie Clark</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF" title="阿尔伯特·艾利斯">阿尔伯特·艾利斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%88%A9%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE" title="爱利克·埃里克森">爱利克·埃里克森</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E6%A3%AE%E5%85%8B" title="汉斯·艾森克">汉斯·艾森克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%98%82%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E6%96%AF%E5%BB%B7%E6%A0%BC" title="利昂·费斯廷格">利昂·费斯廷格</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%A0%BC%E8%92%99%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7" title="西格蒙德·弗洛伊德">西格蒙德·弗洛伊德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E6%B4%9B" title="哈里·哈洛">哈里·哈洛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E7%BA%B3%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E5%B8%83" title="唐纳德·赫布">唐纳德·赫布</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%C2%B7L%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E7%88%BE" title="克拉克·L·赫爾">克拉克·L·赫爾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E5%A3%AB" title="威廉·詹姆士">威廉·詹姆士</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%8D%A3%E6%A0%BC" title="卡尔·荣格">卡爾·榮格</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="杰罗姆·凯根" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Jerome Kagan"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%B0%E7%BD%97%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E5%87%AF%E6%A0%B9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="杰罗姆·凯根(页面不存在)">杰罗姆·凯根</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Kagan" class="extiw" title="en:Jerome Kagan"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Jerome Kagan</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%8B%92%E6%B8%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="库尔特·勒温">库尔特·勒温</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="依瓦·洛瓦斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ivar Lovaas"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BE%9D%E7%93%A6%C2%B7%E6%B4%9B%E7%93%A6%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="依瓦·洛瓦斯(页面不存在)">依瓦·洛瓦斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_Lovaas" class="extiw" title="en:Ivar Lovaas"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ivar Lovaas</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E4%BC%AF%E6%8B%89%E7%BD%95%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B" title="亚伯拉罕·马斯洛">亚伯拉罕·马斯洛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%AB%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E5%85%B0" title="大卫·麦克利兰">大卫·麦克利兰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7A%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E5%8B%92" class="mw-redirect" title="乔治·A·米勒">乔治·A·米勒</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="尼爾·米勒" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Neal E. Miller"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E5%8B%92&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="尼爾·米勒(页面不存在)">尼爾·米勒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neal_E._Miller" class="extiw" title="en:Neal E. Miller"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Neal E. Miller</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E6%AD%87%E5%B0%94" title="沃尔特·米歇尔">沃爾特·米歇爾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%94%AB%E6%B4%9B%E5%A4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="巴甫洛夫">巴甫洛夫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%93%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E4%BA%9E%E5%82%91" class="mw-redirect" title="讓·皮亞傑">讓·皮亞傑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E5%93%B2%E6%96%AF" title="卡爾·羅哲斯">卡爾·羅哲斯</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="斯坦利·沙克特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Stanley Schachter"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E5%85%8B%E7%89%B9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="斯坦利·沙克特(页面不存在)">斯坦利·沙克特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Schachter" class="extiw" title="en:Stanley Schachter"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Stanley Schachter</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E5%B0%94%E8%B5%AB%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E9%87%91%E7%BA%B3" title="伯尔赫斯·弗雷德里克·斯金纳">伯尔赫斯·弗雷德里克·斯金纳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF%C2%B7%E6%A1%91%E4%BB%A3%E5%85%8B" title="愛德華·桑代克">愛德華·桑代克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8D%8E%E7%94%9F" title="约翰·布罗德斯·华生">约翰·布罗德斯·华生</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%E7%89%B9" title="威廉·冯特">威廉·冯特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E5%AE%BE%E6%B5%A9%E6%96%AF" title="赫尔曼·艾宾浩斯">赫尔曼·艾宾浩斯</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">心理学列表</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%94%E5%B0%8E" title="輔導">輔導</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="心理学学科列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of psychology disciplines"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="心理学学科列表(页面不存在)">学科</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychology_disciplines" class="extiw" title="en:List of psychology disciplines"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of psychology disciplines</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="心理學重要出版物列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of important publications in psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%89%A9%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="心理學重要出版物列表(页面不存在)">重要出版物</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:List of important publications in psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of important publications in psychology</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="心理學組織列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of psychology organizations"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="心理學組織列表(页面不存在)">組織</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychology_organizations" class="extiw" title="en:List of psychology organizations"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of psychology organizations</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%A4%A7%E7%BA%B2" title="心理学大纲">概要</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="心理学家列表">心理学家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" title="心理治療">心理療法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="心理學研究方法列表">研究方法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="心理学学派列表">心理学学派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="心理學年表">年表</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="心理學條目索引" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Index of psychology articles"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="心理學條目索引(页面不存在)">條目索引</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_psychology_articles" class="extiw" title="en:Index of psychology articles"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Index of psychology articles</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:心理学">心理学主題</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="社會心理學" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SocialPsychology" title="Template:SocialPsychology"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SocialPsychology" title="Template talk:SocialPsychology"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:SocialPsychology" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:SocialPsychology"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="社會心理學" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">社會心理學</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="人際關係">人際關係</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%9D%E9%99%84%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="依附理論">依附理論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%83%85" title="愛情">恋爱</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%9C%8B%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="多看效應">单纯曝光效果</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B8%E4%BC%BC%E6%80%A7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="相似性(页面不存在)">相似性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E8%B2%8C%E5%90%B8%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B" title="外貌吸引力">外表吸引力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E6%83%85%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%A0%E8%AE%BA" title="爱情三因论">愛情三元論</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%85%BB%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F" title="教养方式">育兒風格</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BB%E5%A9%9A" title="离婚">离婚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B6%E9%A4%8A" title="收養">收養</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg/80px-Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg/120px-Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg/160px-Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="94" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="衝突">衝突</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%BD%B1%E9%9F%BF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="社會影響(页面不存在)">社會影響</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%8F%E8%A6%8B" title="偏見">偏見</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%BB%E6%9D%BF%E5%8D%B0%E8%B1%A1" title="刻板印象">刻板印象</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%9C%98%E9%AB%94%E5%90%8C%E8%B3%AA%E6%80%A7" title="外團體同質性">外團體同質性偏差</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E8%A7%81%E5%A8%81%E8%83%81" title="成见威胁">成见威胁</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%85%E9%9A%90%E8%81%94%E6%83%B3%E6%B5%8B%E9%AA%8C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="内隐联想测验(页面不存在)">内隐联想测验</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%80%E4%BD%8E%E9%99%90%E5%BA%A6%E7%BE%A4%E9%AB%94%E7%AF%84%E5%BC%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="最低限度群體範式(页面不存在)">最低限度群體範式</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="現實衝突理論(页面不存在)">現實衝突理論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A7%E8%A6%96" title="歧視">歧視</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%84%AA%E5%8B%A2%E5%8F%96%E5%90%91&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="社會優勢取向(页面不存在)">社會優勢取向</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%BD%B1%E9%9F%BF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="社會影響(页面不存在)">社會影響</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%9E%E7%9C%BE%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="從眾行為">從眾行為</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E6%95%88%E6%9E%9C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="自動效果(页面不存在)">自動效果</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%8C%E4%BB%8E%E4%BC%97%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C" title="阿希从众实验">阿希从众实验</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A0%86%E5%BE%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="順從(页面不存在)">順從</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%97%E5%AF%B8%E8%BF%9B%E5%B0%BA%E6%B3%95" title="得寸进尺法">得寸进尺法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E9%80%80%E4%B8%BA%E8%BF%9B%E6%B3%95" title="以退为进法">以退为进法</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%8D%E4%BB%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="服从">服从</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%E6%A0%BC%E5%80%AB%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="米爾格倫實驗">米爾格倫實驗</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%83%E5%A8%81" title="权威">权威</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E7%A6%8F%E7%9B%91%E7%8B%B1%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C" title="斯坦福监狱实验">斯坦福监狱实验</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%A0%E5%AF%A6" title="誠實">誠實</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E6%83%A0%E6%80%A7" title="互惠性">互惠性</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E6%80%A7%E5%BD%B1%E9%9F%BF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="資訊性影響(页面不存在)">資訊性影響</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%AA%E6%9C%8D" title="說服">說服</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E6%95%B2%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD%E6%80%A7%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="推敲可能性模型">思考可能性模式</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E6%95%B0%E6%97%A0%E7%9F%A5" title="多数无知">多数无知</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A4%E4%BD%93%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="群体动力学">群体动力学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B8%E5%B1%AC%E6%84%9F" title="歸屬感">歸屬感</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E8%AA%8D%E5%90%8C%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="社會認同理論">社會認同理論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%8A%A9%E9%95%BF" title="社会助长">社会助长</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%80%A7%E6%87%88%E6%80%A0" title="社會性懈怠">社会惰化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%98%E9%AB%94%E5%87%9D%E8%81%9A%E5%8A%9B" title="團體凝聚力">團體凝聚力</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A4%E9%AB%94%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="群體發展(页面不存在)">群體發展</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A4%E4%BD%93%E6%9E%81%E5%8C%96" title="群体极化">群体极化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%98%E9%AB%94%E8%BF%B7%E6%80%9D" title="團體迷思">團體迷思</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AF%E8%AA%A4%E5%85%B1%E8%AD%98%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="錯誤共識效應">錯誤共識效應</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A3%E4%BB%BB%E5%88%86%E6%95%A3" title="责任分散">责任分散</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="社会比较理论">社会比较理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91%E6%8F%90%E5%8D%87" title="自我提升">自我提升</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%92%E8%9B%99%E6%B1%A0%E5%A1%98%E6%95%88%E6%87%89&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="青蛙池塘效應(页面不存在)">青蛙池塘效應</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%B5%E7%8A%AF" title="侵犯">侵略</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%B4%E5%8A%9B" title="暴力">暴力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%BB%E5%80%8B%E4%BA%BA%E5%8C%96" title="去個人化">去个体化</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BF%E5%90%8D" title="匿名">匿名</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8C%AB%E6%8A%98%E2%80%94%E6%94%BB%E6%93%8A%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="挫折—攻擊假說(页面不存在)">挫折—攻擊假說</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E4%BB%96%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="利他主义">利他主义</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div 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title="框架效應">框架效應</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%BA%E8%AA%8D%E5%81%8F%E8%AA%A4" title="確認偏誤">確認偏誤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F%E8%80%85%E6%9C%9F%E6%9C%9B%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="觀察者期望效應">觀察者期望效應</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%AF%E5%8F%91%E6%B3%95" title="启发法">启发法</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E6%80%A7%E6%8D%B7%E6%80%9D%E6%B3%95" title="代表性捷思法">代表性捷思法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%BE%97%E6%80%A7%E6%8D%B7%E6%80%9D%E6%B3%95" title="可得性捷思法">可得性捷思法</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%AD%B8%E5%9B%A0%E8%AC%AC%E8%AA%A4" title="基本歸因謬誤">基本歸因謬誤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%88%A9%E6%80%A7%E5%81%8F%E5%B7%AE" title="自利性偏差">自利性偏差</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" 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title="性選擇">性選擇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="社會生物學">社會生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="共同演化">共同演化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%9B%E5%8C%96%E7%A8%B3%E5%AE%9A%E5%AF%B9%E7%AD%96" title="进化稳定对策">进化稳定对策</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">领域</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="演化生物學">演化生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="演化人類學">演化人類學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="人類演化">人類演化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="演化語言學">演化語言學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="神經心理學">神經心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="演化神经科学">演化神經科學</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="演化醫學(页面不存在)">演化醫學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="社會生物學">社會生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="文化演化">文化演化</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E7%9A%84%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="道德的演化(页面不存在)">道德的演化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="宗教演化心理學">宗教演化心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%83%85%E7%B7%92%E7%9A%84%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="情緒的演化(页面不存在)">情緒的演化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="模因学">模因学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">开创性作者</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="查尔斯·达尔文">查尔斯·达尔文</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%81%93%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF" title="理查德·道金斯">理查德·道金斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E7%89%B9" title="丹尼爾·丹尼特">丹尼爾·丹尼特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%88%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E8%92%99" title="賈德·戴蒙">賈德·戴蒙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%B2%81%E6%B3%A1%E7%89%B9%E9%87%91" title="彼得·克鲁泡特金">彼得·阿列克谢耶维奇·克鲁泡特金</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E8%8A%AC%C2%B7%E5%B9%B3%E5%85%8B" title="斯蒂芬·平克">史迪芬·平克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%B3%B0%E5%BC%97%E5%A3%AB" title="罗伯特·泰弗士">罗伯特·泰弗士</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._O._%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E9%80%8A" title="E. O. 威尔逊">艾德華·威爾森</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">列表</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="演化心理學家列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of evolutionary psychologists"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="演化心理學家列表(页面不存在)">演化心理學家</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_evolutionary_psychologists" class="extiw" title="en:List of evolutionary psychologists"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of evolutionary psychologists</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="演化心理學">关于进化论和人类行为的文献目录</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%BF%9B%E5%8C%96%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:进化心理学">进化心理学分类</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:心理学">心理学主题</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="社会科学" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="Template:社會科學"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="Template talk:社會科學"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:社會科學"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="社会科学" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="社会科学">社会科学</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">基礎</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="心理学">心理学</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">社會</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6" title="法学">法学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="政治学">政治学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8" title="國際關係學">國際關係</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%AD%A6" title="公共行政学">公共行政学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="公共政策">公共政策</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="经济学">经济学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E8%A7%82%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="微观经济学">微观</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8F%E8%A7%82%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="宏观经济学">宏观</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="社会学">社会学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%AF%E7%BD%AA%E5%AD%B8" title="犯罪學">犯罪學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%AD%A6" title="人口学">人口学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%84%89%E6%9D%91%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%AD%B8" title="鄉村社會學">鄉村</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="人类学">人类学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="语言学">语言学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6" title="考古学">考古学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="社會人類學">社會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="文化人类学">文化</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="歷史學">歷史學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E7%9A%84%E8%BE%85%E5%8A%A9%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="历史的辅助科学">历史的辅助科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%8F%B2" title="文化史">文化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%8F%B2" title="经济史">经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="社会历史学">社会</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="地理学">地理学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="人文地理学">人文</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="环境地理学">環境</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%AD%A6" title="宗教学">宗教学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="宗教人类学">人類</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="宗教社会学">社會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="宗教心理學">心理</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">跨學科</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A4%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="认知科学">认知科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="教育学">教育学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="科学方法">科學研究</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="科学史">歷史</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="科学哲学">科学哲学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="经济哲学">經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="历史哲学">歷史</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="心理学哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Philosophy of psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學哲學">心理</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Philosophy of psychology</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="社會科學哲學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Philosophy of social science"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="社會科學哲學(页面不存在)">社會科學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of social science"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Philosophy of social science</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E8%88%87%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83" title="科技與社會">科技與社會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%8F%B2" title="技术史">技术史</a></li> <li>規劃 <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="土地使用規畫" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Land-use planning"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E8%A6%8F%E7%95%AB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="土地使用規畫(页面不存在)">土地使用</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land-use_planning" class="extiw" title="en:Land-use planning"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Land-use planning</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E8%A7%84%E5%88%92" title="环境规划">環境</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E8%A7%84%E5%88%92" title="城市规划">都市</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="生態政治學">政治生態學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="政治经济学">政治经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F" title="公共卫生">公共卫生</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BA%E5%9F%9F%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="区域经济学">区域经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="全球研究">全球研究</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="全球研究">國際研究</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%80%E5%9F%9F%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="區域研究">區域研究</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BA%E5%9F%9F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="区域科学">区域科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E5%AD%B8" title="商學">商學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="社会神经科学">社会神经科学</a></li> <li>環境(<a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="環境社會科學">社會科學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="環境研究 (學科)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Environmental studies"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6_(%E5%AD%B8%E7%A7%91)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="環境研究 (學科)(页面不存在)">研究</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_studies" class="extiw" title="en:Environmental studies"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Environmental studies</span></a></span>)</span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E6%92%AD%E5%AD%A6" title="传播学">传播学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="社區研究" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Community studies"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="社區研究(页面不存在)">社區研究</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_studies" class="extiw" title="en:Community studies"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Community studies</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="文化研究">文化研究</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="發展研究">發展研究</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="人類生態學">人類生態學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="信息科学">信息科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="媒體研究">媒體研究</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E5%88%AB%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="性别研究">性别研究</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="食品研究">食品研究</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E8%88%87%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8" title="人與動物關係學">人與動物關係學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C" title="社會工作">社會工作</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相关分類</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="精神科学">精神科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="規範科學">规范科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E7%A7%91" title="人文学科">人文學科</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="人文科學">人文科學</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="公共卫生" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F" title="Template:公共卫生"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F" title="Template talk:公共卫生"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:公共卫生"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="公共卫生" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F" title="公共卫生">公共卫生</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">通科</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%80%A7%E5%8D%B1%E5%AE%B3" title="生物性危害">生物性危害</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="首席医疗官" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Chief medical officer"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%96%E5%B8%AD%E5%8C%BB%E7%96%97%E5%AE%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="首席医疗官(页面不存在)">首席医疗官</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_medical_officer" class="extiw" title="en:Chief medical officer"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Chief medical officer</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="醫療縮寫" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of medical abbreviations"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82%E7%B8%AE%E5%AF%AB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="醫療縮寫(页面不存在)">醫療縮寫</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations" class="extiw" title="en:List of medical abbreviations"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of medical abbreviations</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E4%BD%93%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%AD%A6" title="人体解剖学">人体解剖学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="性教育">性教育</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E8%BD%A8%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="越轨社会学">越轨社会学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="环境健康" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Environmental health"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="环境健康(页面不存在)">环境健康</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_health" class="extiw" title="en:Environmental health"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Environmental health</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E5%A2%83%E5%AD%B8" title="優境學">優境學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E6%B0%91%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%AA" title="全民健康保險">全民健康保險</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%9C%9F%E7%85%A7%E8%AD%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="長期照護">長期照護</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生理学">生理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="风险管理">风险管理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E5%AD%A6" title="免疫学">醫用微生物及免疫學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="医学社会学">医学社会学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="健康影響評估" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Health impact assessment"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E5%BD%B1%E9%9F%BF%E8%A9%95%E4%BC%B0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="健康影響評估(页面不存在)">健康影響評估</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_impact_assessment" class="extiw" title="en:Health impact assessment"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Health impact assessment</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E7%B4%A0%E9%A4%8A" title="健康素養">健康素養</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="衛生政策">衛生政策</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7" title="心理健康">心理健康</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%8C%96%E8%88%87%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" title="全球化與疾病">全球化與疾病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7" title="生殖健康">生殖健康</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">社会心理学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="健康与疾病社会学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sociology of health and illness"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E4%B8%8E%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="健康与疾病社会学(页面不存在)">健康与疾病社会学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_health_and_illness" class="extiw" title="en:Sociology of health and illness"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sociology of health and illness</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="環境衛生" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Environmental health"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="環境衛生(页面不存在)">環境衛生</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_health" class="extiw" title="en:Environmental health"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Environmental health</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%90%E9%98%B2%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="預防醫學">預防醫學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92%E7%94%9F%E8%82%B2" title="计划生育">计划生育</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E4%BF%83%E8%BF%9B" title="健康促进">健康促进</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9%E8%AF%84%E4%BC%B0" title="风险评估">风险评估</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%A6" title="卫生学">卫生学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8" title="食品安全">食品安全</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%97%E6%89%8B" title="洗手">洗手</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="感染预防与控制" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Infection prevention and control"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93%E9%A2%84%E9%98%B2%E4%B8%8E%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="感染预防与控制(页面不存在)">感染预防与控制</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infection_prevention_and_control" class="extiw" title="en:Infection prevention and control"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Infection prevention and control</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E8%85%94%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F" title="口腔衛生">口腔衛生</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="毒理學測試" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Toxicology testing"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%92%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="毒理學測試(页面不存在)">毒理學測試</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicology_testing" class="extiw" title="en:Toxicology testing"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Toxicology testing</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B7%E6%A5%AD%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7" title="職業安全健康">職業安全健康</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%8C%E4%B8%9A%E7%97%85" title="职业病">职业病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="人因工程学">人因工程学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="职业卫生" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Occupational hygiene"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B7%E6%A5%AD%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="職業衛生">职业卫生</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hygiene" class="extiw" title="en:Occupational hygiene"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Occupational hygiene</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%8C%E4%B8%9A%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="职业医学">职业医学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="职业健康护理" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Occupational health nursing"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%8C%E4%B8%9A%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E6%8A%A4%E7%90%86&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="职业健康护理(页面不存在)">职业健康护理</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_health_nursing" class="extiw" title="en:Occupational health nursing"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Occupational health nursing</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E4%BA%BA%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8" title="病人安全">病人安全</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E6%80%A7%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="安全性行為">安全性行為</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E8%AE%BE%E6%96%BD" title="卫生设施">卫生设施</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%AA%E5%8F%A3%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%84" title="粪口路径">粪口路径</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%B2%E5%A4%A9%E6%8E%92%E4%BE%BF" title="露天排便">露天排便</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E6%B0%B4%E9%81%93" title="下水道">下水道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A0%86%E5%A1%AB" title="堆填">垃圾掩埋場</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%A5%E6%B0%B4" title="自来水">自来水</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="风险管理">風險溝通</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%92%E7%83%9F" title="戒烟">戒烟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97%E6%8E%A5%E7%A8%AE" title="疫苗接種">疫苗接種</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E5%AA%92%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="病媒控制">病媒控制</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="人口健康" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Population health"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="人口健康(页面不存在)">人口健康</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_health" class="extiw" title="en:Population health"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Population health</span></a></span>)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="生物統計學">生物統計學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%BF%E7%AB%A5%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E7%8E%87" title="儿童死亡率">儿童死亡率</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F" title="社區衛生">社區衛生</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6" title="流行病学">流行病学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="全球健康" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Global health"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="全球健康(页面不存在)">全球健康</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_health" class="extiw" title="en:Global health"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Global health</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="醫療系統">醫療系統</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%B4%E5%84%BF%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E7%8E%87" title="婴儿死亡率">婴儿死亡率</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="开源健康软件列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of open-source health software"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E6%BA%90%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="开源健康软件列表(页面不存在)">开源健康软件</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open-source_health_software" class="extiw" title="en:List of open-source health software"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of open-source health software</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E7%9A%84%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%86%B3%E5%AE%9A%E5%9B%A0%E7%B4%A0" title="健康的社会决定因素">健康的社会决定因素</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="健康平等" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Health equity"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="健康平等(页面不存在)">健康平等</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_equity" class="extiw" title="en:Health equity"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Health equity</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="种族与健康" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Race and health"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%8E%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="种族与健康(页面不存在)">种族与健康</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_health" class="extiw" title="en:Race and health"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Race and health</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="计算机科学">计算机科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7" title="健康">健康不平等</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E8%80%81%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="人口老化">人口老化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%91%E5%AD%90%E5%8C%96" title="少子化">少子化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="優生學">優生學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E9%A0%90%E9%98%B2" title="自殺預防">自殺預防</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="社会医学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Social medicine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="社会医学(页面不存在)">社会医学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_medicine" class="extiw" title="en:Social medicine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Social medicine</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">生物&amp;<br />流行病統計</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA%E6%AA%A2%E5%AE%9A" title="假說檢定">統計學假說</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E5%B7%AE%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="方差分析">方差分析(ANOVA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%B4%E6%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="迴歸分析">迴歸分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROC%E6%9B%B2%E7%BA%BF" title="ROC曲线">ROC曲线</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E5%BE%92%E9%A0%93t%E6%AA%A2%E5%AE%9A" title="司徒頓t檢定">学生<i>t</i>检验</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%E6%A3%80%E9%AA%8C" title="Z检验">Z检验</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E4%BE%8B%E5%B0%8D%E7%85%A7%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="病例對照研究">病例對照研究</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E5%AF%B9%E7%85%A7%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C" title="随机对照试验">随机对照试验</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B4%E5%BA%8A%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6" title="临床流行病学">临床流行病学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E9%A2%A8%E9%9A%AA" title="相對風險">相對風險</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="統計軟體列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of statistical software"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E8%BB%9F%E9%AB%94%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="統計軟體列表(页面不存在)">統計軟體</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_statistical_software" class="extiw" title="en:List of statistical software"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of statistical software</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="統計分析系統">SAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPSS" title="SPSS">SPSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stata" title="Stata">Stata</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">傳染病流行病<br />的疾病防治</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B6%E5%8E%9F%E8%80%85" title="帶原者">帶原者</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E5%82%B3%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85" title="性傳染病">性傳染病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="疫苗">疫苗管制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97%E6%8E%A5%E7%A8%AE" title="疫苗接種">疫苗接種</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%98%9F%E7%96%AB" title="瘟疫">瘟疫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%9A%E5%82%B3%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85" title="法定傳染病">法定傳染病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85" title="流行病">流行病</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="流行病列表">列表</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85" title="傳染病">疫情監測</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AA%A2%E7%96%AB" title="檢疫">檢疫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="健康经济学">醫療經濟學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E6%8C%81%E7%A4%BE%E4%BA%A4%E8%B7%9D%E9%9B%A2" title="保持社交距離">保持社交距離</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="熱帶病" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tropical disease"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B1%E5%B8%B6%E7%97%85&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="熱帶病(页面不存在)">熱帶病</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_disease" class="extiw" title="en:Tropical disease"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tropical disease</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F" title="食品卫生">食品卫生</a><br />及安全管理</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>食品 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E6%B7%BB%E5%8A%A0%E5%8A%91" class="mw-redirect" title="食品添加劑">添加劑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="食品化學">化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="食品工程">工程</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="食品微生物学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Food microbiology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="食品微生物学(页面不存在)">微生物学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_microbiology" class="extiw" title="en:Food microbiology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Food microbiology</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8" title="食品安全">安全</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%BB%91%E5%BF%83%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81" title="Category:黑心食品">食品安全丑闻</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%8A%A0%E5%B7%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="食品加工">食品加工</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%84%AA%E8%89%AF%E8%BE%B2%E7%94%A2%E5%93%81%E8%AD%89%E6%98%8E%E6%A8%99%E7%AB%A0" title="台灣優良農產品證明標章">CAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%AF%E5%A5%BD%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83" title="良好生产规范">良好生产规范</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B1%E5%AE%B3%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81%E7%AE%A1%E5%88%B6%E9%BB%9E" title="危害分析重要管制點">HACCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22000" title="ISO 22000">ISO 22000</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%AF%E5%A5%BD%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83" title="良好农业规范">良好农业规范</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halal" class="mw-redirect" title="Halal">Halal</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F" title="清真">清真認證</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="食品技术">食品技术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%89%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="轉基因">基因改造</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%94%B9%E9%80%A0%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81" title="基因改造食品">基因改造食品</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">健康行為科學</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E6%96%B0%E6%93%B4%E6%95%A3%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="創新擴散理論">創新擴散理論</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="健康信念模式" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Health belief model"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E4%BF%A1%E5%BF%B5%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="健康信念模式(页面不存在)">健康信念模式</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_belief_model" class="extiw" title="en:Health belief model"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Health belief model</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="理性行為模式" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rational emotive behavior therapy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="理性行為模式(页面不存在)">理性行為模式</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_emotive_behavior_therapy" class="extiw" title="en:Rational emotive behavior therapy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rational emotive behavior therapy</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E7%95%AB%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="計畫行為理論">計畫行為理論</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="階段變化模式" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Transtheoretical model"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%8E%E6%AE%B5%E8%AE%8A%E5%8C%96%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="階段變化模式(页面不存在)">階段變化模式</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transtheoretical_model" class="extiw" title="en:Transtheoretical model"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Transtheoretical model</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="社會認知理論">社會認知理論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%94%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="社會支持理論">社會支持理論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E4%BC%A0%E6%92%AD" title="健康传播">健康传播</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="precede porceed模式" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="PRECEDE-PROCEED"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precede_porceed%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Precede porceed模式(页面不存在)">precede porceed模式</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRECEDE-PROCEED" class="extiw" title="en:PRECEDE-PROCEED"><span lang="en" dir="auto">PRECEDE-PROCEED</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="社區健康營造" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Community health"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E7%87%9F%E9%80%A0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="社區健康營造(页面不存在)">社區健康營造</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_health" class="extiw" title="en:Community health"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Community health</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生態模式" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecosystem model"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="生態模式(页面不存在)">生態模式</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem_model" class="extiw" title="en:Ecosystem model"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecosystem model</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">組織,<br />教育,<br />和歷史</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">組織</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="世界卫生组织">世界卫生组织</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%BB%81%E6%89%80%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="世界廁所組織">世界廁所組織</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="加勒比公共卫生局" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Caribbean Public Health Agency"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A0%E5%8B%92%E6%AF%94%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E5%B1%80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="加勒比公共卫生局(页面不存在)">加勒比公共卫生局</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Public_Health_Agency" class="extiw" title="en:Caribbean Public Health Agency"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Caribbean Public Health Agency</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>中华人民共和国 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E9%A2%84%E9%98%B2%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E5%B1%80" title="国家疾病预防控制局">国家疾病预防控制局</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E9%A2%84%E9%98%B2%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="中国疾病预防控制中心">中国疾病预防控制中心(CCDC)</a></li></ul></li> <li>歐洲 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E9%A0%90%E9%98%B2%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="歐洲疾病預防控制中心">歐洲疾病預防控制中心(ECDC)</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="欧洲议会环境,公共卫生和食品安全委员会" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="European Parliament Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%EF%BC%8C%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E5%92%8C%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="欧洲议会环境,公共卫生和食品安全委员会(页面不存在)">欧洲议会环境,公共卫生和食品安全委员会</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_the_Environment,_Public_Health_and_Food_Safety" class="extiw" title="en:European Parliament Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety"><span lang="en" dir="auto">European Parliament Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li>美国 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E4%B8%8E%E9%A2%84%E9%98%B2%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="美国疾病控制与预防中心">美国疾病控制与预防中心(CDC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F%E5%B1%80" title="美國公共衛生局">美國公共衛生局</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="公共卫生教育委员会" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Council on Education for Public Health"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="公共卫生教育委员会(页面不存在)">公共卫生教育委员会</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Education_for_Public_Health" class="extiw" title="en:Council on Education for Public Health"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Council on Education for Public Health</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li>印度<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="卫生和家庭福利部" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ministry of Health and Family Welfare"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E5%92%8C%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD%E7%A6%8F%E5%88%A9%E9%83%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="卫生和家庭福利部(页面不存在)">卫生和家庭福利部</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Family_Welfare" class="extiw" title="en:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ministry of Health and Family Welfare</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">教育</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="健康教育">健康教育</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="公共卫生理学学士" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bachelor of Science in Public Health"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E5%A3%AB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="公共卫生理学学士(页面不存在)">公共卫生理学学士</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science_in_Public_Health" class="extiw" title="en:Bachelor of Science in Public Health"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bachelor of Science in Public Health</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB" title="公共卫生博士">公共卫生博士</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">歷史</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%9D%8E%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="约瑟夫·李斯特">约瑟夫·李斯特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E6%A0%BC%E9%BA%97%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%B1%B1%E9%A1%8D" title="瑪格麗特·山額">山額夫人</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%BA_(%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)" title="约翰·斯诺 (医学家)">约翰·斯诺</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="薩拉·約瑟芬·貝克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sara Josephine Baker"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%96%A9%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E7%B4%84%E7%91%9F%E8%8A%AC%C2%B7%E8%B2%9D%E5%85%8B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="薩拉·約瑟芬·貝克(页面不存在)">薩拉·約瑟芬·貝克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Josephine_Baker" class="extiw" title="en:Sara Josephine Baker"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sara Josephine Baker</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E8%8E%89%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E9%BE%8D" title="瑪莉·馬龍">傷寒瑪莉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B3%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E" title="鐳女郎">鐳女郎</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="疾病的細菌理論" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Germ theory of disease"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E7%9A%84%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="疾病的細菌理論(页面不存在)">疾病的細菌理論</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease" class="extiw" title="en:Germ theory of disease"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Germ theory of disease</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="社會衛生運動" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Social hygiene movement"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="社會衛生運動(页面不存在)">社會衛生運動</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_hygiene_movement" class="extiw" title="en:Social hygiene movement"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Social hygiene movement</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F" title="Category:公共卫生">分类</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="共享资源页面"><img alt="共享资源页面" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Public_health" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Public health">维基共享</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&amp;#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&amp;#125;--&amp;#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&amp;#125;-_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&amp;#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&amp;#125;--&amp;#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&amp;#125;-_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Psychologie sociale"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932672g">法国</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Psychologie sociale"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932672g">BnF data</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4055891-5">德国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&amp;local_base=NLX10&amp;find_code=UID&amp;request=987007551035705171">以色列</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85123994">美国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&amp;local_base=lnc10&amp;doc_number=000037820&amp;P_CON_LNG=ENG">拉脱维亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00571887">日本</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="sociální psychologie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=ph116212&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">学术</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300054452">AAT</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10644839">NARA</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐5dc468848‐fg5m9 Cached time: 20241122141309 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 2.382 seconds Real time usage: 3.560 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 22872/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 652328/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 21480/2097152 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