Freshwater bioremediation using native mussels - focussed on shallow eutrophic lakes

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta name="description" content="The project aim was to harness the filter-feeding capacity of native freshwater mussels on rafts to assist in lake restoration." /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://niwa.co.nz/freshwater/freshwater-bioremediation-using-native-mussels-focussed-shallow-eutrophic-lakes" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="NIWA" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://niwa.co.nz/freshwater/freshwater-bioremediation-using-native-mussels-focussed-shallow-eutrophic-lakes" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Freshwater bioremediation using native mussels - focussed on shallow eutrophic lakes" /> <meta property="og:description" content="The project aim was to harness the filter-feeding capacity of native freshwater mussels on rafts to assist in lake restoration." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://niwa.co.nz/sites/default/files/Kakahi_MicheleMelchior-%281%29.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:alt" content="Freshwater mussels are under threat and declining worldwide. 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Our science prevents property damage and saves lives." class="site__header__menu__link--primary" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/198">Hazards</a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentmain view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-0 menu-type-default"> <div class="layout layout--twocol-section layout--twocol-section--75-25"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--first"> <div> <div class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item"><h1 class="menu-link-content__heading">Hazards</h1> </div> </div> <div> <div class="field field--name-description field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item"><div class="menu-link-content__description">Nature can be a destructive force. Our science prevents property damage and saves lives.</div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="field field--name-link field--type-link field--label-hidden field__item menu-link-content__section-link"> <a href="/hazards"> Explore all </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-topics view-id-menu_item_topics view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-feb41dfc59ad1fbd2860d0f15cb814dca9cf40b2ac70183a5046f467c4ce3bb9"> <div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-topics view-id-menu_item_topics view-display-id-entity_view_2 js-view-dom-id-e6ce7081ecb9943427b1c1fcfe3a6584ded22ef870524bbef6745e2989e8de95"> <div class="views-row"><div class="taxonomy-term taxonomy-term--type-topic taxonomy-term--view-mode-topic-children-tags ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-topic-children view-id-topic_children view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-b20730a80f59e7dcf5fe87d031c31bcb8d35c4506c867e0f265b2dccef52bc2a"> <div class="topic-tag"><a href="/hazards/coastal-hazards" hreflang="en">Coastal hazards</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-topics view-id-menu_item_related_topics view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-d12dbe8fc3f6e2a7d30ef8c93d4b3b053055599239f2891d9ba0b25a85a1a686"> <div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-topics view-id-menu_item_related_topics view-display-id-entity_view_2 js-view-dom-id-866526ce01f172a1fea988c563a868be039c4ccdc39f32369236c79e63940fd0"> <div class="views-row"><div class="taxonomy-term taxonomy-term--type-topic taxonomy-term--view-mode-topic-related-tags ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/hazards/weather-hazards" hreflang="en">Weather hazards</a></div> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/hazards/geological-hazards" hreflang="en">Geological hazards</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-grouped-links field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-grouped-links paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <h2><a href="https://niwa.co.nz/hazards?pt=10">Research</a></h2> <div class="field field--name-field-links field--type-link field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/hazards/future-coasts-aotearoa">Future Coasts Aotearoa</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/hazards/identifying-rip-currents-using-artificial-intelligence">Identifying rip currents using AI</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/hazards/riskscape-software">Riskscape software</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/hazards/ma-te-haumaru-o-nga-puna-wai-o-rakaihautu-ka-ora-mo-ake-tonu">Mā te haumaru ō te wai: Aotearoa flood resilience</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/hazards/research-projects/responding-to-and-preparing-for-extreme-weather-events">Responding to and preparing for extreme weather events</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/climate-and-weather/forecasting-weather-systems">Forecasting weather systems</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/hazards/tsunami-generated-underwater-volcanoes">Tsunami generated by underwater volcanoes</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/hazards/weather-hazards/river-flow-forecasting">River flow forecasting</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field__item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-grouped-links paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <h2><a href="https://niwa.co.nz/our-services?subtree%5Btopic%5D=198">Tools & services</a></h2> <div class="field field--name-field-links field--type-link field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/hazards/coastal-hazards/extreme-coastal-flood-maps-aotearoa-new-zealand">Extreme coastal flood maps for Aotearoa New Zealand</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/coasts/physical-hazards-affecting-coastal-margins-and-continental-shelf/storm-tide-red-alert-days-2024">Storm-tide red-alert days 2024</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/coasts/tide-forecaster">Tide forecaster</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/hazards/sea-level-rise">Sea-level rise</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://shiny.niwa.co.nz/drought-forecast/">Drought dashboard</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/climate-and-weather/serious-games-tool-engage-people">Serious games as a tool to engage people</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-promoted-page field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"> <div class="card card--mega-menu"> <div class="field field--name-dynamic-token-fieldnode-link-to-source field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item"><p class="card__link-to-source"><a class="card__link" href="/news/tonga-eruption-confirmed-largest-ever-recorded">Link to source page</a></p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-promotion-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/card_mega_menu/public/2022_10_3D_MODEL_HTHH_parsonskingDSC00900-web.jpg?h=f3f0a9e5&itok=gsi2rTI3" width="614" height="409" /> </div> <div class="field field--name-node-title field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item"><h2> Tonga eruption confirmed as largest ever recorded </h2> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-page-type field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item">Media release</div> <div class="field field--name-node-post-date field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item">21 November 2022</div> <div class="field field--name-field-description field--type-string-long field--label-hidden field__item">A New Zealand-led team has completed the fullest investigation to date into January’s eruption of the underwater Tongan volcano.</div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-content view-id-menu_item_related_content view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-60e3531b6924eab9f8abfacc174d4de7806f635396ad928682e16e8a085b72a8"> <div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-content view-id-menu_item_related_content view-display-id-entity_view_2 js-view-dom-id-e7760df8e9fd8f886fae4931f8914271432270484f97646dfa39b70a554a1e78"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="site__header__menu__item--primary"> <a href="/coasts-and-oceans" title="NIWA aims to provide the knowledge needed for the sound environmental management of our marine resources." class="site__header__menu__link--primary" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/6203">Coasts & Oceans</a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentmain view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-0 menu-type-default"> <div class="layout layout--twocol-section layout--twocol-section--75-25"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--first"> <div> <div class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item"><h1 class="menu-link-content__heading">Coasts & Oceans</h1> </div> </div> <div> <div class="field field--name-description field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item"><div class="menu-link-content__description">NIWA aims to provide the knowledge needed for the sound environmental management of our marine resources.</div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="field field--name-link field--type-link field--label-hidden field__item menu-link-content__section-link"> <a href="/coasts-and-oceans"> Explore all </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-topics view-id-menu_item_topics view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-f2cccb5ae7cfcd98824aaa03fe380ca5a13ee2d914ca3f4e0a74f0d03779e0c8"> <div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-topics view-id-menu_item_topics view-display-id-entity_view_2 js-view-dom-id-4359c345d7bdce8f040682964b1f2c013c045e8ea70570b80191d515fc3688f2"> <div class="views-row"><div class="taxonomy-term taxonomy-term--type-topic taxonomy-term--view-mode-topic-children-tags ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-topic-children view-id-topic_children view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-088e254b19637134dbe3e1e715d0de6b87c7f0de83b98e89865b561a07f97e47"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-topics view-id-menu_item_related_topics view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-f4f4ecbf310030d33b618a518e2ea4e2177115048e4a94de7828849136b1a95d"> <div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-topics view-id-menu_item_related_topics view-display-id-entity_view_2 js-view-dom-id-afed415a8e64383f2034c4eec0b83110321e398b31a3eea6a659e95e271f3bd4"> <div class="views-row"><div class="taxonomy-term taxonomy-term--type-topic taxonomy-term--view-mode-topic-related-tags ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/fisheries" hreflang="en">Fisheries</a></div> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/aquaculture" hreflang="en">Aquaculture</a></div> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/oceans" hreflang="en">Oceans</a></div> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/coasts" hreflang="en">Coasts</a></div> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/coasts/estuaries" hreflang="en">Estuaries</a></div> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/antarctica" hreflang="en">Antarctica</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-grouped-links field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-grouped-links paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <h2><a href="https://niwa.co.nz/research">Research</a></h2> <div class="field field--name-field-links field--type-link field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/antarctica?pt=10#filters">Antarctica</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/aquaculture?pt=10#filters">Aquaculture</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/coasts?pt=10#filters">Coasts </a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/research?subtree%5Btopic%5D=6145&subtree%5Bsubtopic%5D=158&created=All">Estuaries</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/fisheries?pt=10#filters">Fisheries </a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/oceans?pt=10#filters">Oceans</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field__item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-grouped-links paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <h2><a href="https://niwa.co.nz/our-services">Tools & Services</a></h2> <div class="field field--name-field-links field--type-link field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/aquaculture?pt=13#filters">Aquaculture</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/coasts?pt=13#filters">Coasts</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/our-services?subtree%5Btopic%5D=6145&subtree%5Bsubtopic%5D=158">Estuaries</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/fisheries?pt=13#filters">Fisheries</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/oceans?pt=13#filters">Oceans</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/vessels/niwa-vessels">NIWA Vessels</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field__item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-grouped-links paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <h2><a href="https://niwa.co.nz/coasts-and-oceans?pt=27">Frequently visited</a></h2> <div class="field field--name-field-links field--type-link field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/aquaculture/yellowtail-kingfish">Kingfish aquaculture</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/node/113711">Future Coasts Aotearoa</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/coasts/marine-biosecurity">Marine biosecurity</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/fisheries/ross-sea-toothfish-fishery">The Ross Sea toothfish fishery</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/fisheries/recreational-fishing">Recreational Fishing</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/coasts/marine-identification-guides-and-fact-sheets">Marine identification guides</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/vessels/voyages">Voyages</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/coasts/edna-research-and-services">eDNA research and services</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-promoted-page field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div class="card card--mega-menu"> <div class="field field--name-dynamic-token-fieldnode-link-to-source field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item"><p class="card__link-to-source"><a class="card__link" href="/vessels/kaharoa-ii">Link to source page</a></p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-promotion-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/card_mega_menu/public/2024-06/kaharoa_II_a25_2024-03-22%2017-50-53_JN_fx%20%28Custom%29.jpeg?h=cf677393&itok=3HCaj-r9" width="614" height="409" alt="Kaharoa II" /> </div> <div class="field field--name-node-title field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item"><h2> Kaharoa II </h2> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-page-type field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item">Facility</div> <div class="field field--name-node-post-date field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item">14 May 2024</div> <div class="field field--name-field-description field--type-string-long field--label-hidden field__item">Kaharoa II sets the standard of excellence for marine research vessels</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-content view-id-menu_item_related_content view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-cc3d0e007a69a4910be6f4dd6b9c9d19bcf12400fce8b66b58773c99bb54ba8e"> <div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-content view-id-menu_item_related_content view-display-id-entity_view_2 js-view-dom-id-0e837b2a379a4c89f7db4a71389d4589f1625a0a2a56ea43d7a1d526871d4afb"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="site__header__menu__item--primary"> <a href="/freshwater" title="We provide public information on river, lake, and groundwater conditions across New Zealand including water quantity and quality." class="site__header__menu__link--primary" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/114353">Freshwater</a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentmain view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-0 menu-type-default"> <div class="layout layout--twocol-section layout--twocol-section--75-25"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--first"> <div> <div class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item"><h1 class="menu-link-content__heading">Freshwater</h1> </div> </div> <div> <div class="field field--name-description field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item"><div class="menu-link-content__description">We provide public information on river, lake, and groundwater conditions across New Zealand including water quantity and quality.</div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="field field--name-link field--type-link field--label-hidden field__item menu-link-content__section-link"> <a href="/freshwater"> Explore all </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-topics view-id-menu_item_topics view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-a046798d206b6a8c4cd0d35eb93339d00b433818a21aa87bf6d8b024d2bcaf1a"> <div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-topics view-id-menu_item_topics view-display-id-entity_view_2 js-view-dom-id-4e8785704df5cc7a0a4e7ff429200a1b1f04569a7addf2715ae7bfb6082a2491"> <div class="views-row"><div class="taxonomy-term taxonomy-term--type-topic taxonomy-term--view-mode-topic-children-tags ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-topic-children view-id-topic_children view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-425937455d376bf19c3c6533cb547b3c42b4c8eca5c1f958e44cd9ca4b91c696"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-topics view-id-menu_item_related_topics view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-f07c5d75653abe1e56e9ed1e017789066d8aa4f7ad73b7c613a2cbbae553b9f0"> <div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-topics view-id-menu_item_related_topics view-display-id-entity_view_2 js-view-dom-id-3329f14de4ff3f06bc96229d29eb9d884c43e5ff94c56aaf3ede98f008dda6c9"> <div class="views-row"><div class="taxonomy-term taxonomy-term--type-topic taxonomy-term--view-mode-topic-related-tags ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/freshwater/ecological-monitoring" hreflang="en">Ecological monitoring</a></div> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/freshwater/ecotoxicology" hreflang="en">Ecotoxicology</a></div> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/freshwater/freshwater-fish" hreflang="en">Freshwater fish</a></div> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/freshwater/freshwater-invertebrates" hreflang="en">Freshwater invertebrates</a></div> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/freshwater/freshwater-quality" hreflang="en">Freshwater quality</a></div> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/freshwater/freshwater-restoration" hreflang="en">Freshwater restoration</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-grouped-links field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-grouped-links paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <h2><a href="https://niwa.co.nz/freshwater?pt=10">Research</a></h2> <div class="field field--name-field-links field--type-link field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/research-projects/investigating-ecological-impacts-on-freshwater-insects-from-led-streetlight-conversions">Investigating ecological impacts on freshwater insects from LED streetlights</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/research-projects/effective-mitigation-systems-to-manage-contaminant-losses">Effective mitigation systems to manage contaminant losses</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/te-kuwaha/research-projects/cultural-keystone-species-co-management-and-restoration-of-our-freshwater-taonga-species">Cultural Keystone Species</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/research-projects/freshwater-bioremediation-using-native-mussels-focussed-on-shallow-eutrophic-lakes">Freshwater bioremediation using native mussels</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/research-projects/hauraki-integrated-land-water-modelling">Hauraki Integrated Land-Water Modelling</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/research-projects/snow-and-ice-network">Snow and Ice Network</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field__item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-grouped-links paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <h2><a href="https://niwa.co.nz/freshwater?pt=13">Services</a></h2> <div class="field field--name-field-links field--type-link field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/our-services/climate-change-freshwater-impacts-assessments">Climate change freshwater impacts assessments</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/our-science/freshwater/our-services/specialist-analytical-services">Specialist analytical services</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/our-services/flow-assessment-and-management">Flow assessment and management</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/our-services/freshwater-data-online">Freshwater databases online</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/our-services/freshwater-species-and-habitat-management">Freshwater species and habitat management</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/our-services/stormwater-management">Stormwater management</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/our-services/catchment-modelling">Catchment modelling</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/our-services/water-quality-monitoring-and-advice">Water quality monitoring and advice</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field__item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-grouped-links paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <h2><a href="https://niwa.co.nz/freshwater?pt=13">Tools & Resources</a></h2> <div class="field field--name-field-links field--type-link field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/management-tools/riparian-buffer-design-guide">Riparian Buffer Design Guide</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/management-tools/restoration-tools/constructed-wetland-guidelines">Constructed wetland guidelines</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/freshwater-update/freshwater-update-80-march-2019/the-new-zealand-water-model-nzwam-%E2%80%93-a-new-water-modelling-approach">The New Zealand Water Model (NZWaM) </a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/tools/biosecurity">Biosecurity tools</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/management-tools/environmental-flow-tools">Environmental flow tools</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/management-tools/fish-passage-assessment-tool">Fish Passage Assessment Tool</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/management-tools/environmental-flow-tools/new-zealand-streamflow-depletion-model">New Zealand streamflow depletion model</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/our-services/catchment-modelling/clues-catchment-land-use-for-environmental-sustainability-model">CLUES – Catchment Land Use for Environmental Sustainability model</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field__item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-grouped-links paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <h2><a href="https://niwa.co.nz/freshwater/freshwater-programme-overview">Programmes</a></h2> <div class="field field--name-field-links field--type-link field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/programme-overview/freshwater-species-ecology-and-management">Freshwater species ecology and management</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/programme-overview/Hydrological-observations-and-predictions">Hydrological observations and predictions</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/programme-overview/environmental-flows">Environmental flows</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/programme-overview/causes-and-effects-of-water-quality-degradation">Causes and effects of water quality degradation</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater-biosecurity">Freshwater biosecurity</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/programme-overview/mitigation-systems">Mitigation systems</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-promoted-page field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div class="card card--mega-menu"> <div class="field field--name-dynamic-token-fieldnode-link-to-source field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item"><p class="card__link-to-source"><a class="card__link" href="/freshwater/freshwater-invertebrate-identification-and-e-guides">Link to source page</a></p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-promotion-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/card_mega_menu/public/2023-02/Mayfly-image-NIWA.jpg?h=999433cf&itok=sCEv1D1n" width="614" height="409" alt="Image of mayflies [from NIWA Benthic Macroinvertebrates Field Identification Guide]" /> </div> <div class="field field--name-node-title field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item"><h2> Freshwater invertebrate identification and e-guides </h2> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-page-type field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item">Education Resource</div> <div class="field field--name-node-post-date field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item">06 February 2023</div> <div class="field field--name-field-description field--type-string-long field--label-hidden field__item">Downloadable and printable guides on identification of common freshwater invertebrates found in New Zealand waterways and lakes.</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-content view-id-menu_item_related_content view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-4646cfc9065bf6517922741b3af192ae33ef48594c8e1d90e63141fa38ec872c"> <div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-content view-id-menu_item_related_content view-display-id-entity_view_2 js-view-dom-id-3cfaacfd2002078b6443b8d3c51c7dab0044cb690a35813a3738ba52176c3687"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="site__header__menu__item--primary"> <a href="/te-kuwaha-and-maori" title="Working together with hapū, iwi, Māori communities and Māori business to deliver tailored science." class="site__header__menu__link--primary" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/114354">Te Kūwaha</a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentmain view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-0 menu-type-default"> <div class="layout layout--twocol-section layout--twocol-section--75-25"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--first"> <div> <div class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item"><h1 class="menu-link-content__heading">Te Kūwaha</h1> </div> </div> <div> <div class="field field--name-description field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item"><div class="menu-link-content__description">Working together with hapū, iwi, Māori communities and Māori business to deliver tailored science.</div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="field field--name-link field--type-link field--label-hidden field__item menu-link-content__section-link"> <a href="/te-kuwaha-and-maori"> Explore all </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-topics view-id-menu_item_topics view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-92100e7c3e81e72f8c20ba4aef60555902c657126a9f7dd59a23b2d929696eca"> <div class="views-row"><div class="taxonomy-term taxonomy-term--type-topic 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href="/climate/information-and-resources/climate-and-m%C4%81ori-society">Climate and Māori society</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-promoted-page field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div class="card card--mega-menu"> <div class="field field--name-dynamic-token-fieldnode-link-to-source field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item"><p class="card__link-to-source"><a class="card__link" href="/te-kuwaha-and-maori/te-kuwaha-graduate-programme">Link to source page</a></p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-promotion-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/card_mega_menu/public/2023-01/koru.jpg?h=c74750f6&itok=zxI9Rh7E" width="614" height="409" alt="Koru" /> </div> <div class="field field--name-node-title field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item"><h2> Te Kūwaha Graduate Programme </h2> </div> <div class="field field--name-node-post-date field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item">19 January 2023</div> <div class="field field--name-field-description field--type-string-long field--label-hidden field__item">NIWA’s Te Kūwaha Graduate Internship programme has been established to help support and create tangible pathways for the next generation of Māori researchers. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-content view-id-menu_item_related_content view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-b3e9b9f6a9c5fecacf8d81f103547106363f06577d8bd6652042c67f3ed62866"> <div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-content view-id-menu_item_related_content view-display-id-entity_view_2 js-view-dom-id-96a40604d31a016166150bfcbc1703fd6b2305677a080b895a6c8cb19ab2adf7"> 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consultancy services to support international development activities, with a particular focus on the Pacific and Asian regions.</div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="field field--name-link field--type-link field--label-hidden field__item menu-link-content__section-link"> <a href="/pacific"> Explore all </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-topics view-id-menu_item_topics view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-fcdf4de41005c64c06ee75b92f99ba2428d4f2d7b63c67bc477859b61370ad5e"> <div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-topics view-id-menu_item_topics view-display-id-entity_view_2 js-view-dom-id-7be7f512722ff6f46bef459fc13639abfd2bf2124efe1be5f71a12aaf404aaf6"> <div class="views-row"><div class="taxonomy-term taxonomy-term--type-topic taxonomy-term--view-mode-topic-children-tags ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-topic-children view-id-topic_children 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demersal line fishery in Tonga</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/pacific-rim/research-projects/koro-sanitation-guidelines">On-Site Household Sanitation Guidelines for Fiji</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/energy/research-projects/energy-assessment-for-totoya-island-fiji">Energy assessment for Totoya Island, Fiji</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/pacific-rim/research-projects/development-of-sustainable-water-supply-and-treatment-systems-for-a-coastal-fijian-village">Development of sustainable water supply and treatment systems</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field__item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-grouped-links paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <h2><a href="https://niwa.co.nz/pacific?pt=13#filters">Services</a></h2> <div class="field field--name-field-links field--type-link field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/our-science/pacific-rim/our-services">Pacific Rim Services</a></div> <div 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width="614" height="409" alt="Snapper" /> </div> <div class="field field--name-node-title field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item"><h2> Fisheries & ecosystems </h2> </div> <div class="field field--name-node-post-date field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item">30 January 2023</div> <div class="field field--name-field-description field--type-string-long field--label-hidden field__item">NIWA will be determining the impact of fisheries on the aquatic environment. This will inform an ecosystem-based approach to fisheries management and the development methods to mitigate this impact.</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-content view-id-menu_item_related_content view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-1ed597bf5bd8450adc122b09898af54f8a3c61774b835d4fa82959f157ccf470"> <div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-content view-id-menu_item_related_content view-display-id-entity_view_2 js-view-dom-id-75b811cb734b6a275cdc9749f378f1ec937b71d984a6848eb697b91d0a80e89f"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </nav> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-niwa-secondarymenublock-menu" id="block-niwa-secondarymenublock"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-niwa-secondarymenublock-menu">Secondary menu</h2> <ul class="site__header__menu__list--secondary"> <li data-disable-flyout="0" class="site__header__menu__item--secondary"> <a href="/about-niwa" title="Decision makers at all levels are seeking evidence-based analysis and advice from environmental experts. 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class="page__title__text"> Freshwater bioremediation using native mussels - focussed on shallow eutrophic lakes </h1> </div> <div class="page__summary"> <p class="page__summary__text">The project aim was to harness the filter-feeding capacity of native freshwater mussels on rafts to assist in lake restoration.</p> </div> <nav class="page__title-banner__icon-menu"> <a href="/freshwater" class="field-group-link icon-menu__button" title="Freshwater" hreflang="en"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 509.3 520.2" style="enable-background:new 0 0 509.3 520.2;" xml:space="preserve"> <style type="text/css"> .st0{display:none;} .st1{display:inline;} .st2{display:none;fill:#FFFFFF;} </style> <g id="Layer_1" class="st0"> <g id="Layer_5"> <path class="st1" d="M186.3,74.1c7.8-3.6,12.2-12.2,10.5-20.7L191.1,25L236.5,59c2.9,2.2,6.3,3.4,9.9,3.7 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field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"> <p class="has-lede-font-size">MBIE funded project C01X1815</p> <h2>The issue</h2> <p>Freshwater mussels (known as kaaeo, kākahi or torewai) are considered a taonga. They were an important mahinga/hauaanga kai resource – and are still collected today.</p> <p>There are indications that mussel populations are declining in many streams and lakes, including Lake Ohinewai (a degraded Waikato lake), but thriving in other locations, including Lakes Karaapiro and Taupō.</p> <p>Ecological degradation of shallow lakes is a widespread problem in New Zealand, due to nutrient enrichment, establishment of pest fish and other environmental changes. In extreme cases, degraded shallow lakes “flip” from clear water and aquatic plant dominance, to turbid water and algae dominance. Flipped lakes are very resistant to restoration and can remain degraded despite conventional management.</p> <p>Our project was inspired by the observation of abundant mussel populations in small shallow lakes with excellent water quality. This observation made us wonder if freshwater mussels could be part of the restoration process in flipped lakes. The project aim was to harness the filter-feeding capacity of native freshwater mussels on rafts to assist in lake restoration.  </p> <p>The people of Matahuru Marae supported this project at Lake Ohinewai and were involved in providing advice about the lake, surveys, monitoring and raft deployment. They also inspired this project with their long-held desire to reintroduce mussels to Lake Waikare, and their early work on mussel culture.</p> <h2>Approach</h2> <p>The project had four workstreams:</p> <ol> <li><strong>Understanding the ecophysiology of adult mussels</strong> We used laboratory and lake side studies to examine mussel responses, such as filtration rate, to a range of environmental conditions (e.g., high temperatures, suspended sediments) that they are likely to experience on rafts in shallow lakes. This workstream provided design parameters for our raft construction and increased the chances of the mussels thriving on the rafts.  </li> <li><strong>Field Trials</strong> Different raft and basket designs were trialled at Lake Ohinewai. Mussel survival and growth on the rafts was monitored, alongside lake water quality. The localised effects of mussels on water quality were examined in lake side studies.  </li> <li><strong>Modelling</strong> We improved an existing mathematical model of Lake Ohinewai using parameters from workstreams 1 & 2. The model was used to explore questions such as “how many mussels are needed per raft, and how many rafts will it take to have a significant impact on the water quality of Lake Ohinewai”? </li> <li><strong>Juvenile mussels and genetic relationships</strong> Declining mussel populations are often comprised of older animals with no evidence of juveniles, and these populations are at risk of dying out. Our research focussed on producing and growing juvenile mussels in the laboratory, because lab-reared mussels could potentially be used for stocking rafts, or for re-stocking lakes where there is no longer natural recruitment. Improvements were trialled to our laboratory culture methods to reduce the high (95%) mortality at the age of 1-2 months. Focussing on Waikato lakes, mussel populations were sampled for genetic analyses, to better understand how closely populations are related, and what those genetic relationships mean in situations where donor populations may be needed to restock lakes where mussels have died out.</li> </ol> <h2>Key findings</h2> <p><strong><i>How much water do mussels filter?</i></strong></p> <p>Mussels feed by filtering large quantities of water at an approximate rate of one and a half litres per mussel per hour.</p> <p>Lab-based studies with mussels examined their filtration rates and bio-deposits (i.e., faeces and pseudofaeces) under different concentrations of suspended sediment. These results indicate that high total suspended sediment, or cyanobacteria concentrations cause mussels to become inefficient and use energy to process particles that they are getting no nutritional value from.</p> <p><em>Read more: <a target="_blank" href="/sites/default/files/FINAL%20Freshwater%20bioremediation%20using%20kakahi.pdf#page=6">How much water do kākahi filter?</a></em></p> <p><strong><i>What were the rafts design requirements?</i></strong></p> <p>Design requirements included raft transportability and durability, adequate water movement for food supply for the mussels and prevention of exposure to extreme temperature or low dissolved oxygen events.</p> <p>Three designs with two types of baskets were evaluated. All rafts were designed to raise and lower the mussels with water level changes/fluctuations:</p> <ul> <li>Designs one and two were circular with offset baskets to maximise water exchange, but only raft two rotated with water/wind movement.</li> <li>Design three was a series of baskets in parallel.</li> <li>Half of the baskets had a layer of lake sediment and half had none.</li> </ul> <p><strong><i>Can mussels survive on rafts?</i></strong></p> <p>Mussel survival rates were high (ca. 97%) on all raft types and reference sites on the bottom of the lake over the study period (15 months). However, there were some indications (worn shells) that longer periods on rafts may lead to shell damage if there is insufficient protection for mussels from damage on hard surfaces (e.g., plastic edges). Protection of mussels on the rafts, in the form of lake-sediment, hessian matting or felting, or less exposed raft sites requires consideration for long term deployment.</p> <p>Now that we know mussels can survive and grow on the rafts, raft design and stocking rates could easily be improved through modelling.</p> <p><strong><i>How many mussels are needed to influence water quality?</i></strong></p> <p>Model simulations of varying densities of mussels, show impacts on lake water quality, generally reducing nutrient concentrations and algae. The largest impacts were simulated when the mussel density was greater than 40 individuals per square metre.</p> <p><em>Read more: <a href="/sites/default/files/FINAL%20Freshwater%20bioremediation%20using%20kakahi.pdf#page=10">How many kākahi are needed to influence water quality?</a></em></p> <p><strong><i>What did the lakeside studies show?</i></strong></p> <p>In the lakeside studies at Ohinewai, we found that mussels can reduce levels of <i>Escherichia coli</i> (the indicator bacteria for faecal microbial contamination of freshwaters) from lake water. Although mussel filtering rates can be highly variable, filtering can play a significant role in clearing lake water of particulate contaminants and improving water quality.</p> <p><em>Read more: <a target="_blank" href="/sites/default/files/FINAL%20Freshwater%20bioremediation%20using%20kakahi.pdf#page=11">What did the lakeside studies show?</a></em></p> <p><strong><i>Can mussels be grown in the laboratory for use on rafts?</i></strong></p> <p>Culturing mussels in the lab is not a simple process, because the mussel life cycle requires a fish host, for its larvae to transform into a juvenile mussel. Our laboratory culture method skips the fish host step, but there has been high morality of the juvenile mussels. Lab culture methods that have focussed on a natural diet (e.g., river water) from an early stage has improved survival rates with juvenile mussels reared to seven months of age (640 μm in size).</p> <p>Laboratory grown mussels bred from remnant lake populations could potentially be used to stock rafts.</p> <h2>Where to from here</h2> <p>In the future we could stock rafts with thousands of young, farmed mussels bred from surviving resident mussels, to promote lake restoration.</p> <h2>Further information</h2> <p>Find out more about the <a href="/node/113339">biology and habitat of kaaeo/kākahi</a>.</p> <h2>Outputs</h2> <p><a href="/sites/default/files/FINAL%20Freshwater%20bioremediation%20using%20kakahi.pdf">Freshwater Bioremediation using mussels - Guidance on the stocking of mussels in rafts for bioremediation of freshwater environments</a> [PDF 1.3 MB] </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-dynamic-block-fieldnode-book-pages field--type-ds field--label-hidden 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Freshwater bioremediation using native mussels - focussed on shallow eutrophic lakes | NIWA