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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Kehidupan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kehidupan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Kehidupan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kehidupan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Kehidupan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kehidupan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Masa_kecil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masa_kecil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Masa kecil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Masa_kecil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perjalanan_dengan_Beagle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perjalanan_dengan_Beagle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Perjalanan dengan <i>Beagle</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perjalanan_dengan_Beagle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karier_dalam_ilmu_pengetahuan,_pembentukan_teori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karier_dalam_ilmu_pengetahuan,_pembentukan_teori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Karier dalam ilmu pengetahuan, pembentukan teori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karier_dalam_ilmu_pengetahuan,_pembentukan_teori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pernikahan_dan_anak-anak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pernikahan_dan_anak-anak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Pernikahan dan anak-anak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pernikahan_dan_anak-anak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pengembangan_teori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengembangan_teori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Pengembangan teori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengembangan_teori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penerbitan_buku_Asal-Usul_Spesies_dan_kontroversi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penerbitan_buku_Asal-Usul_Spesies_dan_kontroversi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Penerbitan buku Asal-Usul Spesies dan kontroversi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penerbitan_buku_Asal-Usul_Spesies_dan_kontroversi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Catatan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daftar_Pustaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daftar_Pustaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Daftar Pustaka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daftar_Pustaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Charles Darwin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 200 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-200" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">200 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Jerman (Swiss)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman (Swiss)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%BB%E1%88%AD%E1%88%8D%E1%88%B5_%E1%8B%B3%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%8A%E1%8A%95" title="ቻርልስ ዳርዊን – Amharik" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቻርልስ ዳርዊን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Inggris Kuno" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Inggris Kuno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="चार्ल्स डार्विन – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="चार्ल्स डार्विन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86" title="تشارلز داروين – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشارلز داروين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86" title="تشارلز داروين – Arab Maroko" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تشارلز داروين" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86" title="تشارلز داروين – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشارلز داروين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9B_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8" title="চাৰ্লছ ডাৰউইন – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চাৰ্লছ ডাৰউইন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="चार्ल्स डार्विन – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="चार्ल्स डार्विन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87arlz_Darvin" title="Çarlz Darvin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çarlz Darvin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="چارلز داروین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چارلز داروین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарльз Дарвин – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Чарльз Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Bavaria" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Carlzos_Darv%C4%97ns" title="Čarlzos Darvėns – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Čarlzos Darvėns" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Дарвін – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чарлз Дарвін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Дарвін – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чарлз Дарвін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Дарвин – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чарлз Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="चार्ल्स डार्विन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="चार्ल्स डार्विन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8" title="চার্লস ডারউইন – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চার্লস ডারউইন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарльз Дарвин – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Чарльз Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Robert_Darwin" title="Charles Robert Darwin – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Charles Robert Darwin" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7" title="Дарвин, Чарльз – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Дарвин, Чарльз" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%B5%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="چارڵز داروین – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چارڵز داروین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Korsika" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Korsika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87arlz_Darvin" title="Çarlz Darvin – Tatar Krimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Çarlz Darvin" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Tatar Krimea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7" title="Дарвин Чарльз – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Дарвин Чарльз" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="चार्ल्स डार्विन – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="चार्ल्स डार्विन" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%94%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Κάρολος Δαρβίνος – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κάρολος Δαρβίνος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="چارلز داروین – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چارلز داروین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwini_Charles" title="Darwini Charles – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Darwini Charles" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Frisia Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Friuli" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friuli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Frisia Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87" title="達爾文 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="達爾文" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Gaelik Skotlandia" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaelik Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8_%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A8" title="ચાર્લ્સ ડાર્વિન – Gujarat" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ચાર્લ્સ ડાર્વિન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A1_%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9F" title="צ'ארלס דרווין – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'ארלס דרווין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="चार्ल्स डार्विन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चार्ल्स डार्विन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Hindi Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Hindi Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AC%D5%A6_%D4%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Չարլզ Դարվին – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չարլզ Դարվին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AC%D5%A6_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Չարլզ Տարուին – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Չարլզ Տարուին" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3" title="チャールズ・ダーウィン – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャールズ・ダーウィン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/carl._daruin." title="carl. daruin. – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="carl. daruin." data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%96_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჩარლზ დარვინი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩარლზ დარვინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Дарвин – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Чарлз Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%86%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%9F_%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%93" title="ឆាលែស ដាវីន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ឆាលែស ដាវីន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಚಾರ್ಲ್ಸ್ ಡಾರ್ವಿನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚಾರ್ಲ್ಸ್ ಡಾರ್ವಿನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EB%8B%A4%EC%9C%88" title="찰스 다윈 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="찰스 다윈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B3_%DA%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="چارلس ڈارون – Kashmir" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="چارلس ڈارون" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Kornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Дарвин – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чарлз Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Darwin" title="Carolus Darwin – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carolus Darwin" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Luksemburg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарльз Дарвин – Lezghia" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Чарльз Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Limburgia" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Liguria" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Liguria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C4%81rlzs_Darvins" title="Čārlzs Darvins – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čārlzs Darvins" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="चार्ल्स डार्विन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="चार्ल्स डार्विन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарлс Дарвин – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чарлс Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="ചാൾസ് ഡാർവിൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചാൾസ് ഡാർവിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарльз Дарвин – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Чарльз Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="चार्ल्स डार्विन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चार्ल्स डार्विन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Malta" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Malta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Miranda" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Miranda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%92%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9D%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ချားလ်စ် ဒါဝင် – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ချားလ်စ် ဒါဝင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Дарвин – Eryza" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Чарлз Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Eryza" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="چارلز داروین – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="چارلز داروین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="चार्ल्स डार्विन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चार्ल्स डार्विन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="चार्ल्स डार्विन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="चार्ल्स डार्विन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Sotho Utara" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Sotho Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8_%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A8" title="ଚାର୍ଲସ ଡାରଉଇନ – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଚାର୍ଲସ ଡାରଉଇନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7" title="Дарвин, Чарльз – Ossetia" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Дарвин, Чарльз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8" title="ਚਾਰਲਸ ਡਾਰਵਿਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚਾਰਲਸ ਡਾਰਵਿਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B3_%DA%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="چارلس ڈارون – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چارلس ڈارون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B3_%DA%89%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="چارلس ډاروین – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چارلس ډاروین" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Reto-Roman" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Reto-Roman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Aromania" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7" title="Дарвин, Чарлз – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дарвин, Чарлз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Дарвін – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Чарлз Дарвін" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D" title="चार्ल्स् डार्विन् – Sanskerta" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="चार्ल्स् डार्विन्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskerta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Дарвин – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Чарлз Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5_%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱪᱟᱨᱞᱮᱥ ᱰᱟᱨᱣᱤᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱪᱟᱨᱞᱮᱥ ᱰᱟᱨᱣᱤᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B3_%DA%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="چارلس ڊارون – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="چارلس ڊارون" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcarl%E1%BA%93_Darwin" title="Tcarlẓ Darwin – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tcarlẓ Darwin" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="චාල්ස් ඩාවින් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="චාල්ස් ඩාවින්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87arls_Darvin" title="Çarls Darvin – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Çarls Darvin" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарлс Дарвин – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чарлс Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Silesia" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cals.talun" title="Cals.talun – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Cals.talun" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="சார்லசு டார்வின் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சார்லசு டார்வின்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="చార్లెస్ డార్విన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చార్లెస్ డార్విన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Дарвин – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Чарлз Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="ชาลส์ ดาร์วิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาลส์ ดาร์วิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carls_Darvin" title="Carls Darvin – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Carls Darvin" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарльз Дарвин – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чарльз Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8B%D9%89%D9%86" title="دارۋىن – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="دارۋىن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Дарвін – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чарлз Дарвін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B3_%DA%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="چارلس ڈاروین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چارلس ڈاروین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Venesia" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darvin_%C4%8Carl%27z" title="Darvin Čarl'z – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Darvin Čarl'z" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Volapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="查尔斯·达尔文 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="查尔斯·达尔文" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%96_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჩარლზ დარვინი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩარლზ დარვინი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A1_%D7%93%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9F" title="טשארלס דארווין – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טשארלס דארווין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%9B%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%A3_%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%A1%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8F" title="ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵍⵣ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ – Tamazight Maroko Standar" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵍⵣ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Tamazight Maroko Standar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="查尔斯·达尔文 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="查尔斯·达尔文" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87" title="查爾斯·達爾文 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="查爾斯·達爾文" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87" title="查理斯·達爾文 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="查理斯·達爾文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1035#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Charles_Darwin" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input 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class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Untuk orang lain dengan nama yang sama, lihat <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin_(disambiguasi)" class="mw-disambig" title="Charles Darwin (disambiguasi)">Charles Darwin (disambiguasi)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22657712">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><span class="fn">Charles Robert Darwin</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Charles_Darwin_seated.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three quarter length studio photo showing Darwin's characteristic large forehead and bushy eyebrows with deep set eyes, pug nose and mouth set in a determined look. He is bald on top, with dark hair and long side whiskers but no beard or moustache. His jacket is dark, with very wide lapels, and his trousers are a light check pattern. His shirt has an upright wing collar, and his cravat is tucked into his waistcoat which is a light fine checked pattern." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Charles_Darwin_seated.jpg/220px-Charles_Darwin_seated.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Charles_Darwin_seated.jpg/330px-Charles_Darwin_seated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Charles_Darwin_seated.jpg/440px-Charles_Darwin_seated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Darwin, berusia 45 pada 1854, saat itu bekerja untuk publikasi <i><a href="/wiki/Asal_usul_Spesies" class="mw-redirect" title="Asal usul Spesies">Asal usul Spesies</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeman200776_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman200776-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lahir</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0em; padding-right:0em"><span class="nickname">Charles Robert Darwin</span><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1809-02-12</span>)</span>12 Februari 1809<br /><span class="birthplace"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Mount,_Shrewsbury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Mount, Shrewsbury (halaman belum tersedia)">The Mount</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury" title="Shrewsbury">Shrewsbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inggris" title="Inggris">Inggris</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Meninggal</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0em; padding-right:0em">19 April 1882<span style="display:none">(1882-04-19)</span> (umur 73)<br /><span class="deathplace"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rumah_Down&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rumah Down (halaman belum tersedia)">Rumah Down</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, Inggris</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tempat tinggal</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0em; padding-right:0em">Inggris</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Kebangsaan</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="padding-right:0em; padding-right:0em"><a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Bersatu_Britania_Raya_dan_Irlandia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerajaan Bersatu Britania Raya dan Irlandia">Britania Raya</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Kewarganegaraan</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="padding-right:0em; padding-right:0em">Britania</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dikenal atas</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0em; padding-right:0em"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Voyage_of_the_Beagle" title="The Voyage of the Beagle">The Voyage of the Beagle</a></i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Asal_usul_Spesies" class="mw-redirect" title="Asal usul Spesies">Asal usul Spesies</a></i><br /><a href="/wiki/Evolusi" title="Evolusi">Evolusi</a> melalui <br /><a href="/wiki/Seleksi_alam" title="Seleksi alam">Seleksi alam</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Nenek_moyang_bersama" title="Nenek moyang bersama">Nenek moyang bersama</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Suami/istri</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0em; padding-right:0em"><div style="display:inline;white-space:nowrap;"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Emma_Darwin" title="Emma Darwin">Emma Darwin</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="menikah">m.</abbr> 1839)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Anak</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0em; padding-right:0em">10 anak (<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Anak">lihat daftar</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Penghargaan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0em; padding-right:0em"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a> (1839)<sup id="cite_ref-frs_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medali_Royal" title="Medali Royal">Medali Royal</a> (1853)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medali_Wollaston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medali Wollaston (halaman belum tersedia)">Medali Wollaston</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medali_Copley" title="Medali Copley">Medali Copley</a> (1864)</li> <li>Gelar Doctor of Laws <a href="/wiki/Universitas_Cambridge" title="Universitas Cambridge">Universitas Cambridge</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-right:0em; padding-right:0em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22657712"><b>Karier ilmiah</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bidang</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_alam" title="Sejarah alam">Sejarah alam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geologi" title="Geologi">geologi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi">biologi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institusi</th><td class="infobox-data"><b>pendidikan tinggi:</b><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Edinburgh_Medical_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Edinburgh Medical School (halaman belum tersedia)">University of Edinburgh Medical School</a> (obat) <br /><a href="/wiki/Christ%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="Christ's College, Cambridge">Christ's College, Cambridge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Universitas_Cambridge" title="Universitas Cambridge">Universitas Cambridge</a>) (BA)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b>lembaga profesional:</b> <br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geological_Society_of_London&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geological Society of London (halaman belum tersedia)">Geological Society of London</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pembimbing akademik</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Stevens_Henslow" title="John Stevens Henslow">John Stevens Henslow</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Adam_Sedgwick" title="Adam Sedgwick">Adam Sedgwick</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Terinspirasi</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" class="mw-redirect" title="John Herschel">John Herschel</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Menginspirasi</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Dalton Hooker</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Romanes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Romanes (halaman belum tersedia)">George Romanes</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_Lubbock,_1st_Baron_Avebury" title="John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury">Sir John Lubbock</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Tanda tangan</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-right:0em; padding-right:0em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Charles_Darwin_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt=""Charles Darwin", with the surname underlined by a downward curve that mimics the curve of the initial "C"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Charles_Darwin_Signature.svg/150px-Charles_Darwin_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Charles_Darwin_Signature.svg/225px-Charles_Darwin_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Charles_Darwin_Signature.svg/300px-Charles_Darwin_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="85" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r26333518">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Zoologi" title="Zoologi">Zoologi</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Animal_diversity.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Animal_diversity.png/250px-Animal_diversity.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="366" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Animal_diversity.png 1.5x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="518" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:green; color:white"> Cabang</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Antropologi" title="Antropologi">Antropologi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Antropologi_biologis" title="Antropologi biologis">Antropologi biologis</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Antrozoologi" title="Antrozoologi">Antrozoologi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Araknologi" title="Araknologi">Araknologi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Artropodologi" title="Artropodologi">Artropodologi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Cetologi" title="Cetologi">Cetologi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bryozoologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bryozoologi (halaman belum tersedia)">Bryozoologi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Entomologi" title="Entomologi">Entomologi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Etologi" title="Etologi">Etologi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Helmintologi" title="Helmintologi">Helmintologi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Herpetologi" title="Herpetologi">Herpetologi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Iktiologi" title="Iktiologi">Iktiologi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Karkinologi" title="Karkinologi">Karkinologi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Konkologi" title="Konkologi">Konkologi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Knidariologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Knidariologi (halaman belum tersedia)">Knidariologi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Malakologi" title="Malakologi">Malakologi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mamalogi" title="Mamalogi">Mamalogi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Melitologi" title="Melitologi">Melitologi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mirmekologi" title="Mirmekologi">Mirmekologi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Nematologi" title="Nematologi">Nematologi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Neuroetologi" title="Neuroetologi">Neuroetologi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Ornitologi" title="Ornitologi">Ornitologi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Parasitologi" title="Parasitologi">Parasitologi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Paleozoologi" title="Paleozoologi">Paleozoologi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Planktologi" title="Planktologi">Planktologi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Primatologi" title="Primatologi">Primatologi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoosemiotik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zoosemiotik (halaman belum tersedia)">Zoosemiotik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Zooarkeologi" title="Zooarkeologi">Zooarkeologi</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:green; color:white"> Zoologis terkemuka</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ernst_von_Baer" title="Karl Ernst von Baer">Karl Ernst von Baer</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Georges Cuvier</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles Darwin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Fabre" title="Jean-Henri Fabre">Jean-Henri Fabre</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/William_Kirby_(entomolog)" title="William Kirby (entomolog)">William Kirby</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus" title="Carolus Linnaeus">Carolus Linnaeus</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Say" title="Thomas Say">Thomas Say</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jakob_von_Uexk%C3%BCll&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jakob von Uexküll (halaman belum tersedia)">Jakob von Uexküll</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_zoologis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar zoologis (halaman belum tersedia)">lainnya...</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:green; color:white"> Sejarah</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_zoologi_(hingga_1859)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah zoologi (hingga 1859) (halaman belum tersedia)">Pra-Darwin</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_zoologi_(sejak_1859)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah zoologi (sejak 1859) (halaman belum tersedia)">Pasca-Darwin</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linimasa_zoologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linimasa zoologi (halaman belum tersedia)">Linimasa zoologi</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18590415">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Zoologi" title="Templat:Zoologi"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Zoologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Zoologi (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Zoologi&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Charles Robert Darwin</b>, <span class="noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fellow_of_the_Royal_Geographical_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society (halaman belum tersedia)">FRGS</a> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Linnean_Society_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Linnean Society of London">FLS</a> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_London_Zoological_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the London Zoological Society">FZS</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-frs_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:IPA_untuk_bahasa_Inggris" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantuan:IPA untuk bahasa Inggris">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 12 Februari 1809 – 19 April 1882) adalah seorang <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_alam" title="Sejarah alam">naturalis</a> dan ahli <a href="/wiki/Geologi" title="Geologi">geologi</a> Inggris,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> paling dikenal untuk kontribusinya terhadap <a href="/wiki/Biologi_evolusioner" title="Biologi evolusioner">biologi evolusioner</a>.<sup class="reference" id="ref_Anone"><a href="#endnote_Anone">[I]</a></sup> Dia mengemukakan bahwa semua <a href="/wiki/Spesies" title="Spesies">spesies</a> berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Nenek_moyang_bersama" title="Nenek moyang bersama">nenek moyang bersama</a> dan berkembang dari waktu ke waktu, sekarang diterima secara luas dan dianggap sebagai konsep fundamental dalam ilmu pengetahuan.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam publikasi bersama dengan <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a>, dia memperkenalkan <a href="/wiki/Teori_ilmiah" title="Teori ilmiah">teori ilmiah</a> yang menyatakan <a href="/wiki/Filogeni" title="Filogeni">pola percabangan</a> <a href="/wiki/Evolusi" title="Evolusi">evolusi</a> dihasilkan dari sebuah proses yang dia sebut <a href="/wiki/Seleksi_alam" title="Seleksi alam">seleksi alam</a>, di mana <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perjuangan_untuk_eksistensi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perjuangan untuk eksistensi (halaman belum tersedia)">perjuangan untuk eksistensi</a> memiliki efek yang sama dengan <a href="/wiki/Seleksi_buatan" title="Seleksi buatan">seleksi buatan</a> yang terlibat dalam <a href="/wiki/Seleksi_buatan" title="Seleksi buatan">seleksi buatan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Larson79-111_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larson79-111-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Darwin telah digambarkan sebagai salah satu tokoh paling berpengaruh dalam <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_manusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejarah manusia">sejarah manusia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan ia dihormati dengan penguburan di <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Darwin menerbitkan teori evolusi dengan bukti kuat dalam bukunya terbitan tahun 1859 <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i>, mengatasi penolakan ilmiah dari konsep awal dari <a href="/wiki/Transmutasi_spesies" title="Transmutasi spesies">transmutasi spesies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada 1870-an, <a href="/wiki/Komunitas_ilmiah" title="Komunitas ilmiah">komunitas ilmiah</a> dan kebanyakan masyarakat umum menerima <a href="/wiki/Evolusi_sebagai_teori_dan_fakta" title="Evolusi sebagai teori dan fakta">evolusi sebagai fakta</a>. Namun, banyak yang menyukai <a href="/wiki/Gerhana_Darwinisme" title="Gerhana Darwinisme">penjelasan yang berlawanan</a> dan konsensus bahwa seleksi alam adalah mekanisme dasar evolusi baru tercapai ketika <a href="/wiki/Sintesis_evolusi_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Sintesis evolusi modern">sintesis evolusi modern</a> muncul dari tahun 1930-an sampai tahun 1950-an.<sup id="cite_ref-JvW_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JvW-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-b3847_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b3847-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dengan modifikasi, penemuan ilmiah Darwin adalah teori pemersatu <a href="/wiki/Ilmu_kehidupan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilmu kehidupan">ilmu kehidupan</a>, menjelaskan <a href="/wiki/Keanekaragaman_hayati" title="Keanekaragaman hayati">keanekaragaman kehidupan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Minat awal Darwin di alam membuatnya mengabaikan <a href="/wiki/Pendidikan_kedokteran" title="Pendidikan kedokteran">pendidikan kedokteran</a> yang dia tempuh di <a href="/wiki/Universitas_Edinburgh" title="Universitas Edinburgh">Universitas Edinburgh</a>. Dia justru membantu penelitian <a href="/wiki/Invertebrata" title="Invertebrata">invertebrata</a> laut. Studinya di <a href="/wiki/Universitas_Cambridge" title="Universitas Cambridge">Universitas Cambridge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Christ%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="Christ's College, Cambridge">Christ's College</a>) mendorong ketertarikannya terhadap <a href="/wiki/Ilmu_alam" title="Ilmu alam">ilmu alam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-whowas_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whowas-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pelayaran_kedua_HMS_Beagle" title="Pelayaran kedua HMS Beagle">Pelayarannya selama lima tahun</a> di <a href="/wiki/HMS_Beagle" title="HMS Beagle">HMS Beagle</a> mengukuhkan dirinya sebagai ahli geologi terkemuka yang observasi dan teorinya mendukung ide <a href="/wiki/Uniformitarianisme" title="Uniformitarianisme">uniformitarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a> dan publikasi <a href="/wiki/The_Voyage_of_the_Beagle" title="The Voyage of the Beagle">jurnal tentang pelayaran</a> itu membuatnya terkenal sebagai penulis populer.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Darwin memulai penyelidikan rinci dan pada 1838 menyusun teorinya tentang seleksi alam setelah merasa bingung dengan distribusi geografis satwa liar dan <a href="/wiki/Fosil" title="Fosil">fosil</a> yang ia kumpulkan dalam pelayaran.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meskipun ia membahas ide-idenya dengan beberapa naturalis, ia butuh waktu untuk penelitian dan masih memiliki pekerjaan geologi.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia menuliskan teorinya pada tahun 1858 ketika <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a> mengirimnya esai yang menggambarkan ide yang sama. Hal ini mendorong publikasi bersama dari <a href="/wiki/On_the_Tendency_of_Species_to_form_Varieties;_and_on_the_Perpetuation_of_Varieties_and_Species_by_Natural_Means_of_Selection" title="On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection">kedua teori mereka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karya Darwin mendirikan penurunan dengan modifikasi evolusioner sebagai penjelasan ilmiah yang dominan dari diversifikasi di alam.<sup id="cite_ref-JvW_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JvW-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 1871 ia membahas <a href="/wiki/Evolusi_manusia" title="Evolusi manusia">evolusi manusia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Seleksi_seksual" title="Seleksi seksual">seleksi seksual</a> dalam <i><a href="/wiki/The_Descent_of_Man,_and_Selection_in_Relation_to_Sex" title="The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex">The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex</a></i>, diikuti oleh <i><a href="/wiki/The_Expression_of_the_Emotions_in_Man_and_Animals" title="The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals">The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals</a></i>. Penelitiannya pada tanaman diterbitkan dalam serangkaian buku. Dalam buku terakhirnya, ia membahas <a href="/wiki/Cacing_tanah" title="Cacing tanah">cacing tanah</a> dan efeknya pada tanah.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Darwin terkenal secara internasional dan telah digambarkan sebagai salah satu tokoh paling berpengaruh dalam sejarah manusia.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dia dihormati sebagai ilmuwan dengan pemakaman di <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DarwinsBurial_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DarwinsBurial-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kehidupan">Kehidupan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Kehidupan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kehidupan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Masa_kecil">Masa kecil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Masa kecil" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Masa kecil"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Charles_Darwin_1816.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Charles_Darwin_1816.jpg/190px-Charles_Darwin_1816.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Charles_Darwin_1816.jpg/285px-Charles_Darwin_1816.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Charles_Darwin_1816.jpg/380px-Charles_Darwin_1816.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1281" data-file-height="1822" /></a><figcaption>Charles Darwin, tujuh tahun, pada 1816, setahun sebelum ibunya tiba-tiba meninggal dunia.</figcaption></figure> <p>Charles Darwin lahir di <a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury" title="Shrewsbury">Shrewsbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inggris" title="Inggris">Inggris</a>, di rumah keluarganya, <i>The Mount House</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia adalah anak kelima dari enam bersaudara dari seorang dokter yang kaya, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Darwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Darwin (halaman belum tersedia)">Robert Darwin</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Susannah_Wedgwood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Susannah Wedgwood (halaman belum tersedia)">Susannah Wedgwood</a>. Kakeknya dari ayah, <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Darwin" title="Erasmus Darwin">Erasmus Darwin</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Josiah_Wedgwood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josiah Wedgwood (halaman belum tersedia)">Josiah Wedgwood</a> dari pihak ibunya adalah penentang perbudakan yang terkenal. Erasmus Darwin memuji konsep umum evolusi dan nenek moyang bersama dalam bukunya Zoonomia tahun 1794.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1952339_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1952339-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kedua keluarga orang tuanya berasal dari keluarga Inggris terkemuka, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keluarga_Darwin_%E2%80%94_Wedgwood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keluarga Darwin — Wedgwood (halaman belum tersedia)">keluarga Darwin — Wedgwood</a> yang mendukung gereja <a href="/wiki/Unitarianisme" title="Unitarianisme">Unitarian</a>. Ibunya meninggal dunia ketika Charles masih berusia delapan tahun. Tahun berikutnya, 1818, ia bersekolah di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekolah_Shrewsbury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekolah Shrewsbury (halaman belum tersedia)">Sekolah Shrewsbury</a> yang tidak begitu jauh dari rumahnya dan tinggal di asrama sekolah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarwin195822_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarwin195822-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Berkat kekayaan orang tuanya, Darwin menikmati kenyamanan dan mempunyai akses untuk mengenyam fasilitas-fasilitas pendidikan yang bagus. Namun, ayahnya kuatir akan masa depan Darwin, karena ia hanya bersenang-senang dengan berburu, main-main dengan anjing dan menangkap tikus. Ayahnya khawatir bahwa Darwin akan membawa malu keluarga. Walaupun Darwin sudah sejak dini tertarik <a href="/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi">biologi</a>, untuk menyenangkan ayahnya, ia mengambil studi kedokteran.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="Kalimat yang diikuti tag ini membutuhkan rujukan." style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan">butuh rujukan</a></i>]</span></sup> </p><p>Pada 1825, Charles menjalani musim panas sebagai dokter magang, menolong ayahnya merawat orang-orang miskin di <a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a>, sebelum melanjutkan ke <a href="/wiki/Universitas_Edinburgh" title="Universitas Edinburgh">Universitas Edinburgh</a> untuk belajar kedokteran.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="Kalimat yang diikuti tag ini membutuhkan rujukan." style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan">butuh rujukan</a></i>]</span></sup> Namun, ia sangat membenci kebrutalan praktik bedah sehingga ia meninggalkan studinya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarwin195848_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarwin195848-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia belajar pengawetan binatang dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Edmonstone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Edmonstone (halaman belum tersedia)">John Edmonstone</a>, seorang budak kulit hitam yang telah dibebaskan, yang menceritakan kepadanya kisah-kisah menarik mengenai <a href="/wiki/Hutan_hujan" title="Hutan hujan">hutan tropik</a> di Amerika Selatan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesmond_&_Moore200918,_22_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesmond_&_Moore200918,_22-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun keduanya, Darwin aktif dalam perhimpunan mahasiswa untuk para <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_alam" title="Sejarah alam">naturalis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesmond_&_Moore199131-34_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesmond_&_Moore199131-34-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia juga menjadi murid <a href="/wiki/Robert_Edmond_Grant" title="Robert Edmond Grant">Robert Edmond Grant</a>. Darwin ikut serta dalam penelitian Grant mengenai siklus hidup binatang laut di pantai <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Forth" title="Firth of Forth">Firth of Forth</a> yang menemukan bukti untuk <i><a href="/wiki/Homologi_(biologi)" title="Homologi (biologi)">homologi</a></i>, teori radikal bahwa semua binatang mempunyai organ yang serupa dan hanya berbeda-beda dalam kompleksitasnya. Pada Maret 1827, Darwin memberikan presentasi kepada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perhimpunan_Plinian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perhimpunan Plinian (halaman belum tersedia)">Perhimpunan Plinian</a> tentang penemuannya sendiri bahwa spora hitam yang sering ditemukan pada kulit tiram adalah telur dari sejenis lintah (<i>skate leech</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowne199587_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowne199587-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia juga mengikuti kuliah <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jameson" title="Robert Jameson">Robert Jameson</a> mengenai <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_alam" title="Sejarah alam">sejarah alam</a>, dan belajar tentang <a href="/wiki/Geologi" title="Geologi">geologi</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stratigrafik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stratigrafik (halaman belum tersedia)">stratigrafik</a> serta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpha_taxonomy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alpha taxonomy (halaman belum tersedia)">bagaimana mengklasifikasikan tanaman</a> sementara memantu dengan pekerjaan mengembangkan koleksi yang luas dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Museum (halaman belum tersedia)">Museum Universitas Edinburgh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesmond_&_Moore199142–43_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesmond_&_Moore199142–43-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Charles_Robert_Darwin_by_John_Collier_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Charles_Robert_Darwin_by_John_Collier_cropped.jpg/200px-Charles_Robert_Darwin_by_John_Collier_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Charles_Robert_Darwin_by_John_Collier_cropped.jpg/300px-Charles_Robert_Darwin_by_John_Collier_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Charles_Robert_Darwin_by_John_Collier_cropped.jpg/400px-Charles_Robert_Darwin_by_John_Collier_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1304" /></a><figcaption>Semasa hidupnya dan setelah kematiannya, Charles Darwin terkenal secara internasional sebagai ilmuwan berpengaruh yang meneliti topik-topik kontroversial.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pada 1827, ayahnya yang tidak senang dia tidak berminat menjadi dokter diam-diam mendaftarkannya dalam sebuah program <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> di <a href="/wiki/Christ%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="Christ's College, Cambridge">Christ's College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universitas_Cambridge" title="Universitas Cambridge">Universitas Cambridge</a>, sebagai persiapan menjadi pendeta.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesmond_&_Moore200948_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesmond_&_Moore200948-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di Cambridge, Darwin lebih suka menunggang kuda dan menembak daripada belajar. Bersama sepupunya, <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Darwin_Fox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Darwin Fox (halaman belum tersedia)">William Darwin Fox</a>, dia gemar mengumpulkan <a href="/wiki/Kumbang" title="Kumbang">kumbang</a>. Fox pun memperkenalkannya kepada Pendeta <a href="/wiki/John_Stevens_Henslow" title="John Stevens Henslow">John Stevens Henslow</a>, profesor <a href="/wiki/Botani" title="Botani">botani</a>, untuk mendapatkan nasihat ahli tentang kumbang. Kemudian, Darwin ikut dalam kelas sejarah alam Henslow dan menjadi murid kesayangannya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1952357-358_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1952357-358-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ketika ujian tiba, Darwin memusatkan perhatiannya lebih pada studinya dan mendapatkan kelas tambahan khusus dari Henslow dalam mata pelajaran matematika dan teologi. Darwin tertarik dengan tulisan-tulisan <a href="/wiki/William_Paley" title="William Paley">William Paley</a>, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Argumen_teleologis" title="Argumen teleologis">argumen tentang rancangan ilahi dalam alam</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="Kalimat yang diikuti tag ini membutuhkan rujukan." style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan">butuh rujukan</a></i>]</span></sup> Dalam ujian-ujian akhirnya pada Januari 1831, ia memperoleh hasil yang baik dalam kelas umum dan karena ia belajar keras dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Studi_klasik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Studi klasik (halaman belum tersedia)">studi klasik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika">matematika</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika">fisika</a>. Ia berada pada peringkat 10 dari 178 mahasiswa yang lulus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowne199597_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowne199597-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tuntutan residensi mewajibkan Darwin tinggal di Cambridge hingga Juni 1831. Mengikuti teladan dan nasihat Henslow, ia tidak tergesa-gesa untuk menjadi pendeta. Ia terinspirasi oleh tulisan <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a>, <i>Personal Narrative</i>, dan karena itu ia berencana mengunjungi <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Tenerife" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulau Tenerife">Pulau Tenerife</a> untuk mempelajari sejarah alam di daerah tropik dengan sejumlah teman sekelasnya setelah lulus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarwin195867-68_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarwin195867-68-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Untuk mempersiapkan diri, Darwin mengikuti kelas geologi Pendeta <a href="/wiki/Adam_Sedgwick" title="Adam Sedgwick">Adam Sedgwick</a>. Pada musim panas, dia pergi bersamanya untuk membantu dalam memetakan lapisan masyarakat (strata) di <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowne1995139_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowne1995139-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Darwin sedang melakukan penelitian stratanya sendiri ketika rencananya untuk pergi ke Madeira dibatalkan oleh pesan bahwa rekan yang akan pergi bersamanya telah meninggal dunia,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="Kalimat yang diikuti tag ini membutuhkan rujukan." style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan">butuh rujukan</a></i>]</span></sup> namun ketika ia pulang ke rumah ia menerima surat yang lain. Henslow telah memberikan rekomendasi untuk Darwin untuk posisi yang tidak dibayar untuk menjadi pendamping bagi <a href="/wiki/Robert_FitzRoy" title="Robert FitzRoy">Robert FitzRoy</a>, kapten <a href="/wiki/HMS_Beagle" title="HMS Beagle">HMS <i>Beagle</i></a>, dalam sebuah ekspedisi dua tahun untuk menjelajahi garis pantai <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Selatan" title="Amerika Selatan">Amerika Selatan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hal ini akan memberikan Darwin kesempatan yang berharga untuk mengembangkan kariernya sebagai seorang naturalis. Ayahnya menentang perjalanan itu, menganggapnya sebagai pemborosan waktu, namun ia terbujuk oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Josiah_Wedgwood_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josiah Wedgwood II (halaman belum tersedia)">Josiah Wedgwood II</a> hingga menyetujui partisipasi anaknya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesmond_&_Moore199194–97_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesmond_&_Moore199194–97-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perjalanan ini menjadi ekspedisi lima tahun yang menyebabkan perubahan-perubahan dramatis dalam banyak bidang ilmu pengetahuan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perjalanan_dengan_Beagle">Perjalanan dengan <i>Beagle</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Perjalanan dengan Beagle" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Perjalanan dengan Beagle"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:HMS_Beagle_by_Conrad_Martens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/HMS_Beagle_by_Conrad_Martens.jpg/245px-HMS_Beagle_by_Conrad_Martens.jpg" decoding="async" width="245" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/HMS_Beagle_by_Conrad_Martens.jpg/368px-HMS_Beagle_by_Conrad_Martens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/HMS_Beagle_by_Conrad_Martens.jpg/490px-HMS_Beagle_by_Conrad_Martens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="821" /></a><figcaption>Sementara <a href="/wiki/HMS_Beagle" title="HMS Beagle">HMS <i>Beagle</i></a> menyelidiki pantai-pantai liar <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Selatan" title="Amerika Selatan">Amerika Selatan</a>, Darwin mulai mengembangkan teori tentang keajaiban alam di sekitarnya.</figcaption></figure> <p>Darwin sudah memutuskan bahwa sudah menjadi jalan hidupnya untuk menjadi pendeta dan hidup dengan tenang ketika ia menerima tawaran yang sangat menggoda. Darwin diundang untuk mendampingi Kapten <a href="/wiki/Robert_FitzRoy" title="Robert FitzRoy">Robert FitzRoy</a> di kapal <a href="/wiki/HMS_Beagle" title="HMS Beagle">HMS Beagle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada waktu itu, sudah menjadi kebiasaan bahwa kapten kapal mempunyai pendamping selama ekspedisi kapal yang biasanya berlangsung selama bertahun-tahun. Karena kedudukan Kapten FitzRoy yang cukup tinggi, hanya seorang 'jentelmen' yang dapat menjadi pendampingnya. Walaupun ekspedisi ini bertujuan untuk membuat peta kelautan, FitzRoy diam-diam mempunyai rencana untuk mencari bukti-bukti penciptaan seperti yang tertulis di Kitab <a href="/wiki/Injil" title="Injil">Injil</a>. Ironisnya, Darwin dipilih oleh FitzRoy karena Darwin adalah calon pendeta, selain juga berkat darah ningratnya.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="Kalimat yang diikuti tag ini membutuhkan rujukan." style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan">butuh rujukan</a></i>]</span></sup> </p><p>Survai <i>Beagle</i> berlangsung lima tahun. Darwin menghabiskan dua pertiga dari waktunya ini untuk menjelajani daratan. Ia menyelidiki beraneka ragam penampilan geologis, <a href="/wiki/Fosil" title="Fosil">fosil</a> dan organisme hidup, dan menjumpai beraneka ragam manusia, baik masyarakat pribumi maupun kolonial. Secara metodik ia mengumpulkan sejumlah besar spesimen, banyak di antaranya baru bagi ilmu pengetahuan. Hal ini mengukuhkan reputasinya sebagai seorang naturalis dan menjadikannya salah seorang perintis dalam bidang <a href="/wiki/Ekologi" title="Ekologi">ekologi</a>, khususnya pemahaman tentang <a href="/wiki/Biokoenosis" title="Biokoenosis">biokoenosis</a>. Catatan-catatan terincinya yang panjang lebar memperlihatkan karunianya untuk membangun teori dan membentuk dasar bagi pekerjaannya di kemudian hari, serta memberikan pemahaman <a href="/wiki/Antropologi" title="Antropologi">antropologis</a> sosial, politik yang mendalam tentang daerah-daerah yang dikunjunginya. </p><p>Dalam pelayaran itu, Darwin membaca buku <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a>, <i>Principles of Geology</i> (<i>Prinsip-prinsip Geologi</i>), yang menjelaskan penampilan geologis sebagai akibat dari proses bertahap selama berbagai periode yang panjang, dan menulis surat kepada keluarganya bahwa ia menyaksikan bentuk-bentuk tanah "seolah-olah ia mempunyai mata Lyell": ia melihat dataran-dataran dari lapisan tipis (shingle) yang terjal dan kerang-kerang di <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a> sebagai pantai-pantai yang menaik. Di <a href="/wiki/Chili" title="Chili">Chili</a> ia mengalami gempa bumi dan mencatat dasar-dasar laut dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mussel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mussel (halaman belum tersedia)">kerang</a> yang terdampar di atas pasang yang tinggi yang memperlihatkan bahwa tanah itu telah menaik; dan bahkan pada tempat-tempat yang tinggi di <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>, ia dapat mengumpulkan kerang-kerang laut. Ia membuat teori bahwa <a href="/wiki/Atol" title="Atol">atol</a>-atol karang membentuk pada gunung-gunung vulkanik yang tenggelam, sebuah gagasan yang ia lihat dikukuhkan ketika <i>Beagle</i> menyelidiki <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Cocos_(Keeling)" title="Kepulauan Cocos (Keeling)">Kepulauan Cocos (Keeling)</a>. </p><p>Di Amerika Selatan ia menemukan fosil-fosil mamalia raksasa yang telah punah, teermasuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatherium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Megatherium (halaman belum tersedia)">megatheria</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gliptodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gliptodon (halaman belum tersedia)">gliptodon</a> dalam lapisan-lapisan yang tidak memperlihatkan tanda-tanda katastrofi ataupun perubahan iklim. Sesekali ia mengangggap mereka serupa dengan spesies-spesies di Afrika, tetapi setelah pelayaran <a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Owen">Richard Owen</a> memperlihatkan bahwa sisa-sisa itu berasal dari binatang-binatang yang terkait dengan makhluk-makhluk hidup di tempat yang sama. Di <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> dua spesies dari <a href="/wiki/Rhea_(burung)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhea (burung)">rhea</a> mempunyai wilayah-wilayah yang terpisah namun bertumpang tindih. Di <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Gal%C3%A1pagos" title="Kepulauan Galápagos">Kepulauan Galápagos</a> Darwin menemukan bahwa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mockingbird&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mockingbird (halaman belum tersedia)">mockingbird</a> berbeda dari satu pulau ke pulau lainnya, dan ketika kembali ke Britania kepadnya diperlihatkan bahwa <a href="/wiki/Kura-kura" title="Kura-kura">kura-kura</a> Galápagos <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tortoise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tortoise (halaman belum tersedia)">tortoise</a> dan burung-burung <a href="/wiki/Finch" class="mw-redirect" title="Finch">finch</a> juga berbeda-beda spesiesnya tergantung pada masing-masing pulau yang mereka huni. Binatang berkantung Australia <a href="/w/index.php?title=Potoridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Potoridae (halaman belum tersedia)">kanguru tikus</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Platipus" title="Platipus">platipus</a> adalah binatang-binatang yang sangat aneh sehingga ia berpikir "Orang yang tidak percaya ... mungkin akan berkata 'Pastilah dua Pencipta yang berbeda telah bekerja'." Ia dibingungkan oleh apa yang dilihatnya, dan ssementara dalam edisi pertama dari <i><a href="/wiki/The_Voyage_of_the_Beagle" title="The Voyage of the Beagle">The Voyage of the Beagle</a></i> (Pelayaran di Beagle) ia menjelaskan distribusi spesies berdasarkan gagasan <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a> tentang "pusat-pusat ciptaan", dalam edisi-edisi yang belakangan dari <i>Journal</i> ini, ia mulai membayangkan penggunaan fauna Kepulauan Galápagos sebagai bukti untuk evolusi: "orang mungkin benar-benar menduga bahwa dari sejumlah kecil burung yang asli di kepulauan ini, satu spesies telah diambil dan dimodifikasi untuk tujuan-tujuan yang berbeda." </p><p>Tiga orang misionaris pribumi dikembalikan oleh <i>Beagle</i> ke <a href="/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego" title="Tierra del Fuego">Tierra del Fuego</a>. Mereka telah diberadabkan di Inggris selama dua tahun, namun sanak keluarga mereka di mata Darwin tampak "liar", sedikit di atas binatang. Dalam waktu setahun, para misionaris itu telah kembali ke kehidupan mereka yang keras dan primitif, namun mereka lebih menyukainya dan tidak ingin kembali ke dunia yang beradab. Pengalaman ini dan penolakan Darwin terhadap <a href="/wiki/Perbudakan" title="Perbudakan">perbudakan</a> dan berbagai perlakuan yang tidak manusiawi lainnya yang dilihatnya di tempat-tempat lain, seperti misalnya perlakuan buruk terhadap kaum pribumi oleh para kolonis Inggris di <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> meyakinkannya bahwa tidak ada pembenaran moral apapun untuk memperlakukan orang lain dengan buruk berdasarkan konsep ras. Kini ia berpendapat bahwa umat manusia tidaklah terlalu jauh dari binatang, berbeda dengan apa yang diyakini oleh teman-temannya kaum agamawan. </p><p>Sementara di kapal, Darwin mengalami mabuk laut. Pada Oktober 1833 ia mendapat demam di Argentina, dan pada Juli 1834, ketika kembali dari pegunungan Andes ke <a href="/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Valparaíso">Valparaíso</a>, ia jatuh sakit dan terpaksa tinggal di tempat tidur selama sebulan. Sejak 1837 Darwin berulang-ulang menderita sakit perut, muntah-muntah, bisul yang parah, jantung berdebar-debar, gemetaran dan berbagai gejala lainnya. Semua gejala ini khususnya memengaruhinya pada saat-saat ia merasa tertekan, seperti misalnya ketika menghadiri pertemuan-pertemuan atau berhadapan dengan pertikaian mengenai teorinya. Penyebab <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyakit_Darwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyakit Darwin (halaman belum tersedia)">penyakit Darwin</a> tidak diketahui pada masa hidupnya, dan berbagai upaya untuk merawatnya tidak banyak berhasil. Spekulasi baru-baru ini menyebutkan bahwa di Amerika Selatan ia terkena <a href="/wiki/Penyakit_Chagas" title="Penyakit Chagas">penyakit Chagas</a> karena gigitan serangga, yang menyebabkan berbagai masalah belakangan. Penyebab lainnya yang mungkin antara lain adalah masalah-masalah psiko-biologis dan <a href="/wiki/Penyakit_M%C3%A9ni%C3%A8re" title="Penyakit Ménière">penyakit Ménière</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karier_dalam_ilmu_pengetahuan,_pembentukan_teori"><span id="Karier_dalam_ilmu_pengetahuan.2C_pembentukan_teori"></span>Karier dalam ilmu pengetahuan, pembentukan teori</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Karier dalam ilmu pengetahuan, pembentukan teori" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Karier dalam ilmu pengetahuan, pembentukan teori"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendirian_Teori_Darwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendirian Teori Darwin (halaman belum tersedia)">Pendirian Teori Darwin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Charles_Darwin_by_G._Richmond.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Charles_Darwin_by_G._Richmond.jpg/220px-Charles_Darwin_by_G._Richmond.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Charles_Darwin_by_G._Richmond.jpg/330px-Charles_Darwin_by_G._Richmond.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Charles_Darwin_by_G._Richmond.jpg/440px-Charles_Darwin_by_G._Richmond.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="2811" /></a><figcaption>Ketika masih muda, Charles Darwin bergabung dengan elit ilmiah.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ketika masih dalam pelayaran, <a href="/wiki/John_Stevens_Henslow" title="John Stevens Henslow">Henslow</a> dengan hati-hati memperkuat reputasi bekas muridnya dengan memberikan kepada sejumlah naturalis terpilh akses kepada contoh-contoh fosil dan salinan-salinan tercetak tulisan-tulisan geologis Darwin.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ketika <i>Beagle</i> kembali pada 2 Oktober 1836, Darwin telah menjadi terkenal di kalangan ilmiah. Ia mengunjungi keluarganya di Shrewsbury dan ayahnya mengembangkan tabungan agar Darwin dapat menjadi seorang ilmuwan yang didukung dengan dananya sendiri. Kemudian Darwin pergi ke <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Cambridgeshire" title="Cambridge, Cambridgeshire">Cambridge</a> dan membujuk Henslow agar mengerjakan deskripsi botanis tentang tanaman-tanaman modern yang telah dikumpulkannya. Setelah itu Darwin berkeliling ke lembaga-lembaga di <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> untuk mencari naturalis terbaik yang ada untuk menggambarkan koleksi-koleksinya yang lain untuk penerbitan pada waktu yang tepat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesmond_&_Moore1991195–198_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesmond_&_Moore1991195–198-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a> sangat ingin menemui Darwin pada 29 Oktober dan memperkenalkannya kepada <a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Owen">Richard Owen</a>, seorang ahli anatomi yang sedang naik daun. Setelah mengerjakan koleksi tulang-tulang fosil Darwin pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perhimpunan_Ahli_Bedah_Kerajaan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perhimpunan Ahli Bedah Kerajaan (halaman belum tersedia)">Perhimpunan Ahli Bedah Kerajaan</a>-nya, Owen menimbulkan kejutan besar dengan mengungkapkan bahwa sebagian koleksinya berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Tikus" title="Tikus">tikus</a>-tikus dan sejenis <a href="/wiki/Si_pemalas_darat" class="mw-redirect" title="Si pemalas darat">binatang merayap raksasa</a> yang telah musnah.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hal ini meningkatkan reputasi Darwin. Dengan dukungan Lyell, Darwin menyampaikan makalahnya yang pertama kepada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perhimpunan_Geologis_London&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perhimpunan Geologis London (halaman belum tersedia)">Perhimpunan Geologis London</a> pada 4 Januari 1837, dan mengatakan bahwa tanah Amerika Selatan pelan-pelan sedang naik. Pada hari yang sama Darwin menyajikan contoh-contoh mamalia dan burungnya kepada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perhimpunan_Zoologis_London&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perhimpunan Zoologis London (halaman belum tersedia)">Perhimpunan Zoologis London</a>. Binatang-binatang mamalia itu diambil oleh <a href="/wiki/George_Robert_Waterhouse" title="George Robert Waterhouse">George R. Waterhouse</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Gould" title="John Gould">John Gould</a>, seorang <a href="/wiki/Ornitologi" title="Ornitologi">ornitologis</a>, mengungkapkan bahwa apa yang disangka Darwin sebagai campuran antara <a href="/wiki/Burung_sikatan_hitam" class="mw-redirect" title="Burung sikatan hitam">burung sikatan hitam</a>, g<i>rosbeak</i>, dan <a href="/wiki/Finch" class="mw-redirect" title="Finch">finch</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Gal%C3%A1pagos" title="Kepulauan Galápagos">Galápagos</a> semuanya adalah <a href="/wiki/Finch" class="mw-redirect" title="Finch">finch</a>, tetapi masing-masing merupakan spesies yang berbeda. Teman berlayar lainnya di <i>Beagle</i> termasuk FitzRoy juga telah mengumpulkan burung-burung ini dan menulis lebih rinci dalam catatan mereka sehingga memungkinkan Darwin menemukan dari pulau mana masing-masing spesies itu berasal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesmond_&_Moore1991207–210_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesmond_&_Moore1991207–210-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Di London Charles tinggal dengan saudaranya, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus_Alvey_Darwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erasmus Alvey Darwin (halaman belum tersedia)">Erasmus</a>, seorang <a href="/wiki/Pemikiran_bebas" title="Pemikiran bebas">pemikir bebas</a>. Pada pesta-pesta jamuan makan ia berjumpa dengan sejumlah <a href="/wiki/Cendikiawan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cendikiawan">cendikiawan</a> yang berpendapat bahwa Tuhan telah menetapkan kehidupan sebelumnya dengan hukum-hukum alam, ketimbang dengan ciptaan-ciptaan yang ajaib untuk sementara. Sahabat saudaranya, Nn. <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Harriet Martineau</a> adalah seorang penulis yang cerita-ceritanya mempromosikan pembaruan-pembaruan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_orang_miskin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hukum orang miskin (halaman belum tersedia)">Hukum orang miskin</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Whig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Whig (halaman belum tersedia)">Whig</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" title="Thomas Malthus">Malthus</a>. Kalangan ilmiah heboh dengan gagasan-gagasan tentang <a href="/wiki/Transmutasi_spesies" title="Transmutasi spesies">transmutasi spesies</a> yang secara kontroversial dikaitkan dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radikalisme_(historis)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radikalisme (historis) (halaman belum tersedia)">kehebohan <i>Radikal</i></a>. Darwin lebih suka akan teman-temannya yang terhormat, para profesor Cambridge, meskipun gagasan-gagasannya melampaui keyakinan mereka bahwa sejarah alam harus membenarkan agama dan tatanan sosial. </p><p>Pada 17 Februari 1837, Lyell menggunakan pidato kepresidenannya di Perhimpunan Geografis untuk menyajikan temuan-temuan Owen untuk menentukan tanggal fosil-fosil Darwin, dan menunjukkan inferensi bahwa spesies-spesies dari binatang-binatang yang telah pu nah itu terkait dengan spesies-spesies dari yang ada sekarang di tempat yang sama. Pada pertemuan yang sama Darwin terpilih menjadi anggota Dewan Perhimpunan itu. Ia sudah diundang oleh FitzRoy untuk menyumbangkan tulisan dalam <i>Journal</i> berdasarkan catatan-catatan lapangannya sebagai bagian sejarah alam tentang laporan kapten dari pelayaran <i>Beagle</i>. Kini ia tenggelam dalam penulisan buku mengenai geologi Amerika Selatan. Pada saat yang sama ia berspekulasi tentang transmutasi dalam <i>Buku Catatan Merah</i>-nya yang telha dimulainya di atas <i>Beagle</i>. Sebuah proyek lain yang dimulainya mendapatkan laporan-laporan para ahli tentang koleksinya yang diterbitkan sebagai rangkaian terbitan <i>Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle</i> (Zoologi dari Pelayaran H.M.S. Beagle), dan Henslow menggunakan kontak-kontaknya untuk mengatur pemberian sebesar £1,000 dari Perbendaharaan untuk mensponsorinya. Darwin menyelesaikan penulisan <i>Journal</i>-nya sekitar <a href="/wiki/20_Juni" title="20 Juni">20 Juni</a> ketika Raja <a href="/wiki/William_IV_dari_Britania_Raya" title="William IV dari Britania Raya">William IV</a> meninggal dunia dan zaman <a href="/wiki/Victoria_dari_Britania_Raya" title="Victoria dari Britania Raya">Victoria</a> dimulai. Pada pertengahan Juli ia memulai <i>buku catatan "B"</i>-nya yang rahasia tentang transmutasi, dan mengembangkan <a href="/wiki/Hipotesis" title="Hipotesis">hipotesis</a> bahwa di mana setiap pulau dari Kepulauan Galápagos mempunyai jenis <a href="/wiki/Kura-kura" title="Kura-kura">kura-kuranya</a> sendiri, semuanya itu berasal dari satu spesies kura-kura dan telah menyesuaikan diri dengan pulau-pulau yang berlainan dalam cara yang berbeda-beda. </p><p>Di bawah tekanan untuk menata <i>Zoologi</i> dan mengoreksi naskah-naskah untuk <i>Journal</i>-nya, kesehatan Darwin mengalami kemunduran. Pada <a href="/wiki/20_September" title="20 September">20 September</a> <a href="/wiki/1837" title="1837">1837</a> ia menderita "jantung yang berdebar-debar" dan pergi ke daerah pedesaan untuk memulihkan kesehatannya. Ia mengunjungi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maer_Hall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maer Hall (halaman belum tersedia)">Maer Hall</a> tempat bibinya yang invalid diasuh oleh anak perempuannya yang tetap melajang, <a href="/wiki/Emma_Darwin" title="Emma Darwin">Emma Wedgwood</a>, dan menghibur sanak keluarganya dengan cerita-cerita mengenai perjalanannya. Pamannya, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Josiah_Wedgwood_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josiah Wedgwood II (halaman belum tersedia)">Jos</a> menunjukkan sebuah tempat di tanah di mana <i>cinders</i> menghilang di bawah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Loam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loam (halaman belum tersedia)">loam</a> dan mengatakan bahwa itu semua adalah pekerjaan cacing tanah. Darwin memperoleh gagasan untuk sebuah percakapan yang disampaikannya kepada Perhimpunan Geologis pada 1 November, tentang topik yang sangat biasa tentang cacing tanah. Ia telah menghindari jabatan-jabatan resmi yang dapat menyita waktunya yang berharga, namun pada Maret itu, Whewell telah merekrutnya sebagai Sekretaris dari Perhimpunan Geologis. Sakitnya membuat Darwin beristirahat dari tekanan pekerjaan, dan ia pergi melakukan penelitian geologi di <a href="/wiki/Skotlandia" title="Skotlandia">Skotlandia</a>. Dalam udara yang cerah ia mengunjungi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glen_Roy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glen Roy (halaman belum tersedia)">Glen Roy</a> untuk melihat fenomena yang dikenal sebagai "jalan-jalan" yang - secara keliru - disebutnya sebagai pantai-pantai yang menaik. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Emma_Darwin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Emma_Darwin.jpg/220px-Emma_Darwin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Emma_Darwin.jpg/330px-Emma_Darwin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Emma_Darwin.jpg/440px-Emma_Darwin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="834" data-file-height="973" /></a><figcaption>Charles memilih menikahi sepupunya, <a href="/wiki/Emma_Darwin" title="Emma Darwin">Emma Wedgwood</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Setelah sembuh total, ia kembail ke rumahnya di Shrewsbury. Ia memikirkan karier dan prospeknya secara ilmiah, dan karena itu ia menyusun sebuah daftar dengan dua kolom dengan judul <i>"Menikah"</i> dan <i>"Tidak Menikah"</i>. Daftar yang dimasukkan di bawah kolom pro-perhikahan mencakup "pendamping tetap dan teman pada usia tua ... betapapun lebih baik daripada seekor anjing," sementara daftar di antara yang kontra adalah "lebih sedikit uang untuk buku" dan "hilangnya waktu yang sangat menyedihkan." Pertimbangan pro akhirnya menang. Ia membicarakan hal ini dengan ayahnya lalu pergi mengunjungi sepupunya Emma pada 29 Juli 1838. Ia tidak langsung melamar, namun berlawanan dengan nasihat ayahnya, ia menceritakan kepada Emma gagasannya tentang transmutasi. Sementara pikiran dan pekerjaannya berlanjut di London pada msuim gugur, ia berkali-kali jatuh sakit. Pada <a href="/wiki/11_November" title="11 November">11 November</a> ia kembali dan melamar Emma, dan sekali lagi menceritakan kepadanya gagasan-gagasannya. Ia menerimanya, namun belakangan menulis dan memohon kepadanya agar membaca dari <a href="/wiki/Injil_Yohanes" title="Injil Yohanes">Injil Yohanes</a> bagian tentang kasih dan mengikut <i>Jalan</i> yang juga menyatakan bahwa <i>"Barangsiapa tidak tinggal di dalam Aku, ia ... dicampakkan ke dalam api lalu dibakar".</i> Charles mengirimkan jawaban yang hangat yang menghapuskan keprihatinannya, namun Emma tetap kuatir bahwa kemunduran iman Charles akan membahayakan harapannya bahwa mereka akan berjumpa lagi dalam kehidupan setelah kematian. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pernikahan_dan_anak-anak">Pernikahan dan anak-anak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Pernikahan dan anak-anak" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pernikahan dan anak-anak"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Charles_and_William_Darwin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Charles_and_William_Darwin.jpg/185px-Charles_and_William_Darwin.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Charles_and_William_Darwin.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption>Darwin pada 1842 dengan anak sulungnya, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Darwin_%E2%80%94_Wedgwood_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Darwin — Wedgwood family (halaman belum tersedia)">William Erasmus Darwin</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pada 29 Januari 1839, Darwin menikahi sepupunya <a href="/wiki/Emma_Darwin" title="Emma Darwin">Emma Wedgwood</a> di Maer dalam sebuah upacara <a href="/wiki/Anglikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglikan">Anglikan</a> yang diatur agar sesuai dengan kaum <a href="/wiki/Unitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Unitarian">Unitarian</a>. </p><p>Setelah pertama-tama tinggal di Gower Street, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, pasangan ini pindah pada 17 September 1842 ke <a href="/w/index.php?title=Down_House&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Down House (halaman belum tersedia)">Down House</a> di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Downe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Downe (halaman belum tersedia)">Downe</a> (yang kini terbuka untuk kunjungan masyarakat, di selatan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orpington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orpington (halaman belum tersedia)">Orpington</a>). Keluarga Darwin mempunyai sepuluh orang anak, tiga di antaranya meninggal dalam usia dini. Banyak dari mereka dan cucu-cucu mereka kelak menjadi terkenal (lihat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keluarga_Darwin_%E2%80%94_Wedgwood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keluarga Darwin — Wedgwood (halaman belum tersedia)">keluarga Darwin — Wedgwood</a>) </p> <ul><li>William Erasmus Darwin (27 Desember 1839–1914)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anne_Darwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anne Darwin (halaman belum tersedia)">Anne Elizabeth Darwin</a> (2 Maret 1841–22 April 1851)</li> <li>Mary Eleanor Darwin (23 September 1842–16 Oktober 1842)</li> <li>Henrietta Emma "Etty" Darwin (25 September 1843–1929)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Darwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Darwin (halaman belum tersedia)">George Howard Darwin</a> (9 Juli 1845–7 Desember, 1912)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darwin_%E2%80%94_Wedgwood_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Darwin — Wedgwood family (halaman belum tersedia)">Elizabeth "Bessy" Darwin</a> (8 Juli 1847–1926)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Darwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Darwin (halaman belum tersedia)">Francis Darwin</a> (16 Agustus 1848–19 September 1925)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Darwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonard Darwin (halaman belum tersedia)">Leonard Darwin</a> (15 Januari 1850–26 Maret 1943)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Darwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horace Darwin (halaman belum tersedia)">Horace Darwin</a> (13 Mei 1851–29 September 1928)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Waring_Darwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Waring Darwin (halaman belum tersedia)">Charles Waring Darwin</a> (6 Desember 1856–28 Juni 1858)</li></ul> <p>Beberapa dari anak-anak mereka menderita penyakit atau lemah tubuhnya. Charles Darwin kuatir bahwa hal ini mungkin disebabkan karena garis keturunannya dengan Emma cukup dekat. Hal ini diungkapkannya dalam tulisan-tulisannya tentang akibat-akibat buruk yang ditimbulkan dari perkawinan antar kerabat dekat dan keuntungan dari perkawinan silang.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pengembangan_teori">Pengembangan teori</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Pengembangan teori" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pengembangan teori"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkembangan_teori_Darwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perkembangan teori Darwin (halaman belum tersedia)">Perkembangan teori Darwin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Charles_Darwin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Charles_Darwin.jpg/220px-Charles_Darwin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Charles_Darwin.jpg/330px-Charles_Darwin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Charles_Darwin.jpg/440px-Charles_Darwin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Karena khawatir akan kritik dari kaum ilmuwan dan agamawan, Darwin menghabiskan puluhan tahun untuk mengembangkan teori-teori evolusinya, dan pada umumnya secara rahasia.</figcaption></figure> <p>Darwin sudah lama berpikir tentang evolusi ide; bahwa semua species berhubungan satu sama lain dan mempunyai "common ancestor" (berasal dari satu garis keturunan) dan melalui mutasi species baru muncul. Namun dia masih penasaran tentang mekanisme bagaimana proses itu terjadi. Secara kebetulan, ia membaca tulisal-tulisan <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" title="Thomas Malthus">Thomas Malthus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" title="Thomas Malthus">Malthus</a> berpendapat bahwa populasi manusia bertambah lebih cepat daripada produksi makanan, sehingga menyebabkan manusia bersaing satu sama lain untuk memperebutkan makanan dan menjadikan perbuatan amal sia-sia. Dengan gembira Darwin menggunakan mekanisme ini untuk menjelaskan teorinya. Ia menulis: "Manusia cenderung untuk bertambah dalam tingkat yang lebih besar daripada caranya untuk bertahan. Akibatnya, sesekali ia harus berjuang keras untuk bertahan, dan seleksi alam akan memengaruhi apa yang terletak di dalam jangkauan ini." (<i>Descent of Man</i>, Ps.21) Ia menghubungkan hal ini dengan temuan-temuannya mengenai spesies-spesies yang terkait dengan tempat-tempat, penelitiannya tentang pengembang-biakan binatang, dan gagasan tentang "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_seleksi_alam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hukum seleksi alam (halaman belum tersedia)">hukum seleksi alam</a>" (Natural Selection). Menjelang akhir 1838 ia membandingkan ciri-ciri seleksi para peternak dengan seleksi alam menurut teori Malthus dari varian-varian yang terjadi "secara kebetulan" sehingga "setiap bagian dari struktur yang baru diperoleh sepenuhnya dipraktikkan dan disempurnakan", dan menganggap bahwa ini adalah "bagian yang paling indah dari teori saya" tentang bagaimana spesies-spesies itu bermula. </p><p>Darwin kini adalah seorang geolog terkemuka di kalangan elit ilmiah di antara para pendeta yang juga adalah kaum naturalis. Secara kuangan ia cukup mapan dengan penghasilan pribadi. Ia mempunyai banyak sekali pekerjaan yang harus dilakukannya, menuliskan temuan-temuan dan teori-teorinya, dan mengawasi persiapan penulisan rangkaian bukunya <i>Zoologi</i> yang menggambarkan koleksi-koleksinya. Ia yakin akan kebenaran <a href="/wiki/Teori_evolusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Teori evolusi">evolusi</a>, namun untuk jangka waktu yang lama ia sadar bahwa <a href="/wiki/Transmutasi_spesies" title="Transmutasi spesies">transmutasi spesies</a> dihubungkan dengan penyangkalan terhadap Tuhan serta dengan para agitator demokratis di Britania yang berusaha menggulingkan masyarakat. Jadi, penerbitan teorinya dapat mengancam reputasinya. Darwin melakukan banyak percobaan dengan tanaman dan melakukan berbagai konsultasi dengan para peternak binatang, termasuk peternak burung merpati dan babi, sambil berusaha menemukan jawaban-jawaban yang kuat terhadap semua argumen yang diantisipasinya ketika ia menyajikan teorinya di muka umum. </p><p>Ketika laporan FitzRoy diterbitkan pada Mei 1839, <i>Jurnal dan Catatan-catatan</i> Darwin mendapatkan sambutan hangat. Belakangan pada tahun yang sama, tulisan itu diterbitkannya sendiri, laku keras dan kini dikenal sebagai <i><a href="/wiki/The_Voyage_of_the_Beagle" title="The Voyage of the Beagle">The Voyage of the Beagle</a></i> (Pelayaran Beagle). Pada Desember 1839, ketika Emma sedang hamil untuk pertama kalinya, Darwin kembali jatuh sakit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penerbitan_buku_Asal-Usul_Spesies_dan_kontroversi">Penerbitan buku Asal-Usul Spesies dan kontroversi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Penerbitan buku Asal-Usul Spesies dan kontroversi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penerbitan buku Asal-Usul Spesies dan kontroversi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Origin_of_Species_title_page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Origin_of_Species_title_page.jpg/220px-Origin_of_Species_title_page.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Origin_of_Species_title_page.jpg/330px-Origin_of_Species_title_page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Origin_of_Species_title_page.jpg/440px-Origin_of_Species_title_page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2888" data-file-height="4636" /></a><figcaption>Halaman judul<br /><i>On the Origin of Species</i> edisi tahun 1859</figcaption></figure> <p>Darwin menulis ide tentang evolusi di buku <i><a href="/wiki/Asal_Usul_Spesies" class="mw-redirect" title="Asal Usul Spesies">Asal Usul Spesies</a></i> (<i>The Origin of Species</i>) yang menjelaskan teori evolusi. Pada mulanya, Darwin sungkan untuk menerbitkan hasil pemikiran dan hasil observasinya yang sangat radikal, terutama pada zaman itu, <a href="/wiki/Inggris" title="Inggris">Inggris</a> pada zaman <a href="/wiki/Victoria" class="mw-disambig" title="Victoria">Victoria</a>. Selama bertahun-tahun, ia menyimpan ide ini dan hanya berbicara dengan teman sekerja yang dipercayanya. Salah satu motivasi Darwin untuk pada akhirnya menerbitkan buku ini adalah dorongan dari <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a>. Wallace sendiri juga menulis tentang ide serupa dan mengirimkannya ke Darwin. Darwin dinasihatkan untuk secepatnya menyelesaikan tulisannya. Pada tahun 1859, buku <i>The Origin of Species</i> diterbitkan dan,secara tidak diduga, menjadi laku keras dan kontroversial. </p><p>Walaupun Darwin tidak membahas evolusi manusia secara terang-terangan, bukunya mendapat tantangan keras, baik dari kaum ilmiah, maupun masyarakat, terutama pihak gereja. Di periode yang sulit ini, Darwin didampingi oleh salah satu kawan setianya, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Huxley" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Huxley">Thomas Huxley</a>, yang dijuluki "Darwin Bulldog". Secara jitu dan tajam, Huxley membela Darwin teori dari serangan-serangan. Salah satu episode yang terkenal ialah debat antara Huxley dengan Bishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Wilberforce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel Wilberforce (halaman belum tersedia)">Samuel Wilberforce</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat pula"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22254620">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid #aaa 1px}.mw-parser-output .portalbox.tleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/48px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/64px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a></span></span><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biologi" title="Portal:Biologi">Portal Biologi </a></span></li></ul></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18261910">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width:20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kontroversi_penciptaan-evolusi" title="Kontroversi penciptaan-evolusi">Kontroversi penciptaan-evolusi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penjelajahan_ilmiah_pelayaran_Amerika_dan_Eropa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penjelajahan ilmiah pelayaran Amerika dan Eropa (halaman belum tersedia)">Penjelajahan ilmiah pelayaran Amerika dan Eropa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harriet_(kura-kura)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harriet (kura-kura) (halaman belum tersedia)">Harriet (kura-kura)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_biologi" title="Sejarah biologi">Sejarah biologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_pemikiran_evolusi" title="Sejarah pemikiran evolusi">Sejarah pemikiran evolusi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darwinisme_universal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Darwinisme universal (halaman belum tersedia)">Darwinisme universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_pustaka_Charles_Darwin" title="Daftar pustaka Charles Darwin">Daftar pustaka Charles Darwin</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catatan">Catatan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Catatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Catatan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r21093234">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <p><b><small>I</small>.</b> <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Anone"><a href="#ref_Anone"><b><sup>^</sup></b></a></span> Darwin was eminent as a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Naturalist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naturalist (halaman belum tersedia)">naturalist</a>, geologist, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biologist (halaman belum tersedia)">biologist</a>, and author; after working as a physician's assistant and two years as a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_student&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medical student (halaman belum tersedia)">medical student</a> was educated as a clergyman; and was trained in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxidermy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taxidermy (halaman belum tersedia)">taxidermy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><small>II</small>.</b> <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Bnone"><a href="#ref_Bnone"><b><sup>^</sup></b></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_FitzRoy" title="Robert FitzRoy">Robert FitzRoy</a> was to become known after the voyage for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_literalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biblical literalism (halaman belum tersedia)">biblical literalism</a>, but at this time he had considerable interest in Lyell's ideas, and they met before the voyage when Lyell asked for observations to be made in South America. FitzRoy's diary during the ascent of the River Santa Cruz in <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a> recorded his opinion that the plains were <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raised_beach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raised beach (halaman belum tersedia)">raised beaches</a>, but on return, newly married to a very religious lady, he recanted these ideas.(<a href="#CITEREFBrowne1995">Browne 1995</a>, hlm. 186, 414) </p><p><b><small>III</small>.</b> <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Cnone"><a href="#ref_Cnone"><b><sup>^</sup></b></a></span> See, for example, WILLA volume 4, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/old-WILLA/fall95/DeSimone.html">Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Feminization of Education</a></i> by Deborah M. De Simone: "Gilman shared many basic educational ideas with the generation of thinkers who matured during the period of "intellectual chaos" caused by Darwin's Origin of the Species. Marked by the belief that individuals can direct human and social evolution, many progressives came to view education as the panacea for advancing social progress and for solving such problems as urbanisation, poverty, or immigration." </p><p><b><small>IV</small>.</b> <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Dnone"><a href="#ref_Dnone"><b><sup>^</sup></b></a></span> See, for example, the song "A lady fair of lineage high" from <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert and Sullivan">Gilbert and Sullivan</a>'s <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Princess_Ida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Princess Ida (halaman belum tersedia)">Princess Ida</a></i>, which describes the descent of man (but not woman!) from apes. </p><p><b><small>V</small>.</b> <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Enone"><a href="#ref_Enone"><b><sup>^</sup></b></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genetics (halaman belum tersedia)">Geneticists</a> studied human heredity as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mendelian_inheritance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mendelian inheritance (halaman belum tersedia)">Mendelian inheritance</a>, while <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugenics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugenics (halaman belum tersedia)">eugenics</a> movements sought to manage society, with a focus on social class in the United Kingdom, and on disability and ethnicity in the United States, leading to geneticists seeing this as impractical <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a>. A shift from voluntary arrangements to "negative" eugenics included <a href="/w/index.php?title=Compulsory_sterilisation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Compulsory sterilisation (halaman belum tersedia)">compulsory sterilisation</a> laws in the United States, copied by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nazi_Germany&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nazi Germany (halaman belum tersedia)">Nazi Germany</a> as the basis for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nazi_eugenics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nazi eugenics (halaman belum tersedia)">Nazi eugenics</a> based on virulent racism and "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_hygiene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racial hygiene (halaman belum tersedia)">racial hygiene</a>".<br />(<cite id="CITEREFThurtle1996" class="citation news">Thurtle, Phillip (17 December 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/group/SHR/5-supp/text/thurtle.html">"the creation of genetic identity"</a>. <i>SEHR</i>. <b>5</b> (Supplement: Cultural and Technological Incubations of Fascism)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SEHR&rft.atitle=the+creation+of+genetic+identity&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=Supplement%3A+Cultural+and+Technological+Incubations+of+Fascism&rft.date=1996-12-17&rft.aulast=Thurtle&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2Fgroup%2FSHR%2F5-supp%2Ftext%2Fthurtle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2000" class="citation news">Edwards, A. W. F. (1 April 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/full/154/4/1419#The_Eclipse_of_Darwinism">"The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection"</a>. <i>Genetics</i>. <b>154</b> (April 2000). hlm. 1419–1426. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1461012">1461012</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10747041">10747041</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genetics&rft.atitle=The+Genetical+Theory+of+Natural+Selection&rft.volume=154&rft.issue=April+2000&rft.pages=1419-1426&rft.date=2000-04-01&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1461012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10747041&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=A.+W.+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genetics.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F154%2F4%2F1419%23The_Eclipse_of_Darwinism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><br /><cite class="citation web">Wilkins, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081205154013/http://scienceblogs.com/evolvingthoughts/2006/09/darwin_and_the_holocaust_3_eug_1.php">"Evolving Thoughts: Darwin and the Holocaust 3: eugenics"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scienceblogs.com/evolvingthoughts/2006/09/darwin_and_the_holocaust_3_eug_1.php">versi asli</a> tanggal 2008-12-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evolving+Thoughts%3A+Darwin+and+the+Holocaust+3%3A+eugenics&rft.aulast=Wilkins&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscienceblogs.com%2Fevolvingthoughts%2F2006%2F09%2Fdarwin_and_the_holocaust_3_eug_1.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>) </p><p><b><small>VI</small>.</b> <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Fnone"><a href="#ref_Fnone"><b><sup>^</sup></b></a></span> Darwin did not share the then common view that other races are inferior, and said of his <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxidermy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taxidermy (halaman belum tersedia)">taxidermy</a> tutor <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Edmonstone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Edmonstone (halaman belum tersedia)">John Edmonstone</a>, a freed black slave, "I used often to sit with him, for he was a very pleasant and intelligent man".<sup id="cite_ref-eddy_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eddy-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early in the <i>Beagle</i> voyage, he nearly lost his position on the ship when he criticised FitzRoy's defence and praise of slavery. (<a href="#CITEREFDarwin1958">Darwin 1958</a>, hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1497&pageseq=76">74</a>) He wrote home about "how steadily the general feeling, as shown at elections, has been rising against Slavery. What a proud thing for England if she is the first European nation which utterly abolishes it! I was told before leaving England that after living in slave countries all my opinions would be altered; the only alteration I am aware of is forming a much higher estimate of the negro character." (<a href="#CITEREFDarwin1887">Darwin 1887</a>, hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1452.1&pageseq=264">246</a>) Regarding <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuegians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fuegians (halaman belum tersedia)">Fuegians</a>, he "could not have believed how wide was the difference between savage and civilized man: it is greater than between a wild and domesticated animal, inasmuch as in man there is a greater power of improvement", but he knew and liked civilised Fuegians like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jemmy_Button&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jemmy Button (halaman belum tersedia)">Jemmy Button</a>: "It seems yet wonderful to me, when I think over all his many good qualities, that he should have been of the same race, and doubtless partaken of the same character, with the miserable, degraded savages whom we first met here."(<a href="#CITEREFDarwin1845">Darwin 1845</a>, hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F14&viewtype=text&pageseq=218">205, 207–208</a>) </p><p>In the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Descent_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Descent of Man (halaman belum tersedia)">Descent of Man</a></i>, he mentioned the Fuegians and Edmonstone when arguing against "ranking the so-called races of man as distinct species".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He rejected the ill-treatment of native people, and for example wrote of massacres of <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonian</a> men, women, and children, "Every one here is fully convinced that this is the most just war, because it is against barbarians. Who would believe in this age that such atrocities could be committed in a Christian civilized country?"(<a href="#CITEREFDarwin1845">Darwin 1845</a>, hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F14&pageseq=115">102</a>) </p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman200776-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeman200776_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFreeman2007">Freeman 2007</a>, hlm. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frs-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frs_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150316060617/https://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/fellows/">"Fellows of the Royal Society"</a>. London: Royal Society. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/fellows/">versi asli</a> tanggal 2015-03-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Royal+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsociety.org%2Fabout-us%2Ffellowship%2Ffellows%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170323205747/http://www.darwinendlessforms.org/darwin-in-cambridge/">"Darwin Endless Forms » Darwin in Cambridge"</a> (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darwinendlessforms.org/darwin-in-cambridge/">versi asli</a> tanggal 2017-03-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Darwin+Endless+Forms+%C2%BB+Darwin+in+Cambridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.darwinendlessforms.org%2Fdarwin-in-cambridge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/5032354/Charles-Darwins-personal-finances-revealed-in-new-find.html">"Charles Darwin's personal finances revealed in new find"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Charles+Darwin%27s+personal+finances+revealed+in+new+find&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F5032354%2FCharles-Darwins-personal-finances-revealed-in-new-find.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/darwin">"Darwin"</a> entry in <i><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i>, HarperCollins Publishers, 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmondMooreBrowne2004">Desmond, Moore & Browne 2004</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Coyne, Jerry A. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whyevolutionistr00coyn"><i>Why Evolution is True</i></a>. Viking. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whyevolutionistr00coyn/page/8">8</a>–11. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-670-02053-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-670-02053-9">978-0-670-02053-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Evolution+is+True&rft.pages=8-11&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-670-02053-9&rft.au=Coyne%2C+Jerry+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhyevolutionistr00coyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Larson79-111-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Larson79-111_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarson2004">Larson 2004</a>, hlm. 79–111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/round-up/darwin-200/">"Special feature: Darwin 200"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2022-04-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Special+feature%3A+Darwin+200&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Fround-up%2Fdarwin-200%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">pixeltocode.uk, PixelToCode. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.westminster-abbey.org/abbey-commemorations/commemorations/charles-darwin">"Charles Darwin"</a>. <i>Westminster Abbey</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2022-04-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Westminster+Abbey&rft.atitle=Charles+Darwin&rft.aulast=pixeltocode.uk&rft.aufirst=PixelToCode&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.westminster-abbey.org%2Fabbey-commemorations%2Fcommemorations%2Fcharles-darwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerry_Coyne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerry Coyne (halaman belum tersedia)">Coyne, Jerry A.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780199230846"><i>Why Evolution is True</i></a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780199230846/page/17">17</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-19-923084-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-19-923084-6">0-19-923084-6</a>. <q>In <i>The Origin</i>, Darwin provided an alternative hypothesis for the development, diversification, and design of life. Much of that book presents evidence that not only supports evolution, but at the same time refutes creationism. In Darwin's day, the evidence for his theories was compelling, but not completely decisive.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Evolution+is+True&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=0-19-923084-6&rft.aulast=Coyne&rft.aufirst=Jerry+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780199230846&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bentley_Glass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bentley Glass (halaman belum tersedia)">Glass, Bentley</a> (1959). <i>Forerunners of Darwin</i>. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. hlm. iv. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-8018-0222-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-8018-0222-9">0-8018-0222-9</a>. <q>Darwin's solution is a magnificent synthesis of evidence...a synthesis...compelling in honesty and comprehensiveness</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forerunners+of+Darwin&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+MD&rft.pages=iv&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=0-8018-0222-9&rft.aulast=Glass&rft.aufirst=Bentley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JvW-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JvW_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JvW_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Wyhe2008">van Wyhe 2008</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b3847-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b3847_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowler2003">Bowler 2003</a>, hlm. 178–179, 338, 347</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/biography.html">The Complete Works of Darwin Online – Biography.</a> <i>darwin-online.org.uk</i>. Retrieved 2006-12-15<br /><a href="#CITEREFDobzhansky1973">Dobzhansky 1973</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As Darwinian scholar Joseph Carroll of the University of Missouri–St. Louis puts it in his introduction to a modern reprint of Darwin's work: "<i>The Origin of Species</i> has special claims on our attention. It is one of the two or three most significant works of all time—one of those works that fundamentally and permanently alter our vision of the world...It is argued with a singularly rigorous consistency but it is also eloquent, imaginatively evocative, and rhetorically compelling." <cite class="citation book">Carroll, Joseph, ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onoriginofspecie0000darw_t8q4"><i>On the origin of species by means of natural selection</i></a>. Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onoriginofspecie0000darw_t8q4/page/15">15</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-55111-337-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-55111-337-6">1-55111-337-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+origin+of+species+by+means+of+natural+selection&rft.place=Peterborough%2C+Ontario&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Broadview&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-55111-337-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonoriginofspecie0000darw_t8q4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whowas-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-whowas_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeff2000">Leff 2000</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aboutdarwin.com/darwin/WhoWas.html">About Charles Darwin</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond & Moore 1991</a>, hlm. 210, 284–285</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond & Moore 1991</a>, hlm. 263–274</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Wyhe2007">van Wyhe 2007</a>, hlm. 184, 187</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Beddall, B. G. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121030050913/http://www.springerlink.com/content/n1gh3n4474th3385/fulltext.pdf">"Wallace, Darwin, and the Theory of Natural Selection"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the History of Biology</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 261–323. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00351923">10.1007/BF00351923</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/n1gh3n4474th3385/fulltext.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2012-10-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2015-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Biology&rft.atitle=Wallace%2C+Darwin%2C+and+the+Theory+of+Natural+Selection&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=261-323&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00351923&rft.aulast=Beddall&rft.aufirst=B.+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fn1gh3n4474th3385%2Ffulltext.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFreeman1977">Freeman 1977</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newscientist.com/special/darwin-200">"Special feature: Darwin 200"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Special+feature%3A+Darwin+200&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Fspecial%2Fdarwin-200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DarwinsBurial-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DarwinsBurial_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeff2000">Leff 2000</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aboutdarwin.com/darwin/burial.html">Darwin's Burial</a><br /><a href="#CITEREFvan_Wyhe2008b">van Wyhe 2008b</a>, hlm. 60–61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206010149/http://darwin.baruch.cuny.edu/biography/shrewsbury/mount/">"The Mount House, Shrewsbury, England (Charles Darwin)"</a>. <i>web.archive.org</i>. 2008-12-06. Archived from the original on 2008-12-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=web.archive.org&rft.atitle=The+Mount+House%2C+Shrewsbury%2C+England+%28Charles+Darwin%29&rft.date=2008-12-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin.baruch.cuny.edu%2Fbiography%2Fshrewsbury%2Fmount%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Url_tak_layak" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1952339-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1952339_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1952">Smith 1952</a>, hlm. 339, "With literary license Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802) has been called the grandfather of evolution because he was the grandfather of Charles who fathered it. (...) It was in his Zoonomia (1794), ostensibly a textbook of medicine, in a chapter dealing with generation, that he interpolated what is not so much a theory of evolution as a panegyric on the idea."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarwin195822-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarwin195822_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarwin1958">Darwin 1958</a>, hlm. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarwin195848-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarwin195848_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarwin1958">Darwin 1958</a>, hlm. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesmond_&_Moore200918,_22-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesmond_&_Moore200918,_22_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmond_&_Moore2009">Desmond & Moore 2009</a>, hlm. 18, 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesmond_&_Moore199131-34-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesmond_&_Moore199131-34_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmond_&_Moore1991">Desmond & Moore 1991</a>, hlm. 31-34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowne199587-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowne199587_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowne1995">Browne 1995</a>, hlm. 87, "These zoological researcher provided the occasion of Darwin's first properly scientific paper, delivered to the Plinian Society on 27 March 1827 (...)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesmond_&_Moore199142–43-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesmond_&_Moore199142–43_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmond_&_Moore1991">Desmond & Moore 1991</a>, hlm. 42–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesmond_&_Moore200948-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesmond_&_Moore200948_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmond_&_Moore2009">Desmond & Moore 2009</a>, hlm. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1952357-358-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1952357-358_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1952">Smith 1952</a>, hlm. 357-358, "So in 1827 he went down to Cambridge and entered Christ's College where he met a cousin, William Darwin Fox, whose handsome collection of butterflies quickening his collecting instinct and on whose advice he began to attend the lectures of the botanist, the Reverend John Steven Henslow. (...) Darwin became his favored pupil and from personal association with him received most of the scientific training he was to get, except through his own efforts."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowne199597-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowne199597_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowne1995">Browne 1995</a>, hlm. 97, "It was an unexpected surprise to discover his final position was tenth out of the 178 candidates who did not go in for honours."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarwin195867-68-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarwin195867-68_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarwin1958">Darwin 1958</a>, hlm. 67-68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowne1995139-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowne1995139_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowne1995">Browne 1995</a>, hlm. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/DCP-LETT-105.xml">Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 105 – Henslow, J. S. to Darwin, C. R., 24 Aug 1831</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesmond_&_Moore199194–97-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesmond_&_Moore199194–97_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmond_&_Moore1991">Desmond & Moore 1991</a>, hlm. 94–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_LettersOnGeology.html">"Darwin Online: Letters on Geology"</a>. <i>darwin-online.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=darwin-online.org.uk&rft.atitle=Darwin+Online%3A+Letters+on+Geology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2FEditorialIntroductions%2FFreeman_LettersOnGeology.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesmond_&_Moore1991195–198-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesmond_&_Moore1991195–198_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmond_&_Moore1991">Desmond & Moore 1991</a>, hlm. 195–198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Eldredge, Niles (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vqronline.org/vqr-portfolio/confessions-darwinist">"Confessions of a Darwinist | VQR Online"</a>. <i>www.vqronline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vqronline.org&rft.atitle=Confessions+of+a+Darwinist+%7C+VQR+Online&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Eldredge&rft.aufirst=Niles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vqronline.org%2Fvqr-portfolio%2Fconfessions-darwinist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesmond_&_Moore1991207–210-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesmond_&_Moore1991207–210_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmond_&_Moore1991">Desmond & Moore 1991</a>, hlm. 207–210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=126637625">"Darwin A Case Study In His Own Theory: Inbreeding"</a>. <i>NPR.org</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). 8 Mei 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=Darwin+A+Case+Study+In+His+Own+Theory%3A+Inbreeding&rft.date=2010-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D126637625&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODNB-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmondMooreBrowne2004">Desmond, Moore & Browne 2004</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eddy-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eddy_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="id" dir="ltr">Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <code><ref></code> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama <code>eddy</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarwin1871">Darwin 1871</a>, hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F937.1&pageseq=227">214</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F937.1&viewtype=text&pageseq=245">232</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Daftar_Pustaka">Daftar Pustaka</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Daftar Pustaka" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Daftar Pustaka"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r21093234"><div class="refbegin references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAnonymous1882" class="citation news">Anonymous (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0212.html">"Obituary: Death Of Chas. Darwin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> (21 April 1882)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Death+Of+Chas.+Darwin&rft.issue=21+April+1882&rft.date=1882&rft.au=Anonymous&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbday%2F0212.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBalfour1882" class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hutton_Balfour&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Hutton Balfour (halaman belum tersedia)">Balfour, J. H.</a> (11 May 1882). "<a href="https://id.wikisource.org/wiki/Transactions_%26_Proceedings_of_the_Botanical_Society_of_Edinburgh/Obituary_Notice_of_Charles_Robert_Darwin" class="extiw" title="s:Transactions & Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh/Obituary Notice of Charles Robert Darwin">Obituary Notice of Charles Robert Darwin</a>". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transactions_%26_Proceedings_of_the_Botanical_Society_of_Edinburgh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transactions & Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh (halaman belum tersedia)">Transactions & Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh</a></i> (14): 284–298.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+%26+Proceedings+of+the+Botanical+Society+of+Edinburgh&rft.atitle=Obituary+Notice+of+Charles+Robert+Darwin&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=284-298&rft.date=1882-05-11&rft.aulast=Balfour&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBannister1989" class="citation book">Bannister, Robert C. (1989). <i>Social Darwinism: Science and Myth in Anglo-American Social Thought</i>. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-87722-566-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-87722-566-4">0-87722-566-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Darwinism%3A+Science+and+Myth+in+Anglo-American+Social+Thought.&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-87722-566-4&rft.aulast=Bannister&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBowler2003" class="citation book">Bowler, Peter J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutionhistory0000bowl_n7y8"><i>Evolution: The History of an Idea</i></a> (edisi ke-3rd). University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-520-23693-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-520-23693-9">0-520-23693-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolution%3A+The+History+of+an+Idea&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-520-23693-9&rft.aulast=Bowler&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fevolutionhistory0000bowl_n7y8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBrowne1995" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Janet_Browne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Janet Browne (halaman belum tersedia)">Browne, E. Janet</a> (1995). <i>Charles Darwin: vol. 1 Voyaging</i>. London: Jonathan Cape. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-84413-314-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-84413-314-1">1-84413-314-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Darwin%3A+vol.+1+Voyaging&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-84413-314-1&rft.aulast=Browne&rft.aufirst=E.+Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|Ref=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|ref=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBrowne2002" class="citation book">Browne, E. Janet (2002). <i>Charles Darwin: vol. 2 The Power of Place</i>. London: Jonathan Cape. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7126-6837-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7126-6837-3">0-7126-6837-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Darwin%3A+vol.+2+The+Power+of+Place&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7126-6837-3&rft.aulast=Browne&rft.aufirst=E.+Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDarwin1835" class="citation book">Darwin, Charles (1835). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1&viewtype=text&pageseq=1"><i>Extracts from letters to Professor Henslow</i></a>. Cambridge: [privately printed]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extracts+from+letters+to+Professor+Henslow&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=%5Bprivately+printed%5D&rft.date=1835&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3FitemID%3DF1%26viewtype%3Dtext%26pageseq%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDarwin1837" class="citation book">Darwin, Charles (1837). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=side&itemID=CUL-DAR121.-&pageseq=1"><i>Notebook B: (Transmutation of species)</i></a>. Darwin Online. CUL-DAR121<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notebook+B%3A+%28Transmutation+of+species%29&rft.pub=Darwin+Online&rft.date=1837&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3Fviewtype%3Dside%26itemID%3DCUL-DAR121.-%26pageseq%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDarwin1839" class="citation book">Darwin, Charles (1839). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F10.3&viewtype=text&pageseq=1"><i>Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their examination of the southern shores of South America, and the Beagle's circumnavigation of the globe. Journal and remarks. 1832–1836</i></a>. <b>III</b>. London: Henry Colburn<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narrative+of+the+surveying+voyages+of+His+Majesty%27s+Ships+Adventure+and+Beagle+between+the+years+1826+and+1836%2C+describing+their+examination+of+the+southern+shores+of+South+America%2C+and+the+Beagle%27s+circumnavigation+of+the+globe.+Journal+and+remarks.+1832%E2%80%931836.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Henry+Colburn&rft.date=1839&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3FitemID%3DF10.3%26viewtype%3Dtext%26pageseq%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDarwin1842" class="citation book">Darwin, Charles (1842). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1556&pageseq=33">"Pencil Sketch of 1842"</a>. Dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Darwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Darwin (halaman belum tersedia)">Darwin, Francis</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1556&viewtype=text&pageseq=1"><i>The foundations of The origin of species: Two essays written in 1842 and 1844</i></a>. Cambridge University Press (dipublikasikan tanggal 1909). <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-548-79998-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-548-79998-9">0-548-79998-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pencil+Sketch+of+1842&rft.btitle=The+foundations+of+The+origin+of+species%3A+Two+essays+written+in+1842+and+1844.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1842&rft.isbn=0-548-79998-9&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3Fviewtype%3Dtext%26itemID%3DF1556%26pageseq%3D33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDarwin1845" class="citation book">Darwin, Charles (1845). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F20&viewtype=text&pageseq=1"><i>Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world, under the Command of Capt. Fitz Roy, R.N. 2d edition</i></a>. London: John Murray<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+researches+into+the+natural+history+and+geology+of+the+countries+visited+during+the+voyage+of+H.M.S.+Beagle+round+the+world%2C+under+the+Command+of+Capt.+Fitz+Roy%2C+R.N.+2d+edition&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1845&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3FitemID%3DF20%26viewtype%3Dtext%26pageseq%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDarwinWallace1858" class="citation journal">Darwin, Charles; <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Wallace, Alfred Russel</a> (1858). "<a href="/wiki/On_the_Tendency_of_Species_to_form_Varieties;_and_on_the_Perpetuation_of_Varieties_and_Species_by_Natural_Means_of_Selection" title="On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection">On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection</a>". <i>Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London</i>. Zoology 3. <b>3</b> (9): 46–50. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.1858.tb02500.x">10.1111/j.1096-3642.1858.tb02500.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Proceedings+of+the+Linnean+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=On+the+Tendency+of+Species+to+form+Varieties%3B+and+on+the+Perpetuation+of+Varieties+and+Species+by+Natural+Means+of+Selection&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=46-50&rft.date=1858&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.1858.tb02500.x&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Wallace%2C+Alfred+Russel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDarwin1859" class="citation book">Darwin, Charles (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F373&viewtype=text&pageseq=1"><i>On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life</i></a> (edisi ke-1st). London: John Murray. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-4353-9386-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-4353-9386-4">1-4353-9386-4</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Origin+of+Species+by+Means+of+Natural+Selection%2C+or+the+Preservation+of+Favoured+Races+in+the+Struggle+for+Life&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1859&rft.isbn=1-4353-9386-4&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3FitemID%3DF373%26viewtype%3Dtext%26pageseq%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDarwin1868" class="citation book">Darwin, Charles (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F880.1&viewtype=text&pageseq=1"><i>The variation of animals and plants under domestication</i></a>. London: John Murray. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-4191-8660-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-4191-8660-4">1-4191-8660-4</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+variation+of+animals+and+plants+under+domestication&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1868&rft.isbn=1-4191-8660-4&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3FitemID%3DF880.1%26viewtype%3Dtext%26pageseq%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDarwin1871" class="citation book">Darwin, Charles (1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_TheDescentofMan.html"><i>The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex</i></a> (edisi ke-1st). London: John Murray. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-8014-2085-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-8014-2085-7">0-8014-2085-7</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Descent+of+Man%2C+and+Selection+in+Relation+to+Sex&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1871&rft.isbn=0-8014-2085-7&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2FEditorialIntroductions%2FFreeman_TheDescentofMan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDarwin1872" class="citation book">Darwin, Charles (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F391&viewtype=text&pageseq=1"><i>The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life</i></a> (edisi ke-6th). London: John Murray. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-4353-9386-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-4353-9386-4">1-4353-9386-4</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Species+by+Means+of+Natural+Selection%2C+or+the+Preservation+of+Favoured+Races+in+the+Struggle+for+Life&rft.place=London&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1872&rft.isbn=1-4353-9386-4&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3FitemID%3DF391%26viewtype%3Dtext%26pageseq%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDarwin1887" class="citation book">Darwin, Charles (1887). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Darwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Darwin (halaman belum tersedia)">Darwin, Francis</a>, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_LifeandLettersandAutobiography.html"><i>The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter</i></a>. London: John Murray. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-404-08417-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-404-08417-6">0-404-08417-6</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+life+and+letters+of+Charles+Darwin%2C+including+an+autobiographical+chapter&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1887&rft.isbn=0-404-08417-6&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2FEditorialIntroductions%2FFreeman_LifeandLettersandAutobiography.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDarwin1958" class="citation book">Darwin, Charles (1958). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nora_Barlow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nora Barlow (halaman belum tersedia)">Barlow, Nora</a>, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=1&itemID=F1497&viewtype=text"><i>The Autobiography of Charles Darwin 1809–1882. With the original omissions restored. Edited and with appendix and notes by his granddaughter Nora Barlow</i></a>. London: Collins<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Autobiography+of+Charles+Darwin+1809%E2%80%931882.+With+the+original+omissions+restored.+Edited+and+with+appendix+and+notes+by+his+granddaughter+Nora+Barlow&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3Fpageseq%3D1%26itemID%3DF1497%26viewtype%3Dtext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|Ref=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|ref=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDarwin2006" class="citation book">Darwin, Charles (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=side&itemID=CUL-DAR158.1-76&pageseq=1">"Journal"</a>. Dalam van Wyhe, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/vanWyhe_JournalDAR158.html"><i>Darwin's personal 'Journal' (1809–1881)</i></a>. Darwin Online. CUL-DAR158.1–76<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Journal&rft.btitle=Darwin%27s+personal+%27Journal%27+%281809%E2%80%931881%29&rft.pub=Darwin+Online&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3Fviewtype%3Dside%26itemID%3DCUL-DAR158.1-76%26pageseq%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDesmondMoore1991" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrian_Desmond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adrian Desmond (halaman belum tersedia)">Desmond, Adrian</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Moore_(biographer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Moore (biographer) (halaman belum tersedia)">Moore, James</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/darwin0000desm"><i>Darwin</i></a>. London: Michael Joseph, Penguin Group. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7181-3430-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7181-3430-3">0-7181-3430-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Darwin&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Michael+Joseph%2C+Penguin+Group&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-7181-3430-3&rft.aulast=Desmond&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft.au=Moore%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdarwin0000desm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|Ref=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|ref=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDesmondMooreBrowne2004" class="citation book">Desmond, Adrian; <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Moore_(biographer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Moore (biographer) (halaman belum tersedia)">Moore, James</a>; Browne, Janet (2004). <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F7176">10.1093/ref:odnb/7176</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F7176&rft.aulast=Desmond&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft.au=Moore%2C+James&rft.au=Browne%2C+Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrian_Desmond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adrian Desmond (halaman belum tersedia)">Desmond, Adrian</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Moore_(biographer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Moore (biographer) (halaman belum tersedia)">Moore, James</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.id/books?id=VTNIBQAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Darwin's sacred cause : race, slavery and the quest for human origins</i></a>. London: Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-84614-035-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-84614-035-8">978-1-84614-035-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Darwin%27s+sacred+cause+%3A+race%2C+slavery+and+the+quest+for+human+origins&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84614-035-8&rft.aulast=Desmond&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft.au=Moore%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.id%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVTNIBQAAQBAJ%26lpg%3DPP1%26pg%3DPP1%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|Ref=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|ref=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDobzhansky1973" class="citation journal"><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_Dobzhansky" title="Theodosius Dobzhansky">Dobzhansky, Theodosius</a> (March 1973). "Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution". <i>The American Biology Teacher</i>. <b>35</b> (3): 125–129. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4444260">10.2307/4444260</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Biology+Teacher&rft.atitle=Nothing+in+Biology+Makes+Sense+Except+in+the+Light+of+Evolution&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=125-129&rft.date=1973-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4444260&rft.aulast=Dobzhansky&rft.aufirst=Theodosius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEldredge2006" class="citation journal"><a href="/wiki/Niles_Eldredge" title="Niles Eldredge">Eldredge, Niles</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vqronline.org/articles/2006/spring/eldredge-confessions-darwinist/">"Confessions of a Darwinist"</a>. <i>The Virginia Quarterly Review</i> (Spring 2006): 32–53<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Virginia+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=Confessions+of+a+Darwinist&rft.issue=Spring+2006&rft.pages=32-53&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Eldredge&rft.aufirst=Niles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vqronline.org%2Farticles%2F2006%2Fspring%2Feldredge-confessions-darwinist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFitzRoy1839" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Fitzroy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Fitzroy (halaman belum tersedia)">FitzRoy, Robert</a> (1839). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F10.2&viewtype=text&pageseq=1"><i>Voyages of the Adventure and Beagle, Volume II</i></a>. London: Henry Colburn<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voyages+of+the+Adventure+and+Beagle%2C+Volume+II&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Henry+Colburn&rft.date=1839&rft.aulast=FitzRoy&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3FitemID%3DF10.2%26viewtype%3Dtext%26pageseq%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFreeman1977" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._B._Freeman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R. B. Freeman (halaman belum tersedia)">Freeman, R. B.</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=A1&viewtype=text&pageseq=1"><i>The Works of Charles Darwin: An Annotated Bibliographical Handlist</i></a>. Folkestone: Wm Dawson & Sons Ltd. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-208-01658-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-208-01658-9">0-208-01658-9</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+Charles+Darwin%3A+An+Annotated+Bibliographical+Handlist&rft.place=Folkestone&rft.pub=Wm+Dawson+%26+Sons+Ltd&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-208-01658-9&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=R.+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3FitemID%3DA1%26viewtype%3Dtext%26pageseq%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFreeman2007" class="citation book">Freeman, R. B. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=A27b&viewtype=text&pageseq=114"><i>Charles Darwin: A companion</i></a> (edisi ke-2nd online). <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Complete_Works_of_Charles_Darwin_Online&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online (halaman belum tersedia)">The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online</a>. hlm. 107, 109<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Darwin%3A+A+companion&rft.pages=107%2C+109&rft.edition=2nd+online&rft.pub=The+Complete+Works+of+Charles+Darwin+Online&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=R.+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3FitemID%3DA27b%26viewtype%3Dtext%26pageseq%3D114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHerbert1980" class="citation journal">Herbert, Sandra (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1583e&pageseq=1">"The red notebook of Charles Darwin"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History)</i>. Historical Series (7 (24 April)): 1–164<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+British+Museum+%28Natural+History%29&rft.atitle=The+red+notebook+of+Charles+Darwin&rft.issue=7+%2824+April%29&rft.pages=1-164&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Herbert&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3Fviewtype%3Dtext%26itemID%3DF1583e%26pageseq%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHerbert1991" class="citation journal">Herbert, Sandra (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A342&pageseq=1">"Charles Darwin as a prospective geological author"</a>. <i>British Journal for the History of Science</i>. <b>24</b> (24): 159–192. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0007087400027060">10.1017/S0007087400027060</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+for+the+History+of+Science&rft.atitle=Charles+Darwin+as+a+prospective+geological+author&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=159-192&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0007087400027060&rft.aulast=Herbert&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3Fviewtype%3Dtext%26itemID%3DA342%26pageseq%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKeynes2000" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Keynes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Keynes (halaman belum tersedia)">Keynes, Richard</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1840&viewtype=text&pageseq=1"><i>Charles Darwin's zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle.</i></a> Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-521-46569-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-521-46569-9">0-521-46569-9</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Darwin%27s+zoology+notes+%26+specimen+lists+from+H.M.S.+Beagle.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-521-46569-9&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3FitemID%3DF1840%26viewtype%3Dtext%26pageseq%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKeynes2001" class="citation book">Keynes, Richard (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1925&viewtype=text&pageseq=1"><i>Charles Darwin's Beagle Diary</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-521-23503-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-521-23503-0">0-521-23503-0</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Darwin%27s+Beagle+Diary&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-521-23503-0&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3FitemID%3DF1925%26viewtype%3Dtext%26pageseq%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKotzin2004" class="citation web">Kotzin, Daniel (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719072856/http://caho-test.cc.columbia.edu/pcp/14008.html">"Point-Counterpoint: Social Darwinism"</a>. Columbia American History Online. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caho-test.cc.columbia.edu/pcp/14008.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2011-07-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Point-Counterpoint%3A+Social+Darwinism&rft.pub=Columbia+American+History+Online&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Kotzin&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcaho-test.cc.columbia.edu%2Fpcp%2F14008.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLarson2004" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Larson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Larson (halaman belum tersedia)">Larson, Edward J.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutionremarka00lars"><i>Evolution: The Remarkable History of a Scientific Theory</i></a>. Modern Library. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-679-64288-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-679-64288-9">0-679-64288-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolution%3A+The+Remarkable+History+of+a+Scientific+Theory&rft.pub=Modern+Library&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-679-64288-9&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fevolutionremarka00lars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLeff2000" class="citation web">Leff, David (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130828111301/http://www.aboutdarwin.com/index.html">"AboutDarwin.com"</a> (edisi ke-2000–2008). Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aboutdarwin.com/index.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2013-08-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AboutDarwin.com&rft.edition=2000%E2%80%932008&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Leff&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aboutdarwin.com%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLeifchild1859" class="citation journal">Leifchild (19 November 1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=image&itemID=CUL-DAR226.1.8&pageseq=1">"Review of 'Origin<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athenaeum_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Athenaeum (magazine) (halaman belum tersedia)">Athenaeum</a></i> (1673)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Athenaeum&rft.atitle=Review+of+%27Origin%27&rft.issue=1673&rft.date=1859-11-19&rft.au=Leifchild&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3Fviewtype%3Dimage%26itemID%3DCUL-DAR226.1.8%26pageseq%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMiles2001" class="citation journal">Miles, Sara Joan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/2001/PSCF9-01Miles.html">"Charles Darwin and Asa Gray Discuss Teleology and Design"</a>. <i><span></span></i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perspectives_on_Science_and_Christian_Faith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith (halaman belum tersedia)">Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith</a><i><span></span></i>. <b>53</b>: 196–201<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%27%27Perspectives+on+Science+and+Christian+Faith%27%27&rft.atitle=Charles+Darwin+and+Asa+Gray+Discuss+Teleology+and+Design&rft.volume=53&rft.pages=196-201&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Miles&rft.aufirst=Sara+Joan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asa3.org%2FASA%2FPSCF%2F2001%2FPSCF9-01Miles.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMoore2005" class="citation news"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Moore_(biographer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Moore (biographer) (halaman belum tersedia)">Moore, James</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080227014518/http://speakingoffaith.publicradio.org/programs/darwin/moore-devilschaplain.pdf">"Darwin – A 'Devil's Chaplain'?"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. American Public Media. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://speakingoffaith.publicradio.org/programs/darwin/moore-devilschaplain.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2008-02-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Darwin+%E2%80%93+A+%27Devil%27s+Chaplain%27%3F&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspeakingoffaith.publicradio.org%2Fprograms%2Fdarwin%2Fmoore-devilschaplain.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMoore2006" class="citation news">Moore, James (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081222020720/http://speakingoffaith.publicradio.org/programs/darwin/transcript.shtml">"Evolution and Wonder – Understanding Charles Darwin"</a>. Speaking of Faith (Radio Program). American Public Media. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://speakingoffaith.publicradio.org/programs/darwin/transcript.shtml">versi asli</a> tanggal 2008-12-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Evolution+and+Wonder+%E2%80%93+Understanding+Charles+Darwin&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspeakingoffaith.publicradio.org%2Fprograms%2Fdarwin%2Ftranscript.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFOwen1840" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Owen">Owen, Richard</a> (1840). Darwin, C. R., ed. <i>Fossil Mammalia Part 1</i>. The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. London: Smith Elder and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fossil+Mammalia+Part+1&rft.place=London&rft.series=The+zoology+of+the+voyage+of+H.M.S.+Beagle&rft.pub=Smith+Elder+and+Co&rft.date=1840&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPaul2003" class="citation book">Paul, Diane B. (2003). "Darwin, social Darwinism and eugenics". Dalam Hodge, Jonathan; Radick, Gregory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00hodg"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Darwin</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00hodg/page/n229">214</a>–239. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-521-77730-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-521-77730-5">0-521-77730-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Darwin%2C+social+Darwinism+and+eugenics&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Darwin&rft.pages=214-239&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-521-77730-5&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Diane+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani00hodg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSmith1952" class="citation book">Smith, Homer W. (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manhisgods00smit"><i>Man and His Gods</i></a>. New York: Grosset & Dunlap. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-521-77730-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-521-77730-5">0-521-77730-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Man+and+His+Gods&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Grosset+%26+Dunlap&rft.date=1952&rft.isbn=0-521-77730-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Homer+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanhisgods00smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|Ref=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|ref=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSmith1999" class="citation web">Smith, Charles H. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wku.edu/~smithch/essays/ARWPAMPH.htm">"Alfred Russel Wallace on Spiritualism, Man, and Evolution: An Analytical Essay"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alfred+Russel+Wallace+on+Spiritualism%2C+Man%2C+and+Evolution%3A+An+Analytical+Essay&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Charles+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wku.edu%2F~smithch%2Fessays%2FARWPAMPH.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSulloway1982" class="citation journal"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sulloway" title="Frank Sulloway">Sulloway, Frank J.</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sulloway.org/Finches.pdf">"Darwin and His Finches: The Evolution of a Legend"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the History of Biology</i>. <b>15</b> (1): 1–53. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00132004">10.1007/BF00132004</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Biology&rft.atitle=Darwin+and+His+Finches%3A+The+Evolution+of+a+Legend&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-53&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00132004&rft.aulast=Sulloway&rft.aufirst=Frank+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sulloway.org%2FFinches.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSweet2004" class="citation web">Sweet, William (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/spencer/">"Herbert Spencer"</a>. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Herbert+Spencer&rft.pub=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Sweet&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fspencer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWilkins1997" class="citation web">Wilkins, John S. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/evolphil/social.html">"Evolution and Philosophy: Does evolution make might right?"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=TalkOrigins_Archive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TalkOrigins Archive (halaman belum tersedia)">TalkOrigins Archive</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evolution+and+Philosophy%3A+Does+evolution+make+might+right%3F&rft.pub=TalkOrigins+Archive&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Wilkins&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.talkorigins.org%2Ffaqs%2Fevolphil%2Fsocial.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWilkins2008" class="citation book">Wilkins, John S. (2008). "Darwin". Dalam Tucker, Aviezer. <i>A Companion to the Philosophy of History and Historiography</i>. Blackwell Companions to Philosophy. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. hlm. 405–415. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-4051-4908-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-4051-4908-6">1-4051-4908-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Darwin&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Philosophy+of+History+and+Historiography&rft.place=Chichester&rft.series=Blackwell+Companions+to+Philosophy&rft.pages=405-415&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=1-4051-4908-6&rft.aulast=Wilkins&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFvan_Wyhe2007" class="citation journal">van Wyhe, John (27 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A544&pageseq=1">"Mind the gap: Did Darwin avoid publishing his theory for many years?"</a>. <i>Notes and Records of the Royal Society</i>. <b>61</b> (2): 177–205. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsnr.2006.0171">10.1098/rsnr.2006.0171</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Records+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Mind+the+gap%3A+Did+Darwin+avoid+publishing+his+theory+for+many+years%3F&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=177-205&rft.date=2007-03-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsnr.2006.0171&rft.aulast=van+Wyhe&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3Fviewtype%3Dtext%26itemID%3DA544%26pageseq%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFvan_Wyhe2008" class="citation web">van Wyhe, John (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/darwin.html">"Charles Darwin: gentleman naturalist: A biographical sketch"</a>. Darwin Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charles+Darwin%3A+gentleman+naturalist%3A+A+biographical+sketch&rft.pub=Darwin+Online&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=van+Wyhe&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fdarwin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFvan_Wyhe2008b" class="citation book">van Wyhe, John (2008b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/darwinmanhisgrea0000vanw"><i>Darwin: The Story of the Man and His Theories of Evolution</i></a>. London: Andre Deutsch Ltd (dipublikasikan tanggal 1 September 2008). <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-233-00251-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-233-00251-0">0-233-00251-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Darwin%3A+The+Story+of+the+Man+and+His+Theories+of+Evolution&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Andre+Deutsch+Ltd&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=0-233-00251-0&rft.aulast=van+Wyhe&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdarwinmanhisgrea0000vanw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFvon_Sydow2005" class="citation book">von Sydow, Momme (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326070105/http://www.psych.uni-goettingen.de/abt/1/sydow/von_Sydow_(2005)_Darwin_A_Christian_Undermining_Christianity.pdf">"Darwin – A Christian Undermining Christianity? On Self-Undermining Dynamics of Ideas Between Belief and Science"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Dalam Knight, David M.; Eddy, Matthew D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psych.uni-goettingen.de/abt/1/sydow/von_Sydow_(2005)_Darwin_A_Christian_Undermining_Christianity.pdf"><i>Science and Beliefs: From Natural Philosophy to Natural Science, 1700–1900</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Burlington: Ashgate. hlm. 141–156. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7546-3996-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7546-3996-7">0-7546-3996-7</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20090326070105/http://www.psych.uni-goettingen.de/abt/1/sydow/von_Sydow_(2005)_Darwin_A_Christian_Undermining_Christianity.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2009-03-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Darwin+%E2%80%93+A+Christian+Undermining+Christianity%3F+On+Self-Undermining+Dynamics+of+Ideas+Between+Belief+and+Science&rft.btitle=Science+and+Beliefs%3A+From+Natural+Philosophy+to+Natural+Science%2C+1700%E2%80%931900&rft.place=Burlington&rft.pages=141-156&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7546-3996-7&rft.aulast=von+Sydow&rft.aufirst=Momme&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freplay.waybackmachine.org%2F20090326070105%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.psych.uni-goettingen.de%2Fabt%2F1%2Fsydow%2Fvon_Sydow_%282005%29_Darwin_A_Christian_Undermining_Christianity.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFYates2003" class="citation web">Yates, Simon (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/hope.html">"The Lady Hope Story: A Widespread Falsehood"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=TalkOrigins_Archive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TalkOrigins Archive (halaman belum tersedia)">TalkOrigins Archive</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Lady+Hope+Story%3A+A+Widespread+Falsehood&rft.pub=TalkOrigins+Archive&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Yates&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.talkorigins.org%2Ffaqs%2Fhope.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;padding:3px;"> <tbody><tr style="height:25px;"> <td colspan="2" style="margin: auto; text-align: center;padding-bottom:5px;"><b>Cari tahu mengenai Charles Darwin pada proyek-proyek Wikimedia lainnya:</b> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//id.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Darwinian" title="Cari di Wiktionary"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Wiktionary-logo-id.svg/21px-Wiktionary-logo-id.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Wiktionary-logo-id.svg/31px-Wiktionary-logo-id.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Wiktionary-logo-id.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-id.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="474" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Darwinian" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Darwinian">Definisi dan terjemahan</a> dari Wiktionary<br /> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Charles_Darwin" title="Cari di Commons"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/37px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Charles_Darwin" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Charles Darwin">Gambar dan media</a> dari Commons<br /> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//id.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Charles_Darwin" title="Cari di Wikinews"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/25px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/38px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/50px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://id.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Charles_Darwin" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Charles Darwin">Berita</a> dari Wikinews<br /> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//id.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Charles_Darwin" title="Cari di Wikiquote"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/42px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://id.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Charles_Darwin" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Charles Darwin">Kutipan</a> dari Wikiquote<br /> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//id.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Author:Charles_Robert_Darwin" title="Cari di Wikisource"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/48px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://id.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Author:Charles_Robert_Darwin" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Author:Charles Robert Darwin">Teks sumber</a> dari Wikisource<br /> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//id.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/General_Biology/Gallery_of_Biologists/Charles_Darwin" title="Cari di Wikibuku"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/50px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://id.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/General_Biology/Gallery_of_Biologists/Charles_Darwin" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/General Biology/Gallery of Biologists/Charles Darwin">Buku</a> dari Wikibuku<br /> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26333518"><table class="sidebar" style="width:auto;text-align:left;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Sumber pustaka</a> mengenai <br /> <b>Charles Darwin</b> <hr /></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/ftl?st=viaf&su=27063124&library=OLBP">Buku daring</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/ftl?st=viaf&su=27063124">Sumber di perpustakaan Anda</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/ftl?st=viaf&su=27063124&library=0CHOOSE0">Sumber di perpustakaan lain</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> By Charles Darwin</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=27063124&library=OLBP">Buku daring</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=27063124">Sumber di perpustakaan Anda</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=27063124&library=0CHOOSE0">Sumber di perpustakaan lain</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/author/Darwin,+Charles">Karya Charles Darwin</a> di <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//archive.org/search.php?query=%28subject%3A%22Darwin%2C%20Charles%20Robert%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Darwin%2C%20Charles%20R%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Darwin%2C%20C%2E%20R%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Charles%20Robert%20Darwin%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Charles%20R%2E%20Darwin%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22C%2E%20R%2E%20Darwin%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Darwin%2C%20Charles%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Charles%20Darwin%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Charles%20Robert%20Darwin%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Charles%20R%2E%20Darwin%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22C%2E%20R%2E%20Darwin%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22C%2E%20Robert%20Darwin%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Darwin%2C%20Charles%20Robert%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Darwin%2C%20Charles%20R%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Darwin%2C%20C%2E%20R%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Darwin%2C%20C%2E%20Robert%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Charles%20Darwin%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Darwin%2C%20Charles%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Charles%20Robert%20Darwin%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Charles%20R%2E%20Darwin%22%20OR%20title%3A%22C%2E%20R%2E%20Darwin%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Charles%20Darwin%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Charles%20Robert%20Darwin%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Charles%20R%2E%20Darwin%22%20OR%20description%3A%22C%2E%20R%2E%20Darwin%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Darwin%2C%20Charles%20Robert%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Darwin%2C%20Charles%20R%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Charles%20Darwin%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Darwin%2C%20Charles%22%29">Karya oleh/tentang Charles Robert Darwin</a> di <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a> <small>(pencarian dioptimalkan untuk situs non-Beta)</small></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://librivox.org/author/166">Karya Charles Darwin</a> di <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (buku suara domain umum) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/20px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/40px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Complete_Works_of_Charles_Darwin_Online&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online (halaman belum tersedia)">The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/">Darwin Online</a>; Darwin's publications, private papers and bibliography, supplementary works including biographies, obituaries and reviews</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/">Darwin Correspondence Project</a> Full text and notes for complete correspondence to 1867, with summaries of all the rest</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin.amnh.org/">Darwin Manuscript Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/nra/searches/subjectView.asp?ID=P7461">Arsip-arsip yang berhubungan dengan Charles Darwin</a> terdaftar di <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(Britania_Raya)" title="The National Archives (Britania Raya)">The National Archives (Britania Raya)</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Darwin,_Charles_Robert" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Darwin, Charles Robert">Darwin, Charles Robert</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (edisi ke-11). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Darwin%2C+Charles+Robert&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li>View books owned and annotated by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biodiversitylibrary.org/collection/darwinlibrary">Charles Darwin</a> at the online Biodiversity Heritage Library.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/darwin_mss">Digitised Darwin Manuscripts</a> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge_Digital_Library&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cambridge Digital Library (halaman belum tersedia)">Cambridge Digital Library</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Peraih_Medali_Copley_1851–1900" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Peraih_Medali_Copley_1851%E2%80%931900" title="Templat:Peraih Medali Copley 1851–1900"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Peraih_Medali_Copley_1851%E2%80%931900&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Peraih Medali Copley 1851–1900 (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Peraih_Medali_Copley_1851%E2%80%931900&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Peraih_Medali_Copley_1851–1900" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Peraih <a href="/wiki/Medali_Copley" title="Medali Copley">Medali Copley</a> 1851–1900</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Owen">Richard Owen</a> (1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a> (1852)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Wilhelm_Dove&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Wilhelm Dove (halaman belum tersedia)">Heinrich Wilhelm Dove</a> (1853)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Peter_M%C3%BCller" title="Johannes Peter Müller">Johannes Peter Müller</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Foucault" title="Léon Foucault">Léon Foucault</a> (1855)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henri_Milne-Edwards&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri Milne-Edwards (halaman belum tersedia)">Henri Milne-Edwards</a> (1856)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michel_Eug%C3%A8ne_Chevreul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michel Eugène Chevreul (halaman belum tersedia)">Michel Eugène Chevreul</a> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a> (1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Wilhelm Eduard Weber</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bunsen" title="Robert Bunsen">Robert Bunsen</a> (1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a> (1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graham_(kimiawan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Graham (kimiawan)">Thomas Graham</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Sedgwick" title="Adam Sedgwick">Adam Sedgwick</a> (1863)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles Darwin</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Chasles" title="Michel Chasles">Michel Chasles</a> (1865)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Pl%C3%BCcker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julius Plücker (halaman belum tersedia)">Julius Plücker</a> (1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ernst_von_Baer" title="Karl Ernst von Baer">Karl Ernst von Baer</a> (1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henri_Victor_Regnault&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri Victor Regnault (halaman belum tersedia)">Henri Victor Regnault</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">James Prescott Joule</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Mayer" title="Julius von Mayer">Julius Robert von Mayer</a> (1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler" title="Friedrich Wöhler">Friedrich Wöhler</a> (1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a> (1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> (1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann" title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann">August Wilhelm von Hofmann</a> (1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Bernard" title="Claude Bernard">Claude Bernard</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dwight_Dana" title="James Dwight Dana">James Dwight Dana</a> (1877)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Baptiste_Boussingault&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Baptiste Boussingault (halaman belum tersedia)">Jean-Baptiste Boussingault</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Clausius" title="Rudolf Clausius">Rudolf Clausius</a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joseph_Sylvester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Joseph Sylvester (halaman belum tersedia)">James Joseph Sylvester</a> (1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Adolphe_Wurtz" title="Charles-Adolphe Wurtz">Charles-Adolphe Wurtz</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cayley" title="Arthur Cayley">Arthur Cayley</a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Thomson,_Baron_Kelvin_ke-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Thomson, Baron Kelvin ke-1 (halaman belum tersedia)">William Thomson</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Ludwig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Ludwig (halaman belum tersedia)">Carl Ludwig</a> (1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Kekul%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="August Kekulé">Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Ernst_Neumann" title="Franz Ernst Neumann">Franz Ernst Neumann</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Dalton Hooker</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Salmon" title="George Salmon">George Salmon</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Newcomb" title="Simon Newcomb">Simon Newcomb</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanislao_Cannizzaro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanislao Cannizzaro (halaman belum tersedia)">Stanislao Cannizzaro</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow" title="Rudolf Virchow">Rudolf Virchow</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sir_George_Stokes,_Baronet_ke-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sir George Stokes, Baronet ke-1 (halaman belum tersedia)">George Gabriel Stokes</a> (1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Frankland" title="Edward Frankland">Edward Frankland</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Weierstrass" title="Karl Weierstrass">Karl Weierstrass</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Gegenbaur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Gegenbaur (halaman belum tersedia)">Karl Gegenbaur</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_von_K%C3%B6lliker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert von Kölliker (halaman belum tersedia)">Albert von Kölliker</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Huggins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Huggins (halaman belum tersedia)">William Huggins</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Strutt,_Baron_Rayleigh_ke-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Strutt, Baron Rayleigh ke-3 (halaman belum tersedia)">John William Strutt</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelot" title="Marcellin Berthelot">Marcellin Berthelot</a> (1900)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Templat:Peraih_Medali_Copley_1731%E2%80%931750" title="Templat:Peraih Medali Copley 1731–1750">1731–1750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Templat:Peraih_Medali_Copley_1751%E2%80%931800" title="Templat:Peraih Medali Copley 1751–1800">1751–1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Templat:Peraih_Medali_Copley_1801%E2%80%931850" title="Templat:Peraih Medali Copley 1801–1850">1801–1850</a></li> <li>1851–1900</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Templat:Peraih_Medali_Copley_1901%E2%80%931950" title="Templat:Peraih Medali Copley 1901–1950">1901–1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Templat:Peraih_Medali_Copley_1951%E2%80%932000" title="Templat:Peraih Medali Copley 1951–2000">1951–2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Templat:Peraih_Medali_Copley_2001%E2%80%932050" class="mw-redirect" title="Templat:Peraih Medali Copley 2001–2050">2001–sekarang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Topik_dasar_tentang_biologi_evolusioner" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Evolusi" title="Templat:Evolusi"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Evolusi" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Evolusi"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Evolusi&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Topik_dasar_tentang_biologi_evolusioner" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topik dasar tentang <a href="/wiki/Biologi_evolusioner" title="Biologi evolusioner">biologi evolusioner</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Bukti_nenek_moyang_bersama" title="Bukti nenek moyang bersama">Bukti nenek moyang bersama</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proses-proses dari <a href="/wiki/Evolusi" title="Evolusi">evolusi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptasi" title="Adaptasi">Adaptasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makroevolusi" title="Makroevolusi">Makroevolusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikroevolusi" title="Mikroevolusi">Mikroevolusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spesiasi" title="Spesiasi">Spesiasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mekanisme <a href="/wiki/Genetika_populasi" title="Genetika populasi">genetika populasi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_gen" title="Aliran gen">Aliran gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanyutan_genetik" title="Hanyutan genetik">Hanyutan genetik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutasi" title="Mutasi">Mutasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleksi_alam" title="Seleksi alam">Seleksi alam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Konsep <a href="/wiki/Biologi_perkembangan_evolusioner" title="Biologi perkembangan evolusioner">biologi perkembangan evolusioner</a> (Evo-devo)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanalisasi_(genetik)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanalisasi (genetik) (halaman belum tersedia)">Kanalisasi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inversi_(biologi_evolusioner)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inversi (biologi evolusioner) (halaman belum tersedia)">Inversi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modularitas_(biologi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modularitas (biologi) (halaman belum tersedia)">Modularitas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plastisitas_fenotip&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plastisitas fenotip (halaman belum tersedia)">Plastisitas fenotip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Evolusi <a href="/wiki/Struktur_sosial" title="Struktur sosial">struktur sosial</a><br />dan proses psikologis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_sosial_budaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi sosial budaya (halaman belum tersedia)">Budaya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_emosi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi emosi (halaman belum tersedia)">Emosi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_eusosialitas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi eusosialitas (halaman belum tersedia)">Eusosialitas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_inteligensi_manusia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi inteligensi manusia (halaman belum tersedia)">Inteligensi manusia</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_skizofrenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi skizofrenia (halaman belum tersedia)">Skizofrenia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asal_mula_bahasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Asal mula bahasa">Bahasa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_moralitas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi moralitas (halaman belum tersedia)">Moralitas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_asal_mula_agama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi asal mula agama (halaman belum tersedia)">Agama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Evolusi <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomi)" title="Organ (anatomi)">organ</a><br />dan proses biologis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_penuaan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi penuaan (halaman belum tersedia)">Penuaan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asal_mula_terbangnya_burung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asal mula terbangnya burung (halaman belum tersedia)">Burung terbang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_kompleksitas_biologis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi kompleksitas biologis (halaman belum tersedia)">Kompleksitas biologis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_sel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi sel (halaman belum tersedia)">Selular</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_melihat_warna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi melihat warna (halaman belum tersedia)">Melihat warna</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_melihat_warna_pada_primata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi melihat warna pada primata (halaman belum tersedia)">Penglihatan warna pada primata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_dari_evolusi_DNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Model dari evolusi DNA (halaman belum tersedia)">DNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukariota#Asal_mula_eukariota" title="Eukariota">Sel eukariota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kromosom#Evolusi_kromosom_eukariota" title="Kromosom">Kromatin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistem_endomembran#Evolusi" title="Sistem endomembran">Sistem endomembran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_mata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi mata (halaman belum tersedia)">Mata</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_flagela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi flagela (halaman belum tersedia)">Flagela</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_rambut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi rambut (halaman belum tersedia)">Rambut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitokondria#Asal_mula" title="Mitokondria">Mitokondria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_multiselular&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi multiselular (halaman belum tersedia)">Multiselular</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_tulang_lunak_auditori_mamalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi tulang lunak auditori mamalia (halaman belum tersedia)">Tulang lunak pendengaran mamalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolusi_mosaik" title="Evolusi mosaik">Evolusi mosaik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_sistem_saraf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi sistem saraf (halaman belum tersedia)">Sistem saraf</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_otak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi otak (halaman belum tersedia)">Otak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sel_nukleus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sel nukleus (halaman belum tersedia)">Nukleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid#Asal_mula_plastid" title="Plastid">Plastid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolusi_reproduksi_seksual" title="Evolusi reproduksi seksual">Seks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Evolusi <a href="/wiki/Takson" class="mw-redirect" title="Takson">Taksa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_burung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi burung (halaman belum tersedia)">Burung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolusi_brakiopoda" title="Evolusi brakiopoda">Brakiopoda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gap_kucing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gap kucing (halaman belum tersedia)">Kucing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_evolusioner_cephalopoda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah evolusioner cephalopoda (halaman belum tersedia)">Cephalopoda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_dinosaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi dinosaurus (halaman belum tersedia)">Dinosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asal_mula_domestikasi_anjing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asal mula domestikasi anjing (halaman belum tersedia)">Anjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolusi_cetacea" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolusi cetacea">Lumba-lumba dan paus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolusi_ikan" title="Evolusi ikan">Ikan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_jamur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi jamur (halaman belum tersedia)">Jamur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolusi_kuda" title="Evolusi kuda">Kuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolusi_manusia" title="Evolusi manusia">Manusia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_influensa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi influensa (halaman belum tersedia)">Influensa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serangga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi serangga (halaman belum tersedia)">Serangga</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_kupu-kupu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi kupu-kupu (halaman belum tersedia)">Kupu-kupu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_evolusioner_lemur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah evolusioner lemur (halaman belum tersedia)">Lemur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_evolusioner_kehidupan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejarah evolusioner kehidupan">Kehidupan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolusi_mamalia" title="Evolusi mamalia">Mamalia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_moluska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi moluska (halaman belum tersedia)">Moluska</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_tanaman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi tanaman (halaman belum tersedia)">Tanaman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_reptil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi reptil (halaman belum tersedia)">Reptil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_sirenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi sirenia (halaman belum tersedia)">Sapi laut</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_laba-laba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi laba-laba (halaman belum tersedia)">Laba-laba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrapoda#Evolusi" title="Tetrapoda">Tetrapoda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi virus (halaman belum tersedia)">Virus</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_virus_Hepatitis_C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi virus Hepatitis C (halaman belum tersedia)">Hepatitis C</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mode-mode spesiasi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anagenesis" title="Anagenesis">Anagenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catagenesis_(biologi)" title="Catagenesis (biologi)">Catagenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kladogenesis" title="Kladogenesis">Kladogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecological&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecological (halaman belum tersedia)">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibrida" class="mw-disambig" title="Hibrida">Hibrida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapatri" class="mw-redirect" title="Parapatri">Parapatri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peripatri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peripatri (halaman belum tersedia)">Peripatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simpatri" title="Simpatri">Simpatri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_pemikiran_evolusi" title="Sejarah pemikiran evolusi">Sejarah pemikiran evolusioner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teori_gen_egois" title="Teori gen egois">Teori gen egois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kehidupan" title="Kehidupan">Kehidupan</a> (Pohon klasifikasi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintesis_evolusioner_modern" title="Sintesis evolusioner modern">Sintesis evolusioner modern</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subbidang lain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetika_ekologis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genetika ekologis (halaman belum tersedia)">Genetika ekologis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolusi_molekuler" title="Evolusi molekuler">Evolusi molekuler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filogenetik" class="mw-redirect" title="Filogenetik">Filogenetik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistematika" title="Sistematika">Sistematika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_topik_biologi_evolusioner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar topik biologi evolusioner (halaman belum tersedia)">Daftar topik biologi evolusioner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rentang_waktu_evolusi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rentang waktu evolusi (halaman belum tersedia)">Rentang waktu evolusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_evolusioner_kehidupan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejarah evolusioner kehidupan">Sejarah evolusioner kehidupan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Charles_Darwin" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Darwin" title="Templat:Darwin"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Darwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Darwin (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Darwin&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Charles_Darwin" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles Darwin</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kehidupan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keluarga_Darwin%E2%80%93Wedgwood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keluarga Darwin–Wedgwood (halaman belum tersedia)">Keluarga Darwin–Wedgwood</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendidikan_Charles_Darwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendidikan Charles Darwin (halaman belum tersedia)">Pendidikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelayaran_kedua_HMS_Beagle" title="Pelayaran kedua HMS Beagle">Pelayaran HMS <i>Beagle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembentukan_teori_Darwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembentukan teori Darwin (halaman belum tersedia)">Pembentukan teori</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengembangan_teori_Darwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengembangan teori Darwin (halaman belum tersedia)">Pengembangan teori</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penerbitan_teori_Darwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penerbitan teori Darwin (halaman belum tersedia)">Penerbitan teori</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reaksi_terhadap_On_the_Origin_of_Species&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reaksi terhadap On the Origin of Species (halaman belum tersedia)">Reaksi terhadap <i>On the Origin of Species</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darwin_from_Orchids_to_Variation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Darwin from Orchids to Variation (halaman belum tersedia)"><i>Orchids</i> to <i>Variation</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darwin_from_Descent_of_Man_to_Emotions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Darwin from Descent of Man to Emotions (halaman belum tersedia)"><i>Descent of Man</i> to <i>Emotions</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darwin_from_Insectivorous_Plants_to_Worms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Darwin from Insectivorous Plants to Worms (halaman belum tersedia)"><i>Insectivorous Plants</i> to <i>Worms</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potret_Charles_Darwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Potret Charles Darwin (halaman belum tersedia)">Potret Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepercayaan_agama_Charles_Darwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kepercayaan agama Charles Darwin (halaman belum tersedia)">Kepercayaan agama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesehatan_Charles_Darwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesehatan Charles Darwin (halaman belum tersedia)">Kesehatan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_karya_Charles_Darwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar karya Charles Darwin (halaman belum tersedia)">Karya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extracts_from_Letters_to_Henslow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Extracts from Letters to Henslow (halaman belum tersedia)">Extracts from Letters to Henslow</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Voyage_of_the_Beagle" title="The Voyage of the Beagle">The Voyage of the Beagle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoology_of_the_Voyage_of_H.M.S._Beagle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle (halaman belum tersedia)">Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Structure_and_Distribution_of_Coral_Reefs" title="The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs">The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Tendency_of_Species_to_form_Varieties;_and_on_the_Perpetuation_of_Varieties_and_Species_by_Natural_Means_of_Selection" title="On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection">On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilisation_of_Orchids&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fertilisation of Orchids (halaman belum tersedia)">Fertilisation of Orchids</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geological_Observations_on_South_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geological Observations on South America (halaman belum tersedia)">Geological Observations on South America</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geological_Observations_on_the_Volcanic_Islands" title="Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands">Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Variation_of_Animals_and_Plants_under_Domestication" title="The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication">The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Descent_of_Man,_and_Selection_in_Relation_to_Sex" title="The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex">The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Expression_of_the_Emotions_in_Man_and_Animals" title="The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals">The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Insectivorous_Plants_(buku)" class="mw-redirect" title="Insectivorous Plants (buku)">Insectivorous Plants</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Power_of_Movement_in_Plants&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Power of Movement in Plants (halaman belum tersedia)">The Power of Movement in Plants</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Formation_of_Vegetable_Mould_through_the_Action_of_Worms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms (halaman belum tersedia)">The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Autobiography_of_Charles_Darwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Autobiography of Charles Darwin (halaman belum tersedia)">Autobiografi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surat_Charles_Darwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Surat Charles Darwin (halaman belum tersedia)">Surat</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_and_Letters_of_Charles_Darwin" title="The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin">The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terkait</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vestiges_of_the_Natural_History_of_Creation#Influence_and_effects" title="Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation"><i>Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation</i></a><i></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_biologi" title="Sejarah biologi">Sejarah biologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_pemikiran_evolusi" title="Sejarah pemikiran evolusi">Sejarah pemikiran evolusi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_geologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah geologi (halaman belum tersedia)">Sejarah geologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangenesis" title="Pangenesis">Pangenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darwin_Industry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Darwin Industry (halaman belum tersedia)">Darwin Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commemoration_of_Charles_Darwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commemoration of Charles Darwin (halaman belum tersedia)">Peringatan</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_benda_bernama_Charles_Darwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar benda bernama Charles Darwin (halaman belum tersedia)">Benda bernama Darwin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwinisme_sosial" title="Darwinisme sosial">Darwinisme sosial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commons page"><img alt="Commons page" 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</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Etologi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Etologi" title="Templat:Etologi"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Etologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Etologi (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Etologi&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Etologi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Etologi" title="Etologi">Etologi</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cabang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kognisi_hewan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kognisi hewan (halaman belum tersedia)">Kognisi hewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komunikasi_hewan" title="Komunikasi hewan">Komunikasi hewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesadaran_hewan" title="Kesadaran hewan">Kesadaran hewan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kultur_hewan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kultur hewan (halaman belum tersedia)">Kultur hewan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perilaku_seksual_hewan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perilaku seksual hewan (halaman belum tersedia)">Perilaku seksual hewan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilmu_kesejahteraan_hewan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilmu kesejahteraan hewan (halaman belum tersedia)">Ilmu kesejahteraan hewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antrozoologi" title="Antrozoologi">Antrozoologi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perilaku_ekologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perilaku ekologi (halaman belum tersedia)">Perilaku ekologi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perilaku_genetis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perilaku genetis (halaman belum tersedia)">Perilaku genetis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etologi_kognitif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etologi kognitif (halaman belum tersedia)">Etologi kognitif</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psikologi_komparatif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psikologi komparatif (halaman belum tersedia)">Psikologi komparatif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emosi_pada_hewan" title="Emosi pada hewan">Emosi pada hewan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurosains_evolusioner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neurosains evolusioner (halaman belum tersedia)">Neurosains evolusioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insting" class="mw-redirect" title="Insting">Insting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pembelajaran" title="Pembelajaran">Pembelajaran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurotologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neurotologi (halaman belum tersedia)">Neurotologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosiobiologi" title="Sosiobiologi">Sosiobiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alat_yang_digunakan_oleh_hewan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alat yang digunakan oleh hewan (halaman belum tersedia)">Alat yang digunakan oleh hewan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoosemiotis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zoosemiotis (halaman belum tersedia)">Zoosemiotis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoomusikologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zoomusikologi (halaman belum tersedia)">Zoomusikologi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Etolog</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Bateson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrick Bateson (halaman belum tersedia)">Patrick Bateson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marc_Bekoff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marc Bekoff (halaman belum tersedia)">Marc Bekoff</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Broom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald Broom (halaman belum tersedia)">Donald Broom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_B._Calhoun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John B. Calhoun (halaman belum tersedia)">John B. Calhoun</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Dawkins" title="Marian Dawkins">Marian Dawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iren%C3%A4us_Eibl-Eibesfeldt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt (halaman belum tersedia)">Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dian_Fossey" title="Dian Fossey">Dian Fossey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Karl von Frisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Goodall" title="Jane Goodall">Jane Goodall</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heini_Hediger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heini Hediger (halaman belum tersedia)">Heini Hediger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huxley" title="Julian Huxley">Julian Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Morris" title="Desmond Morris">Desmond Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sebeok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Sebeok (halaman belum tersedia)">Thomas Sebeok</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Homan_Thorpe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Homan Thorpe (halaman belum tersedia)">William Homan Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Nikolaas Tinbergen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jakob_von_Uexk%C3%BCll&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jakob von Uexküll (halaman belum tersedia)">Jakob von Uexküll</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Wickler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfgang Wickler (halaman belum tersedia)">Wolfgang Wickler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solly_Zuckerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solly Zuckerman (halaman belum tersedia)">Solly Zuckerman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisasi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Association_for_the_Study_of_Animal_Behaviour&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour (halaman belum tersedia)">Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Society_for_Applied_Ethology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Society for Applied Ethology (halaman belum tersedia)">International Society for Applied Ethology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jurnal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_Behaviour_(jurnal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Animal Behaviour (jurnal) (halaman belum tersedia)">Animal Behaviour</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_Cognition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Animal Cognition (halaman belum tersedia)">Animal Cognition</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_Welfare_(jurnal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Animal Welfare (jurnal) (halaman belum tersedia)">Animal Welfare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Behavioral_Ecology_(jurnal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Behavioral Ecology (jurnal) (halaman belum tersedia)">Behavioral Ecology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Behaviour_(jurnal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Behaviour (jurnal) (halaman belum tersedia)">Behaviour</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Symbol_category_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Category"><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span><b><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Etologi" title="Kategori:Etologi">Kategori</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hewan" title="Portal:Hewan">Portal hewan</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biologi" title="Portal:Biologi">Portal biologi</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1035#identifiers&#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1035#identifiers&#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengawasan_otoritas" title="Bantuan:Pengawasan otoritas">Pengawasan otoritas</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1035#identifiers" title="Sunting ini di Wikidata"><img alt="Sunting ini di Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Umum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118523813">Integrated Authority File (Jerman)</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISNI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISNI (identifier)">ISNI</a> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121251077">1</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIAF_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="VIAF (identifier)">VIAF</a> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/27063124">1</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/27063124">WorldCat (via VIAF)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpustakaan nasional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90066479">Norwegia</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000037909">Chili</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX990809">Spanyol</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11898689q">Prancis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11898689q">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cantic.bnc.cat/registres/CUCId/a10453854">Catalunya</a></span></li> <li><span class="error">The ICCU id CFIV003045 is not valid.</span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n78095637">Amerika Serikat</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000022780&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00437248">Jepang</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990001631&CON_LNG=ENG">Republik Ceko</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36115292">Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record158536">Yunani</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000037078&local_base=nlx10">Israel</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nl.go.kr/authorities/resource/KAC199606307">Korea</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.bibnat.ro:8991/F/?func=direct&local_base=NLR10&doc_number=000060744">Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000002616&local_base=nsk10">Kroasia</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068364229">Belanda</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mak.bn.org.pl/cgi-bin/KHW/makwww.exe?BM=1&NU=1&IM=4&WI=9810539268105606">Polandia</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000027436&CON_LNG=ENG">Rusia</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/auth/231727">Swedia</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/495_674">Vatikan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Galeri seni dan museum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/38730">Te Papa (Selandia Baru)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lembaga penelitian seni</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/e644c0bb-b68b-4726-8d22-6ef9bc563542">KulturNav (Norway)</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/5005">Photographers' Identities</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/298412">RKD Artists (Belanda)</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500228559">Artist Names (Getty)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kamus biografi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/darwin-charles-robert-1957">Australia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basis data ilmiah</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Darwin">International Plant Names Index</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00263429?l=en">CiNii (Jepang)</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/39188284">Semantic Scholar</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lain-lain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/29136/">Faceted Application of Subject Terminology</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a href="/wiki/MBA_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="MBA (identifier)">MusicBrainz</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/71b891f5-92bb-42be-9c45-98b8f56a3177">artist</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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