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bricks</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: bricks"> <meta name="keywords" content="bricks"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" 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class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="bricks"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 111</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: bricks</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">111</span> Building Bricks Made of Fly-Ash Mixed with Sand or Ceramic Dust: Synthesis and a Comparative Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Md.%20R.%20Shattique">Md. R. Shattique</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Md.%20T.%20Zaki"> Md. T. Zaki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Md.%20G.%20Kibria"> Md. G. Kibria</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fly-ash bricks give a comprehensive solution towards recycling of fly-ash and since there is no requirement of firing to produce them, they are also eco-friendly bricks; little or no carbon-dioxide is emitted during their entire production cycle. As bricks are the most essential and widely utilized building materials in the construction industry, the significance of developing an alternate eco-friendly brick is substantial in modern times. In this paper, manufacturing and potential utilization of Fly-ash made building bricks have been studied and was found to be a prospective substitute for fired clay bricks that contribute greatly to polluting the environment. Also, a comparison between sand made and ceramic dust made Fly-ash bricks have been carried out experimentally. The ceramic dust made bricks seem to show higher compressive strength at lower unit volume weight compared to sand made Fly-ash bricks. Moreover, the water absorption capacity of ceramic dust Fly-ash bricks was lower than sand made bricks. Then finally a statistical comparison between fired clay bricks and fly-ash bricks were carried out. All the requirements for good quality building bricks are matched by the fly-ash bricks. All the facts from this study pointed out that these bricks give a new opportunity for being an alternate building material. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coal%20fly-ash" title="coal fly-ash">coal fly-ash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ceramic%20dust" title=" ceramic dust"> ceramic dust</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=burnt%20clay%20bricks" title=" burnt clay bricks"> burnt clay bricks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sand" title=" sand"> sand</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gypsum" title=" gypsum"> gypsum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=absorption%20capacity" title=" absorption capacity"> absorption capacity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unit%20volume%20weight" title=" unit volume weight"> unit volume weight</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compressive%20strength" title=" compressive strength"> compressive strength</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17049/building-bricks-made-of-fly-ash-mixed-with-sand-or-ceramic-dust-synthesis-and-a-comparative-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17049.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">422</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">110</span> Comparative Study of Traditional Old and Recent Clay Bricks in the Southwest of Tunisia: Chemical, Mineralogical and Physical Properties</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Majouri">N. Majouri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Sghaier"> J. Sghaier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20El%20Mankibi"> M. El Mankibi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The history of brick manufacturing in south-west Tunisia dates back 1000 years. Most of the bricks are made at local workshops near to the clay supply site. This experimental study aims at studying and comparing the chemical, mineralogical and physical characterization of ancient and recent clay bricks in south-western Tunisia. This was done by collecting a large sample of clay brick specimens from four sites. There was much variability in the properties. The results revealed that there is a difference of up to 50% between old and new bricks; in chemical composition, mineralogy composition and porosity, which are much lower in recent clay bricks. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clay%20bricks" title="clay bricks">clay bricks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemical%20properties" title=" chemical properties"> chemical properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mineralogical%20properties" title=" mineralogical properties"> mineralogical properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physical%20properties" title=" physical properties"> physical properties</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165401/comparative-study-of-traditional-old-and-recent-clay-bricks-in-the-southwest-of-tunisia-chemical-mineralogical-and-physical-properties" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165401.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">82</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">109</span> LEGO Bricks and Creativity: A Comparison between Classic and Single Sets</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maheen%20Zia">Maheen Zia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Near the early twenty-first century, LEGO decided to diversify its product range which resulted in more specific and single-outcome sets occupying the store shelves than classic kits having fairly all-purpose bricks. Earlier, LEGOs came with more bricks and lesser instructions. Today, there are more single kits being produced and sold, which come with a strictly defined set of guidelines. If one set is used to make a car, the same bricks cannot be put together to produce any other article. Earlier, multiple bricks gave children a chance to be imaginative, think of new items and construct them (by just putting the same pieces differently). The new products are less open-ended and offer a limited possibility for players in both designing and realizing those designs. The article reviews (in the light of existing research) how classic LEGO sets could help enhance a child’s creativity in comparison with single sets, which allow a player to interact (not experiment) with the bricks. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=constructive%20play" title="constructive play">constructive play</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=creativity" title=" creativity"> creativity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LEGO" title=" LEGO"> LEGO</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=play-based%20learning" title=" play-based learning"> play-based learning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/130650/lego-bricks-and-creativity-a-comparison-between-classic-and-single-sets" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/130650.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">188</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">108</span> Investigation of Suitability of Dredged Wastes for Production of Bricks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Adebayo">B. Adebayo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20O.%20Omotehinse"> A. O. Omotehinse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Arum"> C. Arum</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study investigates the suitability of dredged samples for the production of bricks. Some geotechnical properties (moisture content, grain size distribution) of dredged samples were also determined using the British Standard. Bricks were produced using appropriate mixes of two dredged wastes. The dredged samples (Oroto dredged samples and Igbokoda dredged samples) have high moisture content of 90.48 % and 37.5 % respectively and both are classified as silty materials. The two dredged samples were mixed in different percentage (1- Oroto dredged sample (DS) 85 % and Igbokoda dredged sample (IS) 15 %, 2-DS 70 % and IS 30 %, 3- DS 55 % and IS 45 %, 4- DS 50 % and IS 50 %, 5- DS 45 % and IS 55 %,6- DS 30 % and IS 70 %, 7- DS 15 % and IS 85 %, 8- Clay 100 %, 9- DS 100 %, 10-IS 100 %) for the production of bricks and were tested for 7 days, 14 days, 21 days and 28 days. Although, the water absorption level of the bricks produced were high (5.635 to 33.4 %), the compressive strength on the 28th day was within the accepted British Standard. The Igbokoda dredge sample is a good material for the production of bricks when mixed with Oroto Dredged sample because the compressive strength of the material is within the accepted limit. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bricks" title="bricks">bricks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dredged" title=" dredged"> dredged</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=moisture%20content" title=" moisture content"> moisture content</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=suitability" title=" suitability"> suitability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16479/investigation-of-suitability-of-dredged-wastes-for-production-of-bricks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16479.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">239</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">107</span> Availability of Metals in Fired Bricks Incorporating Harbour Sediments</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fabienne%20Baraud">Fabienne Baraud</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lydia%20Leleyter"> Lydia Leleyter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sandra%20Poree"> Sandra Poree</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Melanie%20Lemoine"> Melanie Lemoine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatiha%20Oudghiri"> Fatiha Oudghiri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Alternative solutions to immersion at sea are searched for the huge amounts of dredged sediments around the world that might contain various types of contaminants. Possible re-uses of such materials in civil engineering appear as sustainable solutions. The French SEDIBRIC project (valorisation de SEDIments en BRIQues et tuiles) aims to replace a part of natural clays with dredged sediments in the preparation of fired bricks. The potential environmental impact of this re-use is explored to complete the technical and economic feasibility of the study. As part of the project, we investigate the environmental availability of metallic elements (Al, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Mg, Mn, Pb, Ti, and Zn) initially present in the dredged sediments selected for the project. Leaching tests (with H₂O, HCl, or EDTA) are conducted in the sediments than in the final bricks in order to evaluate the possible influence of some steps of the bricks manufacturing (desalination pre-treatment, firing, etc.). The desalination pre-treatment using tap water has no or few impacts on the environmental availability of the studied elements. On the opposite, the firing process (900°C) affects the value of the total content of elements detected in the bricks but also the environmental availability for various elements. For instance, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn are stabilized in the bricks, whereas the availability of some other elements (i.e., Cr, Ni) increases, depending on the nature of the extracting solution. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=availability" title="availability">availability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bricks" title=" bricks"> bricks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dredged%20sediments" title=" dredged sediments"> dredged sediments</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metals" title=" metals"> metals</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129774/availability-of-metals-in-fired-bricks-incorporating-harbour-sediments" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129774.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">141</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">106</span> Use of Chemical Extractions to Estimate the Metals Availability in Bricks Made of Dredged Sediments</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fabienne%20Baraud">Fabienne Baraud</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lydia%20Leleyter"> Lydia Leleyter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sandra%20Poree"> Sandra Poree</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Melanie%20Lemoine"> Melanie Lemoine</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> SEDIBRIC (valorization de SEDIments en BRIQues et tuiles) is a French project that aims to replace a part of natural clays with dredged sediments in the preparation of fired bricks in order to propose an alternative solution for the management of harbor dredged sediments. The feasibility of such re-use is explored from a technical, economic, and environmental point of view. The present study focuses on the potential environmental impact of various chemical elements (Al, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Mg, Mn, Pb, Ti, and Zn) that are initially present in the dredged sediments. The total content (after acid digestion) and the environmental availability (estimated by single extractions with various extractants) of these elements are determined in the raw sediments and in the obtained fired bricks. The possible influence of some steps of the manufacturing process (sediment pre-treatment, firing) is also explored. The first results show that the pre-treatment step, which uses tap water to desalinate the raw sediment, does not influence the environmental availability of the studied elements. However, the firing process, performed at 900°C, can affect the amount of some elements detected in the bricks, as well as their environmental availability. We note that for Cr, or Ni, the HCl or EDTA availability was increased in the brick (compared to the availability in the raw sediment). For Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn, the HCl and EDTA availability was reduced in the bricks, meaning that these elements were stabilized within the bricks. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bricks" title="bricks">bricks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemical%20extraction" title=" chemical extraction"> chemical extraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metals" title=" metals"> metals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sediment" title=" sediment"> sediment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/132584/use-of-chemical-extractions-to-estimate-the-metals-availability-in-bricks-made-of-dredged-sediments" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/132584.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">151</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">105</span> Use of Industrial Wastes for Production of Low-Cost Building Material</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Frank%20Aneke">Frank Aneke</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elizabeth%20Theron"> Elizabeth Theron</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Demand for building materials in the last decade due to growing population, has caused scarcity of low-cost housing in South Africa. The investigation thoroughly examined dolomitic waste (DW), silica fume (SF) and River sand (RS) effects on the geotechnical behaviour of fly ash bricks. Bricks samples were prepared at different ratios as follows: I. FA1 contained FA70% + RS30%, II. FA2 contained FA60% + DW10%+RS30%, III. FA3 has a mix proportion of FA50% + DW20%+RS30%, IV. FA4 has a mix ratio FA40% + DW30%+RS30%, V. FA5 contained FA20% + DW40% + SF10%+RS30% by mass percentage of the FA material. However, utilization of this wastes in production of bricks, does not only produce a valuable commercial product that is cost effective, but also reduces a major waste disposal problem from the surrounding environment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bricks" title="bricks">bricks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dolomite" title=" dolomite"> dolomite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fly%20ash" title=" fly ash"> fly ash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=industrial%20wastes" title=" industrial wastes"> industrial wastes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70662/use-of-industrial-wastes-for-production-of-low-cost-building-material" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70662.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">229</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">104</span> Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Concrete as Curbs, Pavement Bricks, and Wall Bricks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marthin%20Dody%20Josias%20Sumajouw">Marthin Dody Josias Sumajouw</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bryan%20Wijaya"> Bryan Wijaya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Servie%20O.%20Dapas"> Servie O. Dapas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ronny%20E.%20Pandaleke"> Ronny E. Pandaleke</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Banu%20Handono"> Banu Handono</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fabian%20J.%20Manoppo"> Fabian J. Manoppo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) takes a big role as a concrete binder in infrastructure construction purposes, nevertheless, it produces CO2 emissions abundantly. To reduce the CO2 emissions produced by OPC concrete, nowadays, geopolymer material become one of the solutions due to it being a binder made from waste with pozzolan material. In concrete industries, geopolymer concrete has evolved as a more environmentally friendly material than OPC concrete. The geopolymer concrete was created without the usage of OPC known as cementless concrete materials. Geopolymer concrete obtains silicon and aluminum from industrial by-products such as fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, and kaolinite. A highly alkaline solution chemically activates Si and Al, forming a matrix that holds together the loose aggregates as well as additional unreacted components in the mixture. They are then dissolved in alkaline activating solutions, where they polymerize into molecular chains, resulting in rigid binders. This research aims to get an eco-friendly material that can reduce the use of OPC as a binder and be used for infrastructure development end-products such as Curbs, Pavement Bricks, and Wall Bricks. This research was conducted as applied research to develop new products of environmentally friendly materials by utilizing fly ash and employed for infrastructure development, particularly for the production of end products such as Curbs, Pavement Bricks, and Wall Bricks. Three types of end products with various dimensions and mix designs have been made and tested in the laboratory, resulting in quantitative datasets to be used for identifying patterns and relationships among density, compressive strength, flexural strength, and water absorption. The result found that geopolymer binders can be used for the production of curbs, pavement bricks, and wall bricks. Geopolymer curbs have an average compressive strength of 19,36 MPa, which can be determined as K-233 concrete. Geopolymer pavement bricks have an average compressive strength of 20,79 MPa. It can be used in parking areas and determined as the grade B of pavement bricks according to SNI 03-0691-1996. Geopolymer wall bricks have an average compressive strength of 11,24 MPa, which can be determined as the grade I of Wall Bricks according to SNI 03-0349-1989. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=absorption" title="absorption">absorption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compressive%20strength" title=" compressive strength"> compressive strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=curbs" title=" curbs"> curbs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=end%20products" title=" end products"> end products</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geopolymer" title=" geopolymer"> geopolymer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pavement%20bricks" title=" pavement bricks"> pavement bricks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wall%20bricks" title=" wall bricks"> wall bricks</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/190194/fly-ash-based-geopolymer-concrete-as-curbs-pavement-bricks-and-wall-bricks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/190194.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">31</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">103</span> Experimental Investigation on Utilization of Waste Materials in Fly Ash Brick</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Southamirajan">S. Southamirajan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Dhavashankaran"> D. Dhavashankaran</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fly ash is one of the major residues generated during combustion of coal in thermal power plants. Fly ash brick technology is the process of converting industrial waste materials into quality building material. Another issue in earth is dumping of the Bagasse ash, rice husk ash and copper slag waste. In a growing country like India a huge amount of fly ash waste materials are polluting the environment. The necessity of recycling the materials play a big role in the development of the safe and non- polluted earth. Fly ash, lime, gypsum and quarry dust are used as a replacement material for fly ash. The fly ash was replaced by the Bagasse ash and rice husk ash in the proportion of 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, 15%, 17.5%, 20%, 22.5%, 25%27.5% and 30%. Two types of fly ash bricks were casted. One type is Bagasse ash replaced fly ash and another type is rice husk ash replaced fly ash bricks then copper slag are partially replaced in quarry dust. The prepared bricks are cured for 7 days and 28 days and dried in regular temperature. The mechanical and durability properties of optimum percentages of Bagasse ash and rice husk ash replaced fly ash bricks. The use of Bagasse ash and rice husk ash provides for considerable value – added utilization of Bagasse and rice husk in bricks and significant reductions in the production of greenhouse gases by the cement industry. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bagasse%20Ash" title="Bagasse Ash">Bagasse Ash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fly%20ash" title=" Fly ash"> Fly ash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bricks" title=" bricks"> bricks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanical%20%26%20durability%20properties" title=" mechanical & durability properties"> mechanical & durability properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rice%20husk%20ash" title=" Rice husk ash"> Rice husk ash</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/120696/experimental-investigation-on-utilization-of-waste-materials-in-fly-ash-brick" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/120696.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">190</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">102</span> Cat Stool as an Additive Aggregate to Garden Bricks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mary%20Joy%20B.%20Amoguis">Mary Joy B. Amoguis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alonah%20Jane%20D.%20Labtic"> Alonah Jane D. Labtic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyna%20Wary%20Namoca"> Hyna Wary Namoca</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aira%20Jane%20V.%20Original"> Aira Jane V. Original</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Animal waste has been rapidly increasing due to the growing animal population and the lack of innovative waste management practices. In a country like the Philippines, animal waste is rampant. This study aims to minimize animal waste by producing garden bricks using cat stool as an additive. The research study analyzes different levels of concentration to determine the most efficient combination in terms of compressive strength and durability of cat stool as an additive to garden bricks. The researcher's first collects the cat stool and incinerates the different concentrations. The first concentration is 25% cat stool and 75% cement mixture. The second concentration is 50% cat stool and 50% cement mixture. And the third concentration is 75% cat stool and 25% cement mixture. The researchers analyze the statistical data using one-way ANOVA, and the statistical analysis revealed a significant difference compared to the controlled variable. The research findings show an inversely proportional relationship: the higher the concentration of cat stool additive, the lower the compressive strength of the bricks, and the lower the concentration of cat stool additive, the higher the compressive strength of the bricks. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cat%20stool" title="cat stool">cat stool</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=garden%20bricks" title=" garden bricks"> garden bricks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cement" title=" cement"> cement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concentrations" title=" concentrations"> concentrations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=animal%20wastes" title=" animal wastes"> animal wastes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compressive%20strength" title=" compressive strength"> compressive strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=durability" title=" durability"> durability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=one-way%20ANOVA" title=" one-way ANOVA"> one-way ANOVA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=additive" title=" additive"> additive</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=incineration" title=" incineration"> incineration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aggregates" title=" aggregates"> aggregates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stray%20cats" title=" stray cats"> stray cats</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183270/cat-stool-as-an-additive-aggregate-to-garden-bricks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183270.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">64</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">101</span> Development of High Quality Refractory Bricks from Fireclays for Industrial Applications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=David%20E.%20Esezobor">David E. Esezobor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Friday%20I.%20Apeh"> Friday I. Apeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Harrison%20O.%20Onovo"> Harrison O. Onovo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ademola%20A.%20Agbeleye"> Ademola A. Agbeleye</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Available indigenous refractory bricks in Nigeria can only be used in the lining of furnaces for melting of cast iron operating at less than 1,400°C or in preheating furnaces due to their low refractoriness less than 1,500°C. The bricks crack and shatter on heating at 1350 to 1450°C. In this paper, a simple and adaptable technology of manufacturing high-quality refractory bricks from selected Nigerian clays for furnace linings was developed. Fireclays from Onibode, Owode-Ketu in Ogun State and Kwoi in Kaduna State were crushed, ground, and sieved into various grain sizes using standard techniques. The pulverized clays were blended with alumina in various mix ratios and indurated in the furnace at 900 – 16000C. Their chemical, microstructure and mineralogical properties were characterized using atomic absorption spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction spectrometry respectively. The mineralogical and spectrochemical analyses suggested that the clays are of siliceous alumino-silicate and acidic in nature. The appropriate blending of fireclays with alumina provided the tremendous improvement in the refractoriness of the bricks and other acceptable service properties comparable with imported refractory bricks. The change in microstructure from pseudo-hexagonal grains to equiaxed grains of well – ordered sequence of structural layers could be responsible for the improved properties. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alumina" title="alumina">alumina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=furnace" title=" furnace"> furnace</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=industry" title=" industry"> industry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=manufacturing" title=" manufacturing"> manufacturing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=refractoriness" title=" refractoriness"> refractoriness</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59486/development-of-high-quality-refractory-bricks-from-fireclays-for-industrial-applications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59486.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">256</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">100</span> Testing Plastic-Sand Construction Blocks Made from Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate (rPET)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cassi%20Henderson">Cassi Henderson</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lucia%20Corsini"> Lucia Corsini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shiv%20Kapila"> Shiv Kapila</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Egle%20Augustaityte"> Egle Augustaityte</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tsemaye%20Uwejamomere%20Zinzan%20Gurney"> Tsemaye Uwejamomere Zinzan Gurney</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aleyna%20Yildirim"> Aleyna Yildirim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Plastic pollution is a major threat to human and planetary health. In Low- and Middle-Income Countries, plastic waste poses a major problem for marginalized populations who lack access to formal waste management systems. This study explores the potential for converting waste plastic into construction blocks. It is the first study to analyze the use of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as a binder in plastic-sand bricks. Unlike previous studies of plastic sand-bricks, this research tests the properties of bricks that were made using a low-cost kiln technology that was co-designed with a rural, coastal community in Kenya. The mechanical strength, resistance to fire and water absorption properties of the bricks are tested in this study. The findings show that the bricks meet structural standards for mechanical performance, fire resistance and water absorption. It was found that 30:70 PET to sand demonstrated the best overall performance. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recycling" title="recycling">recycling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PET" title=" PET"> PET</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plastic" title=" plastic"> plastic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20construction" title=" sustainable construction"> sustainable construction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20development" title=" sustainable development"> sustainable development</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144286/testing-plastic-sand-construction-blocks-made-from-recycled-polyethylene-terephthalate-rpet" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144286.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">126</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">99</span> Manufacturing Commercial Bricks with Construction and Demolition Wastes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mustafa%20Kara">Mustafa Kara</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yasemin%20Kilic"> Yasemin Kilic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bahattin%20Murat%20Demir"> Bahattin Murat Demir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%C3%9Cmit%20Ustaoglu"> Ümit Ustaoglu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cavit%20Unal"> Cavit Unal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper reports utilization of different kind of construction and demolition wastes (C&D) in the production of bricks at industrial scale. Plastered brick waste and tile wastes were collected from ISTAÇ Co. Compost and Recovery Plant, Istanbul, Turkey. Plastered brick waste and tile waste are mixed with brick clay in the proportion of 0-30% and fired at 900ºC. The physical and mechanical properties of the produced bricks were determined and evaluated according to IKIZLER Brick Company Production values, Brick Industry Association (BIA) and Turkish Standards (TS). The resulted showed that plastered brick waste and tile waste can be used to produce good quality brick for various engineering applications in construction and building. The replacement of brick clay by plastered brick waste and tile waste at the levels of 30% has good effects on the compressive strength of the bricks. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=commercial%20brick" title="commercial brick">commercial brick</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20and%20demolition%20waste" title=" construction and demolition waste"> construction and demolition waste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=manufacturing" title=" manufacturing"> manufacturing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recycling" title=" recycling"> recycling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49267/manufacturing-commercial-bricks-with-construction-and-demolition-wastes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49267.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">359</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">98</span> An Overview of Sludge Utilization into Fired Clay Brick</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aeslina%20Binti%20Abdul%20Kadir">Aeslina Binti Abdul Kadir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmad%20Shayuti%20Bin%20Abdul%20Rahim"> Ahmad Shayuti Bin Abdul Rahim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Brick is one of the most common masonry units used as building material. Due to the demand, different types of waste have been investigated to be incorporated into the bricks. Many types of sludge have been incorporated in fired clay brick for example marble sludge, stone sludge, water sludge, sewage sludge, and ceramic sludge. The utilization of these waste materials in fired clay bricks usually has positive effects on the properties such as lightweight bricks with improved shrinkage, porosity, and strength. This paper reviews on utilization of different types of sludge wastes into fired clay bricks. Previous investigations have demonstrated positive effects on the physical and mechanical properties as well as less impact towards the environment. Thus, the utilizations of sludge waste could produce a good quality of brick and could be one of alternative disposal methods for the sludge wastes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fired%20clay%20brick" title="fired clay brick">fired clay brick</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sludge%20waste" title=" sludge waste"> sludge waste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compressive%20strength" title=" compressive strength"> compressive strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shrinkage" title=" shrinkage"> shrinkage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20absorption" title=" water absorption"> water absorption</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11628/an-overview-of-sludge-utilization-into-fired-clay-brick" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11628.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">447</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">97</span> Evaluation of Corrosion in Steel Reinforced Concrete with Brick Waste</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Julieta%20Daniela%20Chelaru">Julieta Daniela Chelaru</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria%20Gorea"> Maria Gorea</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The massive demolition of old buildings in recent years has generated tons of waste, especially brick waste. Thus, a concern of recent research is the use of this waste for the production of environmentally friendly concrete. At the same time, corrosion in classical concrete is a current problem. In this context, in the present paper a study was carried out on the corrosion of metal reinforcement in cement mortars with brick waste. The corrosion process was analyzed on four compositions of mortars without and with 15 %, 25 % and 35 % bricks waste replacing the sand. The brick waste has a majority content in SiO2, Al₂O₃, FeO₃ and CaO. The grain size distribution of brick waste was close to that of the sand (dₘₐₓ = 3 mm). The preparation method of the samples was similar to ordinary mortars. The corrosion properties of concrete, at different waste bricks concentrations, on rebar, were investigated by electrochemical measurements (Tafel curves and EIS) at 1 and 6 months. The results obtained at 6 months revealed that the addition of the bricks waste in mortar are improved the anticorrosion properties, in the case of all samples compared with the sample with 0% bricks waste. The best results were obtained in the case of the sample with 15% bricks waste (the efficiency was ≈ 90 %). The corrosion intermediary layer formed on the rebar surface was determined by SEM-EDX. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EIS" title="EIS">EIS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=steel%20corrosion" title=" steel corrosion"> steel corrosion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=steel%20reinforced%20concrete" title=" steel reinforced concrete"> steel reinforced concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste%20materials" title=" waste materials"> waste materials</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137552/evaluation-of-corrosion-in-steel-reinforced-concrete-with-brick-waste" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137552.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">339</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">96</span> Properties of Fly Ash Brick Prepared in Local Environment of Bangladesh</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Robiul%20Islam">Robiul Islam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Monjurul%20Hasan"> Monjurul Hasan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rezaul%20Karim"> Rezaul Karim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20F.%20M.%20Zain"> M. F. M. Zain</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Coal fly ash, an industrial by product of coal combustion thermal power plants is considered as a hazardous material and its improper disposal has become an environmental issue. On the other hand, manufacturing conventional clay bricks involves on consumption of large amount of clay and leads substantial depletion of topsoil. This paper unveils the possibility of using fly ash as a partial replacement of clay for brick manufacturing considering the local technology practiced in Bangladesh. The effect of fly ash with different replacing ratio (0%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% by volume) of clay on properties of bricks were studied. Bricks were made in the field parallel to ordinary bricks marked with specific number for different percentage to identify them at time of testing. No physical distortion is observed in fly ash brick after burning in the kiln. Results from laboratory test show that compressive strength of brick is decreased with the increase of fly ash and maximum compressive strength is found to be 19.6 MPa at 20% of fly ash. In addition, water absorption of fly ash brick is increased with the increase of fly ash. The abrasion value and Specific gravity of coarse aggregate prepared from brick with fly ash also studied and the results of this study suggests that 20% fly ash can be considered as the optimum fly ash content for producing good quality bricks utilizing present practiced technology. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bangladesh%20brick" title="Bangladesh brick">Bangladesh brick</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fly%20ash" title=" fly ash"> fly ash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clay%20brick" title=" clay brick"> clay brick</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physical%0D%0Aproperties" title=" physical properties"> physical properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compressive%20strength" title=" compressive strength"> compressive strength</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41223/properties-of-fly-ash-brick-prepared-in-local-environment-of-bangladesh" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41223.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">254</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">95</span> Utilizing Quicklime (Calcium Oxide) for Self-Healing Properties in Innovation of Coconut Husk Fiber Bricks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christian%20Gabriel%20Mariveles">Christian Gabriel Mariveles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Darelle%20Jay%20Gallardo"> Darelle Jay Gallardo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Leslie%20Dayaoen"> Leslie Dayaoen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Laurenz%20Paul%20Diaz"> Laurenz Paul Diaz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> True experimental research with descriptive analysis was conducted. Utilizing Quicklime (Calcium Oxide) for self-healing properties of coconut husk fibre concrete brick. There are 2 setups established: the first one has the 1:1:2 ratio of calcium oxide, cement and sand, and the second one has a 2:1:2 ratio of the same variables. The bricks are made from the residences along Barangay Greater Lagro. The mixture of sand and cement is mixed with coconut husk fibers and then molded with different ratios in the molder. After the drying of cement, the researchers tested the bricks in the laboratory for compressive strength. The brick with the highest PSI is picked by the researchers to drop into freefall testing, and it makes remarkable remarks as it is deformed after dropping to different heights with a maximum of 20 feet. Unfortunately, the self-healing capabilities were not observed during the 12 weeks of monitoring. However, the brick was weighed after 12 weeks of monitoring, and it increased in weight by 0.030 kg. from 1.833 kg. to 1.863 kg. meaning that this ratio 2 has the potential to self-heal, but 12 weeks of monitoring by the researchers is not enough to conclude that it has a significant difference. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self%20healing" title="self healing">self healing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coconut%20husk%20bricks" title=" coconut husk bricks"> coconut husk bricks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=research" title=" research"> research</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calcium%20oxide" title=" calcium oxide"> calcium oxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=utilizing%20quicklime" title=" utilizing quicklime"> utilizing quicklime</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184457/utilizing-quicklime-calcium-oxide-for-self-healing-properties-in-innovation-of-coconut-husk-fiber-bricks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184457.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">43</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">94</span> Comparative Sulphate Resistance of Pozzolanic Cement Mortars</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahmud%20Abba%20Tahir">Mahmud Abba Tahir </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This is report on experiment out to compare the sulphate resistance of sand mortar made with five different pozzolanic cement. The pozzolanic cement were prepared by blending powered burnt bricks from the Adamawa, Makurdi, Kano, Kaduna and Niger bricks factories with ordinary Portland cement in the ratio 1:4. Sand –pozzolanic cement mortars of mix ratio 1:6 and 1:3 with water-cement ratio of 0.65 and 0.40 respectively were used to prepare cubes and bars specimens. 150 mortar cubes of size 70mm x 70mm x 70mm and 35 mortar bars of 15mm x 15mm x 100mm dimensions were cast and cured for 28 days. The cured specimens then immersed in the solutions of K<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> and water for 28 days and then tested. The compressive strengths of cubes in water increased by 34% while those in the sulphate solutions decreased. Strength decreases of the cubes, cracking and warping of bars immersed in K<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> were less than those in (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4.</sub> Specimens made with Niger and Makurdi pulverized burnt bricks experienced less effect of the sulphates and can therefore be used as pozzolan in mortar and concrete to resist sulphate. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=burnt%20bricks%20powder" title="burnt bricks powder">burnt bricks powder</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=comparative" title=" comparative"> comparative</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pozzolanic%20cement" title=" pozzolanic cement"> pozzolanic cement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sulphates" title=" sulphates"> sulphates</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45796/comparative-sulphate-resistance-of-pozzolanic-cement-mortars" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45796.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">244</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">93</span> Utilization of Sludge in the Manufacturing of Fired Clay Bricks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anjali%20G.%20Pillai">Anjali G. Pillai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Chadrakaran"> S. Chadrakaran</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The extensive amount of sludge generated throughout the world, as a part of water treatment works, have caused various social and economic issues, such as a demand on landfill spaces, increase in environmental pollution and raising the waste management cost. With growing social awareness about toxic incinerator emissions and the increasing concern over the disposal of sludge on the agricultural land, the recovery of sewage sludge as a building and construction raw material can be considered as an innovative approach to tackle the sludge disposal problem. The proposed work aims at studying the recycling ability of the sludge, generated from the water treatment process, by incorporating it into the fired clay brick units. The work involves initial study of the geotechnical characteristics of the brick-clay and the sludge. Chemical compatibility of both the materials will be analyzed by X-ray fluorescence technique. The variation in the strength aspects with varying proportions of sludge i.e. 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% in the sludge-clay mix will also be determined by the proctor density test. Based on the optimum moisture content, the sludge-clay bricks will be manufactured in a brick manufacturing plant and the modified brick units will be tested to determine the variation in compressive strength, bulk density, firing shrinkage, shrinkage loss and initial water absorption rate with respect to the conventional clay bricks. The results will be compared with the specifications given in Indian Standards to arrive at the potential use of the new bricks. The durability aspect will be studied by conducting the leachate analysis test using atomic adsorption spectrometry. The lightweight characteristics of the sludge modified bricks will be ascertained with the scanning electron microscope technique which will be indicative of the variation in pore structure with the increase in sludge content within the bricks. The work will determine the suitable proportion of the sludge – clay mix in the brick which can then be effectively implemented. The feasibility aspect of the work will be determined for commercial production of the units. The work involves providing a strategy for conversion of waste to resource. Moreover, it provides an alternative solution to the problem of growing scarcity of brick-clay for the manufacturing of fired clay bricks. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eco-bricks" title="eco-bricks">eco-bricks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20construction%20material" title=" green construction material"> green construction material</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sludge%20amended%20bricks" title=" sludge amended bricks"> sludge amended bricks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sludge%20disposal" title=" sludge disposal"> sludge disposal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste%20management" title=" waste management"> waste management</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66230/utilization-of-sludge-in-the-manufacturing-of-fired-clay-bricks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66230.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">306</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">92</span> Investigation of Cost Effective Double Layered Slab for γ-Ray Shielding</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kulwinder%20Singh%20Mann">Kulwinder Singh Mann</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manmohan%20Singh%20Heer"> Manmohan Singh Heer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asha%20Rani"> Asha Rani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The safe storage of radioactive materials has become an important issue. Nuclear engineering necessitates the safe handling of radioactive materials emitting high energy gamma-rays. Hazards involved in handling radioactive materials insist suitable shielded enclosures. With overgrowing use of nuclear energy for meeting the increasing demand of power, there is a need to investigate the shielding behavior of cost effective shielded enclosure (CESE) made from clay-bricks (CB) and fire-bricks (FB). In comparison to the lead-bricks (conventional-shielding), the CESE are the preferred choice in nuclear waste management. The objective behind the present investigation is to evaluate the double layered transmission exposure buildup factors (DLEBF) for gamma-rays for CESE in energy range 0.5-3MeV. For necessary computations of shielding parameters, using existing huge data regarding gamma-rays interaction parameters of all periodic table elements, two computer programs (GRIC-toolkit and BUF-toolkit) have been designed. It has been found that two-layered slabs show effective shielding for gamma-rays in orientation CB followed by FB than the reverse. It has been concluded that the arrangement, FB followed by CB reduces the leakage of scattered gamma-rays from the radioactive source. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=buildup%20factor" title="buildup factor">buildup factor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clay%20bricks" title=" clay bricks"> clay bricks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20bricks" title=" fire bricks"> fire bricks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nuclear%20wastage%20management" title=" nuclear wastage management"> nuclear wastage management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radiation%20protective%20double%20layered%20slabs" title=" radiation protective double layered slabs"> radiation protective double layered slabs</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43993/investigation-of-cost-effective-double-layered-slab-for-gh-ray-shielding" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43993.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">408</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">91</span> The Impact on Habitat of Reef Traps Used in the Freshwater Shrimp (Palaemonetes antennarius, H. Milne Erwards, 1837) Catch</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cenkmen%20R.%20Begburs">Cenkmen R. Begburs</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In Antalya region, freshwater shrimps are usually collected with scoops and tin traps. However, it can be catched by reef traps in some water sources. Freshwater shrimps are constantly catching for commercial reasons because of a favorite bait for angling. There are more or less damage catching fishing vehicles to the habitat. This study was carried out in the Kırkgöz spring, Antalya and examined the effect of reef traps on the Kırkgöz spring habitat. Reef traps used 18.5x23.5x25 cm perforated bricks are arranged next to each other, blocks of random dimensions are prepared in 5x10, 18x24, 7x8 meter dimensions. These blocks are constructed with two layers of bricks that are covered with various materials such as carpets and blankets. Then, freshwater shrimps enter the holes of bricks. The bricks are closed off from both sides and discharged into a container when it is desired to be caught. The reef traps built on the plants which staying on the plant for a long time have been damaging the vegetation under the reef traps. Fishermen are setting new traps on the plants to increase the fishing efficiency since the freshwater shrimps are among the water plants. As a result, this application disrupts the aquatic organisms in their habitats. It is important to use fishing gears which will cause less damage and conserve stocks for sustainable fishing. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reef%20trap" title="reef trap">reef trap</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Antalya" title=" Antalya"> Antalya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environment" title=" environment"> environment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=damage" title=" damage"> damage</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83607/the-impact-on-habitat-of-reef-traps-used-in-the-freshwater-shrimp-palaemonetes-antennarius-h-milne-erwards-1837-catch" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83607.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">202</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">90</span> Use of Residues from Water Treatment and Porcelain Coatings Industry for Producing Eco-Bricks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Flavio%20Araujo">Flavio Araujo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fabiolla%20Lima"> Fabiolla Lima</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Julio%20Lima"> Julio Lima</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paulo%20Scalize"> Paulo Scalize</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Antonio%20Albuquerque"> Antonio Albuquerque</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Heitor%20Reis"> Heitor Reis</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> One of the great environmental problems in the management of water treatment (WTP) is on the disposal of waste generated during the treatment process. The same occurs with the waste generated during rectification of porcelain tiles. Despite environmental laws in Brazil the residues does not have an ecologically balanced destination. Thus, with the purpose to identify an environmentally sustainable disposal, residues were used to replace part of the soil, for production soil-cement bricks. It was used the residues from WTP and coatings industry Cecrisa (Brazil). Consequently, a greater amount of fine aggregate in the two samples of residues was found. The residue affects the quality of bricks produced, compared to the sample without residues. However, the results of compression and water absorption tests were obtained values that meet the standards, respectively 2.0 MPa and 20% absorption. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20treatment%20residue" title="water treatment residue">water treatment residue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=porcelain%20tile%20residue" title=" porcelain tile residue"> porcelain tile residue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=WTP" title=" WTP"> WTP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brick" title=" brick"> brick</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18184/use-of-residues-from-water-treatment-and-porcelain-coatings-industry-for-producing-eco-bricks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18184.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">485</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">89</span> Amelioration of Earth Bricks by Introduction of Traditional Lime for Arid Regions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Abdeldjebar">R. Abdeldjebar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Labbaci"> B. Labbaci</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Lahmar"> L. Lahmar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Missoum"> L. Missoum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Moudden"> B. Moudden</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Today to build durably means to build in such a way to create, to preserve in the world an acceptable environment where ecology, social and economic implications are in the center of future generations interest. To achieve this goal, we tried to employ local, durable, powerful ground materials which lead to limit pollution, to have long lifetime, and possibility of recycling or recovery. Using them in the most rational way makes construction technically perfect and put an end to cement invasion, since ground bricks are simple to implement and create a useful decoration, original and pleasant which enables to preserve the historical architectural heritage. This work concerns the study of environmental effects on stabilized bricks of compressed ground, traditionally manufactured containing traditional quicklime after extinction in water as a basic component which offers to brick mechanical resistance in conformity with the standards. Experimental results of compression and bending are exposed and are in conformity with the used standards. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=characterization" title="characterization">characterization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BTS" title=" BTS"> BTS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quicklime" title=" quicklime"> quicklime</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dune%20sand" title=" dune sand"> dune sand</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environment" title=" environment"> environment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=durable" title=" durable"> durable</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21016/amelioration-of-earth-bricks-by-introduction-of-traditional-lime-for-arid-regions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21016.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">561</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">88</span> Olive Stone Valorization to Its Application on the Ceramic Industry</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Mart%C3%ADn-Morales">M. Martín-Morales</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Eliche-Quesada"> D. Eliche-Quesada</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20P%C3%A9rez-Villarejo"> L. Pérez-Villarejo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Zamorano"> M. Zamorano</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Olive oil is a product of particular importance within the Mediterranean and Spanish agricultural food system, and more specifically in Andalusia, owing to be the world's main production area. Olive oil processing generates olive stones which are dried and cleaned to remove pulp and olive stones fines to produce biofuel characterized to have high energy efficiency in combustion processes. Olive stones fine fraction is not too much appreciated as biofuel, so it is important the study of alternative solutions to be valorized. Some researchers have studied recycling different waste to produce ceramic bricks. The main objective of this study is to investigate the effects of olive stones addition on the properties of fired clay bricks for building construction. Olive stones were substituted by volume (7.5%, 15%, and 25%) to brick raw material in three different sizes (lower than 1 mm, lower than 2 mm and between 1 and 2 mm). In order to obtain comparable results, a series without olive stones was also prepared. The prepared mixtures were compacted in laboratory type extrusion under a pressure of 2.5MPa for rectangular shaped (30 mm x 60 mm x 10 mm). Dried and fired industrial conditions were applied to obtain laboratory brick samples. Mass loss after sintering, bulk density, porosity, water absorption and compressive strength of fired samples were investigated and compared with a sample manufactured without biomass. Results obtained have shown that olive stone addition decreased mechanical properties due to the increase in water absorption, although values tested satisfied the requirements in EN 772-1 about methods of test for masonry units (Part 1: Determination of compressive strength). Finally, important advantages related to the properties of bricks as well as their environmental effects could be obtained with the use of biomass studied to produce ceramic bricks. The increasing of the percentage of olive stones incorporated decreased bulk density and then increased the porosity of bricks. On the one hand, this lower density supposes a weight reduction of bricks to be transported, handled as well as the lightening of building; on the other hand, biomass in clay contributes to auto thermal combustion which involves lower fuel consumption during firing step. Consequently, the production of porous clay bricks using olive stones could reduce atmospheric emissions and improve their life cycle assessment, producing eco-friendly clay bricks. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clay%20bricks" title="clay bricks">clay bricks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=olive%20stones" title=" olive stones"> olive stones</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainability" title=" sustainability"> sustainability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=valorization" title=" valorization"> valorization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75187/olive-stone-valorization-to-its-application-on-the-ceramic-industry" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75187.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">153</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">87</span> From By-product To Brilliance: Transforming Adobe Brick Construction Using Meat Industry Waste-derived Glycoproteins</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amal%20Balila">Amal Balila</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria%20Vahdati"> Maria Vahdati</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Earth is a green building material with very low embodied energy and almost zero greenhouse gas emissions. However, it lacks strength and durability in its natural state. By responsibly sourcing stabilisers, it's possible to enhance its strength. This research draws inspiration from the robustness of termite mounds, where termites incorporate glycoproteins from their saliva during construction. Biomimicry explores the potential of these termite stabilisers in producing bio-inspired adobe bricks. The meat industry generates significant waste during slaughter, including blood, skin, bones, tendons, gastrointestinal contents, and internal organs. While abundant, many meat by-products raise concerns regarding human consumption, religious orders, cultural and ethical beliefs, and also heavily contribute to environmental pollution. Extracting and utilising proteins from this waste is vital for reducing pollution and increasing profitability. Exploring the untapped potential of meat industry waste, this research investigates how glycoproteins could revolutionize adobe brick construction. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) from cows' blood and mucin from porcine stomachs were the chosen glycoproteins used as stabilisers for adobe brick production. Despite their wide usage across various fields, they have very limited utilisation in food processing. Thus, both were identified as potential stabilisers for adobe brick production in this study. Two soil types were utilised to prepare adobe bricks for testing, comparing controlled unstabilised bricks with glycoprotein-stabilised ones. All bricks underwent testing for unconfined compressive strength and erosion resistance. The primary finding of this study is the efficacy of BSA, a glycoprotein derived from cows' blood and a by-product of the beef industry, as an earth construction stabiliser. Adding 0.5% by weight of BSA resulted in a 17% and 41% increase in the unconfined compressive strength for British and Sudanese adobe bricks, respectively. Further, adding 5% by weight of BSA led to a 202% and 97% increase in the unconfined compressive strength for British and Sudanese adobe bricks, respectively. Moreover, using 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.5% by weight of BSA resulted in erosion rate reductions of 30%, 48%, and 70% for British adobe bricks, respectively, with a 97% reduction observed for Sudanese adobe bricks at 0.5% by weight of BSA. However, mucin from the porcine stomach did not significantly improve the unconfined compressive strength of adobe bricks. Nevertheless, employing 0.1% and 0.2% by weight of mucin resulted in erosion rate reductions of 28% and 55% for British adobe bricks, respectively. These findings underscore BSA's efficiency as an earth construction stabiliser for wall construction and mucin's efficacy for wall render, showcasing their potential for sustainable and durable building practices. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomimicry" title="biomimicry">biomimicry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=earth%20construction" title=" earth construction"> earth construction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=industrial%20waste%20management" title=" industrial waste management"> industrial waste management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20building%20materials" title=" sustainable building materials"> sustainable building materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=termite%20mounds." title=" termite mounds."> termite mounds.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182708/from-by-product-to-brilliance-transforming-adobe-brick-construction-using-meat-industry-waste-derived-glycoproteins" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182708.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">51</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">86</span> Investigation of Compressive Strength of Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Bricks with Hierarchical Bayesian Path Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ersin%20Sener">Ersin Sener</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ibrahim%20Demir"> Ibrahim Demir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hasan%20Aykut%20Karaboga"> Hasan Aykut Karaboga</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kadir%20Kilinc"> Kadir Kilinc</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Bayesian methods, which have very wide range of applications, are implemented to the data obtained from the production of F class fly ash-based geopolymer bricks’ experimental design. In this study, dependent variable is compressive strength, independent variables are treatment type (oven and steam), treatment time, molding time, temperature, water absorbtion ratio and density. The effect of independent variables on compressive strength is investigated. There is no difference among treatment types, but there is a correlation between independent variables. Therefore, hierarchical Bayesian path analysis is applied. In consequence of analysis we specified that treatment time, temperature and density effects on compressive strength is higher, molding time, and water absorbtion ratio is relatively low. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=experimental%20design" title="experimental design">experimental design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F%20class%20fly%20ash" title=" F class fly ash"> F class fly ash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geopolymer%20bricks" title=" geopolymer bricks"> geopolymer bricks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hierarchical%20Bayesian%20path%20analysis" title=" hierarchical Bayesian path analysis"> hierarchical Bayesian path analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50683/investigation-of-compressive-strength-of-fly-ash-based-geopolymer-bricks-with-hierarchical-bayesian-path-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50683.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">387</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">85</span> Development of Light-Weight Refractory Bricks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Liaqat%20Ali">Liaqat Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Furqan%20Ahmad"> Furqan Ahmad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The heat losses should be controlled during the high temperature processes from energy conservation point of view. For this purpose, refractories with low thermal conductivity, high porosity and good mechanical strength along with low price are desirable. In this work, various combinations of naturally occurring, locally available, cheap raw materials, namely, clay, rice husk and saw dust were used. Locally produced insulating firebricks (IFBs) cannot be used at higher than a few hundred °C and possess low strength as well. Various process parameters were studied and the refractories with desirable properties were produced, which can be used up to 1200 °C. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=firebricks" title="firebricks">firebricks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanical%20strength" title=" mechanical strength"> mechanical strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20conductivity" title=" thermal conductivity"> thermal conductivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=refractory%20bricks" title=" refractory bricks"> refractory bricks</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40387/development-of-light-weight-refractory-bricks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40387.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">328</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">84</span> Phosphate Tailings in View of a Better Waste Disposal And/or Valorization: Case of Tunisian Phosphates Mines</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mouna%20Ettoumi">Mouna Ettoumi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jouini%20Marouen"> Jouini Marouen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Carmen%20Mihaela%20Neculita"> Carmen Mihaela Neculita</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salah%20Bouhlel"> Salah Bouhlel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lucie%20Coudert"> Lucie Coudert</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mostafa%20Benzaazoua"> Mostafa Benzaazoua</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Taha"> Y. Taha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the context of sustainable development and circular economy, waste valorization is considered a promising alternative to overcome issues related to their disposal or elimination. The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential use of phosphate sludges (tailings) from the Kef Shfeir mine site (Gafsa, Tunisia) as an alternative material in the production of fired bricks. To do so, representative samples of raw phosphate treatment sludges were collected and characterized for their physical, chemical, mineralogical and environmental characteristics. Then, the raw materials were baked at different temperatures (900°C, 1000°C, and 1100°C) for bricks making. Afterward, fired bricks were characterized for their physical (particle size distribution, density, and plasticity), chemical (XRF and digestion), mineralogical (XRD) and mechanical (flexural strength) properties as well as for their environmental behavior (TCLP, SPLP, and CTEU-9) to ensure whether they meet the required construction standards. Results showed that the raw materials had low density (2.47g/cm 3), were non-plastic and were mainly composed of fluoroapatite (15.6%), calcite (23.1%) and clays (22.2% - mainly as heulandite, vermiculite and palygorskite). With respect to the environmental behavior, all metals (e.g., Pb, Zn, As, Cr, Ba, Cd) complied with the requirements set by the USEPA. In addition, fired bricks had varying porosity (9-13%), firing shrinking (5.2-7.5%), water absorption (12.5-17.2%) and flexural strength (3.86-13.4 MPa). Noteworthy, an improvement in the properties (porosity, firing shrinking, water absorption, and flexural strength) of manufactured fired bricks was observed with the increase of firing temperature from 900 to 1100°C. All the measured properties complied with the construction norms and requirements. Moreover, regardless of the firing temperature, the environmental behavior of metals obeyed the requirements of the USEPA standards. Finally, fired bricks could be produced at high temperatures (1000°C) based on 100% of phosphate sludge without any substitution or addition of either chemical agents or binders. This sustainable brick-making process could be a promising approach for the Phosphate Company to partially manage these wastes, which are considered “non-profitable” for the moment and preserve soils that are exploited presently. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phosphate%20treatment%20sludge" title="phosphate treatment sludge">phosphate treatment sludge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mine%20waste" title=" mine waste"> mine waste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=backed%20bricks" title=" backed bricks"> backed bricks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste%20valorization" title=" waste valorization"> waste valorization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141982/phosphate-tailings-in-view-of-a-better-waste-disposal-andor-valorization-case-of-tunisian-phosphates-mines" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141982.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">206</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">83</span> The Impact of Glass Additives on the Functional and Microstructural Properties of Sand-Lime Bricks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anna%20Stepien">Anna Stepien</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper presents the results of research on modifications of sand-lime bricks, especially using glass additives (glass fiber and glass sand) and other additives (e.g.:basalt&barite aggregate, lithium silicate and microsilica) as well. The main goal of this paper is to answer the question ‘How to use glass additives in the sand-lime mass and get a better bricks?’ The article contains information on modification of sand-lime bricks using glass fiber, glass sand, microsilica (different structure of silica). It also presents the results of the conducted compression tests, which were focused on compressive strength, water absorption, bulk density, and their microstructure. The Scanning Electron Microscope, spectrum EDS, X-ray diffractometry and DTA analysis helped to define the microstructural changes of modified products. The interpretation of the products structure revealed the existence of diversified phases i.e.the C-S-H and tobermorite. CaO-SiO2-H2O system is the object of intensive research due to its meaning in chemistry and technologies of mineral binding materials. Because the blocks are the autoclaving materials, the temperature of hydrothermal treatment of the products is around 200°C, the pressure - 1,6-1,8 MPa and the time - up to 8hours (it means: 1h heating + 6h autoclaving + 1h cooling). The microstructure of the products consists mostly of hydrated calcium silicates with a different level of structural arrangement. The X-ray diffraction indicated that the type of used sand is an important factor in the manufacturing of sand-lime elements. Quartz sand of a high hardness is also a substrate hardly reacting with other possible modifiers, which may cause deterioration of certain physical and mechanical properties. TG and DTA curves show the changes in the weight loss of the sand-lime bricks specimen against time as well as the endo- and exothermic reactions that took place. The endothermic effect with the maximum at T=573°C is related to isomorphic transformation of quartz. This effect is not accompanied by a change of the specimen weight. The next endothermic effect with the maximum at T=730-760°C is related to the decomposition of the calcium carbonates. The bulk density of the brick it is 1,73kg/dm3, the presence of xonotlite in the microstructure and significant weight loss during DTA and TG tests (around 0,6% after 70 minutes) have been noticed. Silicate elements were assessed on the basis of their compressive property. Orthogonal compositional plan type 3k (with k=2), i.e.full two-factor experiment was applied in order to carry out the experiments both, in the compression strength test and bulk density test. Some modification (e.g.products with barite and basalt aggregate) have improved the compressive strength around 41.3 MPa and water absorption due to capillary raising have been limited to 12%. The next modification was adding glass fiber to sand-lime mass, then glass sand. The results show that the compressive strength was higher than in the case of traditional bricks, while modified bricks were lighter. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bricks" title="bricks">bricks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fiber" title=" fiber"> fiber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glass" title=" glass"> glass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microstructure" title=" microstructure"> microstructure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63525/the-impact-of-glass-additives-on-the-functional-and-microstructural-properties-of-sand-lime-bricks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63525.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">347</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">82</span> Utilization of Bauxite Residue in Construction Materials: An Experimental Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ryan%20Masoodi">Ryan Masoodi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hossein%20Rostami"> Hossein Rostami</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Aluminum has been credited for the massive advancement of many industrial products, from aerospace and automotive to electronics and even household appliances. These developments have come with a cost, which is a toxic by-product. The rise of aluminum production has been accompanied by the rise of a waste material called Bauxite Residue or Red Mud. This toxic material has been proved to be harmful to the environment, yet, there is no proper way to dispose or recycle it. Herewith, a new experimental method to utilize this waste in the building material is proposed. A method to mix red mud, fly ash, and some other ingredients is explored to create a new construction material that can satisfy the minimum required strength for bricks. It concludes that it is possible to produce bricks with enough strength that is suitable for constriction in environments with low to moderate weather conditions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bauxite%20residue" title="bauxite residue">bauxite residue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brick" title=" brick"> brick</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=red%20mud" title=" red mud"> red mud</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recycling" title=" recycling"> recycling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109004/utilization-of-bauxite-residue-in-construction-materials-an-experimental-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109004.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">167</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bricks&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bricks&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bricks&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bricks&page=2" rel="next">&rsaquo;</a></li> </ul> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a 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