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data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content whole type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yT400169_0"><i class="anchor" id="yT400169_0"></i><p> Les Komi habitent principalement la région nord-est de la partie européenne de la Russie et se concentrent dans la république des Komi. Connus sous le nom de Zyriane, à l'époque tsariste, les Komi s'appellent eux-mêmes Komi-Morte, <em>morte</em> signifiant homme, ou Komi-Voïtir, <em>voïtir</em> voulant dire peuple.</p><p>Un groupe komi, les Izva-Tas (les gens de la rivière Ijma), vit le long des cours moyens des rivières Petchora et Ijma. Dans le passé, les Ijem formaient un groupe ethnique de diverses origines qui s'est progressivement rapproché de la masse des Komi.</p><p>Au recensement de 2002, 256 000 Komi vivaient dans leur république. De tradition rurale, ils ne représentent qu'environ 25 p. 100 de la population totale de cette dernière. Quant aux <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Les peuples slaves, dont le nom n'est mentionné pour la première fois qu'en 500 après J.-C., ont constitué au cours du Moyen Âge de puissants États tels la principauté de Grande-Moravie, la Russie kiévienne, le royaume de Pologne , le grand-duché de Lituanie , le royaume de Serbie .. Membres de la grande famille indoeuropéenne, ils sont apparus tardivement sur la scène de l'histoir..." title="Article : SLAVES" href="/encyclopedie/slaves/">Slaves</a>, parmi lesquels l'élément russe est dominant, ils forment un groupe très largement majoritaire (68 p. 100), qui peuple les centres urbains.</p><p>Cette prépondérance russe ne semble pas avoir entraîné une disparition de l'entité komi, en particulier sur le plan linguistique. Dans un passé lointain, la population komi parlait une langue particulière, dont les vestiges se sont conservés dans les toponymes se terminant par <em>ma</em> et <em>ga </em>(Keltma, Vizinga, etc.). Leur langue fait partie du groupe permiak des <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Les langues finno-ougriennes constituent une famille, c'est-à-dire un ensemble de langues entre lesquelles la grammaire comparée établit une relation de parenté : toutes proviennent d'une même langue ancienne, qui s'est différenciée au cours du temps, en des lieux divers, au fur et à mesure de la dispersion des groupes humains qui la parlaient. On donne le nom de finno-ougrien commun à l..." title="Article : LANGUES FINNO-OUGRIENNES" href="/encyclopedie/langues-finno-ougriennes/">langues finno-ougriennes</a>.</p><p>La formation de l'ethnie komi s'est faite au sud de la région qu'ils habitent actuellement, dans les bassins de la Kama et de la Viatka, où vivaient également des Komi-Permiak et des Oudmourtes. Après l'éclatement de l'unité linguistique permiak et la séparation entre Oudmourtes, Komi et Komi-Permiak, les Komi-Permiak formèrent un peuple (ethnie) particulier vivant dans le bassin de la Kama (de ~ 500 env. à 500). L'installation des tribus permiak venant de la haute Kama, dans le nord du bassin de la Vytchegda, a commencé vers le <span class="pc">v</span><sup>e</sup> siècle ; elles se mêlèrent alors aux indigènes. À partir de l'an 1000, une union tribale connue sous le nom de Permi-Vytchegode se forma dans la moyenne Vytchegda. On peut considérer ces tribus qui s'appelaient Permian comme les ancêtres des Komi actuels. Installés tout d'abord dans la moyenne Vytchegda, les ancêtres des Komi avancèrent progressivement vers le nord-ouest et vers l'est. Ils se mêlèrent aux populations Petchera, Samoyèdes, Yougra et Gougoulitchi-Vogoul (Mansi) qu'ils rencontrèrent, ce qui explique les nombreuses différences culturelles et linguistiques entre Komi selon la région considérée.</p><p>Les Russes firent leur apparition dès le début du <span class="pc">xiv</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L' Église orthodoxe est l'une des trois expressions majeures du christianisme . Elle reste pourtant mal connue en Occident. Si son destin est d'une grande continuité spirituelle marquée par la fidélité aux Pères, il présente en effet d'étranges ruptures historiques, des phases d'occultation, des moments de « mort-résurrection ». À quatre reprises au moins, des forces hostile..." title="Article : ÉGLISE ORTHODOXE" href="/encyclopedie/eglise-orthodoxe/">Église orthodoxe</a> jouant un rôle particulièrement important dans l'intégration de la région et de ses habitants dans l'État russe. La pénétration russe avait été le fait de chasseurs qui remontaient les rivières : lorsque la collecte des fourrures diminua, ce fut, à la fin du <span class="pc">xviii</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, la création de centres de colonisation et d'exploitation forestière et minière qui maintint la présence russe sur les territoires komi. En 1921, ceux-ci étaient constitués en <em>oblast</em>, puis, en 1936, en république socialiste soviétique autonome dans le cadre de la république soviétique fédérative socialiste de Russie ; depuis la chute de l'U.R.S.S. en 1990, elle a pris le nom de république des Komi.</p><p>La christianisation n'a pas réussi, chez les Komi, à extirper les survivances des cultes préchrétiens ; les arbres jouaient un très grand rôle dans leurs cultes païens (les Komi accrochaient de nombreuses fourrures aux branches de l'arbre sous lequel ils organisaient leurs cérémonies). Dans certains endroits, on adorait les bouleaux. Même s'il a pris une coloration quelque peu folklorique, le culte des arbres semble s'être encore maintenu dans certains villages. Des animaux, l'ours et le canard sauvage, personnifiaient le premier les forces du mal, le second les esprits protecteurs ; parfois, le sternum du canard était<a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="folio-block"><p class="folio-block-title text-center text-uc"><strong>La suite de cet article est accessible aux abonnés</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Des contenus variés, complets et fiables</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Accessible sur tous les écrans</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Pas de publicité</li></ul><p class="text-center"><a href="/abonnement/" class="btn btn-cta text-uc" id="folio-button" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="Block bottom">Découvrez nos offres </a></p><p class="text-center text-sm"> Déjà abonné ? <a href="/identification/" id="folio-login">Se connecter</a></p></div><div id="ad_mpuslot" class="pub-container text-center"><div class="pub-placeholder"></div></div><section class="mt-3 mb-5"><i class="anchor" id="T400169_AUTHORS"></i><p class="title-minor">Écrit par</p><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="URJEWICZ, Charles"><a title="Auteur : Charles URJEWICZ" rel="author" href="/auteurs/charles-urjewicz/"><strong>Charles URJEWICZ</strong></a> : chargé de cours à l'université de Paris-III </li></ul></section><section class="mb-5"><div class="text-center mb-3 d-print-none"><a class="d-inline-flex flex-row justify-content-center align-items-center btn btn-light btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : KOMI & KOMI PERMIAK" href="/carte-mentale/komi-et-komi-permiak/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> Élargissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yT400169_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire" href="/classification/histoire/"> Histoire </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire par régions et pays" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-par-regions-et-pays/"> Histoire par régions et pays </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire de l'Europe centrale et orientale" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-par-regions-et-pays/histoire-de-l-europe-centrale-et-orientale/"> Histoire de l'Europe centrale et orientale </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Histoire des peuples d'Europe centrale et orientale"> <a title="Classification : Histoire des peuples d'Europe centrale et orientale" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-par-regions-et-pays/histoire-de-l-europe-centrale-et-orientale/histoire-des-peuples-d-europe-centrale-et-orientale/"> Histoire des peuples d'Europe centrale et orientale </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 2"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences humaines et sociales" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/"> Sciences humaines et sociales </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Anthropologie et ethnologie" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/anthropologie-et-ethnologie/"> Anthropologie et ethnologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Ethnologie régionale"> <a title="Classification : Ethnologie régionale" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/anthropologie-et-ethnologie/ethnologie-regionale/"> Ethnologie régionale </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yT400169_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/langues-finno-ougriennes/#c44242"> <span class="rg">FINNO-OUGRIENNES </span><span class="pc">LANGUES</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jean PERROT</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 903 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : FINNO-OUGRIENNES LANGUES" href="/encyclopedie/langues-finno-ougriennes/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Les langues de l'ensemble finno-ougrien - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/1/csm_de070481_ef8a369568.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...à l'est de Gorki). Le groupe <em>permien</em>, parlé par environ 1 million de personnes, occupe une aire beaucoup plus étendue, surtout avec le <em>zyriène </em> ou <em>komi</em> qui va de la Louza à l'Oural et à la mer de Glace, l'autre langue du groupe étant l' <em>oudmourte</em>, ou <em>votiak</em>, entre la Viatka et... </div> </li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 col-xl-3 px-0 d-none d-lg-block side-bar position-relative"> <div id="ad_rightslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div id="ad_rightslot2" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <a class="wrapper cta" href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Col right"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/6/csm_abo-3_f303c484f7.webp" class="full-height" loading="lazy" width="290" height="476" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro"> </a> <div id="newsletter_subscription" class="wrapper p-3"> <p class="fs-3 fw-bold text-center text-light mb-1">Rejoignez-nous</p> <p class="text-center"> Inscrivez-vous à notre <strong>newsletter</strong></p> <div class="input-group mb-3"> <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="votre email"> <div class="input-group-append"> <button id="newsletter_subscription_button" class="btn btn-primary text-uppercase" type="button"> <strong>S'inscrire</strong></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="bandeau-footer"> <div class="container"> <p><a href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro">Accédez à l'intégralité d'Universalis.fr <strong>sans publicité</strong></a></p> </div> </div> <footer class="container footer text-center d-print-none"> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-2"> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="http://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/" title="Encyclopædia Universalis" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/nous-contacter/infos/" title="Contactez-nous" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">Contact</a></li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Mentions légales" rel="nofollow" href="/mentions-legales/">Mentions légales et politique de confidentialité</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://abonnement.universalis.fr/typo3conf/ext/mailer/Resources/Public/Pdf/cgv.pdf" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" title="Conditions générales de vente">CGV</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item d-none d-md-inline-block"> <a href="javascript:" id="rgpd" rel="nofollow" title="Consentement RGPD">RGPD</a> </li> </ul> <p class="mb-2">Consulter le <a title="Dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis" href="/dictionnaire/"> dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </p> <p class="mb-3">© 2024 Encyclopædia Universalis France. 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