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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Nation_of_Islam" title="Category:Nation of Islam">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:180%;"><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Influencers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satokata_Takahashi" title="Satokata Takahashi">Satokata Takahashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Drew_Ali" title="Noble Drew Ali">Noble Drew Ali</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Leaders</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Fard_Muhammad" title="Wallace Fard Muhammad">Wallace Fard Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Muhammad" title="Elijah Muhammad">Elijah Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warith_Deen_Mohammed" title="Warith Deen Mohammed">Warith Deen Mohammed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Farrakhan" title="Louis Farrakhan">Louis Farrakhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tynnetta_Muhammad" title="Tynnetta Muhammad">Tynnetta Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishmael_Muhammad" title="Ishmael Muhammad">Ishmael Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ava_Muhammad" title="Ava Muhammad">Ava Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Muhammad" title="David Muhammad">David Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_McGregor" title="James Russell McGregor">James 3X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalid Muhammad">Khalid Muhammad</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Beliefs_and_theology_of_the_Nation_of_Islam" title="Beliefs and theology of the Nation of Islam">Beliefs and theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saviours%27_Day" title="Saviours' Day">Saviours' Day</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam_and_antisemitism" title="Nation of Islam and antisemitism">Nation of Islam and antisemitism</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Shabazz" title="Tribe of Shabazz">Tribe of Shabazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakub_(Nation_of_Islam)" title="Yakub (Nation of Islam)">Yakub</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Million_Man_March" title="Million Man March">Million Man March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millions_More_Movement" title="Millions More Movement">Millions More Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_or_Else" class="mw-redirect" title="Justice or Else">Justice or Else</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Publications</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Torchlight_for_America" title="A Torchlight for America">A Torchlight for America</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Final_Call_(newspaper)" title="The Final Call (newspaper)">The Final Call</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Speaks" title="Muhammad Speaks">Muhammad Speaks</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/How_to_Eat_to_Live" title="How to Eat to Live">How to Eat to Live</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Message_to_the_Blackman_in_America" title="Message to the Blackman in America">Message to the Blackman in America</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Subsidiaries</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_of_Islam" title="Fruit of Islam">Fruit of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Farms" title="Muhammad Farms">Muhammad Farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_University_of_Islam" title="Muhammad University of Islam">Muhammad University of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Girls_Training" title="Muslim Girls Training">Muslim Girls Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Chamber_Academy" title="Star Chamber Academy">Star Chamber Academy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Offshoots and sects</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American Society of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Percent_Nation" title="Five-Percent Nation">Five-Percent Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nation_of_Islam" title="United Nation of Islam">United Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Yahweh" title="Nation of Yahweh">Nation of Yahweh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuwaubian_Nation" title="Nuwaubian Nation">Nuwaubian Nation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Dragon_Society" title="Black Dragon Society">Black Dragon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Mafia" title="Black Mafia">Black Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Black_Panther_Party" title="New Black Panther Party">New Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Movement_of_Ethiopia" title="Peace Movement of Ethiopia">Peace Movement of Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Rukn" class="mw-redirect" title="El Rukn">El Rukn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology" title="Church of Scientology">Church of Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Bey" title="Yusuf Bey">Yusuf Bey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Your_Black_Muslim_Bakery" title="Your Black Muslim Bakery">Your Black Muslim Bakery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a><span style="padding-left:1.5em;"> </span><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nation_of_Islam" title="Template:Nation of Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nation_of_Islam" title="Template talk:Nation of Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nation_of_Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nation of Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>American Society of Muslims</b> was a predominantly <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> association of <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> which was the direct descendant of the original <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a>. It was created by <a href="/wiki/Warith_Deen_Mohammed" title="Warith Deen Mohammed">Warith Deen Mohammed</a> after he assumed leadership of the Nation of Islam upon the death of his father <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Muhammad" title="Elijah Muhammad">Elijah Muhammad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lincoln,_C._Eric_1994_page_263_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lincoln,_C._Eric_1994_page_263-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Warith Deen Mohammed changed the name of the Nation of Islam to the "World Community of Islam in the West" in 1976, then the "American Muslim Mission" in 1981, and finally the "American Society of Muslims" in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The group largely accepted beliefs and practices based on mainstream <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, abandoning many of the distinctive claims of the founders of the Nation of Islam. Warith Deen Mohammed retired as the leader of the association in 2003 and established a charity called <a href="/wiki/The_Mosque_Cares" title="The Mosque Cares">The Mosque Cares</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Society_of_Muslims&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the 1975 death of <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Muhammad" title="Elijah Muhammad">Elijah Muhammad</a>, his son, Warith Deen Mohammed, became the leader of the Nation of Islam. He rejected many of his father's views, including black separatism and belief in the divinity of <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Fard_Muhammad" title="Wallace Fard Muhammad">Wallace Fard Muhammad</a>, founder of the Nation of Islam. He was "determined to bring it into conformity with mainstream <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-gen_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gen-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1976 he changed the name of the organization to <i>World Community of Islam in the West</i>. In 1981 it changed again to <i>American Muslim Mission</i>, a name that was retained until 1985. Finally it settled on the <i>American Society of Muslims</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-chi_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chi-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1977, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Farrakhan" title="Louis Farrakhan">Louis Farrakhan</a> resigned from Warith Deen Mohammed's reformed organization. With a number of supporters, he decided to rebuild the original Nation of Islam upon the foundation established by Wallace Fard Muhammad and <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Muhammad" title="Elijah Muhammad">Elijah Muhammad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizational_reforms">Organizational reforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Society_of_Muslims&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Organizational reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_renaming">Second renaming</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Society_of_Muslims&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Second renaming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On September 10, 1978, in an address in Atlanta, Georgia, Warith Deen Mohammed resigned from his position as Chief Imam of the World Community of Al-Islam in the West and appointed a Consultative Body of Imams (A'immah) to oversee the activities of the Community. Upon his resignation, Warith Deen Mohammed pledged to serve as an ambassador at large for the community. This was his first step in separating his ministry from the narrow confines of the <i>Nation of Islam/World Community of Islam</i>. The original Council of Imams, according to Warith Deen Mohammed, would consist of the 6 Imams over the Regions.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Third_renaming">Third renaming</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Society_of_Muslims&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Third renaming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The change from the <i>American Muslim Mission</i> to the <i>American Society of Muslims</i> occurred in the context of problems following protracted legal challenges caused by financial claims on the estate of Elijah Muhammad made on behalf of children he had fathered out of wedlock.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-afr_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afr-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1985, Warith Deen Mohammed ordered the dissolution of the American Muslim Mission. Warith Deen Mohammed said disbanding the American Muslim Mission means "we are members of the worldwide Muslim community...not to be identified in geographic terms or political terms or racial terms". The decision to break up the organization meant that each mosque would be autonomous.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the movement's legal dissolution, the movement continued informally. A legal judgement in 1987 forced the sale of $10 million worth of property. Warith Deen Mohammed sold a number of properties to Farrakhan, including Temple No. 2, the headquarters mosque, which was purchased with a donation to Farrakhan from <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-afr_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afr-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Warith Deen Mohammed reconstituted the movement as the American Society of Muslims in 1988. Warith Deen Mohammed and Farrakhan retained control of their rival groups before a phase of rapprochement in the 1990s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2002, the American Society of Muslims was estimated to have nearly 2.5 million followers, "with a percentage of immigrant and naturalized American citizens from various Muslim ethnic peoples, European Americans, and a majority of African Americans representing five generations since the earliest history of Elijah Mohammed's leadership (1933) and in some cases before".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Warith Deen Mohammed resigned from the leadership of the American Society of Muslims on August 31, 2003, and established <a href="/wiki/The_Mosque_Cares" title="The Mosque Cares">The Mosque Cares</a>. He gave as his reason for resigning that the imams within the organization continued to resist his reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-chi_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chi-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jet_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jet-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 21, 2003, Warith Deen Mohammed gave his blessing to an attempt by Imam Mustafa El-Amin to maintain the ASM as an organization. El-Amin advertised in <i>The Muslim Journal</i>, expressing solidarity with the aims of the former leader. El-Amin received little support, and the ASM did not reorganize. After Warith Deen Mohammed's death in 2008, its members have identified as the <i>"Community of Imam Warith Deen Mohammed"</i> or simply <i>"Muslim Americans"</i>, and its national activities have been largely organized by <a href="/wiki/The_Mosque_Cares" title="The Mosque Cares">The Mosque Cares</a>, run by one of Warith Deen Mohammed's sons, Wallace D. Mohammed II.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Programs_and_aim">Programs and aim</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Society_of_Muslims&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Programs and aim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publications">Publications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Society_of_Muslims&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The organization's newspaper was <i>Bilalian News</i> (after <a href="/wiki/Bilal_ibn_Rabah" title="Bilal ibn Rabah">Bilal ibn Rabah</a>) in 1975. In 1981 it became <i>The Muslim Journal</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2006, it was edited by Ayesha K. Mustapha.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Society_of_Muslims&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Elijah Mohammed's death, Warith Deen Mohammed transformed the <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_University_of_Islam" title="Muhammad University of Islam">Muhammad University of Islam</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Clara_Muhammad" title="Clara Muhammad">Clara Muhammad</a> Schools,<sup id="cite_ref-Lincoln,_C._Eric_1994_page_263_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lincoln,_C._Eric_1994_page_263-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or simply <i>Mohammed Schools</i>, replacing the <i>University of Islam</i> founded by his father. The school system is "an association of approximately 75 elementary, secondary, and high schools throughout the United States and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean Islands">Caribbean Islands</a>." The schools have been described by Zakiyyah Muhammad of the <a href="/wiki/American_Educational_Research_Association" title="American Educational Research Association">American Educational Research Association</a> as "models of Islamic education that are achieving commendable results".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Society_of_Muslims&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_African_diaspora" title="Islam in the African diaspora">Islam in the African diaspora</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Society_of_Muslims&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Lincoln,_C._Eric_1994_page_263-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lincoln,_C._Eric_1994_page_263_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lincoln,_C._Eric_1994_page_263_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lincoln, C. Eric. (1994)The Black Muslims in America, Third Edition, William B. (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans Publishing Company) page 263</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEsposito" class="citation news cs1">Esposito, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528165325/http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/panelists/john_esposito/2008/09/wd_mohammed_a_witness_for_true.html">"On Faith Panelists Blog: W.D. Mohammed: A Witness for True Islam - John Esposito"</a>. Newsweek.washingtonpost.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/panelists/john_esposito/2008/09/wd_mohammed_a_witness_for_true.html">the original</a> on 2010-05-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-09-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=On+Faith+Panelists+Blog%3A+W.D.+Mohammed%3A+A+Witness+for+True+Islam+-+John+Esposito&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsweek.washingtonpost.com%2Fonfaith%2Fpanelists%2Fjohn_esposito%2F2008%2F09%2Fwd_mohammed_a_witness_for_true.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Society+of+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gen-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gen_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geneive Abdo, <i>Mecca and Main Street: Muslim Life in America After 9/11</i>, Oxford University Press US, 2006, pp. 8-9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chi-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chi_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chi_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsborough" class="citation news cs1">Goldsborough, Bob. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090528044853/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/2008/sep/10/local/chi-mohammed-11-websep11">"Chicago Tribune, Wednesday, Sept 10, 2008"</a>. Archives.chicagotribune.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.chicagotribune.com/2008/sep/10/local/chi-mohammed-11-websep11">the original</a> on May 28, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-09-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chicago+Tribune%2C+Wednesday%2C+Sept+10%2C+2008&rft.aulast=Goldsborough&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.chicagotribune.com%2F2008%2Fsep%2F10%2Flocal%2Fchi-mohammed-11-websep11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Society+of+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lincoln, C. Eric. (1994)The Black Muslims in America, Third Edition, William B. (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans Publishing Company) page 265</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evolution of a Community, WDM Publications 1995 page 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bilalian News <i>Muslim Journal</i> September 29, 1978</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Evolution of a Community</i>. WDM Publications, 1995. pages 28-30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-afr-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-afr_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-afr_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen C. Finley, Torin Alexander, <i>African American religious cultures</i>, ABC-CLIO, 2009, p.84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Evolution of a Community</i>. WDM Publications, 1995. pages 33-35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jet</i>, May 20, 1985</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jocelyne Cesari, <i>When Islam and Democracy Meet: Muslims in Europe and in the United States</i>, Palgrave Macmillan, 2004, p.197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jet-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jet_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Imam W. D. Muhammad, Leader of the American Society of Muslims Resigns". <i>Jet</i>, Sep 22, 2003, Vol. 104, No. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsons" class="citation web cs1">Parsons, Monique. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beliefnet.com/Faiths/Islam/2003/09/The-Most-Important-Muslim-Youve-Never-Heard-Of.aspx">"The Most Important Muslim You've Never Heard of"</a>. Beliefnet.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-09-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Most+Important+Muslim+You%27ve+Never+Heard+of&rft.pub=Beliefnet.com&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=Monique&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beliefnet.com%2FFaiths%2FIslam%2F2003%2F09%2FThe-Most-Important-Muslim-Youve-Never-Heard-Of.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Society+of+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>, Vol. CIV, No. 6, Friday, July 9, 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lincoln, C. Eric. (1994)The Black Muslims in America, Third Edition, William B. (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans Publishing Company) page 275</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosemary Skinner Keller et al., <i>Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America</i>, Indiana University Press, 2006, p.752</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evolution of a Community, WDM Publications 1995 page 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zakiyyah Muhammad, "Faith and Courage to Educate our Own", in Joyce Elaine King, "Black Education: A Transformative Research and Action Agenda for the New Century", American Educational Research Association. Commission on Research in Black Education, Routledge, 2005, p. 264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pluralism.org/news/article.php?id=664">20th Anniversary of Mohammed Schools in Atlanta</a>, Jan 20, 2000, <i>Religious Diversity News</i> <a href="/wiki/The_Atlanta_Journal_and_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="The Atlanta Journal and Constitution">The Atlanta Journal and Constitution</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Society_of_Muslims&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iwdmcommunity.com/">The Community of Imam W. 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