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class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p><strong>The science behind coral bleaching events explained.</strong></p> <p>In this article learn what a coral is, the threats of climate change and subsequent coral bleaching. The accompanying teacher resources contain several interactive activities for students’ Years R-9, with a focus on ecosystems and human impacts.</p> <p>The short animation video (Tullio Rossi, Australia – SCINEMA 2016 Finalist) is an ideal introduction and discussion point on climate change, specifically for younger students Years R-3.</p> <p>Word Count / Video length: 842 / 6:37 mins</p> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <figure id="attachment_17152" class="thumbnail wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 1024px"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" class="size-large wp-image-17152" src="https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/A-field-of-stag-horn-coral-bleached-white-on-the-Great-Barrier-Reef-during-a-mass-bleaching-event.-Credit-Brett-Monroe-Garner-Getty-Images-1200-1024x576.jpg?x50614" alt="" width="1024" height="576" /><figcaption class="caption wp-caption-text">A field of stag-horn coral bleached white on the Great Barrier Reef during a mass bleaching event. Credit Brett Monroe Garner/Getty Images</figcaption></figure> </div> </div> <div class="vc_separator wpb_content_element vc_separator_align_center vc_sep_width_100 vc_sep_pos_align_center vc_separator_no_text vc_sep_color_grey" ><span class="vc_sep_holder vc_sep_holder_l"><span class="vc_sep_line"></span></span><span class="vc_sep_holder vc_sep_holder_r"><span class="vc_sep_line"></span></span> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p><strong>We’ve all heard about coral bleaching</strong>, but do you understand the science behind what’s happening to coral when it turns white?</p> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>Let’s dive a little further into the science behind bleaching, and what might be in store for our reefs over the next century with climate change.</p> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <h3>What are corals?</h3> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>Despite a coral reef looking almost reminiscent of an underwater forest, corals are not plants; instead, they are <a href="https://www.marinebio.org/creatures/marine-invertebrates/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine invertebrates</a> – animals that don’t have a spine.</p> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>They usually form compact colonies of many identical individual polyps, and stony coral (also known as hard coral) produce an internal skeleton made of <a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Calcium-carbonate" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">calcium carbonate</a> (CaCO<sub>3</sub>), the substance found in limestone. This internal skeleton helps to both strengthen and protect the coral.</p> <div class="wp-block-image"></div> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <figure id="attachment_17151" class="thumbnail wp-caption alignright" style="width: 300px"><img decoding="async" class="wp-image-17151 size-full" src="https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Symbiodinium-colloquially-called-zooxanthellae.-Credit-Todd-C.-LaJeunesse-Oregon-State-University-300x300-1.jpg?x50614" alt="" width="300" height="300" srcset="https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Symbiodinium-colloquially-called-zooxanthellae.-Credit-Todd-C.-LaJeunesse-Oregon-State-University-300x300-1.jpg 300w, https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Symbiodinium-colloquially-called-zooxanthellae.-Credit-Todd-C.-LaJeunesse-Oregon-State-University-300x300-1-150x150.jpg 150w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /><figcaption class="caption wp-caption-text">Corals contain dense populations of round micro-algae commonly referred to as zooxanthellae. A typical coral will have one to several million symbiont cells in an area of tissue the size of a thumbnail. Credit: Todd C. LaJeunesse</figcaption></figure> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p><a href="https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral04_reefs.html#:~:text=With%20growth%20rates%20of%200.3,30%2C000%2C000%20years%20to%20fully%20form." target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Coral reefs begin to form</a> when free-swimming coral larvae attach themselves to rocks or other hard surfaces along the edges of islands or continents. They are incredibly slow growing, with rates of three millimetres to two centimetres per year for massive corals, and up to 10 centimetres a year for branching corals.</p> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>Most coral reefs grow in shallow waters that allow sunlight to penetrate and fuel the photosynthesis occurring in the microscopic symbiotic algae that live within their tissues. These algae – from the genus <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/symbiodinium" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Symbiodinium</em></a> – produce nutrients for the coral in the form of sugars, and in return corals provide a home and other key nutrients to the algae.</p> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>It’s these algae that give the corals their beautiful, bright colours, and their loss that results in the haunting bleached appearance.</p> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <h3>What is coral bleaching?</h3> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/coral-bleaching#:~:text=Coral%20bleaching%20occurs%20when%20the,exceed%20a%20regional%20thermal%20threshold." target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Coral bleaching</a> occurs when corals are stressed by changes in their environment. The polyps expel the symbiotic algae from their tissues, which consequently become transparent to expose the white limestone skeleton that lies beneath. Other signs of bleaching include the thinning of coral tissues, a reduction in mucus, and inhibition of sexual reproduction.</p> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>Warmer sea-surface temperatures, increased ocean acidity and pollution are all factors that can cause a bleaching event.</p> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>Despite the ghostly look, the corals aren’t dead and they can recover from these events, but if the bleaching is not reversed, or there is prolonged or repeated stress, the corals cannot recover and will starve.</p> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>Bleaching events are becoming <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-09238-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">more frequent and intense</a> due to the effects of climate change, as the Earth’s oceans become <a href="https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-ocean-heat-content" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">increasingly warmer</a> because of global warming and <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/ocean-acidification" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">more acidic</a> from increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The first mass coral bleaching events were recorded in 1998 when <a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/earth/oceans/el-nino-and-la-nina-cycles-to-diminish-under-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">El Niño</a> caused ocean temperatures to spike, and the longest global bleaching event took place from <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00338-019-01799-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">2014–17</a> – more than three times as many reefs were exposed to bleaching-level heat stress in this event than in 1998.</p> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <figure id="attachment_17150" class="thumbnail wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 850px"><img decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-17150" src="https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Coral_bleaching_Explained_infographic.png?x50614" alt="" width="850" height="758" srcset="https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Coral_bleaching_Explained_infographic.png 850w, https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Coral_bleaching_Explained_infographic-300x268.png 300w, https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Coral_bleaching_Explained_infographic-768x685.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px" /><figcaption class="caption wp-caption-text">If the stress-caused bleaching is not severe, coral have been known to recover. If the algae loss is prolonged and the stress continues, coral eventually dies. Credit: NOAA</figcaption></figure> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <h3>What does the future hold?</h3> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>Scientists warn that the threat of repeated, intense bleaching events over the next several decades is of significant concern for the world’s coral reefs. A <a href="https://journals.plos.org/climate/article?id=10.1371/journal.pclm.0000004" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">recent study</a> – using climate model projections to predict the future of shallow-water coral reef exposure to increased ocean temperatures – projects that only 0.2% of global coral reefs will avoid frequent bleaching-level heat stress under a 1.5°C climate-warming scenario.</p> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>This is worrying because frequent bleaching doesn’t give enough time for recovery between events – after extensive heat-stress-induced mortality, coral communities require on average <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0272771408003405?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">at least 10 years</a> to re-establish.</p> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>In 2020, the Great Barrier Reef experienced its <a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/nature/coral-reefs-are-trying-to-recover/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">third mass coral bleaching event in five years</a>.</p> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>So how do we prevent these events from increasing? Unfortunately, under all greenhouse gas emission scenarios, sea temperatures are projected to increase by <a href="https://www.aims.gov.au/reef-recovery" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">1.5°C to 2°C by the end of the century</a>, so scientists are working to develop tools to help reefs adapt to, and recover from, these effects.</p> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>This includes research on the capacity of corals and reefs to adapt to warming oceans, enhancing their ability to resist bleaching, and developing ways to scale up and fast track coral recovery.</p> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>If you’re wondering how to help contribute to scientific research for local reefs, look to <a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/idea/citizen-science-projects/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">citizen science</a>. For instance, researchers have set up a project – <a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/earth/sustainability/citizen-scientists-and-the-great-barrier-reef/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">the Virtual Reef Diver Project</a> – to help monitor the Great Barrier Reef by submitting and classifying images of the reef to aid in its protection.</p> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p><em><strong>This article is republished from <a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cosmos</a>.</strong> Read the original article <a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/nature/marine-life/explainer-coral-bleaching/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">here</a>.</em></p> </div> </div> <div class="vc_separator wpb_content_element vc_separator_align_center vc_sep_width_100 vc_sep_pos_align_center vc_separator_no_text vc_sep_color_grey" ><span class="vc_sep_holder vc_sep_holder_l"><span class="vc_sep_line"></span></span><span class="vc_sep_holder vc_sep_holder_r"><span class="vc_sep_line"></span></span> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <h3>Related Resource: SCINEMA Film – <em><a href="https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/coral-bleaching-explained/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Coral Bleaching Explained: The Story of Frank the Coral</a></em>,</h3> <p>In the 2016 <a href="https://scinema.org.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SCINEMA International Science Film Festival</a> documentary, <em><a href="https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/coral-bleaching-explained/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Coral Bleaching Explained: The Story of Frank the Coral</a></em>, Dr Tullio Rossi walks us through the phenomenon from the perspective of Frank the coral, after the widespread coral bleaching of the Great Barrier Reef the same year.</p> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div style="position: relative; display: block; max-width: 100%;"> <div style="padding-top: 56.25%;"><iframe style="position: absolute; top: 0px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; left: 0px; width: 100%; height: 100%;" src="https://players.brightcove.net/5483960636001/HJH3i8Guf_default/index.html?videoId=5491676490001" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p><em>Visit our <strong><span style="color: #339985;"><a style="color: #339985;" href="https://education.cosmosmagazine.com/resources/scinema/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">SCINEMA Education Collection</a></span></strong> to watch previous SCINEMA films and explore accompanying educational resources.</em></p> <p>Want to learn more about the annual SCINEMA International Film Festival? Visit <a href="https://scinema.org.au/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><span style="color: #339985;">HERE</span></strong></a>,</p> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element vc_custom_1524796788294" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>Login or Sign up for <strong>FREE</strong> to download a copy of the full teacher resource</p> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div id="um-admin-form-shortcode" class="postbox "> <div class="inside"> <div class="um-admin-metabox"> <noscript class="ninja-forms-noscript-message"> Notice: JavaScript is required for this content.</noscript> <style> /* FIELDS STYLES */ .nf-form-content .nf-field-container #nf-field-147-wrap .nf-field-element .ninja-forms-field { width:100%; } .nf-form-content .nf-field-container #nf-field-156-wrap .nf-field-label label { display:inline-block; } .nf-form-content .nf-field-container #nf-field-156-wrap .nf-field-element .ninja-forms-field { 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'' : '' }}} {{{ part.title }}}</a> </li> <# } ); #> </ul> </script> <script id="tmpl-nf-mp-progress-bar" type="text/template"> <div class="nf-progress-container"> <div class="nf-progress" style="width: {{{ data.percent }}}%;"></div> </div> </script> <script id="nf-tmpl-cell" type="text/template"> <nf-fields></nf-fields> </script> <script id="nf-tmpl-row" type="text/template"> <nf-cells></nf-cells> </script> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vc_separator wpb_content_element vc_separator_align_center vc_sep_width_100 vc_sep_pos_align_center vc_separator_no_text vc_sep_color_grey" ><span class="vc_sep_holder vc_sep_holder_l"><span class="vc_sep_line"></span></span><span class="vc_sep_holder vc_sep_holder_r"><span class="vc_sep_line"></span></span> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <h3>Topics:</h3> <h3><span style="color: #0ebbbe;">Biological Sciences – Living Things, Ecosystems</span></h3> <h3><span style="color: #ef5743;">Earth and Space Sciences – Extreme Earth Events, The Changing Earth<br /> </span></h3> <h3>Additional: Sustainability</h3> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <h3>Concepts (South Australia):</h3> <h3><span style="color: #0ebbbe;">Biological Sciences – Interdependence and Ecosystems</span></h3> <h3><span style="color: #ef5743;">Earth and Space Sciences – The Earth’s Surface</span></h3> </div> </div> <div class="vc_separator wpb_content_element vc_separator_align_center vc_sep_width_100 vc_sep_pos_align_center vc_separator_no_text vc_sep_color_#000000" ><span class="vc_sep_holder vc_sep_holder_l"><span class="vc_sep_line"></span></span><span class="vc_sep_holder vc_sep_holder_r"><span class="vc_sep_line"></span></span> </div></div></div></div><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-2"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"></div></div></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="riaus__article-years"> <h3>Years:</h3> <div> 1-9 </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element riaus__learning-connections"> <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="riaus__title riaus__learning-connections__title">Learning Connections</div> <div class="riaus__learning-connections__content"> <div class="skill-summary-container"> <h4>Student Skill Summary</h4> <ul> </ul> </div> <div class="acc-container"> <h4>Australian Curriculum Connections - Version 8.4</h4> <div class="accordian-container"> <div class="subject-container"> <button class="subject accordian-btn"> <div class="icon"></div> STEM </button> <div class="answer"> <div class="acc__section strand__block"> <button class="strand__btn accordian-btn"> <div class="icon"></div> STEM Knowledge </button> <div class="answer responsive-table-container"> <table class="acc__table"> <tr><th class='acc_sub_strand'>Sub Strand</th><th class='contentDescriptor'>Content Descriptor</th></tr><tr><td class='acc_sub_strand' >Biological Sciences</td><td class='contentDescriptor'>Biological Sciences is concerned with understanding living things. Students investigate living things, including animals, plants and microorganisms, and their interdependence and interactions within ecosystems. They explore life cycles, body systems, structural adaptations and behaviours; how these features aid survival; and how their characteristics are inherited from one generation to the next. </td></tr><tr><td class='acc_sub_strand' >Earth and Space Sciences</td><td class='contentDescriptor'>Earth and Space Sciences is concerned with Earth’s dynamic structure and its place in the cosmos. Students view Earth as part of a larger celestial system. They explore how changes on Earth such as day and night and the seasons relate to Earth’s rotation and its orbit around the sun. Students investigate the processes that result in change to Earth’s surface, recognising that Earth has evolved over 4.5 billion years and that the effect of some of these processes is only evident when viewed over extremely long timescales. They explore the interactions and interdependencies of the biosphere, geosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere and appreciate the influence of human activity on the Earth system. </td></tr> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="subject-container"> <button class="subject accordian-btn"> <div class="icon"></div> Science </button> <div class="answer"> <div class="acc__section strand__block"> <button class="strand__btn accordian-btn"> <div class="icon"></div> Science Understanding </button> <div class="answer responsive-table-container"> <table class="acc__table"> <tr><th class='acc_sub_strand'>Sub Strand</th><th class='acc_year_level'>Year Level</th><th class='acc_key_idea'>Key Idea</th><th class='acc_key_concept'>Concept - AC</th><th class='sa_concept'>Concept - SA</th><th class='acc_content_topic'>Content Topic</th><th class='acc_content_code'>Content Code</th><th class='contentDescriptor'>Content Descriptor</th></tr><tr><td class='acc_sub_strand' rowspan='2'>Biological Sciences</td><td class='acc_year_level'>7</td><td class='acc_key_idea'>Stability and change</td><td class='acc_key_concept'>Interdependence, Interactions and Ecosystems</td><td class='sa_concept'>Interdependence and Ecosystems</td><td class='acc_content_topic'>Living Things: Environment, Food Webs and Human Impact</td><td class='acc_content_code'>ACSSU112</td><td class='contentDescriptor'>Interactions between organisms, including the effects of human activities can be represented by food chains and food webs</td></tr><tr><td class='acc_year_level'>9</td><td class='acc_key_idea'>Systems | Matter and energy</td><td class='acc_key_concept'>Interdependence, Interactions and Ecosystems</td><td class='sa_concept'>Interdependence and Ecosystems</td><td class='acc_content_topic'>Ecosystems, Interdependent Environments and Habitats</td><td class='acc_content_code'>ACSSU176</td><td class='contentDescriptor'>Ecosystems consist of communities of interdependent organisms and abiotic components of the environment; matter and energy flow through these systems </td></tr><tr><td class='acc_sub_strand' >Earth and Space Sciences</td><td class='acc_year_level'>10</td><td class='acc_key_idea'>Systems</td><td class='acc_key_concept'>The Earth's Surface and Resources</td><td class='sa_concept'>The Earth's Surface</td><td class='acc_content_topic'>Global Systems: Cycles and Change</td><td class='acc_content_code'>ACSSU189</td><td class='contentDescriptor'>Global systems, including the carbon cycle, rely on interactions involving the biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere</td></tr> </table> </div> </div> <div class="acc__section strand__block"> <button class="strand__btn accordian-btn"> <div class="icon"></div> Science Human Endeavours </button> <div class="answer responsive-table-container"> <table class="acc__table"> <tr><th class='acc_sub_strand'>Sub Strand</th><th class='acc_year_level'>Year Level</th><th class='acc_content_topic'>Content Topic</th><th class='acc_content_code'>Content Code</th><th class='contentDescriptor'>Content Descriptor</th></tr><tr><td class='acc_sub_strand' rowspan='6'>Nature and Development of Science</td><td class='acc_year_level'>7</td><td class='acc_content_topic'>Collaboration and Cultural Diversity Further Scientific Knowledge</td><td class='acc_content_code'>ACSHE223</td><td class='contentDescriptor'>Science knowledge can develop through collaboration across the disciplines of science and the contributions of people from a range of cultures</td></tr><tr><td class='acc_year_level'>7</td><td class='acc_content_topic'>Scientific Knowledge Changes Our Understanding of the World</td><td class='acc_content_code'>ACSHE119</td><td class='contentDescriptor'>Scientific knowledge has changed peoples’ understanding of the world and is refined as new evidence becomes available</td></tr><tr><td class='acc_year_level'>9</td><td class='acc_content_topic'>Refinement of Scientific Understanding, Models and Theories Evolves</td><td class='acc_content_code'>ACSHE157</td><td class='contentDescriptor'>Scientific understanding, including models and theories, is contestable and is refined over time through a process of review by the scientific community</td></tr><tr><td class='acc_year_level'>9</td><td class='acc_content_topic'>Advancements in Scientific Understanding Rely on Technological Advancements</td><td class='acc_content_code'>ACSHE158</td><td class='contentDescriptor'>Advances in scientific understanding often rely on technological advances and are often linked to scientific discoveries</td></tr><tr><td class='acc_year_level'>10</td><td class='acc_content_topic'>Refinement of Scientific Understanding, Models and Theories Evolves</td><td class='acc_content_code'>ACSHE191</td><td class='contentDescriptor'>Scientific understanding, including models and theories, is contestable and is refined over time through a process of review by the scientific community</td></tr><tr><td class='acc_year_level'>10</td><td class='acc_content_topic'>Advancements in Scientific Understanding Rely on Technological Advancements</td><td class='acc_content_code'>ACSHE192</td><td class='contentDescriptor'>Advances in scientific understanding often rely on technological advances and are often linked to scientific discoveries</td></tr><tr><td class='acc_sub_strand' rowspan='6'>Use and Influence of Science</td><td class='acc_year_level'>7</td><td class='acc_content_topic'>Societal and Ethical Impacts of Scientific and Technological Solutions</td><td class='acc_content_code'>ACSHE120</td><td class='contentDescriptor'>Solutions to contemporary issues that are found using science and technology, may impact on other areas of society and may involve ethical considerations</td></tr><tr><td class='acc_year_level'>8</td><td class='acc_content_topic'>Societal and Ethical Impacts of Scientific and Technological Solutions</td><td class='acc_content_code'>ACSHE135</td><td class='contentDescriptor'>Solutions to contemporary issues that are found using science and technology, may impact on other areas of society and may involve ethical considerations</td></tr><tr><td class='acc_year_level'>8</td><td class='acc_content_topic'>Use of Science Understanding and Skills in Occupations</td><td class='acc_content_code'>ACSHE136</td><td class='contentDescriptor'>People use science understanding and skills in their occupations and these have influenced the development of practices in areas of human activity</td></tr><tr><td class='acc_year_level'>9</td><td class='acc_content_topic'>Use of Scientific Knowledge Affects Lives and Generates Career Opportunities</td><td class='acc_content_code'>ACSHE160</td><td class='contentDescriptor'>People use scientific knowledge to evaluate whether they accept claims, explanations or predictions, and advances in science can affect people’s lives, including generating new career opportunities</td></tr><tr><td class='acc_year_level'>10</td><td class='acc_content_topic'>Societal Values and Needs can Influence Scientific Research</td><td class='acc_content_code'>ACSHE230</td><td class='contentDescriptor'>Values and needs of contemporary society can influence the focus of scientific research</td></tr><tr><td class='acc_year_level'>10</td><td class='acc_content_topic'>Use of Scientific Knowledge Affects Lives and Generates Career Opportunities</td><td class='acc_content_code'>ACSHE194</td><td class='contentDescriptor'>People use scientific knowledge to evaluate whether they accept claims, explanations or predictions, and advances in science can affect people’s lives, including generating new career opportunities</td></tr> </table> </div> </div> <div class="acc__section strand__block"> <button class="strand__btn accordian-btn"> <div class="icon"></div> Concept </button> <div class="answer responsive-table-container"> <table class="acc__table"> <tr><th class='acc_key_concept'>Concept - AC</th><th 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