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<li id="toc-Name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1940s_and_1950s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1940s_and_1950s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1940s and 1950s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1940s_and_1950s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960s–1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s–1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1960s–1980s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960s–1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>1990s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Programming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Programming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Programming</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Programming-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Programming subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Programming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Podcasts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Podcasts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Podcasts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Podcasts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institutions_and_member_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutions_and_member_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Institutions and member organizations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Institutions_and_member_organizations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Institutions and member organizations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Institutions_and_member_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chairs_of_the_ARD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chairs_of_the_ARD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Chairs of the ARD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chairs_of_the_ARD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Correspondents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Correspondents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Correspondents</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Correspondents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Correspondents subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Correspondents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa_and_Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa_and_Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Africa and Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa_and_Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Logo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criticism_by_political_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_by_political_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Criticism by political parties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_by_political_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neutrality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neutrality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Neutrality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neutrality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Framing_manual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Framing_manual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Framing manual</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Framing_manual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">ARD (broadcaster)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD" title="ARD – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="ARD" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD" title="ARD – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="ARD" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A2%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="إيه آر دي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إيه آر دي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD" title="ARD – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="ARD" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD_(tele%C5%9Firk%C9%99t)" title="ARD (teleşirkət) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="ARD (teleşirkət)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD" title="ARD – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="ARD" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD" title="ARD – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="ARD" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD" title="ARD – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="ARD" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD" title="ARD – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="ARD" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD" title="ARD – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="ARD" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD" title="ARD – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="ARD" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD" title="ARD – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="ARD" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD" title="ARD – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="ARD" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD" title="ARD – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="ARD" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2.%D8%A7%D8%B1.%D8%AF" title="آ.ار.د – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آ.ار.د" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD" title="ARD – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="ARD" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD" title="ARD – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="ARD" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD" title="ARD – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="ARD" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD" title="ARD – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ARD" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD" title="ARD – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="ARD" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD_(penyiar)" title="ARD (penyiar) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="ARD (penyiar)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD" title="ARD – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="ARD" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD" title="ARD – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ARD" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD" title="ARD – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="ARD" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD" title="ARD – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="ARD" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD" title="ARD – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="ARD" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD" title="ARD – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="ARD" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD" title="ARD – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="ARD" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD" title="ARD – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ARD" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD" title="ARD – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="ARD" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD" title="ARD – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="ARD" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E6%94%BE%E9%80%81%E9%80%A3%E7%9B%9F" title="ドイツ公共放送連盟 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドイツ公共放送連盟" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD" title="ARD – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="ARD" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD" title="ARD – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="ARD" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD" title="ARD – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="ARD" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD" title="ARD – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="ARD" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD" title="ARD – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="ARD" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD" title="ARD – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="ARD" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD" title="ARD – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="ARD" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD" title="ARD – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="ARD" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD_(broadcaster)" title="ARD (broadcaster) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="ARD (broadcaster)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD_(radiodifuzno_preduze%C4%87e)" title="ARD (radiodifuzno preduzeće) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="ARD (radiodifuzno preduzeće)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD" title="ARD – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="ARD" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD" title="ARD – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="ARD" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD_(Tyskland)" title="ARD (Tyskland) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="ARD (Tyskland)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD" title="ARD – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="ARD" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD" title="ARD – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="ARD" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD" title="ARD – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="ARD" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="德国公共广播联盟 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="德国公共广播联盟" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%BB%A3%E6%92%AD%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F" title="德國公共廣播聯盟 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="德國公共廣播聯盟" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD" title="ARD – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="ARD" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%BB%A3%E6%92%AD%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F" title="德國公共廣播聯盟 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="德國公共廣播聯盟" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Group of German public broadcasters</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">ARD</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ARD_Logo_2019.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/ARD_Logo_2019.svg/200px-ARD_Logo_2019.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/ARD_Logo_2019.svg/300px-ARD_Logo_2019.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/ARD_Logo_2019.svg/400px-ARD_Logo_2019.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="235" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Logo since December 2019</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1.0em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Broadcast radio, television and online</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1.0em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div style="display:inline;" class="country-name">Germany</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1.0em;">Availability</th><td class="infobox-data">National<br />International</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1.0em;">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data">Independent<sup id="cite_ref-ard_brochure_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ard_brochure-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1.0em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Florian Hager (<a href="/wiki/Hessischer_Rundfunk" title="Hessischer Rundfunk">HR</a>), Chairman</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1.0em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Launch date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 June 1950<span class="noprint">; 74 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1950-06-05</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1.0em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official website</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ard.de">www<wbr />.ard<wbr />.de</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ARD_Hauptstadtstudio_Berlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/ARD_Hauptstadtstudio_Berlin.jpg/220px-ARD_Hauptstadtstudio_Berlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/ARD_Hauptstadtstudio_Berlin.jpg/330px-ARD_Hauptstadtstudio_Berlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/ARD_Hauptstadtstudio_Berlin.jpg/440px-ARD_Hauptstadtstudio_Berlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/ARD-Hauptstadtstudio" title="ARD-Hauptstadtstudio">ARD-Hauptstadtstudio</a> (ARD Capital Studio) in Berlin</figcaption></figure> <p><b>ARD</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a joint organisation of Germany's regional <a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">public-service broadcasters</a>. It was founded in 1950 in <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> to represent the common interests of the new, decentralised, post-war broadcasting services – in particular the introduction of a joint television network. </p><p>The ARD has a budget of €6.9 billion, 22,612 employees and is the largest public broadcaster network in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The budget comes primarily from a mandatory <a href="/wiki/Licence_fee" class="mw-redirect" title="Licence fee">licence fee</a> which every household, company and public institution, regardless of television ownership, is required by law to pay. For an ordinary household the fee is €18.36 per month, as of 2023. Households living on <a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare in Germany">welfare</a> are exempt from the fee. The fees are not collected directly by the ARD, but by the <a href="/wiki/Beitragsservice_von_ARD,_ZDF_und_Deutschlandradio" class="mw-redirect" title="Beitragsservice von ARD, ZDF und Deutschlandradio">Beitragsservice</a> (formerly known as Gebühreneinzugszentrale GEZ), a common organisation by the ARD member broadcasters, the second public TV broadcaster <a href="/wiki/ZDF" title="ZDF">ZDF</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deutschlandradio" title="Deutschlandradio">Deutschlandradio</a>. </p><p>ARD maintains and operates a national television network, called <i><a href="/wiki/Das_Erste" title="Das Erste">Das Erste</a></i> ("The First [Channel]") to differentiate it from <a href="/wiki/ZDF" title="ZDF">ZDF</a>, a.k.a. "das Zweite" ("The Second [Channel]"), which started in 1963, as a separate public TV broadcaster. The ARD network began broadcasting on 31 October 1954 under the name of <i>Deutsches Fernsehen</i> ("German Television"), becoming <i>Erstes Deutsches Fernsehen</i> ("First German Television") with a corporate redesign in 1984; it adopted its current short name (<i>Das Erste</i>) in 1994. ARD's programmes are aired over its own terrestrial broadcast network, as well as via cable, satellite and IPTV. </p><p>ARD also produces two <a href="/wiki/Free-to-air" title="Free-to-air">free-to-air</a> channels (<a href="/wiki/One_(German_TV_channel)" title="One (German TV channel)">one</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tagesschau24" title="Tagesschau24">Tagesschau24</a>) and participates in the production of <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(German_TV_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix (German TV station)">Phoenix</a> (current events, news and documentaries), <a href="/wiki/KiKa" class="mw-redirect" title="KiKa">KiKa</a> (kids-oriented), <a href="/wiki/3sat" title="3sat">3sat</a> (cultural-oriented), <a href="/wiki/Arte" title="Arte">arte</a> (Franco-German cultural programming), and <a href="/wiki/Funk_(streaming_service)" class="mw-redirect" title="Funk (streaming service)">Funk</a> (teenage-oriented, online only). </p><p><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Programming">ARD's programming</a> is produced by its regional members (see also <a href="#Institutions_and_member_organizations">Institutions and member organizations</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Bayerischer_Rundfunk" title="Bayerischer Rundfunk">Bayerischer Rundfunk</a> (BR), <a href="/wiki/Hessischer_Rundfunk" title="Hessischer Rundfunk">Hessischer Rundfunk</a> (HR), <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mitteldeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk">Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk</a></span></span> (MDR), <a href="/wiki/Norddeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Norddeutscher Rundfunk">Norddeutscher Rundfunk</a> (NDR), <a href="/wiki/Radio_Bremen" title="Radio Bremen">Radio Bremen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rundfunk_Berlin-Brandenburg" title="Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg">Rundfunk Berlin–Brandenburg</a> (RBB), <a href="/wiki/Saarl%C3%A4ndischer_Rundfunk" title="Saarländischer Rundfunk">Saarländischer Rundfunk</a> (SR), <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCdwestrundfunk" title="Südwestrundfunk">Südwestrundfunk</a> (SWR) and <a href="/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Westdeutscher Rundfunk">Westdeutscher Rundfunk</a> (WDR)), which operate 54 regional and local radio stations and seven regional TV networks, some of which have opt-outs at during the day.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="this sentence used to read: "which operate 54 regional and local radio stations and seven regional TV networks, some of which have opt-outs at during the day." - if anyone knows what kind of opt-out is meant please correct and clarify the sentence (March 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>, Germany's international broadcaster, is also a member of ARD. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ARD_(broadcaster)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Name">Name</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ARD_(broadcaster)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>German: <span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">"Arbeitsgemeinschaft – der öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunkanstalten – der Bundesrepublik Deutschland"</span></li> <li>'Consortium' ("Working group") – of the public-law broadcasting institutions<sup>‡</sup> – of the Federal Republic of Germany'</li></ul> <p><sup>‡</sup>public-law broadcasting institutions means <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcasters</a> which are not privately owned (German: <span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Privatradio and Privatfernsehen</span>) and are not governmental radio or TV. ARD is not 'owned by' anybody, particularly not by "Germany" (meaning its government/federal state). ARD members like BR (<a href="/wiki/Bayerischer_Rundfunk" title="Bayerischer Rundfunk">Bayerischer Rundfunk</a>) are not owned by their <i>Land</i> (state and its government, here <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>), either. With the <i>Rundfunkfreiheit</i> (freedom of broadcasting), they have an independent position (within a legal framework). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1940s_and_1950s">1940s and 1950s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ARD_(broadcaster)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1940s and 1950s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The winning <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies of World War II</a> determined that German radio after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> would not <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcast</a> the same propaganda as the pre-war <i><a href="/wiki/Reichs-Rundfunk-Gesellschaft" title="Reichs-Rundfunk-Gesellschaft">Reichs-Rundfunk-Gesellschaft</a></i> ("Reich Broadcasting Company"). A <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federal</a> structure, the renunciation of state influence and the avoidance of economic dependence were to be the key of the radio and TV institutions under <a href="/wiki/Public_law" title="Public law">public law</a> (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">öffentlich-rechtliche Rundfunk- und Fernsehanstalten</i></span></i>, public radio and television organisations). The legal form of the new entity was <i>Anstalt des öffentlichen Rechts</i> ("Institution under Public Law"), a non-government and nonprofit organisation with its own administration under the control of two commissions, the <i>Rundfunkrat</i> (Broadcasting Council, responsible for the programmed content) and the <i>Verwaltungsrat</i> (Administration Council, responsible for management and infrastructure), in which different stakeholders from German public life were represented. </p><p>ARD's founding members were <a href="/wiki/Nordwestdeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk">Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk</a> (NWDR), the station for the former British zone, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCdwestfunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Südwestfunk">Südwestfunk</a> (SWF), the station in the French zone, and four stations located in the former American sector— <a href="/wiki/Bayerischer_Rundfunk" title="Bayerischer Rundfunk">Bayerischer Rundfunk</a> (BR), <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutscher_Rundfunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Süddeutscher Rundfunk">Süddeutscher Rundfunk</a> (SDR), <a href="/wiki/Hessischer_Rundfunk" title="Hessischer Rundfunk">Hessischer Rundfunk</a> (HR), and <a href="/wiki/Radio_Bremen" title="Radio Bremen">Radio Bremen</a> (RB). The new entity was financed by an obligatory fee that every German household with at least one radio receiver paid. Each station received the money collected in its state. Larger ARD members subsidised smaller ones up to a certain extent. </p><p>In 1947, American military governor <a href="/wiki/Lucius_D._Clay" title="Lucius D. Clay">Lucius D. Clay</a> declared diversity of <a href="/wiki/Public_opinion" title="Public opinion">public opinion</a> as the main aim of post-war <a href="/wiki/Media_policy" title="Media policy">media policy</a>. Individuals aligned with the post-war Allied forces in their respective sectors of Germany had a local influence on local regional broadcasters. NDR cites the influence of <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Greene" title="Hugh Greene">Hugh Greene</a> on the early years of their organisation. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_german_tv_penetration.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/West_german_tv_penetration.svg/220px-West_german_tv_penetration.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/West_german_tv_penetration.svg/330px-West_german_tv_penetration.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/West_german_tv_penetration.svg/440px-West_german_tv_penetration.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="715" /></a><figcaption>Reception area of the West German TV channel <a href="/wiki/Das_Erste" title="Das Erste">Deutsches Fernsehen</a> (nowadays Das Erste) (grey) within East Germany before <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">reunification</a>. ARD was jokingly referred to as <i>Außer (except) <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCgen" title="Rügen">Rügen</a> und <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></i> by East Germans. The main transmitters appear in red. Areas with no reception (black) were jokingly referred to as "Valley of the Clueless" (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Tal_der_Ahnungslosen" title="Tal der Ahnungslosen">Tal der Ahnungslosen</a></i></span></i>).</figcaption></figure> <p>After the creation of individual broadcasting agencies for most German federal states these principles were further consolidated by <i><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">Länder</a></i> broadcasting laws, decisions of the Federal Constitutional Court (<i><a href="/wiki/Bundesverfassungsgericht" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesverfassungsgericht">Bundesverfassungsgericht</a></i>), and state treaties between the <i>Länder</i>. ARD members are thus (at least nominally) free of government influence and rely for only a small part of their income on advertising (1995: ten percent). They are financed mainly from <a href="/wiki/Television_licence" title="Television licence">licence fees</a> from radio and TV owners, which are set through a complex political process. The mandated aim of the ARD corporations is not only to <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">inform</a> and to entertain but also to encourage the integration of various parts of society and allow <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">minorities</a> a say in programming. </p><p>In the 1950s the ARD radio services became the major factor of the mass media system in West Germany. As early as 1952 the ARD radio stations had ten million listeners. However, the radio stations operated on a regional level, and it was only the development of a television umbrella that helped the ARD to establish itself nationwide. The broadcasting of a countrywide TV broadcast service was the goal of the ARD from the outset and the go-ahead for this was given at the end of 1952. The same year ARD was admitted as a fully active member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union" title="European Broadcasting Union">European Broadcasting Union</a> and the "German sound archive", now <a href="/wiki/German_Broadcasting_Archive" title="German Broadcasting Archive">German Broadcasting Archive</a> (DRA, <b>D</b>eutsches <b>R</b>undfunk<b>a</b>rchiv), was established as a joint facility of the ARD. </p><p>In 1955 the founding member <i>NWDR</i> ("Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk", English: "North-West German Broadcasting") split into today's NDR and WDR. The year before (1954) the smaller SFB was split off. The first daily <a href="/wiki/News" title="News">news</a> feature, the <i><a href="/wiki/Tagesschau_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagesschau (Germany)">Tagesschau</a></i>, went on the air from <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> in 1952. The famous 8:00 pm chime and announcement <i>"<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hier ist das Erste Deutsche Fernsehen mit der Tagesschau</i></span>"</i> ("This is the first German television channel with the Tagesschau") remains an ARD hallmark today. The broadcast attracts an average of 8 million viewers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s–1980s"><span id="1960s.E2.80.931980s"></span>1960s–1980s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ARD_(broadcaster)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1960s–1980s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After starting with a mere two-hour schedule per night, television became more widespread in Germany in the 1960s. Color broadcasts were introduced in 1967. Without competition from private broadcasters (other than the francophone <a href="/wiki/Europe_1" title="Europe 1">Europe 1</a> and the multilingual <a href="/wiki/RTL_Group" title="RTL Group">RTL</a> (Radio-Television Luxembourg) radio programs), the ARD stations made considerable progress in becoming modern and respected broadcasters. <a href="/wiki/ZDF" title="ZDF">ZDF</a> (<b>Z</b>weites <b>D</b>eutsches <b>F</b>ernsehen, Second German Television), a second public television broadcaster with a centralized national organization structure, began its programming in 1963, but ARD would encounter no private competition in Germany until 1984. The ARD stations have also been a significant force in <a href="/wiki/German_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="German politics">German politics</a>; such <a href="/wiki/Investigative_journalism" title="Investigative journalism">investigative news</a> magazines as <i>Monitor</i> and <i>Panorama</i> still reach millions of viewers every week. The <a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">environmental movement</a> increased in popularity during the 1980s largely as a result of the disclosures made by ARD. </p><p>When private/commercial German-language broadcasters were admitted in Germany by federal law in the mid-1980s, ARD television made subtle changes, adapting somewhat by producing programs oriented to a larger audience for their national networks and shifting many cultural and news programs to the regional networks and to newly created niche channels. </p><p>Informational television programs and the orientation of "<a href="/wiki/Deutschlandfunk" title="Deutschlandfunk">Deutschlandfunk</a>" (Germany's national public radio station, associated with, but not a member of the ARD) programs towards the GDR were of importance to the eventual collapse of the GDR.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Established in 1974, the ARD bureau in <a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a> made ARD television the most important source of information for GDR citizens,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> eighty percent of whom could watch what they referred to as "Westfernsehen". Notwithstanding obstruction on the part of GDR authorities and the repeated expulsion of their correspondents, the ARD-Tagesschau and Deutschlandfunk transmitted a report about the <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> <a href="/wiki/Monday_demonstrations_in_East_Germany" title="Monday demonstrations in East Germany">Monday Demonstrations</a> (which started on 4 September 1989) as early as September 1989. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s">1990s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ARD_(broadcaster)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">unification</a> and the closure of the <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Fernsehfunk" title="Deutscher Fernsehfunk">Deutscher Fernsehfunk</a>, two new regional broadcasters were established in the East, becoming ARD members in 1992. These were originally the <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mitteldeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk">Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk</a></span></span> (MDR, English: "Central German Broadcasting"), and Ostdeutscher Rundfunk Brandenburg (ORB, English: "East German Broadcasting Brandenburg"). The existing NDR service expanded into the north-east, where it also covered <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a>. The ORB service has since merged with the former Sender Freies Berlin (SFB, English "Radio Free Berlin") to become Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg (RBB, English: "Berlin-Brandenburg Broadcasting") in 2003. </p><p>Another merger took place between two member organisations of the ARD in 1998. The former Süddeutscher Rundfunk (SDR, English: "Southern German Broadcasting") and Südwestfunk (SWF, English: "Southwestcast") became <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCdwestrundfunk" title="Südwestrundfunk">Südwestrundfunk</a> (SWR, English: "Southwest Broadcasting") on 1 October 1998. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Programming">Programming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ARD_(broadcaster)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Programming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio">Radio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ARD_(broadcaster)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today, ARD member stations usually produce their radio programming. Some ARD member stations usually collaborate for common radio services (an example is Nordwestradio, a culture-oriented radio station co-produced by Radio Bremen and NDR). Most ARD stations, however, will have at least a news-oriented radio station, a classical music station, a youth-oriented station, and a cultural station. At night some stations will relay common night programming produced on a rota system by the ARD stations themselves. There are four common night programming services: Hitnacht (light music), Nachtkonzert (classical music), Infonacht (all news), and Popnacht (pop music). Most services are on the <a href="/wiki/FM_broadcast_band" title="FM broadcast band">FM broadcast band</a>, though some services are also available on <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio broadcasting">DAB</a>. </p><p>A similar network intended for national coverage is called <a href="/wiki/Deutschlandradio" title="Deutschlandradio">Deutschlandradio</a>, however, Deutschlandradio is not an ARD member – instead, Deutschlandradio is controlled by both ARD and ZDF. Deutschlandradio provides two terrestrial radio services: <a href="/wiki/Deutschlandfunk" title="Deutschlandfunk">Deutschlandfunk</a> (DLF), a news-oriented service, and <a href="/wiki/Deutschlandfunk_Kultur" title="Deutschlandfunk Kultur">Deutschlandfunk Kultur</a>, a culture-oriented service. It also provides a science-orientated internet channel: <a href="/wiki/Deutschlandfunk_Nova" title="Deutschlandfunk Nova">Deutschlandfunk Nova</a>. </p><p>ARD's best-known radio station outside Germany is <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>, which broadcasts its radio services around the world in many languages, mostly on analogue shortwave radio, online, and FM partner stations. Deutsche Welle has no FM distribution in Germany. </p><p>"Archivradio"<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an ARD internet radio station that streams raw audio from German sound archives, mainly the ARD radio archives and the DRA. The program is accompanied by a web portal run by the ARD-member SWR, with background information on the original sounds aired. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ARD_(broadcaster)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main television channels of the ARD are the nationwide <a href="/wiki/Das_Erste" title="Das Erste">Das Erste</a> and seven regional channels operated by the different regional broadcasting institutions. These channels were available on the analogue terrestrial transmitters until the shutdown of the analogue transmitters started in 2003. Das Erste and the third programmes, like the radio stations, are principally funded by licence fees, with a very limited amount of on-air advertising. </p><p>Das Erste broadcasts nationwide 24 hours a day. However, the schedule does include four and a half hours of joint programming with ZDF each weekday, in the form of the news programmes <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morgenmagazin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morgenmagazin (page does not exist)">Morgenmagazin</a></i> (on air 5.30–9.00) and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mittagsmagazin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mittagsmagazin (page does not exist)">Mittagsmagazin</a></i> (13.00–14.00), which the two organizations take weekly turns to produce. Audience share (March 2008):12.5%, from 14 to 49 years 6.9%. </p><p>The regional members of ARD all, jointly (NDR/rb and SWR/SR) or separately, operate their own regional channels, known collectively as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Die_Dritten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Die Dritten (page does not exist)">die Dritten</a></i> ("the Third Programmes") – before recent rebranding, most of these stations had names like West 3 and Hessen 3. The schedules of these regional channels also include sub-regional opt-outs at certain times, in particular for local news. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BR_Fernsehen" class="mw-redirect" title="BR Fernsehen">BR Fernsehen</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bayerischer_Rundfunk" title="Bayerischer Rundfunk">Bayerischer Rundfunk</a> (sub-regional opt-outs: <a href="/wiki/Altbayern" title="Altbayern">Altbayern</a> und <a href="/wiki/Swabia" title="Swabia">Schwaben</a> (South), <a href="/wiki/Franconia" title="Franconia">Franken</a> (North))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr-fernsehen" title="Hr-fernsehen">hr-fernsehen</a> from <a href="/wiki/Hessischer_Rundfunk" title="Hessischer Rundfunk">Hessischer Rundfunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDR_Fernsehen" title="MDR Fernsehen">MDR Fernsehen</a> from <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mitteldeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk">Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk</a></span></span> (opt-outs: state programmes for <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sachsen-Anhalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Sachsen-Anhalt">Sachsen-Anhalt</a>, Thuringia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDR_Fernsehen" title="NDR Fernsehen">NDR Fernsehen</a> from <a href="/wiki/Norddeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Norddeutscher Rundfunk">Norddeutscher Rundfunk</a> (opt-outs: state programmes for <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>, Schleswig-Holstein, <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and <a href="/wiki/Rb.tv" class="mw-redirect" title="Rb.tv">rb.tv</a> from <a href="/wiki/Radio_Bremen" title="Radio Bremen">Radio Bremen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RBB_Fernsehen" title="RBB Fernsehen">RBB Fernsehen</a> from <a href="/wiki/Rundfunk_Berlin-Brandenburg" title="Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg">Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg</a> (opt-outs: separate state programmes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SWR_Fernsehen" title="SWR Fernsehen">SWR Fernsehen</a> from <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCdwestrundfunk" title="Südwestrundfunk">Südwestrundfunk</a> – in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/SR_Fernsehen" title="SR Fernsehen">SR Fernsehen</a> (opt-outs: state programmes for <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>, Rhineland-Palatinate and <a href="/wiki/SR_Fernsehen" title="SR Fernsehen">SR Fernsehen</a> from <a href="/wiki/Saarl%C3%A4ndischer_Rundfunk" title="Saarländischer Rundfunk">Saarländischer Rundfunk</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WDR_Fernsehen" title="WDR Fernsehen">WDR Fernsehen</a> from <a href="/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Westdeutscher Rundfunk">Westdeutscher Rundfunk</a>. (11 local opt-outs within <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>)</li></ul> <p>ARD has three additional channels as part of their <a href="/wiki/ARD_Digital" class="mw-redirect" title="ARD Digital">ARD Digital</a> package: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tagesschau24" title="Tagesschau24">Tagesschau24</a> – television news channel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_(German_TV_channel)" title="One (German TV channel)">One</a> – entertainment television channel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARD-alpha" title="ARD-alpha">ARD-alpha</a> – educational programming</li></ul> <p>ARD is also involved in several joint venture channels: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3sat" title="3sat">3sat</a> with <a href="/wiki/ZDF" title="ZDF">ZDF</a>, <a href="/wiki/ORF_(broadcaster)" title="ORF (broadcaster)">ORF</a> and <a href="/wiki/SRG_SSR_id%C3%A9e_suisse" class="mw-redirect" title="SRG SSR idée suisse">SRG</a>: a cultural channel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KI.KA" class="mw-redirect" title="KI.KA">KI.KA</a> with ZDF: a children's channel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arte" title="Arte">Arte</a> with ZDF and <a href="/wiki/France_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9visions" title="France Télévisions">France Télévisions</a>: a Franco-German cultural channel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(German_TV_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix (German TV station)">Phoenix</a> with ZDF: a news and documentary channel, focussed on showing press conferences and political debates in the German parliament live, in addition to historical and political features.</li></ul> <p>The international broadcaster <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a> also produces television services; however, these services are mostly available via satellite. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Podcasts">Podcasts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ARD_(broadcaster)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Podcasts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Tagesschau</i>, produced by the ARD on a nightly basis, is available on the ARD website as a podcast (available as audio-only or as audio and video). Other audio programs from the ARD's members (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bayerischer_Rundfunk" title="Bayerischer Rundfunk">BR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitteldeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk">MDR</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a> are available as podcasts, through their respective websites. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Institutions_and_member_organizations">Institutions and member organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ARD_(broadcaster)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Institutions and member organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Regional broadcaster (translation) </th> <th>Abbreviation </th> <th>Main office location(s) </th> <th>Income 2004 (Millions of Euro) </th> <th>Year of establishment </th> <th>Region of coverage </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bayerischer_Rundfunk" title="Bayerischer Rundfunk">Bayerischer Rundfunk</a> (Bavarian Broadcasting) </td> <td>BR </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> </td> <td>806 </td> <td align="center">1949 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a> ("German Wave") </td> <td>DW </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a> </td> <td>Financed through taxes </td> <td align="center">1953 </td> <td>International </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hessischer_Rundfunk" title="Hessischer Rundfunk">Hessischer Rundfunk</a> (Hessian Broadcasting) </td> <td>HR </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> </td> <td>383 </td> <td align="center">1948 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mitteldeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk">Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk</a></span></span> (Central German Broadcasting) </td> <td>MDR </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> </td> <td>561 </td> <td align="center">1991 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norddeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Norddeutscher Rundfunk">Norddeutscher Rundfunk</a> (North German Broadcasting) </td> <td>NDR </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> </td> <td>892 </td> <td align="center">1956 </td> <td>Hamburg, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> since 1955; <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a> since 1991. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Radio_Bremen" title="Radio Bremen">Radio Bremen</a> </td> <td>RB </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a> </td> <td>41 </td> <td align="center">1945 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rundfunk_Berlin-Brandenburg" title="Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg">Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg</a> (Berlin-Brandenburg Broadcasting) </td> <td>RBB </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a> </td> <td>340 </td> <td align="center">2003 </td> <td>Berlin, <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saarl%C3%A4ndischer_Rundfunk" title="Saarländischer Rundfunk">Saarländischer Rundfunk</a> (Saarland Broadcasting) </td> <td>SR </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a> </td> <td>64 </td> <td align="center">1957 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCdwestrundfunk" title="Südwestrundfunk">Südwestrundfunk</a> (Southwest Broadcasting) </td> <td>SWR </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baden-Baden" title="Baden-Baden">Baden-Baden</a> </td> <td>922 </td> <td align="center">1998 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Westdeutscher Rundfunk">Westdeutscher Rundfunk</a> (West German Broadcasting) </td> <td>WDR </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> </td> <td>1,067 </td> <td align="center">1956 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ARD_Karte.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/ARD_Karte.svg/280px-ARD_Karte.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/ARD_Karte.svg/420px-ARD_Karte.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/ARD_Karte.svg/560px-ARD_Karte.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>ARD member broadcaster map</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ARD_Landesrundfunkanstalten.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/ARD_Landesrundfunkanstalten.svg/280px-ARD_Landesrundfunkanstalten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/ARD_Landesrundfunkanstalten.svg/420px-ARD_Landesrundfunkanstalten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/ARD_Landesrundfunkanstalten.svg/560px-ARD_Landesrundfunkanstalten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1605" data-file-height="1465" /></a><figcaption>ARD broadcasters before German reunification</figcaption></figure> <p>ARD has 30<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Correspondent" title="Correspondent">correspondents</a>' offices<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 26<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> countries.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ARD operates several other companies and institutions, sometimes jointly with ZDF: <a href="/wiki/Degeto_Film" title="Degeto Film">Degeto Film</a>, a television rights trader and production company; the <a href="/wiki/German_Broadcasting_Archive" title="German Broadcasting Archive">German Broadcasting Archive</a> (DRA – Deutsches Rundfunkarchiv); the Institute for Broadcasting Technology (IRT – Institut für Rundfunktechnik), responsible for research and development; the Fee Collection Service <a href="/wiki/Beitragsservice_von_ARD,_ZDF_und_Deutschlandradio" class="mw-redirect" title="Beitragsservice von ARD, ZDF und Deutschlandradio">(Beitragsservice)</a>, and others. </p><p>ARD is a supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV" title="Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV">Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV</a> (HbbTV) initiative that is promoting and establishing an open European standard for hybrid set-top boxes for the reception of broadcast TV and broadband multimedia applications with a single user interface. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chairs_of_the_ARD">Chairs of the ARD</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ARD_(broadcaster)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Chairs of the ARD"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable zebra sortable"> <tbody><tr class="hintergrundfarbe5"> <th>Term<br />Begin </th> <th>Term<br />End </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Broadcaster </th></tr> <tr> <td align="right">5 August 1950</td> <td align="right">2 February 1951 </td> <td><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_von_Scholtz" class="extiw" title="de:Rudolf von Scholtz">Rudolf von Scholtz</a> </td> <td>BR </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">3 February 1951</td> <td align="right">2 August 1951 </td> <td><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberhard_Beckmann" class="extiw" title="de:Eberhard Beckmann">Eberhard Beckmann</a> </td> <td>HR </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">3 August 1951</td> <td align="right">3 February 1952 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Grimme" title="Adolf Grimme">Adolf Grimme</a> </td> <td>NWDR </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">4 February 1952</td> <td align="right">30 September 1952 </td> <td>Walter Geerdes </td> <td>RB </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1 October 1952</td> <td align="right">31 March 1953 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Eberhard" title="Fritz Eberhard">Fritz Eberhard</a> </td> <td>SDR </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1 April 1953</td> <td align="right">30 September 1953 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Bischoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Bischoff">Friedrich Bischoff</a> </td> <td>SWF </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1 October 1953</td> <td align="right">30 September 1954 </td> <td>Rudolf von Scholtz </td> <td>BR </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1 October 1954</td> <td align="right">31 December 1955 </td> <td>Eberhard Beckmann </td> <td>HR </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1 January 1956 </td> <td align="right">31 December 1956 </td> <td>Fritz Eberhard </td> <td>SDR </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1 January 1957 </td> <td align="right">31 December 1957 </td> <td>Walter Hilpert </td> <td>NDR </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1 January 1958 </td> <td align="right">31 December 1958 </td> <td>Franz Stadelmayer </td> <td>BR </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1 January 1959 </td> <td align="right">31 December 1960 </td> <td>Friedrich Bischoff </td> <td>SWF </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1 January 1961 </td> <td align="right">31 December 1962 </td> <td><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Bausch" class="extiw" title="de:Hans Bausch">Hans Bausch</a> </td> <td>SDR </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1 January 1963 </td> <td align="right">31 December 1964 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Bismarck" title="Klaus von Bismarck">Klaus von Bismarck</a> </td> <td>WDR </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1 January 1965 </td> <td align="right">31 December 1966 </td> <td>Werner Hess </td> <td>HR </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1 January 1967 </td> <td align="right">31 December 1969 </td> <td>Christian Wallenreiter </td> <td>BR </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1 January 1970 </td> <td align="right">31 December 1971 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der_(television_executive)" title="Gerhard Schröder (television executive)">Gerhard Schröder</a> </td> <td>NDR </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1 January 1972 </td> <td align="right">31 December 1973 </td> <td><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Hammerschmidt" class="extiw" title="de:Helmut Hammerschmidt">Helmut Hammerschmidt</a> </td> <td>SWF </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1 January 1974 </td> <td align="right">31 December 1975 </td> <td>Hans Bausch </td> <td>SDR </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1 January 1976 </td> <td align="right">31 December 1977 </td> <td>Werner Hess </td> <td>HR </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1 January 1978 </td> <td align="right">31 December 1979 </td> <td><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich-Wilhelm_von_Sell" class="extiw" title="de:Friedrich-Wilhelm von Sell">Friedrich-Wilhelm von Sell</a> </td> <td>WDR </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1 January 1980 </td> <td align="right">31 December 1983 </td> <td><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_V%C3%B6th" class="extiw" title="de:Reinhold Vöth">Reinhold Vöth</a> </td> <td>BR </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1 January 1984 </td> <td align="right">31 December 1985 </td> <td><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_R%C3%A4uker" class="extiw" title="de:Friedrich Wilhelm Räuker">Friedrich Wilhelm Räuker</a> </td> <td>NDR </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1 January 1986 </td> <td align="right">31 December 1987 </td> <td>Willibald Hilf </td> <td>SWF </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1 January 1988 </td> <td align="right">31 December 1988 </td> <td>Hans Bausch </td> <td>SDR </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1 January 1989 </td> <td align="right">31 December 1990 </td> <td><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartwig_Kelm" class="extiw" title="de:Hartwig Kelm">Hartwig Kelm</a> </td> <td>HR </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1 January 1991 </td> <td align="right">31 December 1992 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nowottny" title="Friedrich Nowottny">Friedrich Nowottny</a> </td> <td>WDR </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1 January 1993 </td> <td align="right">31 December 1994 </td> <td><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jobst_Plog" class="extiw" title="de:Jobst Plog">Jobst Plog</a> </td> <td>NDR </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1 January 1995 </td> <td align="right">31 December 1996 </td> <td><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Scharf" class="extiw" title="de:Albert Scharf">Albert Scharf</a> </td> <td>BR </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1 January 1997 </td> <td align="right">31 December 1998 </td> <td><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udo_Reiter" class="extiw" title="de:Udo Reiter">Udo Reiter</a> </td> <td>MDR </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1 January 1999 </td> <td align="right">31 December 2000 </td> <td><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Vo%C3%9F_(Journalist)" class="extiw" title="de:Peter Voß (Journalist)">Peter Voß</a> </td> <td>SWR </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1 January 2001 </td> <td align="right">31 December 2002 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Pleitgen" title="Fritz Pleitgen">Fritz Pleitgen</a> </td> <td>WDR </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1 January 2003 </td> <td align="right">31 December 2004 </td> <td><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jobst_Plog" class="extiw" title="de:Jobst Plog">Jobst Plog</a> </td> <td>NDR </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1 January 2005 </td> <td align="right">31 December 2006 </td> <td><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gruber_(Medienwissenschaftler)" class="extiw" title="de:Thomas Gruber (Medienwissenschaftler)">Thomas Gruber</a> </td> <td>BR </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1 January 2007 </td> <td align="right">31 December 2008 </td> <td><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Raff" class="extiw" title="de:Fritz Raff">Fritz Raff</a> </td> <td>SR </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1 January 2009 </td> <td align="right">31 December 2010 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Boudgoust&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Boudgoust (page does not exist)">Peter Boudgoust</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Boudgoust" class="extiw" title="de:Peter Boudgoust">de</a>]</span> </td> <td>SWR </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1 January 2011 </td> <td align="right">31 December 2012 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monika_Piel" title="Monika Piel">Monika Piel</a> </td> <td>WDR </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1 January 2013 </td> <td align="right">31 December 2015 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutz_Marmor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lutz Marmor (page does not exist)">Lutz Marmor</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutz_Marmor" class="extiw" title="de:Lutz Marmor">de</a>]</span> </td> <td>NDR </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1 January 2016 </td> <td align="right">31 December 2017 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karola_Wille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karola Wille (page does not exist)">Karola Wille</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karola_Wille" class="extiw" title="de:Karola Wille">de</a>]</span> </td> <td>MDR </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1 January 2018 </td> <td align="right">31 December 2019 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Wilhelm" title="Ulrich Wilhelm">Ulrich Wilhelm</a> </td> <td>BR </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1 January 2020 </td> <td align="right">31 December 2021 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tom_Buhrow" title="Tom Buhrow">Tom Buhrow</a> </td> <td>WDR </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1 January 2022 </td> <td align="right">4 August 2022 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Schlesinger" title="Patricia Schlesinger">Patricia Schlesinger</a> </td> <td>rbb </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">4 August 2022 </td> <td align="right">31 December 2022 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tom_Buhrow" title="Tom Buhrow">Tom Buhrow</a> </td> <td>WDR </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1 January 2023 </td> <td align="right">31 December 2024 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kai_Gniffke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kai Gniffke (page does not exist)">Kai Gniffke</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_Gniffke" class="extiw" title="de:Kai Gniffke">de</a>]</span> </td> <td>SWR </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1 January 2025 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florian_Hager&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Florian Hager (page does not exist)">Florian Hager</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florian_Hager" class="extiw" title="de:Florian Hager">de</a>]</span> </td> <td>HR </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Correspondents">Correspondents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ARD_(broadcaster)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Correspondents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ARD_(broadcaster)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:65px;">Studio </th> <th style="width:75px;">Broadcaster </th> <th>Area of responsibility </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk_K%C3%B6ln" class="mw-redirect" title="Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln">WDR</a> </td> <td>The largest ARD foreign studio and the only one with its own TV show (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europamagazin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Europamagazin (page does not exist)">Europamagazin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europamagazin" class="extiw" title="de:Europamagazin">de</a>]</span></i> (WDR/SWR)). Responsible for Benelux and the EU as well as NATO. The office was established in 1961. After almost two years of construction, a new studio was opened in the new media house in EU City in 2008. DW employees and the head of the ARD liaison office also work there. The radio studio is divided into three groups with the respective leaders WDR, HR and SWR. There is also a radio studio from <a href="/wiki/Deutschlandradio" title="Deutschlandradio">Deutschlandradio</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk_K%C3%B6ln" class="mw-redirect" title="Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln">WDR</a> </td> <td>Radio studio for the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCdwestrundfunk" title="Südwestrundfunk">SWR</a> </td> <td>TV and radio studio. Responsible for Switzerland, Liechtenstein, UN organizations, <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a>, FIFA, <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">IOC</a>, etc. The studio has existed since the mid-1950s. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bayerischer_Rundfunk" title="Bayerischer Rundfunk">BR</a> / <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCdwestrundfunk" title="Südwestrundfunk">SWR</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>, (→ Studio Tel Aviv), including a liaison office in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, Iran. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk_K%C3%B6ln" class="mw-redirect" title="Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln">WDR</a> </td> <td>Television and radio studio. Responsible for Ukraine and, if necessary, other areas in Eastern Europe. Established in 2023 as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Norddeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Norddeutscher Rundfunk">NDR</a> </td> <td>Television and radio studio. Responsible for the UK and Ireland. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCdwestrundfunk" title="Südwestrundfunk">SWR</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hessischer_Rundfunk" title="Hessischer Rundfunk">HR</a> </td> <td>Television and radio studio. Responsible for <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a>, Gibraltar and since March 2004 also responsible for the Maghreb.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk_K%C3%B6ln" class="mw-redirect" title="Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln">WDR</a> </td> <td>Television and radio studio. Responsible for Russia and all CIS states, as well as Mongolia and Georgia, and also for Ukraine until 2023 (opening of a new ARD studio in Kyiv). Closed briefly in 2022 in the wake of the Ukraine war and a new media law in Russia. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk_K%C3%B6ln" class="mw-redirect" title="Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln">WDR</a> </td> <td>Television and radio studio. Responsible for France and Monaco. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mitteldeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk">MDR</a> </td> <td>Television and radio studio, responsible for <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> and Slovakia. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bayerischer_Rundfunk" title="Bayerischer Rundfunk">BR</a> </td> <td>Tri-media studio: television, online and radio studio. Responsible for Italy, Malta, Greece, Vatican City. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Norddeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Norddeutscher Rundfunk">NDR</a> </td> <td>Television and radio studio. Responsible for Scandinavia, Finland and the Baltics. The studio was moved from Riga to Stockholm in 1997. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk_K%C3%B6ln" class="mw-redirect" title="Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln">WDR</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rundfunk_Berlin-Brandenburg" title="Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg">RBB</a> </td> <td>TV and radio studio. Reporting about <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bayerischer_Rundfunk" title="Bayerischer Rundfunk">BR</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, two sub-offices in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>, responsible for Southeast-Europe. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The radio studio in Strasbourg, which was closed in July 2010 and previously operated by SWR, was responsible for the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>. Since then, reporting has been carried out from <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> and Paris. </p><p>The ARD radio studio in <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zurich</a> was closed in August 2021. Since then, reporting has been carried out from Geneva. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ARD_(broadcaster)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:90px;">Studio </th> <th style="width:75px;">Broadcaster </th> <th class="unsortable">Area of responsibility </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hessischer_Rundfunk" title="Hessischer Rundfunk">HR</a> </td> <td>United States, radio studio in West Coast, reporting primarily on California and Hollywood. Another office exists in San Francisco. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCdwestrundfunk" title="Südwestrundfunk">SWR</a>/RBB </td> <td>The studio in Mexico has existed since 1982 and is responsible for Central America, the Caribbean and northern South America (except Colombia). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk_K%C3%B6ln" class="mw-redirect" title="Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln">WDR</a> </td> <td>UN/New York/Canada<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The studio started as a one-man office in 1973, and in 1980 WDR expanded the office into a television studio. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCdwestrundfunk" title="Südwestrundfunk">SWR</a> </td> <td>The main studio for South America has been in Rio de Janeiro since April 2005, before that it was in <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>. The radio and television studios have been in Rio de Janeiro since 2022. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bayerischer_Rundfunk" title="Bayerischer Rundfunk">BR</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hessischer_Rundfunk" title="Hessischer Rundfunk">HR</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mitteldeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk">MDR</a>/<a href="/wiki/Norddeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Norddeutscher Rundfunk">NDR</a>/<a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCdwestrundfunk" title="Südwestrundfunk">SWR</a>/<a href="/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Westdeutscher Rundfunk">WDR</a> </td> <td>USA overall/focus on politics Washington </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The ARD radio studio in Buenos Aires was closed in 2022. Since then, reporting has been carried out from Rio de Janeiro. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa_and_Middle_East">Africa and Middle East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ARD_(broadcaster)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Africa and Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:75px;">Studio </th> <th style="width:75px;">Broadcaster </th> <th class="unsortable">Area of responsibility </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCdwestrundfunk" title="Südwestrundfunk">SWR</a> </td> <td>In addition to <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, the reporting area also includes Namibia, Zimbabwe, Lesotho, Eswatini, Mozambique, Angola, Botswana, Zambia and Malawi. The radio also covers <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, La Réunion, Mayotte, Mauritius and the Comoros.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ARD studio is based in a media complex and has had a radio correspondent since 1976 and a TV correspondent since 1977. Apart from the correspondents and assistants, all employees are South African. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk_K%C3%B6ln" class="mw-redirect" title="Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln">WDR</a> / <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCdwestrundfunk" title="Südwestrundfunk">SWR</a> </td> <td>Main studio for the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab World</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> to Sudan. In 2010, the ARD radio studios in Cairo (SWR) and Amman (WDR) became a joint studio based in Cairo under the joint management of SWR and WDR. The studio has locations in <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a> and temporarily in Beirut or Dubai. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Westdeutscher Rundfunk">WDR</a> </td> <td>Nairobi is ARD's largest studio on the African continent and has existed since 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hessischer_Rundfunk" title="Hessischer Rundfunk">HR</a> </td> <td>Pure radio office, responsible for 22 countries in West and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>. Reporting area: Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Cameroon, Cape Verde Islands, Liberia, Mali, Morocco, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Sao Tomé and Principe, Senegal, <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>, Chad, Togo, Tunisia. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bayerischer_Rundfunk" title="Bayerischer Rundfunk">BR</a> </td> <td>Israel, Palestine </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The studio for Turkey and Iran (radio) is in Istanbul, see above. The ARD radio studio in Amman was closed in 2013. It only has a branch office in Cairo, from where reporting has been carried out ever since. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Logo">Logo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ARD_(broadcaster)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Logo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 815px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ARD_first_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ARD's first logo used from the 1950s until 1970"><img alt="ARD's first logo used from the 1950s until 1970" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/ARD_first_logo.svg/120px-ARD_first_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/ARD_first_logo.svg/180px-ARD_first_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/ARD_first_logo.svg/240px-ARD_first_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="286" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">ARD's first logo used from the 1950s until 1970</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Altes-ARD_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ARD's second logo used from 1970 until 1984"><img alt="ARD's second logo used from 1970 until 1984" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Altes-ARD_Logo.svg/120px-Altes-ARD_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Altes-ARD_Logo.svg/180px-Altes-ARD_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Altes-ARD_Logo.svg/240px-Altes-ARD_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="458" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">ARD's second logo used from 1970 until 1984</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ard84bis03.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ARD's third logo used from 1984 until 2003"><img alt="ARD's third logo used from 1984 until 2003" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ard84bis03.svg/86px-Ard84bis03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ard84bis03.svg/129px-Ard84bis03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ard84bis03.svg/172px-Ard84bis03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="714" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">ARD's third logo used from 1984 until 2003</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ARD_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ARD's fourth logo used from 2003 until 2019"><img alt="ARD's fourth logo used from 2003 until 2019" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/ARD_logo.svg/120px-ARD_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/ARD_logo.svg/180px-ARD_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/ARD_logo.svg/240px-ARD_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="146" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">ARD's fourth logo used from 2003 until 2019</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ARD_Logo_2019.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ARD's fifth and current logo used since December 2019"><img alt="ARD's fifth and current logo used since December 2019" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/ARD_Logo_2019.svg/120px-ARD_Logo_2019.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/ARD_Logo_2019.svg/180px-ARD_Logo_2019.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/ARD_Logo_2019.svg/240px-ARD_Logo_2019.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="235" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">ARD's fifth and current logo used since December 2019</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ARD_(broadcaster)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_by_political_parties">Criticism by political parties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ARD_(broadcaster)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Criticism by political parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since it was founded in 2013, the German party <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">AfD</a> has accused the German broadcasters of being state-driven propaganda machines. This claim is heavily disputed. For example, a 2019 study from Oxford (p. 24) stated that the majority of the audience of German public broadcasters ARD, ZDF and "Deutschland Radio" are <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-winged</a> or left of the center of the political spectrum. The AfD took this to show that the broadcaster is biased and contributing to a left-shift in the political environment. The majority of German newspapers have responded that the AfD have misunderstood the Oxford study, and accused the AfD of spreading <a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">fake news</a>. Another point of evidence offered is that ARD board member and Director for Programming Christine Strobl is not only a member of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a> party herself, but also the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4uble" title="Wolfgang Schäuble">Wolfgang Schäuble</a>, a prominent CDU member of parliament. As Director for Programming she is in a position to stop or initiate the production of programs, but also potentially editorial decisions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As of August 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ARD_(broadcaster)&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the <a href="/wiki/Media_and_Journalism_Research_Center" title="Media and Journalism Research Center">Media and Journalism Research Center</a> evaluated ARD to be "Independent Public Media" under its <a href="/wiki/State_media#MJRC_classification" title="State media">State Media Matrix</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neutrality">Neutrality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ARD_(broadcaster)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Neutrality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the ARD withdrew material critical of the Turkish president <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a>, a journalist from the magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i> compared this behaviour in an opinion article to the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To get rid of the "annoying image of state radio", the journalist recommends it would certainly be helpful to keep more distance from the government.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Framing_manual">Framing manual</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ARD_(broadcaster)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Framing manual"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Claudia Schwartz from the <i><a href="/wiki/Neue_Z%C3%BCrcher_Zeitung" title="Neue Zürcher Zeitung">Neue Zürcher Zeitung</a></i> reported in February 2019 the ARD wanted to impress upon its audience certain moral views. A manual from the "Berkeley International Framing Institute" (see sources below) was used internally in order to make ARD viewers consider their fees less as a compulsory contribution than as a kind of donation to a good cause.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But the website <a href="/wiki/Netzpolitik.org" title="Netzpolitik.org">Netzpolitik.org</a> (who published the original document), came to the conclusion that "Many of the proposed frames, which are currently heating the minds of many critics, have never been used in public by the public broadcasters representatives. This also shows that the excitement about the report is too high."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ARD_(broadcaster)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Germany" title="Television in Germany">Television in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZDF" title="ZDF">Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen</a> (Second German TV channel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German-language_television_channels" title="List of German-language television channels">List of German-language television channels</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ARD_(broadcaster)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˌaːʔɛʁˈdeː]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/7d\/De-ARD.ogg\/De-ARD.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-ARD.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7d/De-ARD.ogg/De-ARD.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-ARD.ogg" title="File:De-ARD.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; full name: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><b>A</b>rbeitsgemeinschaft der öffentlich-rechtlichen <b>R</b>undfunkanstalten der Bundesrepublik <b>D</b>eutschland</i></span>, pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈaʁbaɪtsɡəˌmaɪnʃaft<span class="wrap"> </span>deːɐ̯<span class="wrap"> </span>ˌʔœfn̩tlɪçˈʁɛçtlɪçn̩<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈʁʊntfʊŋkˌʔanʃtaltn̩<span class="wrap"> </span>deːɐ̯<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈdɔʏtʃlant]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b1\/De-Arbeitsgemeinschaft_der_%C3%B6ffentlich-rechtlichen_Rundfunkanstalten_der_Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.ogg\/De-Arbeitsgemeinschaft_der_%C3%B6ffentlich-rechtlichen_Rundfunkanstalten_der_Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Arbeitsgemeinschaft der \u00f6ffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunkanstalten der Bundesrepublik Deutschland.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b1/De-Arbeitsgemeinschaft_der_%C3%B6ffentlich-rechtlichen_Rundfunkanstalten_der_Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.ogg/De-Arbeitsgemeinschaft_der_%C3%B6ffentlich-rechtlichen_Rundfunkanstalten_der_Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Arbeitsgemeinschaft_der_%C3%B6ffentlich-rechtlichen_Rundfunkanstalten_der_Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.ogg" title="File:De-Arbeitsgemeinschaft der öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunkanstalten der Bundesrepublik Deutschland.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span> – "Working group of public broadcasters of the Federal Republic of Germany"; see <a href="#Name">§ Name</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ARD_(broadcaster)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ard_brochure-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ard_brochure_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.daserste.de/ard/die-ard/ARD-Broschuere-englisch-100.pdf">"There for you. ARD"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210716145203/https://www.daserste.de/ard/die-ard/ARD-Broschuere-englisch-100.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-07-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=There+for+you.+ARD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.daserste.de%2Fard%2Fdie-ard%2FARD-Broschuere-englisch-100.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARD+%28broadcaster%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200625224058/https://www.ard.de/download/1015988/Bericht.pdf">"ARD Finanzbericht"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ARD. 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ard.de/download/1015988/Bericht.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-06-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ARD+Finanzbericht&rft.pub=ARD&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ard.de%2Fdownload%2F1015988%2FBericht.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARD+%28broadcaster%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170801203220/http://www.ard.de/home/intern/fakten/Mitarbeiterinnen_und_Mitarbeiter_in_der_ARD/309568/index.html">"ARD Mitarbeiter"</a>. ARD. 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ard.de/home/intern/fakten/Mitarbeiterinnen_und_Mitarbeiter_in_der_ARD/309568/index.html">the original</a> on 2017-08-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ARD+Mitarbeiter&rft.pub=ARD&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ard.de%2Fhome%2Fintern%2Ffakten%2FMitarbeiterinnen_und_Mitarbeiter_in_der_ARD%2F309568%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARD+%28broadcaster%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnschlag2022" class="citation web cs1">Anschlag, Dieter (2022-04-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mediadb.eu/datenbanken/deutsche-medienkonzerne/ard.html">"2. ARD"</a>. <i>www.mediadb.eu</i>. Institut für Medien- und Kommunikationspolitik<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mediadb.eu&rft.atitle=2.+ARD&rft.date=2022-04-05&rft.aulast=Anschlag&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediadb.eu%2Fdatenbanken%2Fdeutsche-medienkonzerne%2Fard.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARD+%28broadcaster%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archivradio.de">"Startseite – Archivradio – Wissen – SWR2"</a>. <i>swr.online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=swr.online&rft.atitle=Startseite+%E2%80%93+Archivradio+%E2%80%93+Wissen+%E2%80%93+SWR2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archivradio.de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARD+%28broadcaster%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ard.de/die-ard/was-wir-leisten/Berichterstattungen-aus-dem-Ausland-100">"Berichterstattung aus dem Ausland"</a>. <i>ard.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ard.de&rft.atitle=Berichterstattung+aus+dem+Ausland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ard.de%2Fdie-ard%2Fwas-wir-leisten%2FBerichterstattungen-aus-dem-Ausland-100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARD+%28broadcaster%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.tagesschau.de/uber-uns/redaktionen/haeufige-fragen-zur-tagesschau/">"Häufige Fragen / Das Korrespondenten-Netz"</a>. <i>blog.tagesschau.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blog.tagesschau.de&rft.atitle=H%C3%A4ufige+Fragen+%2F+Das+Korrespondenten-Netz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.tagesschau.de%2Fuber-uns%2Fredaktionen%2Fhaeufige-fragen-zur-tagesschau%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARD+%28broadcaster%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ard.de/die-ard/was-wir-leisten/Berichterstattungen-aus-dem-Ausland-100">"Berichterstattung aus dem Ausland"</a>. <i>ard.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ard.de&rft.atitle=Berichterstattung+aus+dem+Ausland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ard.de%2Fdie-ard%2Fwas-wir-leisten%2FBerichterstattungen-aus-dem-Ausland-100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARD+%28broadcaster%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ard.de/home/intern/fakten/Auslandsstudios_der_ARD/365446/index.html">"Auslandsstudios der ARD"</a>. <i>ard.de</i>. ARD<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=swr.de&rft.atitle=Auslandsstudios+%E2%80%93+Organisation+%E2%80%93+Unternehmen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swr.de%2Funternehmen%2Forganisation%2Fstandorte-adressen-auslandskorrepondent%2F-%2Fid%3D7687068%2Fdid%3D13636050%2Fnid%3D7687068%2F1013eug%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARD+%28broadcaster%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWDR2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">WDR (2023-02-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://presse.wdr.de/plounge/wdr/unternehmen/2023/02/20230224_ard_studio_kiew.html">"WDR eröffnet ARD-Studio in Kiew - Presselounge - WDR"</a> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WDR+er%C3%B6ffnet+ARD-Studio+in+Kiew+-+Presselounge+-+WDR&rft.date=2023-02-24&rft.au=WDR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpresse.wdr.de%2Fplounge%2Fwdr%2Funternehmen%2F2023%2F02%2F20230224_ard_studio_kiew.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARD+%28broadcaster%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFtagesschau.de" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">tagesschau.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tagesschau.de/korrespondenten/studio-madrid-101.html">"Spanien und Portugal: Das ARD-Studio Madrid"</a>. <i>tagesschau.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tagesschau.de&rft.atitle=Spanien+und+Portugal%3A+Das+ARD-Studio+Madrid&rft.au=tagesschau.de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tagesschau.de%2Fkorrespondenten%2Fstudio-madrid-101.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARD+%28broadcaster%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.wdr.de/unternehmen/der-wdr/standorte/auslandsstudios/marion-schmickler-110.html">"Marion Schmickler"</a>. <i>www1.wdr.de</i> (in German). 2022-08-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www1.wdr.de&rft.atitle=Marion+Schmickler&rft.date=2022-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww1.wdr.de%2Funternehmen%2Fder-wdr%2Fstandorte%2Fauslandsstudios%2Fmarion-schmickler-110.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARD+%28broadcaster%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFtagesschau.de" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">tagesschau.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tagesschau.de/korrespondenten/studio-johannesburg-101.html">"Angola bis Südafrika: Das ARD-Studio Johannesburg"</a>. <i>tagesschau.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tagesschau.de&rft.atitle=Angola+bis+S%C3%BCdafrika%3A+Das+ARD-Studio+Johannesburg&rft.au=tagesschau.de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tagesschau.de%2Fkorrespondenten%2Fstudio-johannesburg-101.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARD+%28broadcaster%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.wdr.de/unternehmen/der-wdr/standorte/auslandsstudios/studio-nairobi-100.html">"Studio Nairobi"</a>. <i>www1.wdr.de</i> (in German). 2017-09-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www1.wdr.de&rft.atitle=Studio+Nairobi&rft.date=2017-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww1.wdr.de%2Funternehmen%2Fder-wdr%2Fstandorte%2Fauslandsstudios%2Fstudio-nairobi-100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARD+%28broadcaster%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statemediamonitor.com/2024/08/ard/">"ARD"</a>. <i>State Media Monitor</i>. Media and Journalism Research Center. 2024-08-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State+Media+Monitor&rft.atitle=ARD&rft.date=2024-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatemediamonitor.com%2F2024%2F08%2Fard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARD+%28broadcaster%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statemediamonitor.com/2022/05/typology/">"Typology"</a>. <i>State Media Monitor</i>. Media and Journalism Research Center. 2022-05-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State+Media+Monitor&rft.atitle=Typology&rft.date=2022-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatemediamonitor.com%2F2022%2F05%2Ftypology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARD+%28broadcaster%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleischhauer2016" class="citation news cs1">Fleischhauer, Jan (2016-04-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/zdf-ein-regierungssender-kontrolliertes-fernsehen-kolumne-a-1086658.html">"ZDF ein Regierungssender: Kontrolliertes Fernsehen – Kolumne"</a>. <i>Der Spiegel</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=ZDF+ein+Regierungssender%3A+Kontrolliertes+Fernsehen+%E2%80%93+Kolumne&rft.date=2016-04-12&rft.aulast=Fleischhauer&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fpolitik%2Fdeutschland%2Fzdf-ein-regierungssender-kontrolliertes-fernsehen-kolumne-a-1086658.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARD+%28broadcaster%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleischhauer2019" class="citation news cs1">Fleischhauer, Jan (2019-02-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/framing-manual-warum-die-ard-nicht-mehr-von-bezahlen-reden-moechte-a-1253172.html">"Manipulation: Schöner sprechen mit der ARD"</a>. <i>Spiegel Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spiegel+Online&rft.atitle=Manipulation%3A+Sch%C3%B6ner+sprechen+mit+der+ARD&rft.date=2019-02-14&rft.aulast=Fleischhauer&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fpolitik%2Fdeutschland%2Fframing-manual-warum-die-ard-nicht-mehr-von-bezahlen-reden-moechte-a-1253172.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARD+%28broadcaster%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schwartz, Claudia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzz.ch/feuilleton/framing-bei-der-ard-neues-deutsches-sendungsbewusstsein-ld.1459569">"Die ARD will mit Framing das Publikum einseifen"</a>. <i>Neue Zürcher Zeitung</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neue+Z%C3%BCrcher+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Die+ARD+will+mit+Framing+das+Publikum+einseifen&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzz.ch%2Ffeuilleton%2Fframing-bei-der-ard-neues-deutsches-sendungsbewusstsein-ld.1459569&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARD+%28broadcaster%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckedahl2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Beckedahl, Markus (2019-02-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://netzpolitik.org/2019/wir-veroeffentlichen-das-framing-gutachten-der-ard/">"Wir veröffentlichen das Framing-Gutachten der ARD"</a> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wir+ver%C3%B6ffentlichen+das+Framing-Gutachten+der+ARD&rft.date=2019-02-17&rft.aulast=Beckedahl&rft.aufirst=Markus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnetzpolitik.org%2F2019%2Fwir-veroeffentlichen-das-framing-gutachten-der-ard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARD+%28broadcaster%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ARD_(broadcaster)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060902010344/http://www.ard.de/intern/publikationen/-/id%3D8080/nid%3D8080/did%3D217816/1r8a0fy/index.html"><i>ARD: ARD Jahrbuch 2005</i></a> (in German). Hans-Bredow-Institut. 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8329-1730-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-8329-1730-6"><bdi>3-8329-1730-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ard.de/intern/publikationen/-/id%3D8080/nid%3D8080/did%3D217816/1r8a0fy/index.html">the original</a> on 2006-09-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ARD%3A+ARD+Jahrbuch+2005&rft.pub=Hans-Bredow-Institut&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=3-8329-1730-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ard.de%2Fintern%2Fpublikationen%2F-%2Fid%253D8080%2Fnid%253D8080%2Fdid%253D217816%2F1r8a0fy%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARD+%28broadcaster%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210202204341/https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2019-09/The_audience_of_public_service_news_FINAL.pdf"><i>Oxford International Study about the audience of Public Broadcasters</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UK: Oxford University. 2019. p. 24. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2019-09/The_audience_of_public_service_news_FINAL.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2021-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+International+Study+about+the+audience+of+Public+Broadcasters&rft.place=UK&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Oxford+University&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2019-09%2FThe_audience_of_public_service_news_FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARD+%28broadcaster%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.die-tagespost.de/gesellschaft/medien/Scharfe-Kritik-an-ARD-und-ZDF-in-der-Coronakrise;art378,206766"><i>Criticism of ARD, ZDF (and others) during Corona</i></a> (in German). die-tagespost.de. 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criticism+of+ARD%2C+ZDF+%28and+others%29+during+Corona&rft.pub=die-tagespost.de&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.die-tagespost.de%2Fgesellschaft%2Fmedien%2FScharfe-Kritik-an-ARD-und-ZDF-in-der-Coronakrise%3Bart378%2C206766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARD+%28broadcaster%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndr.de/fernsehen/sendungen/zapp/Neue-ARD-Programmdirektorin-Strobl-zu-grosse-CDU-Naehe,ardprogrammdirektion100.html"><i>Criticism of Christine Strobl framed by NDR</i></a> (in German). Daniel Bouhs, NDR. 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criticism+of+Christine+Strobl+framed+by+NDR&rft.pub=Daniel+Bouhs%2C+NDR&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndr.de%2Ffernsehen%2Fsendungen%2Fzapp%2FNeue-ARD-Programmdirektorin-Strobl-zu-grosse-CDU-Naehe%2Cardprogrammdirektion100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARD+%28broadcaster%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210718111403/https://cdn.netzpolitik.org/wp-upload/2019/02/framing_gutachten_ard.pdf"><i>Framing Manual by ARD</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German). Netzpolitik.org; ARD. 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.netzpolitik.org/wp-upload/2019/02/framing_gutachten_ard.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2021-07-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Framing+Manual+by+ARD&rft.pub=Netzpolitik.org%3B+ARD&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.netzpolitik.org%2Fwp-upload%2F2019%2F02%2Fframing_gutachten_ard.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARD+%28broadcaster%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ARD_(broadcaster)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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Radio</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191128202601/http://web.ard.de/radio/radionet/">Archived</a> 2019-11-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://programm.ard.de/radio">ARD Radio Guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/ard/">ARD</a> on <a href="/wiki/Instagram_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Instagram (identifier)">Instagram</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public_broadcasting_in_Germany95" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">Public broadcasting</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Broadcasters95" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Broadcasters</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="ARD25" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ARD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayerischer_Rundfunk" title="Bayerischer Rundfunk">BR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessischer_Rundfunk" title="Hessischer Rundfunk">HR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitteldeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk">MDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norddeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Norddeutscher Rundfunk">NDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Bremen" title="Radio Bremen">RB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rundfunk_Berlin-Brandenburg" title="Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg">RBB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarl%C3%A4ndischer_Rundfunk" title="Saarländischer Rundfunk">SR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCdwestrundfunk" title="Südwestrundfunk">SWR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Westdeutscher Rundfunk">WDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">DW</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordwestdeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk">NWDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostdeutscher_Rundfunk_Brandenburg" title="Ostdeutscher Rundfunk Brandenburg">ORB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sender_Freies_Berlin" title="Sender Freies Berlin">SFB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutscher_Rundfunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Süddeutscher Rundfunk">SDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCdwestfunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Südwestfunk">SWF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ZDF" title="ZDF">ZDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutschlandradio" title="Deutschlandradio">Deutschlandradio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ARD_Logo_2019.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/ARD_Logo_2019.svg/100px-ARD_Logo_2019.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/ARD_Logo_2019.svg/150px-ARD_Logo_2019.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/ARD_Logo_2019.svg/200px-ARD_Logo_2019.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="235" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ZDF_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/ZDF_logo.svg/100px-ZDF_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/ZDF_logo.svg/150px-ZDF_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/ZDF_logo.svg/200px-ZDF_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="305" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutschlandradio_Logo_2017.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Deutschlandradio_Logo_2017.svg/100px-Deutschlandradio_Logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Deutschlandradio_Logo_2017.svg/150px-Deutschlandradio_Logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Deutschlandradio_Logo_2017.svg/200px-Deutschlandradio_Logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="238" data-file-height="34" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Television_channels95" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Television channels</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="National8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="ARD3" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ARD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Das_Erste" title="Das Erste">Das Erste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagesschau24" title="Tagesschau24">tagesschau24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARD-alpha" title="ARD-alpha">ARD-alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_(German_TV_channel)" title="One (German TV channel)">one</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DW-TV" title="DW-TV">DW-TV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ZDF</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ZDF" title="ZDF">ZDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZDFinfo" title="ZDFinfo">ZDFinfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZDFneo" title="ZDFneo">ZDFneo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ARD and ZDF</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3sat" title="3sat">3sat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arte" title="Arte">arte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KiKA" class="mw-redirect" title="KiKA">KiKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(German_TV_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix (German TV station)">phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funk_(service)" title="Funk (service)">Funk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="ARD3" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ARD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BR_Fernsehen" class="mw-redirect" title="BR Fernsehen">BR Fernsehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr-fernsehen" title="Hr-fernsehen">hr-fernsehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDR_Fernsehen" title="MDR Fernsehen">MDR Fernsehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDR_Fernsehen" title="NDR Fernsehen">NDR Fernsehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Bremen_TV" title="Radio Bremen TV">Radio Bremen TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RBB_Fernsehen" title="RBB Fernsehen">RBB Fernsehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SR_Fernsehen" title="SR Fernsehen">SR Fernsehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SWR_Fernsehen" title="SWR Fernsehen">SWR Fernsehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WDR_Fernsehen" title="WDR Fernsehen">WDR Fernsehen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Radio_stations95" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Radio stations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutschlandradio" title="Deutschlandradio">DLR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutschlandfunk" title="Deutschlandfunk">Deutschlandfunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutschlandfunk_Kultur" title="Deutschlandfunk Kultur">Deutschlandfunk Kultur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokumente_und_Debatten" class="mw-redirect" title="Dokumente und Debatten">Dokumente und Debatten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutschlandfunk_Nova" title="Deutschlandfunk Nova">Deutschlandfunk Nova</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional<br />(ARD)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="BR2" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">BR</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayern_1" title="Bayern 1">Bayern 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayern_2" title="Bayern 2">Bayern 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayern_3" title="Bayern 3">Bayern 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BR-Klassik" title="BR-Klassik">BR-Klassik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BR24" title="BR24">BR24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BR24live" title="BR24live">BR24live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BR_Heimat" title="BR Heimat">BR Heimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BR_Schlager" title="BR Schlager">BR Schlager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BR_Verkehr" title="BR Verkehr">BR Verkehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puls_(German_radio_station)" title="Puls (German radio station)">Puls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">HR</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hr1" title="Hr1">hr1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr2-kultur" title="Hr2-kultur">hr2-kultur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr3" title="Hr3">hr3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr4" title="Hr4">hr4</a> <ul><li>hr4 Mitte</li> <li>hr4 Nord</li> <li>hr4 Rhein-Main</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr-info" title="Hr-info">hr-info</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/You_FM_(Germany)" title="You FM (Germany)">You FM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">MDR</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDR_Sachsen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MDR Sachsen (page does not exist)">MDR Sachsen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDR_Sachsen" class="extiw" title="de:MDR Sachsen">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDR_Sachsen-Anhalt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MDR Sachsen-Anhalt (page does not exist)">MDR Sachsen-Anhalt</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDR_Sachsen-Anhalt" class="extiw" title="de:MDR Sachsen-Anhalt">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDR_Th%C3%BCringen_%E2%80%93_Das_Radio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MDR Thüringen – Das Radio (page does not exist)">MDR Thüringen – Das Radio</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDR_Th%C3%BCringen_%E2%80%93_Das_Radio" class="extiw" title="de:MDR Thüringen – Das Radio">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDR_Aktuell" title="MDR Aktuell">MDR Aktuell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDR_Jump" title="MDR Jump">MDR Jump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDR_Klassik" title="MDR Klassik">MDR Klassik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDR_Kultur" title="MDR Kultur">MDR Kultur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDR_Schlagerwelt" title="MDR Schlagerwelt">MDR Schlagerwelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_(radio_station)" title="Sputnik (radio station)">MDR Sputnik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDR_Tweens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MDR Tweens (page does not exist)">MDR Tweens</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDR_Tweens" class="extiw" title="de:MDR Tweens">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbischer_Rundfunk" title="Sorbischer Rundfunk">Sorbischer Rundfunk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">NDR</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NDR_1" class="mw-redirect" title="NDR 1">NDR 1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NDR_1_Niedersachsen" class="mw-redirect" title="NDR 1 Niedersachsen">NDR 1 Niedersachsen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDR_1_Niedersachsen" class="extiw" title="de:NDR 1 Niedersachsen">de</a>]</span> (Lower Saxony)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDR_1_Radio_MV" class="mw-redirect" title="NDR 1 Radio MV">NDR 1 Radio MV</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDR_1_Radio_MV" class="extiw" title="de:NDR 1 Radio MV">de</a>]</span> (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDR_1_Welle_Nord" class="mw-redirect" title="NDR 1 Welle Nord">NDR 1 Welle Nord</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDR_1_Welle_Nord" class="extiw" title="de:NDR 1 Welle Nord">de</a>]</span> (Schleswig-Holstein)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDR_1_Welle_Nord" class="mw-redirect" title="NDR 1 Welle Nord">NDR 1 Welle Nord</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDR_1_Welle_Nord" class="extiw" title="de:NDR 1 Welle Nord">de</a>]</span> (Hamburg)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDR_2" class="mw-redirect" title="NDR 2">NDR 2</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDR_2" class="extiw" title="de:NDR 2">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NDR_Blue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NDR Blue (page does not exist)">NDR Blue</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDR_Blue" class="extiw" title="de:NDR Blue">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDR_Info" class="mw-redirect" title="NDR Info">NDR Info</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDR_Info" class="extiw" title="de:NDR Info">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDR_Info_Spezial" class="mw-redirect" title="NDR Info Spezial">NDR Info Spezial</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDR_Info_Spezial" class="extiw" title="de:NDR Info Spezial">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDR_Kultur" class="mw-redirect" title="NDR Kultur">NDR Kultur</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDR_Kultur" class="extiw" title="de:NDR Kultur">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Joy" title="N-Joy">N-JOY</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NDR_Schlager&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NDR Schlager (page does not exist)">NDR Schlager</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDR_Schlager" class="extiw" title="de:NDR Schlager">de</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">RB</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_Eins" title="Bremen Eins">Bremen Eins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_Zwei" title="Bremen Zwei">Bremen Zwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_Next" title="Bremen Next">Bremen Next</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_Vier" title="Bremen Vier">Bremen Vier</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bremen_F%C3%BCnf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bremen Fünf (page does not exist)">Bremen Fünf</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen_F%C3%BCnf" class="extiw" title="de:Bremen Fünf">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COSMO_(German_radio_station)" title="COSMO (German radio station)">Cosmo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">RBB</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antenne_Brandenburg" title="Antenne Brandenburg">Antenne Brandenburg</a></li> <li>COSMO</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_(radio_station)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz (radio station) (page does not exist)">Fritz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_(H%C3%B6rfunksender)" class="extiw" title="de:Fritz (Hörfunksender)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inforadio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inforadio (page does not exist)">Inforadio</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inforadio" class="extiw" title="de:Inforadio">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio3 (page does not exist)">radio3</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_3_(rbb)" class="extiw" title="de:Radio 3 (rbb)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rbb_88.8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rbb 88.8 (page does not exist)">rbb 88.8</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/rbb_88.8" class="extiw" title="de:rbb 88.8">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Eins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Eins (page does not exist)">Radio Eins</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Eins" class="extiw" title="de:Radio Eins">de</a>]</span></li> <li>Sorbischer Rundfunk</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SR</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antenne_Saar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antenne Saar (page does not exist)">Antenne Saar</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenne_Saar" class="extiw" title="de:Antenne Saar">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SR_1_Europawelle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SR 1 Europawelle (page does not exist)">SR 1</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR_1_Europawelle" class="extiw" title="de:SR 1 Europawelle">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SR_kultur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SR kultur (page does not exist)">SR kultur</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR_kultur" class="extiw" title="de:SR kultur">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SR_3_Saarlandwelle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SR 3 Saarlandwelle (page does not exist)">SR 3 Saarlandwelle</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR_3_Saarlandwelle" class="extiw" title="de:SR 3 Saarlandwelle">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unserding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unserding (page does not exist)">Unserding</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unserding" class="extiw" title="de:Unserding">de</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SWR</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DASDING" class="mw-redirect" title="DASDING">DASDING</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SWR1" class="mw-redirect" title="SWR1">SWR1</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWR1" class="extiw" title="de:SWR1">de</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SWR1_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="mw-redirect" title="SWR1 Baden-Württemberg">SWR1 Baden-Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SWR1_Rheinland-Pfalz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SWR1 Rheinland-Pfalz (page does not exist)">SWR1 Rheinland-Pfalz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SWR_Kultur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SWR Kultur (page does not exist)">SWR Kultur</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWR_Kultur" class="extiw" title="de:SWR Kultur">de</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SWR2_Archivradio" title="SWR2 Archivradio">Archivradio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SWR3" class="mw-redirect" title="SWR3">SWR3</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWR3" class="extiw" title="de:SWR3">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SWR4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SWR4 (page does not exist)">SWR4</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWR4" class="extiw" title="de:SWR4">de</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SWR4_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SWR4 Baden-Württemberg (page does not exist)">SWR4 Baden-Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SWR4_Rheinland-Pfalz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SWR4 Rheinland-Pfalz (page does not exist)">SWR4 Rheinland-Pfalz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SWR_Aktuell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SWR Aktuell (page does not exist)">SWR Aktuell</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWR_Aktuell" class="extiw" title="de:SWR Aktuell">de</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">WDR</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1LIVE" title="1LIVE">1LIVE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1LIVE_diggi" class="mw-redirect" title="1LIVE diggi">1LIVE diggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COSMO_(German_radio_station)" title="COSMO (German radio station)">COSMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WDR_2" title="WDR 2">WDR 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WDR_3" title="WDR 3">WDR 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WDR_4" title="WDR 4">WDR 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WDR_5" title="WDR 5">WDR 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WDR_Event" title="WDR Event">WDR Event</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Discontinued95" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Discontinued</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Televisionchannels22" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television<br />channels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARD_1_Plus" title="ARD 1 Plus">ARD 1 Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ARD_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ARD 2 (page does not exist)">ARD 2</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD_2" class="extiw" title="de:ARD 2">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Fernsehfunk" title="Deutscher Fernsehfunk">Deutscher Fernsehfunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EinsPlus" title="EinsPlus">EinsPlus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RBB_Berlin" title="RBB Berlin">RBB Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RBB_Brandenburg" title="RBB Brandenburg">RBB Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZDF_2" title="ZDF 2">ZDF 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZDF_Musikkanal" title="ZDF Musikkanal">ZDF Musikkanal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZDFdokukanal" title="ZDFdokukanal">ZDFdokukanal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZDFkultur" title="ZDFkultur">ZDFkultur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZDFtheaterkanal" title="ZDFtheaterkanal">ZDFtheaterkanal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio<br />stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1LIVE_Kunst" class="mw-redirect" title="1LIVE Kunst">1LIVE Kunst</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1LIVE_Kunst" class="extiw" title="de:1LIVE Kunst">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayern_2_plus" title="Bayern 2 plus">Bayern 2 plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayern_mobil" title="Bayern mobil">Bayern mobil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berliner_Rundfunk" title="Berliner Rundfunk">Berliner Rundfunk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=D-Plus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D-Plus (page does not exist)">D-Plus</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Plus" class="extiw" title="de:D-Plus">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DT64" class="mw-redirect" title="DT64">DT64</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/DT64" class="extiw" title="de:DT64">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansawelle" title="Hansawelle">Hansawelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr_XXL" title="Hr XXL">hr XXL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr-chronos" title="Hr-chronos">hr-chronos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr-klassik" class="mw-redirect" title="Hr-klassik">Hr-klassik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hr-info_plus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hr-info plus (page does not exist)">hr-info plus</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/hr-info_plus" class="extiw" title="de:hr-info plus">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr-skyline" title="Hr-skyline">hr-skyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr1_plus" title="Hr1 plus">hr1 plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KiRaKa" title="KiRaKa">KiRaKa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDR_Life" title="MDR Life">MDR Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Modul_(German_radio_station)" title="Das Modul (German radio station)">Das Modul</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferienwelle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferienwelle (page does not exist)">Ferienwelle</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferienwelle" class="extiw" title="de:Ferienwelle">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDR_2_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="NDR 2 Plus">NDR 2 Plus</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDR_2_Plus" class="extiw" title="de:NDR 2 Plus">de</a>]</span></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/NDR_Traffic" class="mw-redirect" title="NDR Traffic">NDR Traffic</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDR_Traffic" class="extiw" title="de:NDR Traffic">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordwestradio" title="Nordwestradio">Nordwestradio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NWDR#Stations" class="mw-redirect" title="NWDR">NWDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On3-radio" title="On3-radio">on3-radio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_3_(ORB)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio 3 (ORB) (page does not exist)">Radio 3</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_3_(ORB)" class="extiw" title="de:Radio 3 (ORB)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_4U_(SRF)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio 4U (SRF) (page does not exist)">Radio 4U</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_4U" class="extiw" title="de:Radio 4U">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_DDR_1" title="Radio DDR 1">Radio DDR 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_DDR_2" title="Radio DDR 2">Radio DDR 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Kultur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Kultur (page does not exist)">Radio Kultur</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Kultur" class="extiw" title="de:Radio Kultur">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Multikulti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Multikulti (page does not exist)">Radio Multikulti</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Multikulti" class="extiw" title="de:Radio Multikulti">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_B_Zwei" title="Radio B Zwei">Radio B Zwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Bremen_2" title="Radio Bremen 2">Radio Bremen 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Bremen_Melodie" title="Radio Bremen Melodie">Radio Bremen Melodie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Brandenburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Brandenburg (page does not exist)">Radio Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Dortmund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Dortmund (page does not exist)">Radio Dortmund</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rockradio_B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rockradio B (page does not exist)">Rockradio B</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockradio_B" class="extiw" title="de:Rockradio B">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Wolga" title="Radio Wolga">Radio Wolga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SDR_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SDR 1 (page does not exist)">SDR 1</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SDR_1" class="extiw" title="de:SDR 1">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SDR_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SDR 3 (page does not exist)">SDR 3</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SDR_3" class="extiw" title="de:SDR 3">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SFB_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SFB 3 (page does not exist)">SFB 3</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFB_3" class="extiw" title="de:SFB 3">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SR_4_(radio_station)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SR 4 (radio station) (page does not exist)">SR 4</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR_4" class="extiw" title="de:SR 4">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SWF_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SWF 1 (page does not exist)">SWF 1</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWF_1" class="extiw" title="de:SWF 1">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S2_Kultur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S2 Kultur (page does not exist)">S2 Kultur</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2_Kultur" class="extiw" title="de:S2 Kultur">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SWF_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SWF 3 (page does not exist)">SWF 3</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWF_3" class="extiw" title="de:SWF 3">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S4_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S4 Baden-Württemberg (page does not exist)">S4 Baden-Württemberg</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S4_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="extiw" title="de:S4 Baden-Württemberg">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SWF4_Rheinland-Pfalz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SWF4 Rheinland-Pfalz (page does not exist)">SWF4 Rheinland-Pfalz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWF4_Rheinland-Pfalz" class="extiw" title="de:SWF4 Rheinland-Pfalz">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SWR_cont.ra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SWR cont.ra (page does not exist)">SWR cont.ra</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWR_cont.ra" class="extiw" title="de:SWR cont.ra">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SWRinfo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SWRinfo (page does not exist)">SWRinfo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWRinfo" class="extiw" title="de:SWRinfo">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WDR_1" title="WDR 1">WDR 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WDR_2_Klassik" title="WDR 2 Klassik">WDR 2 Klassik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WDR_Info&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WDR Info (page does not exist)">WDR Info</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WDR_VERA" title="WDR VERA">WDR VERA</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berliner_Welle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berliner Welle (page does not exist)">Berliner Welle</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Welle" class="extiw" title="de:Berliner Welle">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutschlandsender" title="Deutschlandsender">Deutschlandsender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Berlin_International" title="Radio Berlin International">Radio Berlin International</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stimme_der_DDR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stimme der DDR (page does not exist)">Stimme der DDR</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimme_der_DDR" class="extiw" title="de:Stimme der DDR">de</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="ARD106" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#000080; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ARD" title="Template:ARD"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ARD" title="Template talk:ARD"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ARD" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ARD"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="ARD106" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:white;">ARD</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000080; color:white;;width:1%">Current members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayerischer_Rundfunk" title="Bayerischer Rundfunk">Bayerischer Rundfunk (BR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle (DW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessischer_Rundfunk" title="Hessischer Rundfunk">Hessischer Rundfunk (HR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitteldeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk">Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk (MDR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norddeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Norddeutscher Rundfunk">Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Bremen" title="Radio Bremen">Radio Bremen (RB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rundfunk_Berlin-Brandenburg" title="Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg">Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg (RBB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarl%C3%A4ndischer_Rundfunk" title="Saarländischer Rundfunk">Saarländischer Rundfunk (SR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCdwestrundfunk" title="Südwestrundfunk">Südwestrundfunk (SWR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Westdeutscher Rundfunk">Westdeutscher Rundfunk (WDR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000080; color:white;;width:1%">Former members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sender_Freies_Berlin" title="Sender Freies Berlin">Sender Freies Berlin (SFB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostdeutscher_Rundfunk_Brandenburg" title="Ostdeutscher Rundfunk Brandenburg">Ostdeutscher Rundfunk Brandenburg (ORB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutscher_Rundfunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Süddeutscher Rundfunk">Süddeutscher Rundfunk (SDR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCdwestrundfunk" title="Südwestrundfunk">Südwestfunk (SWF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordwestdeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk">Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk (NWDR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000080; color:white;;width:1%">Programmes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Beat-Club" title="Beat-Club">Beat-Club</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Berlin,_Berlin" title="Berlin, Berlin">Berlin, Berlin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Der_Nachtkurier_meldet%E2%80%A6" title="Der Nachtkurier meldet…">Der Nachtkurier meldet…</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ein_Herz_und_eine_Seele" title="Ein Herz und eine Seele">Ein Herz und eine Seele</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Kommissarin" title="Die Kommissarin">Die Kommissarin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harald_Schmidt_(TV_series)" title="Harald Schmidt (TV series)">Harald Schmidt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lindenstra%C3%9Fe" title="Lindenstraße">Lindenstraße</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marienhof_(TV_series)" title="Marienhof (TV series)">Marienhof</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musikladen" title="Musikladen">Musikladen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polylux_(TV_program)" title="Polylux (TV program)">Polylux</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Raumpatrouille_%E2%80%93_Die_phantastischen_Abenteuer_des_Raumschiffes_Orion" title="Raumpatrouille – Die phantastischen Abenteuer des Raumschiffes Orion">Raumpatrouille</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sandm%C3%A4nnchen" title="Sandmännchen">Sandmännchen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schmidt_%26_Pocher" title="Schmidt & Pocher">Schmidt & Pocher</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sesamstra%C3%9Fe" title="Sesamstraße">Sesamstraße</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Sendung_mit_der_Maus" title="Die Sendung mit der Maus">Die Sendung mit der Maus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tagesschau_(German_TV_programme)" title="Tagesschau (German TV programme)">Tagesschau</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tagesthemen" title="Tagesthemen">Tagesthemen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tatort" title="Tatort">Tatort</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Verbotene_Liebe" title="Verbotene Liebe">Verbotene Liebe</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000080; color:white;;width:1%">Channels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main channels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Das_Erste" title="Das Erste">Das Erste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_(German_TV_channel)" title="One (German TV channel)">One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagesschau24" title="Tagesschau24">tagesschau24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARD-alpha" title="ARD-alpha">ARD-alpha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current regional channels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayerischer_Rundfunk" title="Bayerischer Rundfunk">BR Fernsehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr-fernsehen" title="Hr-fernsehen">Hr-fernsehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDR_Fernsehen" title="MDR Fernsehen">MDR Fernsehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDR_Fernsehen" title="NDR Fernsehen">NDR Fernsehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Bremen_TV" title="Radio Bremen TV">Radio Bremen TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RBB_Fernsehen" title="RBB Fernsehen">RBB Fernsehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SR_Fernsehen" title="SR Fernsehen">SR Fernsehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SWR_Fernsehen" title="SWR Fernsehen">SWR Fernsehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WDR_Fernsehen" title="WDR Fernsehen">WDR Fernsehen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International channels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DW-TV" title="DW-TV">DW-TV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Joint venture with ZDF</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3sat" title="3sat">3sat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arte" title="Arte">Arte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KiKA" class="mw-redirect" title="KiKA">KiKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(German_TV_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix (German TV station)">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funk_(service)" title="Funk (service)">Funk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARD_1_Plus" title="ARD 1 Plus">ARD 1 Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EinsPlus" title="EinsPlus">EinsPlus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_European_Broadcasting_Union111" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Broadcasting_Union_members" title="Template:European Broadcasting Union members"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Broadcasting_Union_members" title="Template talk:European Broadcasting Union members"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Broadcasting_Union_members" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Broadcasting Union members"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_European_Broadcasting_Union111" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union" title="European Broadcasting Union">European Broadcasting Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active<br />members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ARD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayerischer_Rundfunk" title="Bayerischer Rundfunk">BR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutschlandradio" title="Deutschlandradio">DLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">DW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessischer_Rundfunk" title="Hessischer Rundfunk">HR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitteldeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk">MDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norddeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Norddeutscher Rundfunk">NDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Bremen" title="Radio Bremen">RB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rundfunk_Berlin-Brandenburg" title="Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg">RBB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarl%C3%A4ndischer_Rundfunk" title="Saarländischer Rundfunk">SR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCdwestrundfunk" title="Südwestrundfunk">SWR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Westdeutscher Rundfunk">WDR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Radio_of_Armenia" title="Public Radio of Armenia">ARMR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Television_Company_of_Armenia" title="Public Television Company of Armenia">ARMTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arte" title="Arte">Arte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_and_Television_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Radio and Television of Bosnia and Herzegovina">BHRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Radio" title="Bulgarian National Radio">BNR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Television" title="Bulgarian National Television">BNT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Radio" title="Czech Radio">ČRo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Television" title="Czech Television">ČT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation">CyBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DR_(broadcaster)" title="DR (broadcaster)">DR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Algeria" title="Radio Algeria">ENRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Establishment_of_Television" title="Public Establishment of Television">EPTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eesti_Rahvusringh%C3%A4%C3%A4ling" title="Eesti Rahvusringhääling">ERR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eesti_Raadio" title="Eesti Raadio">ER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eesti_Televisioon" title="Eesti Televisioon">ETV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_100,7" title="Radio 100,7">ERSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation">ERT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Radio" title="Hellenic Radio">ERA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Public_Broadcaster" title="Georgian Public Broadcaster">GPB</a></li> <li>GRF <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France_M%C3%A9dias_Monde" title="France Médias Monde">FMM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9visions" title="France Télévisions">FTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_France" title="Radio France">RF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Radiotelevision" title="Croatian Radiotelevision">HRT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Radio" title="Croatian Radio">HR</a></li></ul></li> <li>İCTI <ul><li>İR</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0ctimai_Television" title="İctimai Television">İTV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Radio_and_Television_Corporation" title="Jordan Radio and Television Corporation">JRTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Public_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Israeli Public Broadcasting Corporation">KAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_National_Channel" title="Libya National Channel">LNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_National_Radio_and_Television" title="Lithuanian National Radio and Television">LRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_of_Latvia" title="Public Broadcasting of Latvia">LSM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvijas_Radio" title="Latvijas Radio">LR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Television" title="Latvian Television">LTV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco_Media_Diffusion" title="Monaco Media Diffusion">MMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Radio_Television" title="Macedonian Radio Television">MRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTVA_(Hungary)" class="mw-redirect" title="MTVA (Hungary)">MTVA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duna_M%C3%A9dia" title="Duna Média">Duna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Publieke_Omroep_(organisation)" title="Nederlandse Publieke Omroep (organisation)">NPO</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AVROTROS" title="AVROTROS">AVROTROS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BNNVARA" title="BNNVARA">BNNVARA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelische_Omroep" title="Evangelische Omroep">EO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistische_Omroep" title="Humanistische Omroep">HUMAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRO-NCRV" title="KRO-NCRV">KRO-NCRV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omroep_MAX" title="Omroep MAX">MAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Omroep_Stichting" title="Nederlandse Omroep Stichting">NOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omroep_NTR" title="Omroep NTR">NTR</a></li> <li>ON</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowNed" title="PowNed">PowNed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stichting_Ether_Reclame" class="mw-redirect" title="Stichting Ether Reclame">Ster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VPRO" title="VPRO">VPRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WNL_(broadcaster)" title="WNL (broadcaster)">WNL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omroep_Zwart" title="Omroep Zwart">Zwart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NRK" title="NRK">NRK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Media_Authority" title="National Media Authority">NTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORF_(broadcaster)" title="ORF (broadcaster)">ORF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Services" title="Public Broadcasting Services">PBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polskie_Radio" title="Polskie Radio">PR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAI" title="RAI">RAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Radio_Broadcasting_Company" title="Romanian Radio Broadcasting Company">ROR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTBF" title="RTBF">RTBF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_and_Television_of_Montenegro" title="Radio and Television of Montenegro">RTCG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89" title="RTÉ">RTÉ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTL_Group" title="RTL Group">RTL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_e_Televis%C3%A3o_de_Portugal" title="Rádio e Televisão de Portugal">RTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Television_of_Serbia" title="Radio Television of Serbia">RTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTSH" title="RTSH">RTSH</a></li> <li>RTT <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Tunisienne" title="Radio Tunisienne">RT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Tunisienne" title="Télévision Tunisienne">TT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_and_Television_of_Andorra" title="Radio and Television of Andorra">RTVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTVE" title="RTVE">RTVE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Radio Nacional de España">RNE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Televisión Española">TVE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelevizija_Slovenija" title="Radiotelevizija Slovenija">RTVSLO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%9AV" title="RÚV">RÚV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino_RTV" title="San Marino RTV">SMRTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNRT" title="SNRT">SNRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Swiss Broadcasting Corporation">SRG SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_Management_for_SR,_SVT,_and_UR" title="Foundation Management for SR, SVT, and UR">SRT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Radio" title="Sveriges Radio">SR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Television" title="Sveriges Television">SVT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Educational_Broadcasting_Company" title="Swedish Educational Broadcasting Company">UR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Television_and_Radio" title="Slovak Television and Radio">STVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspilne" title="Suspilne">SU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9diffusion_d%27Alg%C3%A9rie" title="Télédiffusion d'Algérie">TDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TG4" title="TG4">TG4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9_Liban" title="Télé Liban">TL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleradio-Moldova" title="Teleradio-Moldova">TRM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Radio_and_Television_Corporation" title="Turkish Radio and Television Corporation">TRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TVMonaco" title="TVMonaco">TVM</a> <i><abbr title="Monaco">(MC)</abbr></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_2_(Denmark)" class="mw-redirect" title="TV 2 (Denmark)">TV 2</a> <i><abbr title="Denmark">(DK)</abbr></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_2_Group" title="TV 2 Group">TV 2</a> <i><abbr title="Norway">(NO)</abbr></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telewizja_Polska" title="Telewizja Polska">TVP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TVR_(TV_network)" title="TVR (TV network)">TVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Independent_Broadcasting" title="United Kingdom Independent Broadcasting">UKIB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Four_Television_Corporation" title="Channel Four Television Corporation">C4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_plc" title="ITV plc">ITV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S4C_Authority" title="S4C Authority">S4C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STV_Group" title="STV Group">STV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">VR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VRT_(broadcaster)" title="VRT (broadcaster)">VRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yle" title="Yle">Yle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZDF" title="ZDF">ZDF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Suspended</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belteleradio" title="Belteleradio">BTRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_One_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel One Russia">C1R</a></li> <li>RDO <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Mayak" title="Radio Mayak">MK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Orpheus" title="Radio Orpheus">OP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Russia_State_Television_and_Radio_Broadcasting_Company" title="All-Russia State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company">VGTRK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antena_3_Radio" title="Antena 3 Radio">A3R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_(French_TV_channel)" title="Canal+ (French TV channel)">C+</a></li> <li>C1O</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadena_COPE" title="Cadena COPE">COPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiocentre" title="Radiocentre">CRCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Television#1953–1992:_Czechoslovak_Television" title="Czech Television">ČST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_1" title="Europe 1">E1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERTT" title="ERTT">ERTT</a></li> <li>GRMC <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RMC_(France)" title="RMC (France)">RMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMC_(TV_channel)" title="TMC (TV channel)">TMC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Broadcasting_Authority" title="Independent Broadcasting Authority">IBA</a> <i><abbr title="United Kingdom">(GB)</abbr></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Broadcasting_Authority" title="Israel Broadcasting Authority">IBA</a> <i><abbr title="Israel">(IL)</abbr></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Television_Authority" title="Independent Television Authority">ITA</a></li> <li>ITCA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Radio_Television" title="Yugoslav Radio Television">JRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Jamahiriya_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Libyan Jamahiriya Broadcasting Corporation">LJBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Malta" title="Television in Malta">MBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magyar_R%C3%A1di%C3%B3" title="Magyar Rádió">MR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV3" title="MTV3">MTV</a> <i><abbr title="Finland">(FI)</abbr></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magyar_Telev%C3%ADzi%C3%B3" title="Magyar Televízió">MTV</a> <i><abbr title="Hungary">(HU)</abbr></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hellenic_Radio,_Internet_and_Television" title="New Hellenic Radio, Internet and Television">NERIT</a></li> <li>OFRT</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_de_Radiodiffusion_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Office de Radiodiffusion Télévision Française">ORTF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiodiffusion-T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française">RTF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_and_Television_of_Slovakia" title="Radio and Television of Slovakia">RTVS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadena_SER" title="Cadena SER">SER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovensk%C3%BD_rozhlas" title="Slovenský rozhlas">SRo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovensk%C3%A1_telev%C3%ADzia" title="Slovenská televízia">STV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TDF_Group" title="TDF Group">TDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TF1" title="TF1">TF1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La7" title="La7">TMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV4_(Swedish_TV_channel)" title="TV4 (Swedish TV channel)">TV4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udru%C5%BEenje_javnih_radija_i_televizija" title="Udruženje javnih radija i televizija">UJRT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associate<br /> members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">ABC</a> <i><abbr title="Australia">(AU)</abbr></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a> <i><abbr title="United States">(US)</abbr></i></li> <li>ACORAB</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Public_Media" title="American Public Media">APM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal_13_(Chilean_TV_network)" title="Canal 13 (Chilean TV network)">C13</a> <i><abbr title="Chile">(CL)</abbr></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">CBC/SRC</a> <i><abbr title="Canada">(CA)</abbr></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Media_Group" title="China Media Group">CMG</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Central_Television" title="China Central Television">CCTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Global_Television_Network" title="China Global Television Network">CGTN</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Radio" title="China National Radio">CNR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Radio_International" title="China Radio International">CRI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Padre_Anchieta" title="Fundação Padre Anchieta">FPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreeTV_Australia" title="FreeTV Australia">Free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Institute_of_Radio_and_Television" title="Cuban Institute of Radio and Television">ICRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Broadcasting" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting">IRIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khabar_Agency" title="Khabar Agency">KA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Broadcasting_System" title="Korean Broadcasting System">KBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Mauritius Broadcasting Corporation">MBC</a> <i><abbr title="Mauritius">(MU)</abbr></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Television" title="Bangladesh Television">NBAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> <i><abbr title="United States">(US)</abbr></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHK" title="NHK">NHK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Organization_of_Radio_and_TV_(Syria)" title="General Organization of Radio and TV (Syria)">ORTAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Oman_Television" title="Sultanate of Oman Television">PART</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rustavi_2" title="Rustavi 2">RB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand" title="Radio New Zealand">RNZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTHK" title="RTHK">RTHK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Televisyen_Malaysia" title="Radio Televisyen Malaysia">RTM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Broadcasting_Service" title="Special Broadcasting Service">SBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Media_Group" title="Shanghai Media Group">SMG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBS_Holdings" title="TBS Holdings">TBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imedi_Media_Holding" title="Imedi Media Holding">TEME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TVNZ" title="TVNZ">TVNZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WFMT" title="WFMT">WFMT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teleamazonas" title="Teleamazonas">4TA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABERT" title="ABERT">ABERT</a></li> <li>AFMN</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Radio" title="All India Radio">AIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica_Televisi%C3%B3n" title="América Televisión">AMÉRICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_Asahi" title="TV Asahi">ANB</a></li> <li>ATEC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Television" title="Asia Television">ATV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNS-TV" title="ZNS-TV">BCB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_P%C3%BAblica" title="Televisión Pública">C7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teledoce" title="Teledoce">C12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Trece" title="El Trece">C13</a> <i><abbr title="Argentina">(AR)</abbr></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Caribbean Broadcasting Corporation">CBC</a> <i><abbr title="Barbados">(BB)</abbr></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation">CBC</a> <i><abbr title="Sri Lanka">(LK)</abbr></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azteca_Uno" title="Azteca Uno">CMRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporation_for_Public_Broadcasting" title="Corporation for Public Broadcasting">CPB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CTV_Television_Network" title="CTV Television Network">CTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Di%C3%A1rios_Associados" title="Diários Associados">DA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WNET" title="WNET">EBC</a></li> <li>EMI</li> <li>EURT</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuji_Television" title="Fuji Television">FTN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Ghana Broadcasting Corporation">GBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Communications_Network,_Guyana" title="National Communications Network, Guyana">GBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_Globo" title="TV Globo">GLOBO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambia_Radio_%26_Television_Service" title="Gambia Radio & Television Service">GRTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Broadcasting_Bureau" title="International Broadcasting Bureau">IBB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inravisi%C3%B3n" title="Inravisión">IRV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Jamaica Broadcasting Corporation">JBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeem_TV" title="Jeem TV">JCC</a></li> <li>IBTE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Television" title="Kuwait Television">KBTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaallit_Nunaata_Radioa" title="Kalaallit Nunaata Radioa">KNR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia_Broadcasting_System" title="Liberia Broadcasting System">LBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Malawi Broadcasting Corporation">MBC</a> <i><abbr title="Malawi">(MW)</abbr></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munhwa_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation">MBC</a> <i><abbr title="South Korea">(KR)</abbr></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainichi_Broadcasting_System" title="Mainichi Broadcasting System">MBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Public_Radio" title="Minnesota Public Radio">MPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Consortium" title="Japan Consortium">NACB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Educational_Broadcasters" title="National Association of Educational Broadcasters">NAEB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Radio_Corporation_of_Nigeria" title="Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria">NBC</a> <i><abbr title="Nigeria">(NG)</abbr></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Broadcasting_Corporation_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="National Broadcasting Corporation of Papua New Guinea">NBC</a> <i><abbr title="Papua New Guinea">(PNG)</abbr></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Educational_Television" title="National Educational Television">NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Nippon TV">NTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Television" title="Nepal Television">NTVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Radio" title="New York Public Radio">NYPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Radio_and_Television_of_Niger" title="Office of Radio and Television of Niger">ORTN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamericana_Televisi%C3%B3n" title="Panamericana Televisión">PANTEL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Palestinian Broadcasting Corporation">PBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Television_Corporation" title="Pakistan Television Corporation">PTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_Radio" title="Qatar Radio">QR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_Television" title="Qatar Television">QTBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Caracas_Radio" title="Radio Caracas Radio">RCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RCTV" title="RCTV">RCTV</a></li> <li>RD</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rede_de_Emissoras_Independentes" title="Rede de Emissoras Independentes">REI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_Nacional" title="Rádio Nacional">RN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiodiffusion_Nationale_Tchadienne" title="Radiodiffusion Nationale Tchadienne">RNT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Pakistan" title="Radio Pakistan">RP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Republik_Indonesia" title="Radio Republik Indonesia">RRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiodiffusion_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Congolaise" title="Radiodiffusion Télévision Congolaise">RTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Gabonaise" title="Radio Télévision Gabonaise">RTG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiodiffusion_Television_Ivoirienne" title="Radiodiffusion Television Ivoirienne">RTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Malagasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Télévision Malagasy">RTM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiodiffusion_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_S%C3%A9n%C3%A9galaise" title="Radiodiffusion Télévision Sénégalaise">RTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_du_Burkina" title="Radio Télévision du Burkina">RTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SABC" title="SABC">SABC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Broadcasting_Authority" title="Saudi Broadcasting Authority">SABTVS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation">SLBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_TV" title="Sudan TV">STS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latina_Televisi%C3%B3n" title="Latina Televisión">T2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Tanzania Broadcasting Corporation">TBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_Independiente_de_M%C3%A9xico#1968-70:_Telecadena_Mexicana" title="Televisión Independiente de México">TCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_FM" title="Tokyo FM">TFM/JOAU-FM</a></li> <li>TH</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_Independiente_de_M%C3%A9xico" title="Televisión Independiente de México">TIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_Life_Television" title="Time Life Television">TIME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telesistema_Mexicano" title="Telesistema Mexicano">TSM</a></li> <li>TSN</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Televisa" title="Televisa">TVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TVB" title="TVB">TVB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_of_Mauritania" title="Television of Mauritania">TVM</a> <i><abbr title="Mauritania">(MR)</abbr></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_Nacional_de_Chile" title="Televisión Nacional de Chile">TVN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TVRI" title="TVRI">TVRI</a></li> <li>UAERTVD</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Information_Agency" title="United States Information Agency">USIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Kenya Broadcasting Corporation">VK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezolana_de_Televisi%C3%B3n" title="Venezolana de Televisión">VV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio-T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_nationale_congolaise" title="Radio-Télévision nationale congolaise">VZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WGBH_Educational_Foundation" title="WGBH Educational Foundation">WGBH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation">ZBC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approved<br />participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalunya_R%C3%A0dio" title="Catalunya Ràdio">CAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellnex" title="Cellnex">Cellnex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronews" title="Euronews">Euronews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_de_l%27audiovisuel" title="Institut national de l'audiovisuel">INA</a></li> <li>JPMRD</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Television_of_Vojvodina" title="Radio Television of Vojvodina">RTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV5Monde" title="TV5Monde">TV5Monde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abertis" title="Abertis">Abertis</a></li> <li>AH</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Educational_Television" title="Israeli Educational Television">IETV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBC_Group" title="MBC Group">MEBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retevisi%C3%B3n" title="Retevisión">RETE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Television_and_Radio_Broadcasting_Network" title="Russian Television and Radio Broadcasting Network">RTRN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentech" title="Sentech">SNTC</a></li> <li>URTI</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_television_broadcasters_in_the_EU89" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:EU_TV" title="Template:EU TV"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:EU_TV" title="Template talk:EU TV"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:EU_TV" title="Special:EditPage/Template:EU TV"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_television_broadcasters_in_the_EU89" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">National</a> <a href="/wiki/Television_broadcaster" title="Television broadcaster">television broadcasters</a> in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ORF_(broadcaster)" title="ORF (broadcaster)">ORF</a> (Austria)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RTBF" title="RTBF">RTBF</a> and <a href="/wiki/VRT_(broadcaster)" title="VRT (broadcaster)">VRT</a> (Belgium)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Television" title="Bulgarian National Television">BNT</a> (Bulgaria)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Radiotelevision" title="Croatian Radiotelevision">HRT</a> (Croatia)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation">CyBC</a> (Cyprus)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Television" title="Czech Television">ČT</a> (Czech Republic)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/DR_(broadcaster)" title="DR (broadcaster)">DR</a> and <a href="/wiki/TV_2_(Denmark)" class="mw-redirect" title="TV 2 (Denmark)">TV2</a> (Denmark)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eesti_Rahvusringh%C3%A4%C3%A4ling" title="Eesti Rahvusringhääling">ERR</a> (Estonia)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yle" title="Yle">Yle</a> (Finland)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/France_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9visions" title="France Télévisions">FRTV</a> (France)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ARD</a> and <a href="/wiki/ZDF" title="ZDF">ZDF</a> (Germany)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation">ERT</a> (Greece)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Duna_M%C3%A9dia" title="Duna Média">Duna</a> (<a href="/wiki/MTVA_(Hungary)" class="mw-redirect" title="MTVA (Hungary)">MTVA</a>) (Hungary)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89" title="RTÉ">RTÉ</a> and <a href="/wiki/TG4" title="TG4">TG4</a> (Ireland)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RAI" title="RAI">RAI</a> (Italy)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Television" title="Latvian Television">LTV</a> (Latvia)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_National_Radio_and_Television" title="Lithuanian National Radio and Television">LRT</a> (Lithuania)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RTL_Group" title="RTL Group">RTL</a> (Luxembourg)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Services" title="Public Broadcasting Services">PBS</a> (Malta)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Publieke_Omroep_(organisation)" title="Nederlandse Publieke Omroep (organisation)">NPO</a> (Netherlands)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Telewizja_Polska" title="Telewizja Polska">TVP</a> (Poland)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_e_Televis%C3%A3o_de_Portugal" title="Rádio e Televisão de Portugal">RTP</a> (Portugal)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/TVR_(TV_network)" title="TVR (TV network)">TVR</a> (Romania)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Television_and_Radio" title="Slovak Television and Radio">STVR</a> (Slovakia)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Radiotelevizija_Slovenija" title="Radiotelevizija Slovenija">RTVSLO</a> (Slovenia)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Televisión Española">TVE</a> (Spain)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Television" title="Sveriges Television">SVT</a> (Sweden)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_radio_broadcasters_in_the_EU103" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th 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title="European Union">EU</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ORF_(broadcaster)" title="ORF (broadcaster)">ORF</a> (Austria)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RTBF" title="RTBF">RTBF</a> and <a href="/wiki/VRT_(broadcaster)" title="VRT (broadcaster)">VRT</a> (Belgium)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Radio" title="Bulgarian National Radio">BNR</a> (Bulgaria)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Radio" title="Croatian Radio">HR</a> (Croatia)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation">CyBC</a> (Cyprus)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Radio" title="Czech Radio">ČRo</a> (Czech Republic)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/DR_Radio" title="DR Radio">DR Radio</a> (Denmark)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eesti_Rahvusringh%C3%A4%C3%A4ling" title="Eesti Rahvusringhääling">ERR</a> (Estonia)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yle" title="Yle">Yle</a> (Finland)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Radio_France" title="Radio France">RF</a> (France)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ARD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deutschlandradio" title="Deutschlandradio">DLR</a> (Germany)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Radio" title="Hellenic Radio">ERA</a> (Greece)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Magyar_R%C3%A1di%C3%B3" title="Magyar Rádió">MR</a> (Hungary)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89_Radio" title="RTÉ Radio">RTÉ Radio</a> (Ireland)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RAI" title="RAI">RAI</a> (Italy)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvijas_Radio" title="Latvijas Radio">LR</a> (Latvia)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_National_Radio_and_Television" title="Lithuanian National Radio and Television">LRT</a> (Lithuania)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RTL_Group" title="RTL Group">RTL</a> (Luxembourg)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Services" title="Public Broadcasting Services">PBS</a> (Malta)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Publieke_Omroep_(organisation)" title="Nederlandse Publieke Omroep (organisation)">NPO</a> (Netherlands)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polskie_Radio" title="Polskie Radio">PR</a> (Poland)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_e_Televis%C3%A3o_de_Portugal" title="Rádio e Televisão de Portugal">RTP</a> (Portugal)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Radio_Broadcasting_Company" title="Romanian Radio Broadcasting Company">ROR</a> (Romania)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Television_and_Radio" title="Slovak Television and Radio">STVR</a> (Slovakia)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Radiotelevizija_Slovenija" title="Radiotelevizija Slovenija">RTVSLO</a> (Slovenia)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Radio_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Radio Nacional de España">RNE</a> (Spain)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Radio" title="Sveriges Radio">SR</a> (Sweden)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49653#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2036" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49653#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2036" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49653#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/159257629">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/2004143-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80132267">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123049770">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123049770">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35007673">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Öffentlich-Rechtlichen Rundfunkanstalten der Bundesrepublik Deutschland"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2009478734&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4995506">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/4053851">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000133690&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810658984905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007461971305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02982823?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/031924506">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/institutions/37581">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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