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id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Northern Ireland</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"><a class="minerva__tab-text" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a></li> <li class="minerva__tab "><a class="minerva__tab-text" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Talk:Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a></li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style> Northern Ireland (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: Tuaisceart Éireann <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ˈt̪ˠuəʃcəɾˠt̪ˠ ˈeːɾʲən̪ˠ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c6\/Tuaisceart_Eireann.ogg\/Tuaisceart_Eireann.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Tuaisceart Eireann.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c6/Tuaisceart_Eireann.ogg/Tuaisceart_Eireann.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Tuaisceart_Eireann.ogg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="File:Tuaisceart Eireann.ogg">ⓘ</a>;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15">[12]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster Scots</a>: Norlin Airlann) is a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">part</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> in the north-east of the island of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> that is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Descriptions">variously described</a> as a country, province or region.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ONS_Geography_Guide-16">[13]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ISO-17">[14]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-alphabeticalNI-18">[15]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-interpretingNI-19">[16]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-placeApart-20">[17]</a> Northern Ireland shares <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_border?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border">an open border</a> to the south and west with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>. At the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021 census</a>, its population was 1,903,175,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NISRA_2021_census-9">[7]</a> making up around 3% of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Population" title="Demographics of the United Kingdom">UK's population</a> and 27% of the population on the island of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Demographics" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Northern Ireland Assembly</a>, established by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Act_1998?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Ireland Act 1998">Northern Ireland Act 1998</a>, holds responsibility for a range of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Devolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Devolution">devolved</a> policy matters, while other areas are reserved for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Government of the United Kingdom">UK Government</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Government_of_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Government of Northern Ireland">government of Northern Ireland</a> cooperates with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Government_of_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Government of Ireland">government of Ireland</a> in several areas under the terms of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belfast_Agreement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Belfast Agreement">Belfast Agreement</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-gfa-21">[18]</a> The Republic of Ireland also has a consultative role on non-devolved governmental matters through the British–Irish Governmental Conference (BIIG).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22">[19]</a> <table class="infobox ib-country vcard"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"> <div class="fn org country-name"> Northern Ireland </div> <div class="ib-country-names"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li>Tuaisceart Éireann (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irish language">Irish</a>)</li> <li>Norlin Airlann (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulster_Scots_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Scots language">Ulster Scots</a>)</li> </ul> </div> </div></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_anthem_of_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National anthem of Northern Ireland">Various</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Northern_Ireland_in_the_UK_and_Europe.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Northern Ireland (dark green) – in Europe (green & dark grey) – in the United Kingdom (green)"><img alt="Location of Northern Ireland (dark green) – in Europe (green & dark grey) – in the United Kingdom (green)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Northern_Ireland_in_the_UK_and_Europe.svg/250px-Northern_Ireland_in_the_UK_and_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Northern_Ireland_in_the_UK_and_Europe.svg/375px-Northern_Ireland_in_the_UK_and_Europe.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Northern_Ireland_in_the_UK_and_Europe.svg/500px-Northern_Ireland_in_the_UK_and_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720"></a> <div class="ib-country-map-caption"> <div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;"> Location of Northern Ireland (dark green) – in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europe">Europe</a> (green & dark grey) – in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (green) </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Country</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital <div class="ib-country-largest"> and largest city </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belfast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename%3DNorthern_Ireland%26params%3D54.596_N_5.93_W_type:city">54°35′46″N 5°55′48″W / 54.596°N 5.93°W / 54.596; -5.93</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Languages_of_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Languages of Northern Ireland">Official languages</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulster_English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulster English">English</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irish language">Irish</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regional and minority languages</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster Scots</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethnic_group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021</a>)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2021_census_ethnicity-3">[3]</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"> <div> List </div> </div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">96.8% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="White people in the United Kingdom">White</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">1.6% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asian_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Asian people">Asian</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.8% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.6% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Black people">Black</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.3% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">other</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2021)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2021_census_religion-4">[4]</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"> <div> List </div> </div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">79.7% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Christianity" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Christianity</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">17.4% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irreligion in the United Kingdom">no religion</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.6% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islam_in_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islam in Northern Ireland">Islam</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.2% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hinduism_in_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hinduism in Northern Ireland">Hinduism</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.1% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">Buddhism</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.0% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Northern Ireland">Judaism</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.0% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sikhism in the United Kingdom">Sikhism</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.4% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">other</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">1.6% not stated</li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="plainlist" style="line-height:normal;white-space:nowrap;"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sovereign_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a></li> <li style="margin-top:3px;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Law_of_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Three_legal_systems" title="Law of the United Kingdom">Legal jurisdiction</a></li> </ul> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="plainlist" style="line-height:normal;"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li style="margin-top:3px;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Law_of_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Law of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Government</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Consociationalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Consociationalism">Consociational</a> devolved legislature within a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#England,_Scotland_and_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitutional monarchy">parliamentary constitutional monarchy</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Monarch</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_III?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Minister_of_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="First Minister of Northern Ireland">First Minister</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michelle_O%27Neill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michelle O'Neill">Michelle O'Neill</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deputy_First_Minister_of_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland">Deputy First Minister</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emma_Little-Pengelly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emma Little-Pengelly">Emma Little-Pengelly</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a></th> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-left:10px;">• <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Secretary of State for Northern Ireland">Secretary of State</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hilary_Benn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hilary Benn">Hilary Benn</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-left:10px;">• <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_in_the_2019_United_Kingdom_general_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of MPs elected in the 2019 United Kingdom general election">House of Commons</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_MPs_for_constituencies_in_Northern_Ireland_(2024%E2%80%93present)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of MPs for constituencies in Northern Ireland (2024–present)">18 MPs</a> (of 650)</td> </tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Northern Ireland Assembly</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of Northern Ireland">Devolution</a></th> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1920?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Government of Ireland Act 1920">Government of Ireland Act 1920</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">3 May 1921</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Constitution_Act_1973?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973">Constitution Act 1973</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">18 July 1973</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Act_1974?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Ireland Act 1974">Northern Ireland Act 1974</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">17 July 1974</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Act_1998?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Ireland Act 1998">Northern Ireland Act 1998</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">19 November 1998</td> </tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geography_of_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Northern Ireland">Area </a></th> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div class="ib-country-fake-li"> • Total<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6">[b]</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">14,330 km2 (5,530 sq mi)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ONS_Standard_Area_Measurement-7">[5]</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div class="ib-country-fake-li"> • Land<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5">[a]</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">13,547 km2 (5,231 sq mi)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ONS_mid-year_pop_est-8">[6]</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Demographics_of_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Demographics of Northern Ireland">Population</a></th> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div class="ib-country-fake-li"> • 2022 estimate </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">1,910,543<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ONS_mid-year_pop_est-8">[6]</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div class="ib-country-fake-li"> • 2021 census </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">1,903,175<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NISRA_2021_census-9">[7]</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div class="ib-country-fake-li"> • Density </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">141/km2 (365.2/sq mi)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ONS_mid-year_pop_est-8">[6]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gross_value_added?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gross value added">GVA</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">2022 estimate</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style> • Total</th> <td class="infobox-data">£49.9 billion</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"> • Per capita</th> <td class="infobox-data">£26,119<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ONS_GVA-10">[8]</a></td> </tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gross_domestic_product?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a>  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th> <td class="infobox-data">2022 estimate</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div class="ib-country-fake-li"> • Total </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">£56.7 billion</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div class="ib-country-fake-li"> • Per capita </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">£29,674<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ONS_GDP-11">[9]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human_Development_Index?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a>  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th> <td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> 0.907<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-HDI-12">[10]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>very high</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pound_sterling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_4217?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISO 4217">GBP</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pound_sign?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pound sign">£</a>)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+0 (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a>)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div class="ib-country-fake-li"> • Summer (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daylight_saving_time?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>) </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+1 (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Summer_Time?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Summer Time">BST</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th> <td class="infobox-data">dd/mm/yyyy (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anno_Domini?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anno Domini">AD</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">left</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone numbers in Northern Ireland">Calling code</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom">+44</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13">[c]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_3166?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_3166-2:GB-NIR?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 3166-2:GB-NIR">GB-NIR</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <div class="ib-country-fn"> <ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> <li value="1">The official and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/De_jure?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="De jure">de jure</a> flag of Northern Ireland is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_Jack?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union Jack">Union Jack</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14">[11]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulster_Banner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulster Banner">Ulster Banner</a> was used by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parliament_of_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parliament of Northern Ireland">Parliament of Northern Ireland</a> from 1953 until the latter was abolished in 1973. The Ulster Banner is still used by some organisations and entities and is used to represent Northern Ireland when it plays as a national sports team. See <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland_flags_issue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Ireland flags issue">Northern Ireland flags issue</a> for more.</li> </ol> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Northern Ireland was created in 1921, when <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Partition of Ireland">Ireland was partitioned</a> by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1920?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Government of Ireland Act 1920">Government of Ireland Act 1920</a>, creating a devolved government for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Counties_of_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Counties of Northern Ireland">six northeastern counties</a>. As was intended by unionists and their supporters in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Westminster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Westminster">Westminster</a>, Northern Ireland had a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unionism in Ireland">unionist</a> majority, who wanted to remain in the United Kingdom;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-McKittrick-McVea_p5-23">[20]</a> they were generally the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulster_Protestants?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulster Protestants">Protestant</a> descendants of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plantation of Ulster">colonists from Britain</a>. Meanwhile, the majority in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southern_Ireland_(1921%E2%80%931922)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southern Ireland (1921–1922)">Southern Ireland</a> (which became the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_Free_State?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> in 1922), and a significant minority in Northern Ireland, were <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_nationalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalists</a> (generally <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_Catholics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irish Catholics">Catholics</a>) who wanted a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Ireland">united independent Ireland</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24">[21]</a> Today, the former generally see themselves as British and the latter generally see themselves as Irish, while a Northern Irish or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulster">Ulster</a> identity is claimed by a significant minority from all backgrounds.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25">[22]</a> The creation of Northern Ireland was accompanied by violence both in defence of and against partition. During <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Troubles_(1920%E2%80%931922)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The Troubles (1920–1922)">the conflict of 1920–22</a>, the capital <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belfast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> saw major <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Communal_violence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Communal violence">communal violence</a>, mainly between Protestant unionist and Catholic nationalist civilians.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch201911,_100%E2%80%93101-26">[23]</a> More than 500 were killed<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch201999-27">[24]</a> and more than 10,000 became refugees, mostly Catholics.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch2019171%E2%80%93176-28">[25]</a> For the next fifty years, Northern Ireland had an unbroken series of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Government_of_Northern_Ireland_(1921%E2%80%931972)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Government of Northern Ireland (1921–1972)">Unionist Party governments</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29">[26]</a> There was informal mutual <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Segregation_in_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Segregation in Northern Ireland">segregation</a> by both communities,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30">[27]</a> and the Unionist governments were accused of discrimination against the Irish nationalist and Catholic minority.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31">[28]</a> In the late 1960s, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Civil_Rights_Association?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association">campaign to end discrimination</a> against Catholics and nationalists was opposed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulster_loyalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulster loyalism">loyalists</a>, who saw it as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_republicanism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irish republicanism">republican</a> front.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32">[29]</a> This unrest sparked <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Troubles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Troubles">the Troubles</a>, a thirty-year conflict involving republican and loyalist paramilitaries and state forces, which claimed over 3,500 lives and injured 50,000 others.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33">[30]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-auto2-34">[31]</a> The 1998 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a> was a major step in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Ireland peace process">peace process</a>, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Decommissioning_in_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Decommissioning in Northern Ireland">paramilitary disarmament</a> and security normalisation, although <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sectarianism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sectarianism">sectarianism</a> and segregation remain major social problems, and sporadic violence has continued.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35">[32]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">economy of Northern Ireland</a> was the most industrialised in Ireland at the time of partition, but soon began to decline, exacerbated by the political and social turmoil of the Troubles.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36">[33]</a> Its economy has grown significantly since the late 1990s. Unemployment in Northern Ireland peaked at 17.2% in 1986, but dropped back down to below 10% in the 2010s,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37">[34]</a> similar to the rate of the rest of the UK.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38">[35]</a> Cultural links between Northern Ireland, the rest of Ireland, and the rest of the UK are complex, with Northern Ireland sharing both the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Culture of Ireland">culture of Ireland</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Culture of the United Kingdom">culture of the United Kingdom</a>. In many sports, there is an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/All-Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="All-Ireland">All-Ireland</a> governing body or team for the whole island; the most notable exception is association football. Northern Ireland <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland_at_the_Commonwealth_Games?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Ireland at the Commonwealth Games">competes separately</a> at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commonwealth_Games?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a>, and people from Northern Ireland may compete for either <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Britain_at_the_Olympics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Britain at the Olympics">Great Britain</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ireland_at_the_Olympics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ireland at the Olympics">Ireland</a> at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Olympic_Games?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Home_Rule_Crisis">1.1 Home Rule Crisis</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Partition_of_Ireland">1.2 Partition of Ireland</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#1925%E2%80%931965">1.3 1925–1965</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#The_Troubles">1.4 The Troubles</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Peace_process">1.5 Peace process</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Executive_crisis_2022%E2%80%932024">1.6 Executive crisis 2022–2024</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Politics">2 Politics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Background">2.1 Background</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Governance">2.2 Governance</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Descriptions">2.3 Descriptions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Alternative_names">2.4 Alternative names</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Unionist">2.4.1 Unionist</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Nationalist">2.4.2 Nationalist</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Other">2.4.3 Other</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Geography_and_climate">3 Geography and climate</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Climate">3.1 Climate</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Flora_and_fauna">3.2 Flora and fauna</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Demographics">4 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Counties">4.1 Counties</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cities_and_major_towns">4.2 Cities and major towns</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Population">4.3 Population</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Identity_and_citizenship">4.4 Identity and citizenship</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Religion">4.5 Religion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Languages">4.6 Languages</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#English">4.6.1 English</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Irish">4.6.2 Irish</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ulster_Scots">4.6.3 Ulster Scots</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sign_languages">4.6.4 Sign languages</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Education">4.7 Education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Health_care">4.8 Health care</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Economy">5 Economy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Infrastructure_and_transportation">5.1 Infrastructure and transportation</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Culture">6 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Symbols">6.1 Symbols</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Media_and_communications">6.2 Media and communications</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sports">6.3 Sports</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">7 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes">8 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">9 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sources">9.1 Sources</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Further_reading">10 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">11 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="History">History</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of Northern Ireland">History of Northern Ireland</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of Ireland">History of Ireland</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History" title="Ulster">Ulster § History</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Northern_Ireland_-_Counties.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="Northern Ireland – Counties" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Northern_Ireland_-_Counties.png/220px-Northern_Ireland_-_Counties.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1677" data-file-height="1426"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 187px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Northern_Ireland_-_Counties.png/220px-Northern_Ireland_-_Counties.png" data-alt="Northern Ireland – Counties" data-width="220" data-height="187" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Northern_Ireland_-_Counties.png/330px-Northern_Ireland_-_Counties.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Northern_Ireland_-_Counties.png/440px-Northern_Ireland_-_Counties.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The traditional counties of Northern Ireland </figcaption> </figure> The region that is now Northern Ireland was long inhabited by native <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> who were Irish-speaking and predominantly Catholic.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39">[36]</a> It was made up of several Gaelic kingdoms and territories and was part of the province of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>. In 1169, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland">Ireland was invaded by a coalition</a> of forces under the command of the English crown that quickly overran and occupied most of the island, beginning 800 years of foreign central authority. Attempts at resistance were swiftly crushed everywhere outside of Ulster. Unlike in the rest of the country, where Gaelic authority continued only in scattered, remote pockets, the major kingdoms of Ulster would mostly remain intact with English authority in the province contained to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earldom_of_Ulster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Earldom of Ulster">areas on the eastern coast</a> closest to Great Britain. English power gradually eroded in the face of stubborn Irish resistance in the centuries that followed; eventually being reduced to only the city of Dublin and its suburbs. When <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_VIII?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> launched the 16th century <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor re-conquest of Ireland</a>, Ulster once again resisted most effectively. In the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Nine Years' War</a> (1593–1603), an alliance of Gaelic chieftains led by the two most powerful Ulster lords, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hugh_Roe_O%27Donnell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hugh Roe O'Donnell">Hugh Roe O'Donnell</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hugh_O%27Neill,_Earl_of_Tyrone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone">Hugh O'Neill</a>, fought against the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dublin_Castle_administration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dublin Castle administration">English government in Ireland</a>. The Ulster-dominated alliance represented the first Irish united front; prior resistance had always been geographically localized. Despite being able to cement an alliance with Spain and major victories early on, defeat was virtually inevitable following England's victory at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siege_of_Kinsale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siege of Kinsale">siege of Kinsale</a>. In 1607, the rebellion's leaders <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flight of the Earls">fled to mainland Europe</a> alongside much of Ulster's Gaelic nobility. Their lands were confiscated by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Crown?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> and colonized with English-speaking Protestant <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Settler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Settler">settlers</a> from Britain, in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a>. This led to the founding of many of Ulster's towns and created a lasting <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulster_Protestants?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulster Protestants">Ulster Protestant</a> community with ties to Britain. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">Irish Rebellion of 1641</a> began in Ulster. The rebels wanted an end to anti-Catholic discrimination, greater Irish self-governance, and to roll back the Plantation. It developed into an ethnic conflict between Irish Catholics and British Protestant settlers and became part of the wider <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a> (1639–53), which ended with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">English Parliamentarian conquest</a>. Further Protestant victories in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite-Jacobite War</a> (1688–91) solidified <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Church_of_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Church of Ireland">Anglican Protestant</a> rule in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a>. The Williamite victories of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siege_of_Derry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siege of Derry">siege of Derry</a> (1689) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boyne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of the Boyne">Battle of the Boyne</a> (1690) are still celebrated by some Protestants in Northern Ireland.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40">[37]</a> Many more Scots Protestants migrated to Ulster during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seven_ill_years?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seven ill years">Scottish famine of the 1690s</a>. Following the Williamite victory, and contrary to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Treaty_of_Limerick?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Treaty of Limerick">Treaty of Limerick</a> (1691), a series of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Penal_laws_(Ireland)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Penal laws (Ireland)">Penal Laws</a> were passed by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protestant Ascendancy">Anglican Protestant ruling class</a> in Ireland. The intention was to disadvantage Catholics and, to a lesser extent, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Presbyterianism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterians</a>. Some 250,000 Ulster Presbyterians emigrated to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_America?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British America">British North American</a> colonies between 1717 and 1775.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41">[38]</a> It is estimated that there are more than 27 million <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Americans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scotch-Irish Americans">Scotch-Irish Americans</a> now living in the United States,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42">[39]</a> along with many <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Canadians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scotch-Irish Canadians">Scotch-Irish Canadians</a> in Canada. In the context of institutional discrimination, the 18th century saw secret, militant societies develop in Ulster and act on sectarian tensions in violent attacks. This escalated at the end of the century, especially during the County <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armagh_disturbances?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armagh disturbances">Armagh disturbances</a>, where the Protestant <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peep_o%27_Day_Boys?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peep o' Day Boys">Peep o' Day Boys</a> fought the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Defenders_(Ireland)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Defenders (Ireland)">Catholic Defenders</a>. This led to the founding of the Protestant <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orange_Order?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a> was led by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Society_of_United_Irishmen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Society of United Irishmen">United Irishmen</a>; a cross-community <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_republicanism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republican</a> group founded by Belfast Presbyterians, which sought Irish independence. Following this, the government of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a> pushed for the two kingdoms to be merged, in an attempt to quell violent sectarianism, remove discriminatory laws, and prevent the spread of French-style republicanism. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> was formed in 1801 and governed from London. During the 19th century, legal reforms known as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catholic_emancipation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catholic emancipation">Catholic emancipation</a> continued to remove discrimination against Catholics, and progressive programs enabled tenant farmers to buy land from landlords. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Home_Rule_Crisis">Home Rule Crisis</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Home_Rule_Crisis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Home Rule Crisis">Home Rule Crisis</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:RMS_Olympic%27s_propellers.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/RMS_Olympic%27s_propellers.jpg/220px-RMS_Olympic%27s_propellers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2731"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 172px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/RMS_Olympic%27s_propellers.jpg/220px-RMS_Olympic%27s_propellers.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="172" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/RMS_Olympic%27s_propellers.jpg/330px-RMS_Olympic%27s_propellers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/RMS_Olympic%27s_propellers.jpg/440px-RMS_Olympic%27s_propellers.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RMS_Olympic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="RMS Olympic">RMS Olympic</a>, sister ship of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Titanic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Titanic">Titanic</a>, photographed in dry dock, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belfast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Carson_signing_Solemn_League_and_Covenant.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/de/Carson_signing_Solemn_League_and_Covenant.jpg/220px-Carson_signing_Solemn_League_and_Covenant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="312"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/de/Carson_signing_Solemn_League_and_Covenant.jpg/220px-Carson_signing_Solemn_League_and_Covenant.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/de/Carson_signing_Solemn_League_and_Covenant.jpg/330px-Carson_signing_Solemn_League_and_Covenant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/de/Carson_signing_Solemn_League_and_Covenant.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Signing of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulster_Covenant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulster Covenant">Ulster Covenant</a> in 1912 in opposition to Home Rule </figcaption> </figure> By the late 19th century, a large and disciplined cohort of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irish Parliamentary Party">Irish Nationalist</a> MPs at Westminster committed the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a> to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irish Home Rule movement">"Irish Home Rule"</a>—self-government for Ireland, within the United Kingdom. This was bitterly opposed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unionism in Ireland">Irish Unionists</a>, most of whom were Protestants, who feared an Irish devolved government dominated by Irish nationalists and Catholics. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Bill_1886?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Government of Ireland Bill 1886">Government of Ireland Bill 1886</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Bill_1893?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Government of Ireland Bill 1893">Government of Ireland Bill 1893</a> were defeated. However, Home Rule became a near-certainty in 1912 after the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1914?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Government of Ireland Act 1914">Government of Ireland Act 1914</a> was first introduced. The Liberal government was dependent on Nationalist support, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parliament_Act_1911?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parliament Act 1911">Parliament Act 1911</a> prevented the House of Lords from blocking the bill indefinitely.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Lydon326-43">[40]</a> In response, unionists vowed to prevent Irish Home Rule, from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative and Unionist Party</a> leaders such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bonar_Law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bonar Law">Bonar Law</a> and Dublin-based barrister <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edward_Carson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edward Carson">Edward Carson</a> to militant working class unionists in Ireland. This sparked the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Home_Rule_Crisis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Home Rule Crisis">Home Rule Crisis</a>. In September 1912, more than 500,000 unionists signed the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulster_Covenant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulster Covenant">Ulster Covenant</a>, pledging to oppose Home Rule by any means and to defy any Irish government.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44">[41]</a> In 1914, unionists <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Larne_gun-running?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Larne gun-running">smuggled thousands of rifles and rounds of ammunition</a> from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/German_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="German Empire">Imperial Germany</a> for use by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulster_Volunteers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulster Volunteers">Ulster Volunteers</a> (UVF), a paramilitary organisation formed to oppose Home Rule. Irish nationalists had also formed a paramilitary organisation, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_Volunteers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irish Volunteers">Irish Volunteers</a>. It sought to ensure Home Rule was implemented, and it <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Howth_gun-running?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Howth gun-running">smuggled its own weapons into Ireland</a> a few months after the Ulster Volunteers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45">[42]</a> Ireland seemed to be on the brink of civil war.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46">[43]</a> Unionists were in a minority in Ireland as a whole, but a majority in the province of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>, especially the counties <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/County_Antrim?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="County Antrim">Antrim</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/County_Down?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="County Down">Down</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/County_Armagh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="County Armagh">Armagh</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/County_Londonderry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="County Londonderry">Londonderry</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-StephenGwynn-47">[44]</a> Unionists argued that if Home Rule could not be stopped then all or part of Ulster should be excluded from it.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-48">[45]</a> In May 1914, the UK Government introduced an Amending Bill to allow for 'Ulster' to be excluded from Home Rule. There was then debate over how much of Ulster should be excluded and for how long. Some Ulster unionists were willing to tolerate the 'loss' of some mainly-Catholic areas of the province.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-49">[46]</a> The crisis was interrupted by the outbreak of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World War I">First World War</a> in August 1914, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ireland_and_World_War_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ireland and World War I">Ireland's involvement in it</a>. The UK government abandoned the Amending Bill, and instead rushed through a new bill, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suspensory_Act_1914?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suspensory Act 1914">Suspensory Act 1914</a>, suspending Home Rule for the duration of the war,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-50">[47]</a> with the exclusion of Ulster still to be decided.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-51">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Partition_of_Ireland">Partition of Ireland</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Partition of Ireland">Partition of Ireland</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:1918_United_Kingdom_general_election_(Ireland)_map_-_winning_party_vote_share_by_constituency.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election_%28Ireland%29_map_-_winning_party_vote_share_by_constituency.svg/220px-1918_United_Kingdom_general_election_%28Ireland%29_map_-_winning_party_vote_share_by_constituency.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="802" data-file-height="625"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 171px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election_%28Ireland%29_map_-_winning_party_vote_share_by_constituency.svg/220px-1918_United_Kingdom_general_election_%28Ireland%29_map_-_winning_party_vote_share_by_constituency.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="171" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election_%28Ireland%29_map_-_winning_party_vote_share_by_constituency.svg/330px-1918_United_Kingdom_general_election_%28Ireland%29_map_-_winning_party_vote_share_by_constituency.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election_%28Ireland%29_map_-_winning_party_vote_share_by_constituency.svg/440px-1918_United_Kingdom_general_election_%28Ireland%29_map_-_winning_party_vote_share_by_constituency.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Result of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1918_Irish_general_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1918 Irish general election">1918 general election in Ireland</a> </figcaption> </figure> By the end of the war (during which the 1916 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Easter_Rising?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> had taken place), most Irish nationalists now wanted full independence rather than home rule. In September 1919, British Prime Minister <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Lloyd_George?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> tasked a committee with planning another home rule bill. Headed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unionism in Ireland">English unionist</a> politician <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Walter_Long,_1st_Viscount_Long?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Walter Long, 1st Viscount Long">Walter Long</a>, it was known as the 'Long Committee'. It decided that two devolved governments should be established—one for the nine counties of Ulster and one for the rest of Ireland—together with a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Council_of_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Council of Ireland">Council of Ireland</a> for the "encouragement of Irish unity".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-52">[49]</a> Most Ulster unionists wanted the territory of the Ulster government to be reduced to six counties so that it would have a larger Protestant unionist majority, which they believed would guarantee its longevity. The six counties of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/County_Antrim?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="County Antrim">Antrim</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/County_Down?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="County Down">Down</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/County_Armagh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="County Armagh">Armagh</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/County_Londonderry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="County Londonderry">Londonderry</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/County_Tyrone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="County Tyrone">Tyrone</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/County_Fermanagh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="County Fermanagh">Fermanagh</a> comprised the maximum area unionists believed they could dominate.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-53">[50]</a> The area that was to become Northern Ireland included counties Fermanagh and Tyrone, even though they had nationalist majorities in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1918_Irish_general_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1918 Irish general election">1918 Irish general election</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-54">[51]</a> Events overtook the government. In the 1918 Irish general election, the pro-independence <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a> party won the overwhelming majority of Irish seats. Sinn Féin's elected members boycotted the British parliament and founded a separate Irish parliament (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_D%C3%A1il?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First Dáil">Dáil Éireann</a>), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_Declaration_of_Independence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irish Declaration of Independence">declaring an independent Irish Republic</a> covering the whole island. Many <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_republicans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish republicans">Irish republicans</a> blamed the British establishment for the sectarian divisions in Ireland, and believed that Ulster unionism would fade once British rule was ended.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch201951%E2%80%9352-55">[52]</a> The British authorities outlawed the Dáil in September 1919,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-56">[53]</a> and a guerrilla conflict developed as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1919%E2%80%931922)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irish Republican Army (1919–1922)">Irish Republican Army</a> (IRA) began attacking British forces. This became known as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-57">[54]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Ulster_Welcomes_Her_King_%26_Queen_(10990906846).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Ulster_Welcomes_Her_King_%26_Queen_%2810990906846%29.jpg/220px-Ulster_Welcomes_Her_King_%26_Queen_%2810990906846%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1814"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Ulster_Welcomes_Her_King_%26_Queen_%2810990906846%29.jpg/220px-Ulster_Welcomes_Her_King_%26_Queen_%2810990906846%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Ulster_Welcomes_Her_King_%26_Queen_%2810990906846%29.jpg/330px-Ulster_Welcomes_Her_King_%26_Queen_%2810990906846%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Ulster_Welcomes_Her_King_%26_Queen_%2810990906846%29.jpg/440px-Ulster_Welcomes_Her_King_%26_Queen_%2810990906846%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Crowds in Belfast for the state opening of the Northern Ireland Parliament on 22 June 1921 </figcaption> </figure> Meanwhile, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1920?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Government of Ireland Act 1920">Government of Ireland Act 1920</a> passed through the British parliament in 1920. It would divide Ireland into two self-governing UK territories: the six northeastern counties (Northern Ireland) being ruled from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belfast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>, and the other twenty-six counties (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southern_Ireland_(1921%E2%80%931922)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southern Ireland (1921–1922)">Southern Ireland</a>) being ruled from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dublin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>. Both would have a shared <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lord Lieutenant of Ireland">Lord Lieutenant of Ireland</a>, who would appoint both governments and a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Council_of_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Council of Ireland">Council of Ireland</a>, which the UK government intended to evolve into an all-Ireland parliament.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-58">[55]</a> The Act received <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_assent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> that December, becoming the Government of Ireland Act 1920. It came into force on 3 May 1921,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-O'Day_299-59">[56]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-60">[57]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Partition of Ireland">partitioning Ireland</a> and creating Northern Ireland. the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1921_Irish_elections?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1921 Irish elections">1921 Irish elections</a> were held on 24 May, in which unionists won most seats in the Northern Ireland parliament. It first met on 7 June and formed its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Craigavon_ministry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Craigavon ministry">first devolved government</a>, headed by Ulster Unionist Party leader <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/James_Craig,_1st_Viscount_Craigavon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="James Craig, 1st Viscount Craigavon">James Craig</a>. Irish nationalist members refused to attend. King George V addressed the ceremonial opening of the Northern parliament on 22 June.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-O'Day_299-59">[56]</a> During 1920–22, in what became Northern Ireland, partition was accompanied by violence "in defence or opposition to the new settlement"<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch201911,_100%E2%80%93101-26">[23]</a> during <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Troubles_(1920%E2%80%931922)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The Troubles (1920–1922)">The Troubles (1920–1922)</a>. The IRA carried out attacks on British forces in the north-east but was less active than in the rest of Ireland. Protestant loyalists attacked Catholics in reprisal for IRA actions. In the summer of 1920, sectarian violence erupted in Belfast and Derry, and there were mass burnings of Catholic property in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lisburn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lisburn">Lisburn</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Banbridge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Banbridge">Banbridge</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch201990%E2%80%9392-61">[58]</a> Conflict continued intermittently for two years, mostly in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belfast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>, which saw "savage and unprecedented" <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Communal_violence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Communal violence">communal violence</a> between Protestants and Catholics, including rioting, gun battles, and bombings. Homes, businesses, and churches were attacked and people were expelled from workplaces and mixed neighbourhoods.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch201911,_100%E2%80%93101-26">[23]</a> More than 500 were killed<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch201999-27">[24]</a> and more than 10,000 became refugees, most of them Catholics.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch201971%E2%80%9376-62">[59]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Army">British Army</a> was deployed and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulster_Special_Constabulary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulster Special Constabulary">Ulster Special Constabulary</a> (USC) was formed to help the regular police. The USC was almost wholly Protestant. Members of the USC and regular police were involved in reprisal attacks on Catholic civilians.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-63">[60]</a> A truce between British forces and the IRA was established on 11 July 1921, ending the fighting in most of Ireland. However, communal violence continued in Belfast, and in 1922 the IRA launched a guerrilla offensive along the new <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_border?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish border">Irish border</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-64">[61]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a> was signed between representatives of the governments of the UK and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a> on 6 December 1921, laying out the process for the creation of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_Free_State?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a>. Under the terms of the treaty, Northern Ireland would become part of the Free State unless its government opted out by presenting an address to the king, although in practice partition remained in place.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-65">[62]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Northern_Ireland.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Coat_of_Arms_of_Northern_Ireland.svg/220px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Northern_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="698"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 154px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Coat_of_Arms_of_Northern_Ireland.svg/220px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Northern_Ireland.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Coat_of_Arms_of_Northern_Ireland.svg/330px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Northern_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Coat_of_Arms_of_Northern_Ireland.svg/440px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Northern_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coat of arms of Northern Ireland">Coat of arms of Northern Ireland</a> used between 1924 and 1973 </figcaption> </figure> The Irish Free State came into existence on 6 December 1922, and on the following day, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parliament_of_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parliament of Northern Ireland">Parliament of Northern Ireland</a> resolved to exercise its right to opt out of the Free State by making an address to King <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_V?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George V">George V</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-66">[63]</a> The text of the address was: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style> <blockquote class="templatequote"> Most Gracious Sovereign, We, your Majesty's most dutiful and loyal subjects, the Senators and Commons of Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled, having learnt of the passing of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_Free_State_Constitution_Act_1922?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922">Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922</a>, being the Act of Parliament for the ratification of the Articles of Agreement for a Treaty between Great Britain and Ireland, do, by this humble Address, pray your Majesty that the powers of the Parliament and Government of the Irish Free State shall no longer extend to Northern Ireland.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-67">[64]</a> </blockquote> Shortly afterwards, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_Boundary_Commission?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irish Boundary Commission">Irish Boundary Commission</a> was established to decide on the border between the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland. Owing to the outbreak of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_Civil_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irish Civil War">Irish Civil War</a>, the work of the commission was delayed until 1925. The Free State government and Irish nationalists hoped for a large transfer of territory to the Free State, as many border areas had nationalist majorities. Many believed this would leave the remaining Northern Ireland territory too small to be viable.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-68">[65]</a> However, the commission's final report recommended only small transfers of territory, and in both directions. The Free State, Northern Ireland, and UK governments agreed to suppress the report and accept the status quo, while the UK government agreed that the Free State would no longer have to pay a share of the UK national debt.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-69">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="1925–1965">1925–1965</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Northern_Ireland_Cabinet_1921.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Northern_Ireland_Cabinet_1921.jpg/220px-Northern_Ireland_Cabinet_1921.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="490"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 176px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Northern_Ireland_Cabinet_1921.jpg/220px-Northern_Ireland_Cabinet_1921.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="176" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Northern_Ireland_Cabinet_1921.jpg/330px-Northern_Ireland_Cabinet_1921.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Northern_Ireland_Cabinet_1921.jpg/440px-Northern_Ireland_Cabinet_1921.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> James Craig (centre) with members of the first government of Northern Ireland </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Opening_of_the_new_Northern_Ireland_Parliament_Buildings.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Opening_of_the_new_Northern_Ireland_Parliament_Buildings.jpg/220px-Opening_of_the_new_Northern_Ireland_Parliament_Buildings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="945"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 162px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Opening_of_the_new_Northern_Ireland_Parliament_Buildings.jpg/220px-Opening_of_the_new_Northern_Ireland_Parliament_Buildings.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="162" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Opening_of_the_new_Northern_Ireland_Parliament_Buildings.jpg/330px-Opening_of_the_new_Northern_Ireland_Parliament_Buildings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Opening_of_the_new_Northern_Ireland_Parliament_Buildings.jpg/440px-Opening_of_the_new_Northern_Ireland_Parliament_Buildings.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Opening of the Northern Ireland parliament buildings (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parliament_Buildings_(Northern_Ireland)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parliament Buildings (Northern Ireland)">Stormont</a>) in 1932 </figcaption> </figure> Northern Ireland's border was drawn to give it "a decisive Protestant majority". At the time of its creation, Northern Ireland's population was two-thirds Protestant and one-third Catholic.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-McKittrick-McVea_p5-23">[20]</a> Most Protestants were unionists/loyalists who sought to maintain Northern Ireland as a part of the United Kingdom, while most Catholics were Irish nationalists/republicans who sought an independent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Ireland">United Ireland</a>. There was mutual self-imposed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Segregation_in_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Segregation in Northern Ireland">segregation in Northern Ireland</a> between Protestants and Catholics such as in education, housing, and often employment.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Making_Sense_17-19-70">[67]</a> For its first fifty years, Northern Ireland had an unbroken series of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Government_of_Northern_Ireland_(1921%E2%80%931972)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Government of Northern Ireland (1921–1972)">Ulster Unionist Party governments</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-71">[68]</a> Every prime minister and almost every minister of these governments were members of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orange_Order?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a>, as were all but 11 of the 149 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a> (UUP) MPs elected during this time.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-72">[69]</a> Almost all judges and magistrates were Protestant, many of them closely associated with the UUP. Northern Ireland's new police force was the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Ulster Constabulary">Royal Ulster Constabulary</a> (RUC), which succeeded the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Irish_Constabulary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Irish Constabulary">Royal Irish Constabulary</a> (RIC). It too was almost wholly Protestant and lacked operational independence, responding to directions from government ministers. The RUC and the reserve <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulster_Special_Constabulary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulster Special Constabulary">Ulster Special Constabulary</a> (USC) were militarized police forces due to the perceived threat of militant republicanism. In 1936 the British advocacy group - the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liberty_(advocacy_group)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liberty (advocacy group)">National Council for Civil Liberties</a> characterised the USC as "nothing but the organised army of the Unionist party".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-73">[70]</a> They "had at their disposal the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civil_Authorities_(Special_Powers)_Act_(Northern_Ireland)_1922?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Civil Authorities (Special Powers) Act (Northern Ireland) 1922">Special Powers Act</a>, a sweeping piece of legislation which allowed arrests without warrant, internment without trial, unlimited search powers, and bans on meetings and publications".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-74">[71]</a> This 1922 Act was made permanent in 1933 and was not repealed until 1973.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-75">[72]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nationalist_Party_(Northern_Ireland)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nationalist Party (Northern Ireland)">Nationalist Party</a> was the main political party in opposition to the UUP governments. However, its elected members often protested by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abstentionism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abstentionism">abstaining</a> from the Northern Ireland parliament, and many nationalists did not vote in parliamentary elections.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Making_Sense_17-19-70">[67]</a> Other early nationalist groups which campaigned against partition included the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_League_of_the_North?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National League of the North">National League of the North</a> (formed in 1928), the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Council_for_Unity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Council for Unity">Northern Council for Unity</a> (formed in 1937) and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_Anti-Partition_League?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irish Anti-Partition League">Irish Anti-Partition League</a> (formed in 1945).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-76">[73]</a> The Local Government Act (Northern Ireland) of 1922 allowed for the altering of municipal and rural boundaries. This Act led to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gerrymandering?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gerrymandering">gerrymandering</a> of local election boundaries in the Nationalists majority cities of Derry City, Enniskillen, Omagh, Armagh and many other towns and rural districts. That action ensured Unionist control over local councils in areas where they were a minority.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-77">[74]</a> The UUP governments, and some UUP-dominated local authorities, discriminated against the Catholic and Irish nationalist minority; especially by the gerrymandering of local electoral boundaries, the allocation of public housing, public sector employment, and policing, showing "a consistent and irrefutable pattern of deliberate discrimination against Catholics".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-78">[75]</a> Many Catholics/Nationalists saw the gerrymandered local electoral boundaries and the abolishing of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proportional_representation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> as proof of government-sponsored discrimination. Until 1969 a system was in place called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plural_voting?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plural voting">plural voting</a> which was a practice whereby one person might be able to vote multiple times in an election. Property and business owners could vote both in the constituency where their property lay and that in which they lived, if the two were different. This system often resulted in one person being able to cast multiple votes.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-79">[76]</a> Decades later, UUP <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Minister_and_deputy_First_Minister_of_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland">First Minister of Northern Ireland</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Trimble?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="David Trimble">David Trimble</a>, said that Northern Ireland under the UUP had been a "cold house" for Catholics.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-80">[77]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Harbour_office_Belfast.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Harbour_office_Belfast.jpg/220px-Harbour_office_Belfast.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2525"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 136px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Harbour_office_Belfast.jpg/220px-Harbour_office_Belfast.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="136" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Harbour_office_Belfast.jpg/330px-Harbour_office_Belfast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Harbour_office_Belfast.jpg/440px-Harbour_office_Belfast.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belfast_Harbour?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belfast Harbour">The Belfast Harbour Office</a> has been the headquarters for the Harbour Commissioners for more than 150 years. </figcaption> </figure> During <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World War II">World War II</a>, recruitment to the British military was noticeably lower than the high levels reached during World War I. In June 1940, to encourage the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_neutrality?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irish neutrality">neutral Irish state</a> to join with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>, British Prime Minister <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Winston_Churchill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> indicated to Taoiseach <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a> that the British government would encourage Irish unity, but believing that Churchill could not deliver, de Valera declined the offer.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-81">[78]</a> The British did not inform the government of Northern Ireland that they had made the offer to the Dublin government, and de Valera's rejection was not publicised until 1970. Belfast was a key industrial city in the UK's war effort, producing ships, tanks, aircraft, and munitions. The unemployment that had been so persistent in the 1930s disappeared, and labour shortages appeared, prompting migration from the Free State. The city was thinly defended, and had only 24 anti-aircraft guns. Richard <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dawson_Bates?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dawson Bates">Dawson Bates</a>, the Minister for Home Affairs, had prepared too late, assuming that Belfast was far enough away to be safe. The city's fire brigade was inadequate, and as the Northern Ireland government had been reluctant to spend money on air raid shelters, it only started to build them after <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Blitz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Blitz">the Blitz</a> in London during the autumn of 1940. There were no searchlights in the city, which made shooting down enemy bombers more difficult. In April–May 1941, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belfast_Blitz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belfast Blitz">Belfast Blitz</a> began when the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luftwaffe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> launched a series of raids that were the most deadly seen outside London. Working-class areas in the north and east of the city were particularly hard hit, and over 1,000 people were killed and hundreds were seriously injured. Tens of thousands of people fled the city in fear of future attacks. In the final raid, Luftwaffe bombs inflicted extensive damage to the docks and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harland_%26_Wolff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harland & Wolff">Harland & Wolff</a> shipyard, closing it for six months. Half of the city's houses had been destroyed, highlighting the terrible slum conditions in Belfast, and about £20 million worth of damage was caused. The Northern Ireland government was criticised heavily for its lack of preparation, and Northern Ireland Prime Minister <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J._M._Andrews?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="J. M. Andrews">J. M. Andrews</a> resigned. There was a major munitions strike in 1944.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-82">[79]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ireland_Act_1949?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ireland Act 1949">Ireland Act 1949</a> gave the first legal guarantee that the region would not cease to be part of the United Kingdom without the consent of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parliament_of_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parliament of Northern Ireland">Parliament of Northern Ireland</a>. From 1956 to 1962, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1922%E2%80%931969)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)">Irish Republican Army</a> (IRA) carried out a limited guerrilla campaign in border areas of Northern Ireland, called the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Border_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Border campaign (Irish Republican Army)">Border Campaign</a>. It aimed to destabilize Northern Ireland and bring about an end to partition but failed.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-83">[80]</a> In 1965, Northern Ireland's Prime Minister <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Terence_O%27Neill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Terence O'Neill">Terence O'Neill</a> met the Taoiseach, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Lemass?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seán Lemass">Seán Lemass</a>. It was the first meeting between the two heads of government since partition.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-84">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="The_Troubles">The Troubles</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Troubles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Troubles_deaths_by_perpetrator.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Troubles_deaths_by_perpetrator.png/440px-Troubles_deaths_by_perpetrator.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="247" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="561"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 440px;height: 247px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Troubles_deaths_by_perpetrator.png/440px-Troubles_deaths_by_perpetrator.png" data-width="440" data-height="247" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Troubles_deaths_by_perpetrator.png/660px-Troubles_deaths_by_perpetrator.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Troubles_deaths_by_perpetrator.png/880px-Troubles_deaths_by_perpetrator.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Responsibility for Troubles-related deaths between 1969 and 2001 </figcaption> </figure> The Troubles, which started in the late 1960s, consisted of about 30 years of recurring acts of intense violence during which 3,254 people were killed<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-85">[82]</a> with over 50,000 casualties.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-86">[83]</a> From 1969 to 2003 there were over 36,900 shooting incidents and over 16,200 bombings or attempted bombings associated with The Troubles.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-auto2-34">[31]</a> The conflict was caused by escalating tensions between the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_nationalist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish nationalist">Irish nationalist</a> minority and the dominant <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unionism in Ireland">unionist majority</a>; Irish nationalists object to Northern Ireland staying within the United Kingdom.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-87">[84]</a> From 1967 to 1972 the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Civil_Rights_Association?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association">Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association</a> (NICRA), which modelled itself on the US civil rights movement, led a campaign of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civil_resistance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Civil resistance">civil resistance</a> to anti-Catholic discrimination in housing, employment, policing, and electoral procedures. The franchise for local government elections included only rate-payers and their spouses, and so excluded over a quarter of the electorate. While the majority of disenfranchised electors were Protestant, Catholics were over-represented since they were poorer and had more adults still living in the family home.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-88">[85]</a> NICRA's campaign, seen by many unionists as an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_republican?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish republican">Irish republican</a> front, and the violent reaction to it proved to be a precursor to a more violent period.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-89">[86]</a> As early as 1969, armed campaigns of paramilitary groups began, including the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_campaign?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army campaign">Provisional IRA campaign of 1969–1997</a> which was aimed at the end of British rule in Northern Ireland and the creation of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Ireland">United Ireland</a>, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulster_Volunteer_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulster Volunteer Force">Ulster Volunteer Force</a>, formed in 1966 in response to the perceived erosion of both the British character and unionist domination of Northern Ireland. The state security forces – the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Army">British Army</a> and the police (the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Ulster Constabulary">Royal Ulster Constabulary</a>) – were also involved in the violence. The UK Government's position is that its forces were neutral in the conflict, trying to uphold law and order in Northern Ireland and the right of the people of Northern Ireland to democratic self-determination. Republicans regarded the state forces as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Combatant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Combatant">combatants</a> in the conflict, pointing to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Troubles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Collusion_between_security_forces_and_paramilitaries" title="The Troubles">collusion between the state forces and the loyalist paramilitaries</a> as proof of this. The "Ballast" investigation by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Police_Ombudsman_for_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland">Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland</a> has confirmed that British forces, and in particular the RUC, did collude with loyalist paramilitaries, were involved in murder, and did obstruct the course of justice when such claims had been investigated,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ballast-90">[87]</a> although the extent to which such collusion occurred is still disputed. As a consequence of the worsening security situation, the autonomous regional government for Northern Ireland was suspended in 1972. Alongside the violence, there was a political deadlock between the major political parties in Northern Ireland, including those who condemned the violence, over the future status of Northern Ireland and the form of government there should be within Northern Ireland. In 1973, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1973_Northern_Ireland_border_poll?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1973 Northern Ireland border poll">Northern Ireland held a referendum</a> to determine if it should remain in the United Kingdom, or be part of a united Ireland. The vote went heavily in favour (98.9%) of maintaining the status quo. Approximately 57.5% of the total electorate voted in support, but only 1% of Catholics voted following a boycott organised by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_Democratic_and_Labour_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Social Democratic and Labour Party">Social Democratic and Labour Party</a> (SDLP).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-91">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Peace_process">Peace process</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Northern Ireland peace process</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Foyle_Bridge_Derry_at_Dusk_Oblique.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Foyle_Bridge_Derry_at_Dusk_Oblique.jpg/220px-Foyle_Bridge_Derry_at_Dusk_Oblique.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Foyle_Bridge_Derry_at_Dusk_Oblique.jpg/220px-Foyle_Bridge_Derry_at_Dusk_Oblique.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Foyle_Bridge_Derry_at_Dusk_Oblique.jpg/330px-Foyle_Bridge_Derry_at_Dusk_Oblique.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Foyle_Bridge_Derry_at_Dusk_Oblique.jpg/440px-Foyle_Bridge_Derry_at_Dusk_Oblique.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peace_Bridge_(Foyle)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peace Bridge (Foyle)">Derry Peace Bridge</a>, over the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/River_Foyle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="River Foyle">River Foyle</a> </figcaption> </figure> The Troubles were brought to an uneasy end by a peace process that included the declaration of ceasefires by most paramilitary organisations and the complete decommissioning of their weapons, the reform of the police, and the corresponding withdrawal of army troops from the streets and sensitive border areas such as South Armagh and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fermanagh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fermanagh">Fermanagh</a>, as agreed by the signatories to the Belfast Agreement (commonly known as the "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a>"). This reiterated the long-held British position, which had never before been fully acknowledged by successive Irish governments, that Northern Ireland will remain within the United Kingdom until a majority of voters in Northern Ireland decides otherwise. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution of Ireland</a> was amended in 1999 to remove a claim of the "Irish nation" to sovereignty over the entire island (in Article 2).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-92">[89]</a> The new <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Articles_2_and_3_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland">Articles 2 and 3</a>, added to the Constitution to replace the earlier articles, implicitly acknowledge that the status of Northern Ireland, and its relationships within the rest of the United Kingdom and with the Republic of Ireland, would only be changed with the agreement of a majority of voters in each jurisdiction. This aspect was also central to the Belfast Agreement which was signed in 1998 and ratified by referendums held simultaneously in both Northern Ireland and the Republic. At the same time, the UK Government recognised for the first time, as part of the prospective, the so-called "Irish dimension": the principle that the people of the island of Ireland as a whole have the right, without any outside interference, to solve the issues between North and South by mutual consent.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Parliament-93">[90]</a> The latter statement was key to winning support for the agreement from nationalists. It established a devolved power-sharing government, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Northern Ireland Assembly</a>, located on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stormont_Estate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stormont Estate">Stormont Estate</a>, which must consist of both unionist and nationalist parties. These institutions were suspended by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Government of the United Kingdom">UK Government</a> in 2002 after <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Police_Service_of_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Police Service of Northern Ireland">Police Service of Northern Ireland</a> (PSNI) allegations of spying by people working for Sinn Féin at the Assembly (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stormontgate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stormontgate">Stormontgate</a>). The resulting case against the accused Sinn Féin member collapsed.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-94">[91]</a> On 28 July 2005, the Provisional IRA declared an end to its campaign and has since decommissioned what is thought to be all of its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arsenal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arsenal">arsenal</a>. This final act of decommissioning was performed under the watch of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Independent_International_Commission_on_Decommissioning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Independent International Commission on Decommissioning">Independent International Commission on Decommissioning</a> (IICD) and two external church witnesses. Many unionists, however, remained sceptical. The IICD later confirmed that the main loyalist paramilitary groups, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Association?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulster Defence Association">Ulster Defence Association</a>, UVF, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Red_Hand_Commando?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Red Hand Commando">Red Hand Commando</a>, had decommissioned what is thought to be all of their arsenals, witnessed by former archbishop <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robin_Eames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robin Eames">Robin Eames</a> and a former top civil servant.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-95">[92]</a> Politicians elected to the Assembly at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2003_Northern_Ireland_Assembly_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2003 Northern Ireland Assembly election">2003 Assembly election</a> were called together on 15 May 2006 under the Northern Ireland Act 2006<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-96">[93]</a> to elect a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Minister_and_deputy_First_Minister_of_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland">First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland</a> and choose the members of an Executive (before 25 November 2006) as a preliminary step to the restoration of devolved government. Following the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2007_Northern_Ireland_Assembly_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2007 Northern Ireland Assembly election">election on 7 March 2007</a>, the devolved government returned on 8 May 2007 with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Democratic Unionist Party">Democratic Unionist Party</a> (DUP) leader <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ian_Paisley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ian Paisley">Ian Paisley</a> and Sinn Féin deputy leader <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martin_McGuinness?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martin McGuinness">Martin McGuinness</a> taking office as First Minister and deputy First Minister, respectively.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-97">[94]</a> In its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/White_paper?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="White paper">white paper</a> on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brexit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brexit">Brexit</a> the United Kingdom government reiterated its commitment to the Belfast Agreement. Concerning Northern Ireland's status, it said that the UK Government's "clearly-stated preference is to retain Northern Ireland's current constitutional position: as part of the UK, but with strong links to Ireland".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-98">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Executive_crisis_2022–2024">Executive crisis 2022–2024</h3> </div> On 3 February 2022, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_Givan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul Givan">Paul Givan</a> resigned as first minister, which automatically resigned <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michelle_O%27Neill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michelle O'Neill">Michelle O'Neill</a> as deputy first minister and collapsed the executive of Northern Ireland.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-99">[96]</a> On 30 January 2024, leader of the DUP <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jeffrey_Donaldson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jeffrey Donaldson">Jeffrey Donaldson</a> announced that the DUP would restore an executive government on the condition that new legislation was passed by the UK House of Commons.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-100">[97]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Politics of Northern Ireland</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Background">Background</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Political_Parties_of_Northern_Ireland.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Political_Parties_of_Northern_Ireland.png/440px-Political_Parties_of_Northern_Ireland.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="269" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2291" data-file-height="1401"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 440px;height: 269px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Political_Parties_of_Northern_Ireland.png/440px-Political_Parties_of_Northern_Ireland.png" data-width="440" data-height="269" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Political_Parties_of_Northern_Ireland.png/660px-Political_Parties_of_Northern_Ireland.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Political_Parties_of_Northern_Ireland.png/880px-Political_Parties_of_Northern_Ireland.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A flowchart illustrating all the political parties that have existed throughout the history of Northern Ireland and leading up to its formation (covering 1889 to 2020) </figcaption> </figure> The main political divide in Northern Ireland is between unionists, who wish to see Northern Ireland continue as part of the United Kingdom, and nationalists, who wish to see Northern Ireland unified with the Republic of Ireland, independent from the United Kingdom. These two opposing views are linked to deeper cultural divisions. Unionists are predominantly <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulster_Protestant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Protestant">Ulster Protestant</a>, descendants of mainly <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scottish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a>, English, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Huguenot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a> settlers as well as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> who converted to one of the Protestant denominations. Nationalists are overwhelmingly Catholic and descend from the population predating the settlement, with a minority from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scottish_Highlands?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish Highlands</a> as well as some converts from Protestantism. Discrimination against nationalists under the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parliament_Buildings_(Northern_Ireland)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parliament Buildings (Northern Ireland)">Stormont</a> government (1921–1972) gave rise to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland_civil_rights_movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Ireland civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> in the 1960s.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-101">[98]</a> While some unionists argue that discrimination was not just due to religious or political bigotry, but also the result of more complex socio-economic, socio-political and geographical factors,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-102">[99]</a> its existence, and the manner in which nationalist anger at it was handled, were a major contributing factor to the Troubles. The political unrest went through its most violent phase between 1968 and 1994.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-103">[100]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Belfast_City_Centre.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Belfast_City_Centre.jpg/220px-Belfast_City_Centre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2830" data-file-height="3774"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Belfast_City_Centre.jpg/220px-Belfast_City_Centre.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Belfast_City_Centre.jpg/330px-Belfast_City_Centre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Belfast_City_Centre.jpg/440px-Belfast_City_Centre.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Mixture of new and historic buildings in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belfast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> </figcaption> </figure> In 2007, 36% of the population defined themselves as unionist, 24% as nationalist, and 40% defined themselves as neither.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-104">[101]</a> According to a 2015 opinion poll, 70% express a long-term preference of the maintenance of Northern Ireland's membership of the United Kingdom (either <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Direct_rule_over_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct rule over Northern Ireland">directly ruled</a> or with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Devolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Devolution">devolved government</a>), while 14% express a preference for membership of a united Ireland.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-105">[102]</a> This discrepancy can be explained by the overwhelming preference among Protestants to remain a part of the UK (93%), while Catholic preferences are spread across several solutions to the constitutional question including remaining a part of the UK (47%), a united Ireland (32%), Northern Ireland becoming an independent state (4%), and those who "don't know" (16%).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-106">[103]</a> Official voting figures, which reflect views on the "national question" along with issues of the candidate, geography, personal loyalty, and historic voting patterns, show 54% of Northern Ireland voters vote for unionist parties, 42% vote for nationalist parties, and 4% vote "other". Opinion polls consistently show that the election results are not necessarily an indication of the electorate's stance regarding the constitutional status of Northern Ireland. Most of the population of Northern Ireland is at least nominally Christian, mostly Roman Catholic and Protestant denominations. Many voters (regardless of religious affiliation) are attracted to unionism's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_conservatism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National conservatism">conservative</a> policies, while other voters are instead attracted to the traditionally leftist Sinn Féin and SDLP and their respective party platforms for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Democratic_socialism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialism</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_democracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-autogenerated2009-107">[104]</a> For the most part, Protestants feel a strong connection with Great Britain and wish for Northern Ireland to remain part of the United Kingdom. Many Catholics however, generally aspire to a United Ireland or are less certain about how to solve the constitutional question. Catholics have a slight majority in Northern Ireland, according to the latest Northern Ireland census. The make-up of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Northern Ireland Assembly</a> reflects the appeals of the various parties within the population. Of the 90 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Member_of_the_Legislative_Assembly_(Northern_Ireland)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Member of the Legislative Assembly (Northern Ireland)">Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs)</a>, 37 are unionists and 35 are nationalists (the remaining 18 are classified as "other").<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-results_maps_charts-108">[105]</a> The 1998 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a> acts as a de facto <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constitution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constitution">constitution</a> for Northern Ireland. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Local government in Northern Ireland">Local government in Northern Ireland</a> since 2015 has been divided between 11 councils with limited responsibilities.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Devenport-109">[106]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Minister_and_deputy_First_Minister_of_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland">First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland</a> are the joint heads of government of Northern Ireland.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-110">[107]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-111">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Governance">Governance</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elections_in_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elections in Northern Ireland">Elections in Northern Ireland</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Law_of_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Law of Northern Ireland">Law of Northern Ireland</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Stormont_(49321598268).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Stormont_%2849321598268%29.jpg/220px-Stormont_%2849321598268%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Stormont_%2849321598268%29.jpg/220px-Stormont_%2849321598268%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Stormont_%2849321598268%29.jpg/330px-Stormont_%2849321598268%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Stormont_%2849321598268%29.jpg/440px-Stormont_%2849321598268%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parliament_Buildings_(Northern_Ireland)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parliament Buildings (Northern Ireland)">Parliament Buildings</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parliament_Buildings_(Northern_Ireland)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parliament Buildings (Northern Ireland)">Stormont</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belfast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>, seat of the assembly </figcaption> </figure> Since 1998, Northern Ireland has had <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Devolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Devolution">devolved</a> government within the United Kingdom, presided over by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Northern Ireland Assembly</a> and a cross-community government (the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Northern Ireland Executive</a>). The UK Government and UK Parliament are responsible for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reserved_and_excepted_matters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserved and excepted matters">reserved and excepted matters</a>. Reserved matters comprise listed policy areas (such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civil_aviation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Civil aviation">civil aviation</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Units_of_measurement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Units of measurement">units of measurement</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human_genetics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Human genetics">human genetics</a>) that Parliament may devolve to the Assembly some time in the future. Excepted matters (such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_relations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International relations">international relations</a>, taxation and elections) are never expected to be considered for devolution. On all other governmental matters, the Executive together with the 90-member Assembly may legislate for and govern Northern Ireland. Devolution in Northern Ireland is dependent upon participation by members of the Northern Ireland executive in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North/South_Ministerial_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North/South Ministerial Council">North/South Ministerial Council</a>, which coordinates areas of cooperation (such as agriculture, education, and health) between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Additionally, "in recognition of the Irish Government's special interest in Northern Ireland", the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Government_of_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Government of Ireland">Government of Ireland</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Government of the United Kingdom">Government of the United Kingdom</a> co-operate closely on non-devolved matters through the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Intergovernmental_Conference?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference">British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference</a>. Elections to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Northern Ireland Assembly</a> are by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Single_transferable_vote?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Single transferable vote">single transferable vote</a> with five Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) elected from each of 18 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of parliamentary constituencies in Northern Ireland">parliamentary constituencies</a>. In addition, eighteen representatives (Members of Parliament, MPs) are elected to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">lower house of the UK parliament</a> from the same constituencies using the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post</a> system. However, not all of those elected take their seats. Sinn Féin MPs, currently seven, refuse to take the oath to serve the King that is required before MPs are allowed to take their seats. In addition, the upper house of the UK parliament, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/House_of_Lords?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>, currently has some 25 appointed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Northern_Ireland_members_of_the_House_of_Lords?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Northern Ireland members of the House of Lords">members from Northern Ireland</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Belfast_City_Hall_2.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Belfast_City_Hall_2.jpg/220px-Belfast_City_Hall_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="677"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 145px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Belfast_City_Hall_2.jpg/220px-Belfast_City_Hall_2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="145" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Belfast_City_Hall_2.jpg/330px-Belfast_City_Hall_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Belfast_City_Hall_2.jpg/440px-Belfast_City_Hall_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belfast_City_Hall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belfast City Hall">Belfast City Hall</a>, Northern Ireland </figcaption> </figure> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Office?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Ireland Office">Northern Ireland Office</a> represents the UK Government in Northern Ireland on reserved matters and represents Northern Ireland's interests within the UK Government. Additionally, the Republic's government also has the right to "put forward views and proposals" on non-devolved matters about Northern Ireland. The Northern Ireland Office is led by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Secretary of State for Northern Ireland">Secretary of State for Northern Ireland</a>, who sits in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet of the United Kingdom</a>. Northern Ireland is a distinct legal <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jurisdiction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a>, separate from the two other jurisdictions in the United Kingdom (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="English law">England and Wales</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scots_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scots law">Scotland</a>). Northern Ireland law developed from Irish law that existed before the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Partition of Ireland">partition of Ireland</a> in 1921. Northern Ireland is a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Common_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Common law">common law</a> jurisdiction and its common law is similar to that in England and Wales. However, there are important differences in law and procedure between Northern Ireland and England and Wales. The body of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Statutory_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">statute law</a> affecting Northern Ireland reflects the history of Northern Ireland, including Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Northern Ireland Assembly</a>, the former <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parliament_of_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parliament of Northern Ireland">Parliament of Northern Ireland</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parliament of Ireland">Parliament of Ireland</a>, along with some Acts of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parliament_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a> and of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a> that were extended to Ireland under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poynings%27_Law_(confirmation_of_English_statutes)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poynings' Law (confirmation of English statutes)">Poynings' Law</a> between 1494 and 1782. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Descriptions">Descriptions</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Downhill_Northern_Ireland.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Downhill_Northern_Ireland.jpg/220px-Downhill_Northern_Ireland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Downhill_Northern_Ireland.jpg/220px-Downhill_Northern_Ireland.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Downhill_Northern_Ireland.jpg/330px-Downhill_Northern_Ireland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Downhill_Northern_Ireland.jpg/440px-Downhill_Northern_Ireland.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Northern Ireland coast </figcaption> </figure> There is no generally accepted term to describe what Northern Ireland is. It has been described as a country, province, region, and other terms officially, by the press, and in common speech. The choice of term can be controversial and can reveal one's political preferences.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-interpretingNI-19">[16]</a> This has been noted as a problem by several writers on Northern Ireland, with no generally recommended solution.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-alphabeticalNI-18">[15]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-interpretingNI-19">[16]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-placeApart-20">[17]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_3166-2:GB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISO 3166-2:GB">ISO 3166-2:GB</a> defines Northern Ireland as a province.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ISO-17">[14]</a> The UK's submission to the 2007 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_the_Standardization_of_Geographical_Names?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names">United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names</a> defines the UK as being made up of two countries (England and Scotland), one <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Principality?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Principality">principality</a> (Wales) and one province (Northern Ireland).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-112">[109]</a> However, this term can be controversial, particularly for nationalists for whom the title province is properly reserved for the traditional province of Ulster, of which Northern Ireland comprises six out of nine counties.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Guardian_style_guide-113">[110]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-interpretingNI-19">[16]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-dictPolSci-114">[111]</a> Some authors have described the meaning of this term as being equivocal: referring to Northern Ireland as being a province both of the United Kingdom and the traditional country of Ireland.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-unionistPolitics-115">[112]</a> The UK <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a> and the website of the Office of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom describe the United Kingdom as being made up of four countries, one of these being Northern Ireland.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ONS_Geography_Guide-16">[13]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Number10CountriesWithinACountry-116">[113]</a> Some newspaper style guides also consider country as an acceptable term for Northern Ireland.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Guardian_style_guide-113">[110]</a> However, some authors reject the term.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-dictPolSci-114">[111]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-alphabeticalNI-18">[15]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-placeApart-20">[17]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-unionistPolitics-115">[112]</a> "Region" has also been used by UK government agencies<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-117">[114]</a> and newspapers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Guardian_style_guide-113">[110]</a> Some authors choose this word but note that it is "unsatisfactory".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-interpretingNI-19">[16]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-placeApart-20">[17]</a> Northern Ireland can also be simply described as "part of the UK", including by the UK government offices.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Number10CountriesWithinACountry-116">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Alternative_names">Alternative names</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alternative_names_for_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alternative names for Northern Ireland">Alternative names for Northern Ireland</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:JAFFE_FOUNTAIN_OUTSIDE_VICTORIA_SQUARE_SHOPPING_CENTRE_-A_FAVOURITE_OF_MINE-_REF-104998_(17841282323).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/JAFFE_FOUNTAIN_OUTSIDE_VICTORIA_SQUARE_SHOPPING_CENTRE_-A_FAVOURITE_OF_MINE-_REF-104998_%2817841282323%29.jpg/220px-JAFFE_FOUNTAIN_OUTSIDE_VICTORIA_SQUARE_SHOPPING_CENTRE_-A_FAVOURITE_OF_MINE-_REF-104998_%2817841282323%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/JAFFE_FOUNTAIN_OUTSIDE_VICTORIA_SQUARE_SHOPPING_CENTRE_-A_FAVOURITE_OF_MINE-_REF-104998_%2817841282323%29.jpg/220px-JAFFE_FOUNTAIN_OUTSIDE_VICTORIA_SQUARE_SHOPPING_CENTRE_-A_FAVOURITE_OF_MINE-_REF-104998_%2817841282323%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/JAFFE_FOUNTAIN_OUTSIDE_VICTORIA_SQUARE_SHOPPING_CENTRE_-A_FAVOURITE_OF_MINE-_REF-104998_%2817841282323%29.jpg/330px-JAFFE_FOUNTAIN_OUTSIDE_VICTORIA_SQUARE_SHOPPING_CENTRE_-A_FAVOURITE_OF_MINE-_REF-104998_%2817841282323%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/JAFFE_FOUNTAIN_OUTSIDE_VICTORIA_SQUARE_SHOPPING_CENTRE_-A_FAVOURITE_OF_MINE-_REF-104998_%2817841282323%29.jpg/440px-JAFFE_FOUNTAIN_OUTSIDE_VICTORIA_SQUARE_SHOPPING_CENTRE_-A_FAVOURITE_OF_MINE-_REF-104998_%2817841282323%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Victoria_Square_Shopping_Centre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Victoria Square Shopping Centre">Victoria Square Shopping Centre</a> in Belfast </figcaption> </figure> Many people inside and outside Northern Ireland use other names for Northern Ireland, depending on their point of view. Disagreement on names, and the reading of political symbolism into the use or non-use of a word, also attaches itself to some urban centres. The most notable example is whether Northern Ireland's second-largest city should be called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Derry-Londonderry_name_dispute?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Derry-Londonderry name dispute">"Derry" or "Londonderry"</a>. Choice of language and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nomenclature?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nomenclature">nomenclature</a> in Northern Ireland often reveals the cultural, ethnic, and religious identity of the speaker. Those who do not belong to any group but lean towards one side often tend to use the language of that group. Supporters of unionism in the British media (notably <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daily_Express?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daily Express">Daily Express</a>) regularly call Northern Ireland "Ulster".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-118">[115]</a> Many media outlets in the Republic use "North of Ireland" (or simply "the North"),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Abortion-in-the-North-of-Ireland-119">[116]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Calls-for-More-Supports-in_Norths-Schools-120">[117]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-RTE-does-not-stop-people-in-the-North-121">[118]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-122">[119]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-123">[120]</a> as well as the "Six Counties".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-124">[121]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_New_York_Times?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> has also used "the North".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-125">[122]</a> Government and cultural organisations in Northern Ireland often use the word "Ulster" in their title; for example, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Ulster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Ulster">University of Ulster</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulster_Museum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulster Museum">Ulster Museum</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulster_Orchestra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulster Orchestra">Ulster Orchestra</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_Radio_Ulster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC Radio Ulster">BBC Radio Ulster</a>. Although some news bulletins since the 1990s have opted to avoid all contentious terms and use the official name, Northern Ireland, the term "the North" remains commonly used by broadcast media in the Republic.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Abortion-in-the-North-of-Ireland-119">[116]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Calls-for-More-Supports-in_Norths-Schools-120">[117]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-RTE-does-not-stop-people-in-the-North-121">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Unionist">Unionist</h4> </div> <ul> <li>Ulster, strictly speaking, refers to the province of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>, of which six of nine historical counties are in Northern Ireland. The term "Ulster" is widely used by unionists and the British press as shorthand for Northern Ireland, and is also favoured by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulster_nationalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulster nationalism">Ulster nationalists</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-126">[d]</a> In the past, calls have been made for Northern Ireland's name to be changed to Ulster. This proposal was formally considered by the Government of Northern Ireland in 1937 and by the UK Government in 1949 but no change was made.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-127">[123]</a></li> <li>The Province refers to the historic Irish province of Ulster but today is used by some as shorthand for Northern Ireland. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC">BBC</a>, in its editorial guidance for Reporting the United Kingdom, states that "the Province" is an appropriate secondary synonym for Northern Ireland, while "Ulster" is not. It also suggests that "people of Northern Ireland" is preferred to "British" or "Irish", and the term "mainland" should be avoided in reporting about Great Britain and Northern Ireland.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-128">[124]</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Nationalist">Nationalist</h4> </div> <ul> <li>North of Ireland – used to avoid using the name given by the British-enacted Government of Ireland Act 1920.</li> <li>The Six Counties (na Sé Chontae) – the Republic of Ireland is similarly described as the Twenty-Six Counties.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-129">[125]</a> Some of the users of these terms contend that using the official name of the region would imply acceptance of the legitimacy of the Government of Ireland Act.</li> <li>The Occupied Six Counties – used by some republicans.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-130">[126]</a> The Republic, whose legitimacy is similarly not recognised by republicans opposed to the Belfast Agreement, is described as the "Free State", referring to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_Free_State?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a>, which gained independence (as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dominion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dominion">Dominion</a>) in 1922.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-131">[127]</a></li> <li>British-Occupied Ireland – Similar in tone to the Occupied Six Counties,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-132">[128]</a> this term is used by more dogmatic republicans, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republican_Sinn_F%C3%A9in?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republican Sinn Féin">Republican Sinn Féin</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-133">[129]</a> who still hold that the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_D%C3%A1il?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second Dáil">Second Dáil</a> was the last legitimate government of Ireland and that all governments since have been foreign-imposed usurpations of Irish national self-determination.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-134">[130]</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Other">Other</h4> </div> <ul> <li>Norn Iron or "Norniron" – is an informal and affectionate<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-135">[131]</a> local nickname used to refer to Northern Ireland, derived from the pronunciation of the words "Northern Ireland" in an exaggerated Ulster accent (particularly one from the greater Belfast area). The phrase is seen as a lighthearted way to refer to Northern Ireland, based as it is on regional pronunciation. It often refers to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland_national_football_team?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Ireland national football team">Northern Ireland national football team</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-136">[132]</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Geography_and_climate">Geography and climate</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geography_of_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geography of Ireland">Geography of Ireland</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geography of the United Kingdom">Geography of the United Kingdom</a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="thumb tmulti tright"> <div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"> <div class="thumbimage"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Causeway-code_poet-4.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Causeway-code_poet-4.jpg/200px-Causeway-code_poet-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Causeway-code_poet-4.jpg/200px-Causeway-code_poet-4.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Causeway-code_poet-4.jpg/300px-Causeway-code_poet-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Causeway-code_poet-4.jpg/400px-Causeway-code_poet-4.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giant%27s_Causeway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Giant's Causeway">Giant's Causeway</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/County_Antrim?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="County Antrim">County Antrim</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"> <div class="thumbimage"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Loch_Erne.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Loch_Erne.jpg/200px-Loch_Erne.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Loch_Erne.jpg/200px-Loch_Erne.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Loch_Erne.jpg/300px-Loch_Erne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Loch_Erne.jpg/400px-Loch_Erne.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Boats travelling through <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lough_Erne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lough Erne">Lough Erne</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"> <div class="thumbimage"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Mourne_Mountains_0006.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Mourne_Mountains_0006.jpg/200px-Mourne_Mountains_0006.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="130" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5940" data-file-height="3852"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 130px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Mourne_Mountains_0006.jpg/200px-Mourne_Mountains_0006.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="200" data-height="130" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Mourne_Mountains_0006.jpg/300px-Mourne_Mountains_0006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Mourne_Mountains_0006.jpg/400px-Mourne_Mountains_0006.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Slieve Donard, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mourne_Mountains?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mourne Mountains">Mourne Mountains</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> The volcanic activity which created the Antrim Plateau also formed the geometric pillars of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giant%27s_Causeway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Giant's Causeway">Giant's Causeway</a> on the north Antrim coast. Also in north Antrim are the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carrick-a-Rede_Rope_Bridge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carrick-a-Rede Rope Bridge">Carrick-a-Rede Rope Bridge</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mussenden_Temple?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mussenden Temple">Mussenden Temple</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glens_of_Antrim?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glens of Antrim">Glens of Antrim</a>. Northern Ireland was covered by an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ice_sheet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ice sheet">ice sheet</a> for most of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quaternary glaciation">last ice age</a> and on numerous previous occasions, the legacy of which can be seen in the extensive coverage of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drumlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Drumlin">drumlins</a> in Counties Fermanagh, Armagh, Antrim and particularly Down. The centrepiece of Northern Ireland's geography is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lough_Neagh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lough Neagh">Lough Neagh</a>, at 151 square miles (391 km2) the largest freshwater lake both on the island of Ireland and in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Isles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>. A second extensive lake system is centred on Lower and Upper <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lough_Erne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lough Erne">Lough Erne</a> in Fermanagh. The largest island of Northern Ireland is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rathlin_Island?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rathlin Island">Rathlin</a>, off the north Antrim coast. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Strangford_Lough?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Strangford Lough">Strangford Lough</a> is the largest inlet in the British Isles, covering 150 km2 (58 sq mi). There are substantial uplands in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sperrin_Mountains?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sperrin Mountains">Sperrin Mountains</a> (an extension of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caledonian_orogeny?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caledonian orogeny">Caledonian mountain belt</a>) with extensive gold deposits, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Granite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Granite">granite</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mourne_Mountains?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mourne Mountains">Mourne Mountains</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Basalt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Basalt">basalt</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antrim_Plateau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Antrim Plateau">Antrim Plateau</a>, as well as smaller ranges in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/County_Armagh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="County Armagh">South Armagh</a> and along the Fermanagh–Tyrone border. None of the hills are especially high, with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slieve_Donard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slieve Donard">Slieve Donard</a> in the dramatic Mournes reaching 850 metres (2,789 ft), Northern Ireland's highest point. Belfast's most prominent peak is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cavehill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cavehill">Cavehill</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Contiguous_majority_wards_-_around_Belfast_(with_motorways_dcs_etc_overlaid).png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Contiguous_majority_wards_-_around_Belfast_%28with_motorways_dcs_etc_overlaid%29.png/220px-Contiguous_majority_wards_-_around_Belfast_%28with_motorways_dcs_etc_overlaid%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="24767" data-file-height="17987"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Contiguous_majority_wards_-_around_Belfast_%28with_motorways_dcs_etc_overlaid%29.png/220px-Contiguous_majority_wards_-_around_Belfast_%28with_motorways_dcs_etc_overlaid%29.png" data-width="220" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Contiguous_majority_wards_-_around_Belfast_%28with_motorways_dcs_etc_overlaid%29.png/330px-Contiguous_majority_wards_-_around_Belfast_%28with_motorways_dcs_etc_overlaid%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Contiguous_majority_wards_-_around_Belfast_%28with_motorways_dcs_etc_overlaid%29.png/440px-Contiguous_majority_wards_-_around_Belfast_%28with_motorways_dcs_etc_overlaid%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> According to the 2021 census, just over 50% of Northern Ireland's population lives in the highlighted red and yellow area. This area is concentrated around Belfast and nearby settlements (red), and features the greatest concentration of motorways, dual carriageways, railways and train stations (overlaid). </figcaption> </figure> The Lower and Upper <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/River_Bann?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="River Bann">River Bann</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/River_Foyle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="River Foyle">River Foyle</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/River_Blackwater_(Northern_Ireland)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="River Blackwater (Northern Ireland)">River Blackwater</a> form extensive fertile lowlands, with excellent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arable_land?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arable land">arable land</a> also found in North and East Down, although much of the hill country is marginal and suitable largely for animal husbandry. The valley of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/River_Lagan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="River Lagan">River Lagan</a> is dominated by Belfast, whose metropolitan area includes over a third of the population of Northern Ireland, with heavy urbanisation and industrialisation along the Lagan Valley and both shores of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belfast_Lough?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belfast Lough">Belfast Lough</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Northern_Ireland_K%C3%B6ppen.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Northern_Ireland_K%C3%B6ppen.png/220px-Northern_Ireland_K%C3%B6ppen.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5400" data-file-height="6481"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 264px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Northern_Ireland_K%C3%B6ppen.png/220px-Northern_Ireland_K%C3%B6ppen.png" data-width="220" data-height="264" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Northern_Ireland_K%C3%B6ppen.png/330px-Northern_Ireland_K%C3%B6ppen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Northern_Ireland_K%C3%B6ppen.png/440px-Northern_Ireland_K%C3%B6ppen.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen-Geiger climate classification</a> map of Northern Ireland </figcaption> </figure> The vast majority of Northern Ireland has a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maritime_climate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime climate">temperate maritime climate</a>, (Cfb in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>) rather wetter in the west than the east, although cloud cover is very common across the region. The weather is unpredictable at all times of the year, and although the seasons are distinct, they are considerably less pronounced than in interior Europe or the eastern seaboard of North America. Average daytime maximums in Belfast are 6.5 °C (43.7 °F) in January and 17.5 °C (63.5 °F) in July. The highest maximum temperature recorded was 31.4 °C (88.5 °F), registered in July 2021 at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armagh_Observatory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armagh Observatory">Armagh Observatory's</a> weather station.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-137">[133]</a> The lowest minimum temperature recorded was −18.7 °C (−1.7 °F) at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Castlederg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Castlederg">Castlederg</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/County_Tyrone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="County Tyrone">County Tyrone</a> on 23 December 2010.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-138">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h3> </div> Until the end of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_Ages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the land was heavily forested. Native species include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deciduous?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> trees such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oak">oak</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fraxinus_excelsior?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fraxinus excelsior">ash</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corylus_avellana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corylus avellana">hazel</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Birch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Birch">birch</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alnus_glutinosa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alnus glutinosa">alder</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Willow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Willow">willow</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Populus_tremula?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Populus tremula">aspen</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wych_elm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wych elm">elm</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sorbus_aucuparia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sorbus aucuparia">rowan</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crataegus_monogyna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crataegus monogyna">hawthorn</a>, as well as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Evergreen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a> trees such <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scots_pine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots pine">Scots pine</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taxus_baccata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taxus baccata">yew</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ilex_aquifolium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ilex aquifolium">holly</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-139">[135]</a> Today, only 8% of Northern Ireland is woodland, and most of this is non-native <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conifer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conifer">conifer</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plantation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plantation">plantations</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-140">[136]</a> As of the 21st century, Northern Ireland is the least forested part of the United Kingdom and Ireland, and one of the least forested countries in Europe.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-141">[137]</a> The only native reptile in Northern Ireland is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Viviparous_lizard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Viviparous lizard">viviparous lizard</a>, or common lizard, which is widely distributed, particularly in heaths, bogs and sand dunes. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Common_frog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Common frog">common frog</a> is a very widespread species. Some lakes support internationally important bird populations, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lough_Neagh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lough Neagh">Lough Neagh</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lough_Beg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lough Beg">Lough Beg</a> hold up to 80,000 wintering waterfowl of some 20 species, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duck?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duck">ducks</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Geese">geese</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Swan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Swan">swans</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gull?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gull">gulls</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eurasian_otter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eurasian otter">otter</a> is the fourth largest land mammal in Northern Ireland. It can be found along the river systems, although it is seldom seen and will avoid contact with humans.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Trust-142">[138]</a> 356 species of marine <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Algae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Algae">algae</a> have been recorded in the northeast of Ireland; 77 species are considered rare.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-143">[139]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Demographics_of_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Demographics of Northern Ireland">Demographics of Northern Ireland</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/People_of_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="People of Northern Ireland">People of Northern Ireland</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Counties">Counties</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Counties_of_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Counties of Northern Ireland">Counties of Northern Ireland</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Northern_Ireland_-_Counties_copy.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Northern_Ireland_-_Counties_copy.png/220px-Northern_Ireland_-_Counties_copy.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1677" data-file-height="1426"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 187px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Northern_Ireland_-_Counties_copy.png/220px-Northern_Ireland_-_Counties_copy.png" data-width="220" data-height="187" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Northern_Ireland_-_Counties_copy.png/330px-Northern_Ireland_-_Counties_copy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Northern_Ireland_-_Counties_copy.png/440px-Northern_Ireland_-_Counties_copy.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The six counties of Northern Ireland </figcaption> </figure> Northern Ireland consists of six historic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Counties_of_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Counties of Ireland">counties</a>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/County_Antrim?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="County Antrim">County Antrim</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/County_Armagh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="County Armagh">County Armagh</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/County_Down?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="County Down">County Down</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/County_Fermanagh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="County Fermanagh">County Fermanagh</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/County_Londonderry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="County Londonderry">County Londonderry</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-144">[e]</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/County_Tyrone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="County Tyrone">County Tyrone</a>. These counties are no longer used for local government purposes; instead, there are eleven <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Districts_of_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Northern Ireland">districts of Northern Ireland</a> which have different geographical extents. These were created in 2015, replacing the twenty-six districts which previously existed.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-145">[140]</a> Although counties are no longer used for local governmental purposes, they remain a popular means of describing where places are. They are officially used while applying for an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_passport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irish passport">Irish passport</a>, which requires one to state one's county of birth. The name of that county then appears in both Irish and English on the passport's information page, as opposed to the town or city of birth on the United Kingdom passport. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaelic_Athletic_Association?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaelic Athletic Association">Gaelic Athletic Association</a> still uses the counties as its primary means of organisation and fields representative teams of each <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GAA_county?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="GAA county">GAA county</a>. The original system of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/License_plates_of_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="License plates of Northern Ireland">car registration numbers</a> largely based on counties remains in use. In 2000, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Big_Number_Change?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Northern_Ireland" title="Big Number Change">telephone numbering system</a> was restructured into an 8-digit scheme with (except for Belfast) the first digit approximately reflecting the county. The county boundaries still appear on Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland Maps and the Philip's Street Atlases, among others. With their decline in official use, there is often confusion surrounding towns and cities which lie near county boundaries, such as Belfast and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lisburn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lisburn">Lisburn</a>, which are split between counties Down and Antrim (the majorities of both cities, however, are in Antrim). In March 2018, The Sunday Times published its list of Best Places to Live in Britain, including the following places in Northern Ireland: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ballyhackamore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ballyhackamore">Ballyhackamore</a> near Belfast (overall best for Northern Ireland); Holywood, County Down; Newcastle, County Down; Portrush, County Antrim; Strangford, County Down.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-146">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Cities_and_major_towns">Cities and major towns</h3> </div> <table class="table" style="text-align:center; margin-right:10px; font-size:90%"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="6" style="background:#f5f5f5; font-size:130%; padding:0.3em"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_towns_and_villages_in_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of towns and villages in Northern Ireland">Cities and towns by population</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2021_populations-147">[142]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-148">[143]</a></th> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <th rowspan="21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Belfast_City_Hall,_October_2010_(01).JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Belfast_City_Hall%2C_October_2010_%2801%29.JPG/150px-Belfast_City_Hall%2C_October_2010_%2801%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 100px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Belfast_City_Hall%2C_October_2010_%2801%29.JPG/150px-Belfast_City_Hall%2C_October_2010_%2801%29.JPG" data-width="150" data-height="100" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Belfast_City_Hall%2C_October_2010_%2801%29.JPG/225px-Belfast_City_Hall%2C_October_2010_%2801%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Belfast_City_Hall%2C_October_2010_%2801%29.JPG/300px-Belfast_City_Hall%2C_October_2010_%2801%29.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belfast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Guildhall,_Derry,_August_2010.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/Guildhall%2C_Derry%2C_August_2010.JPG/150px-Guildhall%2C_Derry%2C_August_2010.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3790" data-file-height="3240"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 128px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/Guildhall%2C_Derry%2C_August_2010.JPG/150px-Guildhall%2C_Derry%2C_August_2010.JPG" data-width="150" data-height="128" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/Guildhall%2C_Derry%2C_August_2010.JPG/225px-Guildhall%2C_Derry%2C_August_2010.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/Guildhall%2C_Derry%2C_August_2010.JPG/300px-Guildhall%2C_Derry%2C_August_2010.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Derry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Derry">Derry</a> </th> <th style="background:#f5f5f5; text-align:center">#</th> <th style="background:#f5f5f5; text-align:left"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_localities_in_Northern_Ireland_by_population?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of localities in Northern Ireland by population">Settlement</a></th> <th style="background:#f5f5f5; text-align:center">Population (2021)</th> <th style="background:#f5f5f5; text-align:center">Metro population</th> <th rowspan="21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Lisburn_Market_House.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lisburn_Market_House.JPG/150px-Lisburn_Market_House.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 100px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lisburn_Market_House.JPG/150px-Lisburn_Market_House.JPG" data-width="150" data-height="100" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lisburn_Market_House.JPG/225px-Lisburn_Market_House.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lisburn_Market_House.JPG/300px-Lisburn_Market_House.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lisburn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lisburn">Lisburn</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Newry_Townhall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1476695.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Newry_Townhall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1476695.jpg/150px-Newry_Townhall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1476695.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 113px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Newry_Townhall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1476695.jpg/150px-Newry_Townhall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1476695.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="113" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Newry_Townhall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1476695.jpg/225px-Newry_Townhall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1476695.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Newry_Townhall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1476695.jpg/300px-Newry_Townhall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1476695.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Newry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Newry">Newry</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belfast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belfast">Belfast</a></td> <td>293,298</td> <td>639,000</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Derry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Derry">Derry</a></td> <td>85,279</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Craigavon,_County_Armagh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Craigavon, County Armagh">Greater Craigavon</a></td> <td>72,301</td> </tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Newtownabbey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Newtownabbey">Newtownabbey</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BelfastMetro-149">[f]</a></td> <td>67,599</td> </tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bangor,_County_Down?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bangor, County Down">Bangor</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BelfastMetro-149">[f]</a></td> <td>64,596</td> </tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lisburn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lisburn">Lisburn</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BelfastMetro-149">[f]</a></td> <td>51,447</td> <td>84,090</td> </tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ballymena?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ballymena">Ballymena</a></td> <td>31,205</td> </tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Newtownards?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Newtownards">Newtownards</a></td> <td>29,677</td> </tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Newry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Newry">Newry</a></td> <td>28,530</td> </tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carrickfergus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carrickfergus">Carrickfergus</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BelfastMetro-149">[f]</a></td> <td>28,141</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Population">Population</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Northern_Ireland_%E2%80%93_religion_or_religion_brought_up_in_(Christianity;_2011).png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Northern_Ireland_%E2%80%93_religion_or_religion_brought_up_in_%28Christianity%3B_2011%29.png/220px-Northern_Ireland_%E2%80%93_religion_or_religion_brought_up_in_%28Christianity%3B_2011%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="19059" data-file-height="14839"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 171px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Northern_Ireland_%E2%80%93_religion_or_religion_brought_up_in_%28Christianity%3B_2011%29.png/220px-Northern_Ireland_%E2%80%93_religion_or_religion_brought_up_in_%28Christianity%3B_2011%29.png" data-width="220" data-height="171" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Northern_Ireland_%E2%80%93_religion_or_religion_brought_up_in_%28Christianity%3B_2011%29.png/330px-Northern_Ireland_%E2%80%93_religion_or_religion_brought_up_in_%28Christianity%3B_2011%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Northern_Ireland_%E2%80%93_religion_or_religion_brought_up_in_%28Christianity%3B_2011%29.png/440px-Northern_Ireland_%E2%80%93_religion_or_religion_brought_up_in_%28Christianity%3B_2011%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> 2011 census: differences in proportions of those who are, or were brought up, either Catholic or Protestant/Other Christians </figcaption> </figure> The population of Northern Ireland has risen yearly since 1978. The population at the time of the 2021 census was 1.9 million, having grown 5% over the previous decade.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2021_census_main_points-150">[144]</a> The population in 2011 was 1.8 million, a rise of 7.5% over the previous decade.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Census_2011-151">[145]</a> The current population makes up 2.8% of the UK's population (67 million) and 27% of the island of Ireland's population (7.03 million). The population density is 135 inhabitants / km2. As of the 2021 census, the population of Northern Ireland is almost entirely <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/White_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="White people">white</a> (96.6%).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ethnic_group_census_2022-152">[146]</a> In 2021, 86.5% of the population were born in Northern Ireland, with 4.8% born in Great Britain, 2.1% born in the Republic of Ireland, and 6.5% born elsewhere (more than half of them in another European country).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Country_of_birth_census_2022-153">[147]</a> In 2021 the largest non-white ethnic groups were <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_people_in_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Black people in Ireland">black</a> (0.6%), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Non-resident_Indian_and_person_of_Indian_origin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin">Indian</a> (0.5%), and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Overseas_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Overseas Chinese">Chinese</a> (0.5%).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ethnic_group_census_2022-152">[146]</a> In 2011, 88.8% of the population were born in Northern Ireland, 4.5% in Great Britain, and 2.9% in the Republic of Ireland. 4.3% were born elsewhere; triple the amount there were in 2001.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-154">[148]</a> As of the 2021 Census 1,165,168 (61.2%) residents lived in an urban environment and 738,007 (38.8%) lived in a non-urban environment.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-155">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Identity_and_citizenship">Identity and citizenship</h3> </div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody> <tr style="background:#ddd"> <th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">National Identity of Northern Ireland residents (2021)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-156">[150]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-157">[151]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-158">[152]</a></th> </tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Nationality</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Per cent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">British</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"> <div style="background:Blue; width:42.8%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">42.8%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Irish</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"> <div style="background:DarkOrchid; width:33.3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">33.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Northern Irish</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"> <div style="background:grey; width:31.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">31.5%</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_nationality_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British nationality law">British nationality law</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_nationality_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irish nationality law">Irish nationality law</a> </div> In Northern Ireland censuses, respondents can choose more than one national identity. In 2021:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2021_national_identity-159">[153]</a> <ul> <li>42.8% identified as British, solely or along with other national identities</li> <li>33.3% identified as Irish, solely or along with other national identities</li> <li>31.5% identified as Northern Irish, solely or along with other national identities</li> </ul> The main national identities given in recent censuses were: <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="4">National identity of Northern Ireland residents<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2011_Census_data-160">[154]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2021_national_identity-159">[153]</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Identity</th> <th rowspan="2">2011</th> <th rowspan="2">2021</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">British only</td> <td>39.9%</td> <td>31.9%</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Irish only</td> <td>25.3%</td> <td>29.1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Northern Irish only</td> <td>20.9%</td> <td>19.8%</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">British & Northern Irish</td> <td>6.2%</td> <td>8.0%</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Irish & Northern Irish</td> <td>1.1%</td> <td>1.8%</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">British, Irish & Northern Irish</td> <td>1.0%</td> <td>1.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">British & Irish</td> <td>0.7%</td> <td>0.6%</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">English, Scottish, or Welsh</td> <td>1.6%</td> <td>1.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">All other</td> <td>3.4%</td> <td>6.0%</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> As of the 2021 census, regarding national identity, four of the six traditional counties had an Irish plurality and two had a British plurality.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-161">[155]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-162">[156]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-163">[157]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-164">[158]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="7">National identity of Northern Ireland residents by county</th> </tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">National Identity</th> <th rowspan="2">Antrim</th> <th rowspan="2">Armagh</th> <th rowspan="2">Down</th> <th rowspan="2">Fermanagh</th> <th rowspan="2">Londonderry</th> <th rowspan="2">Tyrone</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Irish only</td> <td>25.7%</td> <td>39.0%</td> <td>18.5%</td> <td>38.3%</td> <td>42.2%</td> <td>41.6%</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">All Irish identities</th> <th>29.7%</th> <th>42.2%</th> <th>23.7%</th> <th>41.9%</th> <th>46.0%</th> <th>44.9%</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">British only</td> <td>35.5%</td> <td>24.7%</td> <td>37.7%</td> <td>26.2%</td> <td>24.8%</td> <td>21.0%</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">All British identities</th> <th>47.4%</th> <th>32.3%</th> <th>52.5%</th> <th>32.9%</th> <th>32.2%</th> <th>27.0%</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Northern Irish only</td> <td>18.7%</td> <td>16.8%</td> <td>21.7%</td> <td>21.3%</td> <td>19.7%</td> <td>20.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">All Northern Irish identities</th> <th>31.1%</th> <th>25.4%</th> <th>36.9%</th> <th>29.1%</th> <th>10.9%</th> <th>28.0%</th> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Religion in Northern Ireland</a> </div> At the 2021 census, 42.3% of the population identified as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Ireland">Roman Catholic</a>, 37.3% as Protestant/other Christian, 1.3% as other religions, while 17.4% identified with no religion or did not state one.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2021_religion-165">[159]</a> The biggest of the Protestant/other Christian denominations were the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Presbyterian Church in Ireland">Presbyterian Church</a> (16.6%), the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Church_of_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a> (11.5%) and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Methodist_Church_in_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Methodist Church in Ireland">Methodist Church</a> (2.3%).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2021_religion-165">[159]</a> At the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_census?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2011 United Kingdom census">2011 census</a>, 41.5% of the population identified as Protestant/other Christian, 41% as Roman Catholic, 0.8% as other religions, while 17% identified with no religion or did not state one.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ReferenceA-166">[160]</a> In terms of background (i.e. religion or religion brought up in), at the 2021 census 45.7% of the population came from a Catholic background, 43.5% from a Protestant background, 1.5% from other religious backgrounds, and 5.6% from non-religious backgrounds.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2021_religion-165">[159]</a> This was the first time since Northern Ireland's creation that there were more people from a Catholic background than Protestant.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-first_catholic_majority-167">[161]</a> At the 2011 census, 48% came from a Protestant background, 45% from a Catholic background, 0.9% from other religious backgrounds, and 5.6% from non-religious backgrounds.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ReferenceA-166">[160]</a> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody> <tr style="background:#ddd"> <th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religion in Northern Ireland – 2021<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2021_religion-165">[159]</a></th> </tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Religion</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Per cent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Catholic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"> <div style="background:DarkOrchid; width:42.3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">42.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a>/other Christian</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"> <div style="background:DodgerBlue; width:37.3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">37.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irreligion">No religion</a>/Not stated</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"> <div style="background:SlateGray; width:17.4%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">17.4%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other religions</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"> <div style="background:LimeGreen; width:1.3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.3%</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> In recent censuses, respondents gave their religious identity or religious upbringing as follows:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2001_key_statistics-168">[162]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2011_Census_data-160">[154]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2021_religion-165">[159]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="5">Religion or religious background of Northern Ireland residents</th> </tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Religion / religion of upbringing</th> <th rowspan="2">2001</th> <th rowspan="2">2011</th> <th rowspan="2">2021</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Catholic</td> <td>43.8%</td> <td>45.1%</td> <td>45.7%</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Protestant and other Christian</td> <td>53.1%</td> <td>48.4%</td> <td>43.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Other religions</td> <td>0.4%</td> <td>0.9%</td> <td>1.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">No religion nor religious upbringing</td> <td>2.7%</td> <td>5.6%</td> <td>9.3%</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> As of the 2021 census, regarding religious background, four of the six traditional counties had a Catholic majority, one had a Protestant plurality, and one had a Protestant majority.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-religion_brought_up_in-169">[163]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="7">Religion or religious background of Northern Ireland residents by county</th> </tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Religion / religion of upbringing</th> <th rowspan="2">Antrim</th> <th rowspan="2">Armagh</th> <th rowspan="2">Down</th> <th rowspan="2">Fermanagh</th> <th rowspan="2">Londonderry</th> <th rowspan="2">Tyrone</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Catholic</td> <td>40.1%</td> <td>58.2%</td> <td>32.3%</td> <td>58.8%</td> <td>61.3%</td> <td>66.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Protestant and other Christian</td> <td>47.0%</td> <td>34.0%</td> <td>53.5%</td> <td>35.5%</td> <td>32.5%</td> <td>28.9%</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Other religions</td> <td>2.1%</td> <td>1.2%</td> <td>1.5%</td> <td>1.1%</td> <td>0.9%</td> <td>0.6%</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">No religion nor religious upbringing</td> <td>10.8%</td> <td>6.7%</td> <td>12.7%</td> <td>4.6%</td> <td>5.3%</td> <td>4.0%</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Several studies and surveys carried out between 1971 and 2006 have indicated that, in general, most Protestants in Northern Ireland see themselves primarily as British, whereas most Catholics see themselves primarily as Irish.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-170">[164]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-171">[165]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-172">[166]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-173">[167]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-174">[168]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-175">[169]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-176">[170]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-177">[171]</a> This does not, however, account for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/People_of_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="People of Northern Ireland">complex identities within Northern Ireland</a>, given that many of the population regard themselves as "Ulster" or "Northern Irish", either as a primary or secondary identity. A 2008 survey found that 57% of Protestants described themselves as British, while 32% identified as Northern Irish, 6% as Ulster, and 4% as Irish. Compared to a similar survey in 1998, this shows a fall in the percentage of Protestants identifying as British and Ulster and a rise in those identifying as Northern Irish. The 2008 survey found that 61% of Catholics described themselves as Irish, with 25% identifying as Northern Irish, 8% as British, and 1% as Ulster. These figures were largely unchanged from the 1998 results.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-178">[172]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-179">[173]</a> People born in Northern Ireland are, with some exceptions, deemed by UK law to be <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_nationality_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British nationality law">citizens of the United Kingdom</a>. They are also, with similar exceptions, entitled to be <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_nationality_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irish nationality law">citizens of Ireland</a>. This entitlement was reaffirmed in the 1998 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a> between the British and Irish governments, which provides that: <blockquote> ...it is the birthright of all the people of Northern Ireland to identify themselves and be accepted as Irish or British, or both, as they may so choose, and accordingly [the two governments] confirm that their right to hold both British and Irish citizenship is accepted by both Governments and would not be affected by any future change in the status of Northern Ireland. </blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Predominant_passport_held_northern_ireland.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Predominant_passport_held_northern_ireland.png/220px-Predominant_passport_held_northern_ireland.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="18996" data-file-height="14790"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 171px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Predominant_passport_held_northern_ireland.png/220px-Predominant_passport_held_northern_ireland.png" data-width="220" data-height="171" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Predominant_passport_held_northern_ireland.png/330px-Predominant_passport_held_northern_ireland.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Predominant_passport_held_northern_ireland.png/440px-Predominant_passport_held_northern_ireland.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> 2011: Map of most commonly held passport </figcaption> </figure> As a result of the Agreement, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution of the Republic of Ireland</a> was amended. The current wording provides that people born in Northern Ireland are entitled to be Irish citizens on the same basis as people from any other part of the island.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-180">[174]</a> Neither government, however, extends its citizenship to all persons born in Northern Ireland. Both governments exclude some people born in Northern Ireland, in particular persons born without one parent who is a British or Irish citizen. The Irish restriction was given effect by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Twenty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland">twenty-seventh amendment to the Irish Constitution</a> in 2004. The position in UK nationality law is that most of those born in Northern Ireland are UK nationals, whether or not they so choose. Renunciation of British citizenship requires the payment of a fee, currently £372.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-181">[175]</a> In recent censuses, residents said they held the following passports:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2011_Census_data-160">[154]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-passport_held_2021-182">[176]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="4">Passports held by Northern Ireland residents</th> </tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Passport</th> <th rowspan="2">2011</th> <th rowspan="2">2021</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">United Kingdom</td> <td>59.1%</td> <td>52.6%</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Ireland</td> <td>20.8%</td> <td>32.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">European countries</td> <td>2.2%</td> <td>3.9%</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Other countries in world</td> <td>1.1%</td> <td>1.6%</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">No passport</td> <td>18.9%</td> <td>15.9%</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Languages_of_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Languages of Northern Ireland">Languages of Northern Ireland</a> </div> Irish is an official language of Northern Ireland as of 6 December 2022 when the Irish Language Act (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Identity_and_Language_(Northern_Ireland)_Act_2022?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Identity and Language (Northern Ireland) Act 2022">Identity and Language (Northern Ireland) Act 2022</a>) became law. The Irish Language Act officially repealed legislation from 1737 that banned the use of Irish in courts.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> English is a de facto official language.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] English is also spoken as a first language by 95.4% of the Northern Ireland population.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2022_Language-183">[177]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:English_dialects_in_Ulster_contrast.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/English_dialects_in_Ulster_contrast.png/220px-English_dialects_in_Ulster_contrast.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="833"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 183px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/English_dialects_in_Ulster_contrast.png/220px-English_dialects_in_Ulster_contrast.png" data-width="220" data-height="183" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/English_dialects_in_Ulster_contrast.png/330px-English_dialects_in_Ulster_contrast.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/English_dialects_in_Ulster_contrast.png/440px-English_dialects_in_Ulster_contrast.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Approximate boundaries of the current and historical English/<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scots_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scots language">Scots</a> dialects in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>. South to north, the colour bands represent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hiberno-English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a>, South-<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulster_English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulster English">Ulster English</a>, Mid-Ulster English, and the three traditional <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster Scots</a> areas. The Irish-speaking <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaeltacht?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaeltacht">Gaeltacht</a> is not shown. </figcaption> </figure> Under the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belfast_Agreement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Belfast Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a>, Irish and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster Scots</a> (an Ulster dialect of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scots_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scots language">Scots language</a>, sometimes known as Ullans), are recognised as "part of the cultural wealth of Northern Ireland".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-184">[178]</a> The Irish Language Act of 2022 also legislated commissioners for both Irish and Ulster Scots.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> Two all-island bodies for the promotion of these were created under the Agreement: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foras_na_Gaeilge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Foras na Gaeilge">Foras na Gaeilge</a>, which promotes the Irish language, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulster_Scots_Agency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Scots Agency">Ulster Scots Agency</a>, which promotes the Ulster-Scots dialect and culture. These operate separately under the aegis of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_North/South_Language_Body?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The North/South Language Body">the North/South Language Body</a>, which reports to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North/South_Ministerial_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North/South Ministerial Council">North/South Ministerial Council</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Government of the United Kingdom">UK Government</a> in 2001 ratified the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a>. Irish (in Northern Ireland) was specified under Part III of the Charter, with a range of specific undertakings about education, translation of statutes, interaction with public authorities, the use of placenames, media access, support for cultural activities, and other matters. A lower level of recognition was accorded to Ulster-Scots, under Part II of the Charter.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-185">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="English">English</h4> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulster_English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulster English">Ulster English</a> </div> According to the 2021 census, in 94.74% of households, all people aged 16 and above spoke English as their main language.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Census_2021_Phase_2_Bulletin-186">[180]</a> The dialect of English spoken in Northern Ireland shows influence from the lowland <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scots_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scots language">Scots language</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-187">[181]</a> There are supposedly some minute differences in pronunciation between Protestants and Catholics, for instance; the name of the letter h, which Protestants tend to pronounce as "aitch", as in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British English">British English</a>, and Catholics tend to pronounce as "haitch", as in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hiberno-English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-188">[182]</a> However, geography is a much more important determinant of dialect than religious background. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Irish">Irish</h4> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Map_of_those_with_some_ability_in_Irish_in_the_2011_census_in_Northern_Ireland.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Map_of_those_with_some_ability_in_Irish_in_the_2011_census_in_Northern_Ireland.png/220px-Map_of_those_with_some_ability_in_Irish_in_the_2011_census_in_Northern_Ireland.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="18870" data-file-height="14693"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 171px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Map_of_those_with_some_ability_in_Irish_in_the_2011_census_in_Northern_Ireland.png/220px-Map_of_those_with_some_ability_in_Irish_in_the_2011_census_in_Northern_Ireland.png" data-width="220" data-height="171" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Map_of_those_with_some_ability_in_Irish_in_the_2011_census_in_Northern_Ireland.png/330px-Map_of_those_with_some_ability_in_Irish_in_the_2011_census_in_Northern_Ireland.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Map_of_those_with_some_ability_in_Irish_in_the_2011_census_in_Northern_Ireland.png/440px-Map_of_those_with_some_ability_in_Irish_in_the_2011_census_in_Northern_Ireland.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Percentage of people aged 3+ claiming to have some ability in Irish in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_census?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2011 United Kingdom census">2011 census</a> </figcaption> </figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_language_in_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irish language in Northern Ireland">Irish language in Northern Ireland</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulster_Irish?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulster Irish">Ulster Irish</a> </div> The Irish language (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: an Ghaeilge), or Gaelic, is the second most spoken language in Northern Ireland and is a native language of Ireland.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-189">[183]</a> It was spoken predominantly throughout what is now Northern Ireland before the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulster_Plantations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Plantations">Ulster Plantations</a> in the 17th century and most place names in Northern Ireland are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglicised?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicised">anglicised</a> versions of a Gaelic name. Today, the language is often associated with Irish nationalism (and thus with Catholics). However, in the 19th century, the language was seen as a common heritage, with Ulster Protestants playing a leading role in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaelic_revival?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaelic revival">Gaelic revival</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-190">[184]</a> In the 2021 census, 12.4% (compared with 10.7% in 2011) of the population of Northern Ireland claimed "some knowledge of Irish" and 3.9% (compared with 3.7% in 2011) reported being able to "speak, read, write and understand" Irish.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Census_2011-151">[145]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2022_Language-183">[177]</a> In another survey, from 1999, 1% of respondents said they spoke it as their main language at home.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Survey-NorthernIreland-191">[185]</a> The dialect spoken in Northern Ireland, Ulster Irish, has two main types, East Ulster Irish and Donegal Irish (or West Ulster Irish),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pipex1-192">[186]</a> is the one closest to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> (which developed into a separate language from Irish Gaelic in the 17th century). Some words and phrases are shared with Scots Gaelic, and the dialects of east Ulster – those of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rathlin_Island?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rathlin Island">Rathlin Island</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glens_of_Antrim?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glens of Antrim">Glens of Antrim</a> – were very similar to the dialect of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Argyll?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Argyll">Argyll</a>, the part of Scotland nearest to Ireland. The dialects of Armagh and Down were also very similar to the dialects of Galloway. The use of the Irish language in Northern Ireland today is politically sensitive. The erection by some <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Local government in Northern Ireland">district councils</a> of bilingual street names in both English and Irish,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-193">[187]</a> invariably in predominantly nationalist districts, is resisted by unionists who claim that it creates a "chill factor" and thus harms community relationships. Efforts by members of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Northern Ireland Assembly</a> to legislate for some official uses of the language have failed to achieve the required cross-community support. In May 2022, the UK Government proposed a bill in the House of Lords to make Irish an official language (and support Ulster Scots) in Northern Ireland and to create an Irish Language Commissioner.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-194">[188]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-195">[189]</a> The bill has since been passed, and received royal assent in December 2022.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-196">[190]</a> There has recently been an increase in interest in the language among unionists in East Belfast.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-197">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Ulster_Scots">Ulster Scots</h4> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Map_showing_the_percentage_of_people_aged_3%2B_claiming_to_have_some_ability_in_Ulster_Scots_in_the_2011_census.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Map_showing_the_percentage_of_people_aged_3%2B_claiming_to_have_some_ability_in_Ulster_Scots_in_the_2011_census.png/220px-Map_showing_the_percentage_of_people_aged_3%2B_claiming_to_have_some_ability_in_Ulster_Scots_in_the_2011_census.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="19184" data-file-height="14938"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 171px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Map_showing_the_percentage_of_people_aged_3%2B_claiming_to_have_some_ability_in_Ulster_Scots_in_the_2011_census.png/220px-Map_showing_the_percentage_of_people_aged_3%2B_claiming_to_have_some_ability_in_Ulster_Scots_in_the_2011_census.png" data-width="220" data-height="171" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Map_showing_the_percentage_of_people_aged_3%2B_claiming_to_have_some_ability_in_Ulster_Scots_in_the_2011_census.png/330px-Map_showing_the_percentage_of_people_aged_3%2B_claiming_to_have_some_ability_in_Ulster_Scots_in_the_2011_census.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Map_showing_the_percentage_of_people_aged_3%2B_claiming_to_have_some_ability_in_Ulster_Scots_in_the_2011_census.png/440px-Map_showing_the_percentage_of_people_aged_3%2B_claiming_to_have_some_ability_in_Ulster_Scots_in_the_2011_census.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Percentage of people aged 3+ claiming to have some ability in Ulster Scots in the 2011 census </figcaption> </figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster Scots dialect</a> </div> Ulster Scots comprises varieties of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scots_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scots language">Scots language</a> spoken in Northern Ireland. For a native English speaker, "[Ulster Scots] is comparatively accessible, and even at its most intense can be understood fairly easily with the help of a glossary."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Poilin-BBC-198">[192]</a> Along with the Irish language, the Good Friday Agreement recognised the dialect as part of Northern Ireland's unique culture and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St_Andrews_Agreement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="St Andrews Agreement">St Andrews Agreement</a> recognised the need to "enhance and develop the Ulster Scots language, heritage and culture".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-199">[193]</a> At the time of the 2021 census, approximately 1.1% (compared to 0.9% in 2011) of the population claimed to be able to speak, read, write and understand Ulster-Scots, while 10.4% (compared to 8.1% in 2011) professed to have "some ability".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Census_2011-151">[145]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2022_Language-183">[177]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Survey-NorthernIreland-191">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Sign_languages">Sign languages</h4> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Sign_Language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Ireland Sign Language">Northern Ireland Sign Language</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_Sign_Language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish Sign Language</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Sign_Language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a> </div> The most common <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sign_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sign language">sign language</a> in Northern Ireland is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Sign_Language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Ireland Sign Language">Northern Ireland Sign Language</a> (NISL). However, because in the past Catholic families tended to send their deaf children to schools in Dublin[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] where <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_Sign_Language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish Sign Language</a> (ISL) is commonly used, ISL is still common among many older deaf people from Catholic families. Irish Sign Language (ISL) has some influence from the French family of sign language, which includes <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Sign_Language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a> (ASL). NISL takes a large component from the British family of sign language (which also includes <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Auslan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Auslan">Auslan</a>) with many borrowings from ASL. It is described as being related to Irish Sign Language at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syntactic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Syntactic">syntactic</a> level while much of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lexicon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a> is based on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Sign_Language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a> (BSL).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Janzen-200">[194]</a> As of March 2004<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DNorthern_Ireland%26action%3Dedit">[update]</a> the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Government?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="British Government">UK Government</a> recognises only British Sign Language and Irish Sign Language as the official sign languages used in Northern Ireland.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-dcal-201">[195]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-202">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Education">Education</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Education in Northern Ireland</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Lanyon_Building,_Queen%27s_University,_Belfast.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Lanyon_Building%2C_Queen%27s_University%2C_Belfast.jpg/310px-Lanyon_Building%2C_Queen%27s_University%2C_Belfast.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="174" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5344" data-file-height="3008"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 310px;height: 174px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Lanyon_Building%2C_Queen%27s_University%2C_Belfast.jpg/310px-Lanyon_Building%2C_Queen%27s_University%2C_Belfast.jpg" data-width="310" data-height="174" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Lanyon_Building%2C_Queen%27s_University%2C_Belfast.jpg/465px-Lanyon_Building%2C_Queen%27s_University%2C_Belfast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Lanyon_Building%2C_Queen%27s_University%2C_Belfast.jpg/620px-Lanyon_Building%2C_Queen%27s_University%2C_Belfast.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Queen's University Belfast">Queen's University</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belfast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Library_Building_at_Magee.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Library_Building_at_Magee.jpg/220px-Library_Building_at_Magee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3285" data-file-height="2464"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Library_Building_at_Magee.jpg/220px-Library_Building_at_Magee.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Library_Building_at_Magee.jpg/330px-Library_Building_at_Magee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Library_Building_at_Magee.jpg/440px-Library_Building_at_Magee.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulster_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulster University">Ulster University</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Derry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Derry">Derry</a> </figcaption> </figure> Unlike most areas of the United Kingdom, in the last year of primary school, many children sit entrance examinations for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grammar_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammar schools in the United Kingdom">grammar schools</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Integrated_Education?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Education">Integrated schools</a>, which attempt to ensure a balance in enrolment between pupils of Protestant, Roman Catholic, and other faiths (or none), are becoming increasingly popular, although Northern Ireland still has a primarily de facto religiously segregated education system. In the primary school sector, 40 schools (8.9% of the total number) are integrated schools and 32 (7.2% of the total number) are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaelscoileanna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelscoileanna">Gaelscoileanna</a> (Irish language-medium schools). As with the island of Ireland as a whole, Northern Ireland has one of the youngest populations in Europe and, among the four UK nations, it has the highest proportion of children aged under 16 years (21% in mid-2019).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-203">[197]</a> In the most recent full academic year (2021–2022), the region's school education system comprised 1,124 schools (of all types) and around 346,000 pupils, including: <ul> <li>796 primary schools with 172,000 pupils;</li> <li>192 post-primary schools with 152,000 pupils;</li> <li>126 non-grammar post-primary schools with 86,000 pupils;</li> <li>66 grammar schools with 65,000 pupils;</li> <li>94 nursery schools with 5,800 pupils;</li> <li>39 special schools with 6,600 pupils (specifically for children with special educational needs); and</li> <li>14 independent schools with 700 children.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-enrolment2122-204">[198]</a></li> </ul> Enrolments in further and higher education were as follows (in 2019–2020) before disruption to enrolments and classes caused by the COVID-19 pandemic: <ul> <li>six regional further education colleges with 132,000 students;</li> <li>two universities – <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Queen's University Belfast">Queen's University Belfast</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulster_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulster University">Ulster University</a> – with 53,000 students;</li> <li>two teacher training colleges – <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stranmillis_University_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stranmillis University College">Stranmillis University College</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St_Mary%27s_University_College,_Belfast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="St Mary's University College, Belfast">St Mary's University College, Belfast</a> – with 2,200 students;</li> <li>the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/College_of_Agriculture,_Food_and_Rural_Enterprise?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="College of Agriculture, Food and Rural Enterprise">College of Agriculture, Food and Rural Enterprise</a> with 1,700 students on three campuses; and</li> <li>the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Open_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Open University">Open University</a> with 4,200 students.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-205">[199]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-206">[200]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-207">[201]</a></li> </ul> Statistics on education in Northern Ireland are published by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Northern_Ireland)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Department of Education (Northern Ireland)">Department of Education</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Department_for_the_Economy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Department for the Economy">Department for the Economy</a>. The main universities in Northern Ireland are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Queen's University Belfast">Queen's University Belfast</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulster_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulster University">Ulster University</a>, and the distance learning <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Open_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Open University">Open University</a> which has a regional office in Belfast. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Health_care">Health care</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Health_and_Social_Care_(Northern_Ireland)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Health and Social Care (Northern Ireland)">Health and Social Care (Northern Ireland)</a> </div> Since 1948 Northern Ireland has a health care system similar to England, Scotland and Wales, though it provides not only health care, but also social care. Health care performance has been decreasing since the mid-2010s and reached crisis levels since 2022.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-208">[202]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Economy of Northern Ireland</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Belfast_Titanic.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Belfast_Titanic.jpg/220px-Belfast_Titanic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4654" data-file-height="3103"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Belfast_Titanic.jpg/220px-Belfast_Titanic.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Belfast_Titanic.jpg/330px-Belfast_Titanic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Belfast_Titanic.jpg/440px-Belfast_Titanic.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Titanic_Belfast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Titanic Belfast">Titanic Belfast</a>, in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Titanic_Quarter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Titanic Quarter">Titanic Quarter</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Harlandandwolffcranes.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Harlandandwolffcranes.JPG/220px-Harlandandwolffcranes.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Harlandandwolffcranes.JPG/220px-Harlandandwolffcranes.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Harlandandwolffcranes.JPG/330px-Harlandandwolffcranes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Harlandandwolffcranes.JPG/440px-Harlandandwolffcranes.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harland_%26_Wolff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harland & Wolff">Harland & Wolff</a> shipyard cranes named Samson and Goliath </figcaption> </figure> Northern Ireland traditionally had an industrial economy, most notably featuring shipbuilding, rope manufacture, and textiles. In 2019, 53% of GVA was generated by services, 22% by the public sector, 15% by production, 8% by construction and 2% by agriculture.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-209">[203]</a> In the coal industry, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Kelly_Limited?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Kelly Limited">John Kelly Limited</a> was the largest coal firm in Northern Ireland, spanning 150 years.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-210">[204]</a> It started in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Queen%27s_Quay,_Belfast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Queen's Quay, Belfast">Queen's Quay, Belfast</a>, by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samuel_Kelly_(coal_merchant)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samuel Kelly (coal merchant)">Samuel Kelly</a> as a coal commissions and grocer. After his death, son <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Kelly_(coal_merchant)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Kelly (coal merchant)">John Kelly</a> took over and expanded the fleet of coasters. the son of John Kelly, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sir_Samuel_Kelly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sir Samuel Kelly">Sir Samuel Kelly</a>, seen the most growth, incorporated the business as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limited_company?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limited company">limited company</a> in 1911. John Kelly Limited expanded along the docks, likewise with their offices, expansion to Ballymena and Carrickfergus took place, and coal boats would travel to Larne Harbour. The company is now known as Kelly's Fuels in the 1990s, and quickly became one of the biggest oil distributors in the country.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-211">[205]</a> Belfast is the United Kingdom's second largest tech hub outside of London with more than 25% of their jobs being technology related. Many established multinational tech companies such as Fujitsu, SAP, IBM and Microsoft have a presence here. It is regarded an appealing place to live for tech professionals and has a low cost of living compared to other cities.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-212">[206]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-213">[207]</a> In 2019 Northern Ireland welcomed 5.3m visitors, who spent over £1billion. A total of 167 cruise ships docked at Northern Ireland ports in 2019.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-214">[208]</a> Tourism in recent years has been a major growth area with key attractions including the Giants Causeway and the many castles in the region with the historic towns and cities of Belfast, Derry, Armagh and Enniskillen being popular with tourists. Entertainment venues include the SSE Arena, Waterfront Hall, the Grand Opera House and Custom House Square. Tourists use various means of transport around Northern Ireland such as vehicle hire, guided tours, taxi tours, electric bikes, electric cars and public transport.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-215">[209]</a> Belfast currently has an 81-acre shipyard which was purposely developed to be able to take some of the world's largest vessels. It has the largest dry dock for ships in Europe measuring 556m x 93m and has 106m high cranes, it is ideally situated between the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-216">[210]</a> The shipyard can build ships and complete maintenance contracts such as the contracts awarded by P&O and Cunard cruise ships in 2022.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-217">[211]</a> Northern Ireland feeds around 10 million people when their population is only 1.8 million.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-218">[212]</a> The predominant activity on Northern Ireland farms in 2022 was cattle and sheep. 79 per cent of farms in Northern Ireland have some cattle, 38 per cent have some sheep. Over three-quarters of farms in Northern Ireland are very small, in 2022 there were 26,089 farms in Northern Ireland with approximately one million hectares of land farmed.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-219">[213]</a> Northern Ireland is in a unique position where it can sell goods to the rest of the United Kingdom and the European Union tariff-free, free from customs declarations, rules of origin certificates and non-tariff barriers on the sale of goods to both regions.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-220">[214]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-221">[215]</a> Below is a comparison of the goods being sold and purchased between Northern Ireland and the United Kingdom, compared with the goods being exported and imported between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland: <div style="display:inline-table"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-right:2em;"> <caption> Northern Ireland Sales/Exports<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-nitrade-222">[216]</a> </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="col" style="width: 50px;"></th> <th scope="col" style="width: 150px;">United Kingdom</th> <th scope="col" style="width: 150px;">Republic of Ireland</th> </tr> <tr> <th>2020</th> <td>£11.3 billion</td> <td>£4.2 billion</td> </tr> <tr> <th>2021</th> <td>£12.8 billion</td> <td>£5.2 billion</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div style="display:inline-table"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption> Northern Ireland Purchases/Imports<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-nitrade-222">[216]</a> </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="col" style="width: 50px;"></th> <th scope="col" style="width: 150px;">United Kingdom</th> <th scope="col" style="width: 150px;">Republic of Ireland</th> </tr> <tr> <th>2020</th> <td>£13.4 billion</td> <td>£2.5 billion</td> </tr> <tr> <th>2021</th> <td>£14.4 billion</td> <td>£3.1 billion</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Infrastructure_and_transportation">Infrastructure and transportation</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transport in Ireland">Transport in Ireland</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Approaching_Seahill_station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_243422.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Approaching_Seahill_station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_243422.jpg/220px-Approaching_Seahill_station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_243422.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Approaching_Seahill_station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_243422.jpg/220px-Approaching_Seahill_station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_243422.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Approaching_Seahill_station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_243422.jpg/330px-Approaching_Seahill_station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_243422.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Approaching_Seahill_station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_243422.jpg/440px-Approaching_Seahill_station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_243422.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> An <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Railways?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ireland Railways">NIR</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NIR_Class_3000?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NIR Class 3000">C3K</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Railcar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Railcar">railcar</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:69,_North_Junction.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/69%2C_North_Junction.jpg/220px-69%2C_North_Junction.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/69%2C_North_Junction.jpg/220px-69%2C_North_Junction.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/69%2C_North_Junction.jpg/330px-69%2C_North_Junction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/69%2C_North_Junction.jpg/440px-69%2C_North_Junction.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NIR_80_class?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="NIR 80 class">NIR 80 class</a> railcar 69, which was used on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peace_Train_Organisation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peace Train Organisation">Peace Train campaign</a> during <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Troubles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Troubles">the Troubles</a>, is preserved at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Downpatrick_and_County_Down_Railway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Downpatrick and County Down Railway">Downpatrick & County Down Railway</a> </figcaption> </figure> Northern Ireland has underdeveloped transport infrastructure, with most infrastructure concentrated around Greater Belfast, Greater Derry, and Craigavon. Northern Ireland is served by three airports—<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belfast_International_Airport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belfast International Airport">Belfast International</a> near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antrim,_County_Antrim?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antrim, County Antrim">Antrim</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_Best_Belfast_City_Airport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George Best Belfast City Airport">George Best Belfast City</a> integrated into the railway network at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sydenham_railway_station,_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydenham railway station, Northern Ireland">Sydenham</a> in East Belfast, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/City_of_Derry_Airport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="City of Derry Airport">City of Derry</a> in County Londonderry. There are upgrade plans to transform the railway network in Northern Ireland including new lines from Derry to Portadown and Belfast to Newry, though it will take the best part of 25 years to deliver.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-223">[217]</a> There are major seaports at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Larne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Larne">Larne</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Port_of_Belfast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Port of Belfast">Belfast</a> which carry passengers and freight between Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Passenger railways are operated by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NI_Railways?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NI Railways">NI Railways</a>. With <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iarnr%C3%B3d_%C3%89ireann?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iarnród Éireann">Iarnród Éireann</a> (Irish Rail), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NI_Railways?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NI Railways">NI Railways</a> co-operates in providing the joint <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enterprise_(train)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterprise (train)">Enterprise</a> service between <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dublin_Connolly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin Connolly">Dublin Connolly</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belfast_Grand_Central_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belfast Grand Central station">Belfast Grand Central</a>. The whole of Ireland has a mainline railway network with a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Track_gauge_in_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Track gauge in Ireland">gauge of 5 ft 3 in (1,600 mm)</a>, which is unique in Europe and has resulted in distinct rolling stock designs. The only preserved line of this gauge on the island is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Downpatrick_and_County_Down_Railway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Downpatrick and County Down Railway">Downpatrick and County Down Railway</a>, which operates heritage steam and diesel locomotives. Main railway lines linking to and from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belfast_Grand_Central_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belfast Grand Central station">Belfast Grand Central Station</a> and Lanyon Place railway station are: <ul> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belfast%E2%80%93Derry_railway_line?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Belfast–Derry railway line">Derry Line</a> and the Portrush Branch.</li> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Larne_Town_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Larne Town railway station">Larne</a> Line</li> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bangor_railway_station_(Northern_Ireland)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangor railway station (Northern Ireland)">Bangor</a> Line</li> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Newry_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Newry railway station">Newry</a>/<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portadown_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portadown railway station">Portadown</a> Line</li> </ul> The Derry line is the busiest single-track railway line in the United Kingdom, carrying 3 million passengers per annum, the Derry-Londonderry Line has also been described by Michael Palin as "one of the most beautiful rail journeys in the world".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-224">[218]</a> Main motorways are: <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M1_motorway_(Northern_Ireland)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M1 motorway (Northern Ireland)">M1</a> connecting Belfast to the south and west, ending in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dungannon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dungannon">Dungannon</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M2_motorway_(Northern_Ireland)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M2 motorway (Northern Ireland)">M2</a> connecting Belfast to the north. An unconnected section of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M2_motorway_(Northern_Ireland)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M2 motorway (Northern Ireland)">M2</a> also by-passes <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ballymena?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ballymena">Ballymena</a></li> </ul> Additional short motorway spurs include: <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M12_motorway_(Northern_Ireland)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="M12 motorway (Northern Ireland)">M12</a> connecting the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M1_motorway_(Northern_Ireland)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M1 motorway (Northern Ireland)">M1</a> to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portadown?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portadown">Portadown</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M22_motorway_(Northern_Ireland)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M22 motorway (Northern Ireland)">M22</a> connecting the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M2_motorway_(Northern_Ireland)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M2 motorway (Northern Ireland)">M2</a> to near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Randalstown?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Randalstown">Randalstown</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M3_motorway_(Northern_Ireland)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M3 motorway (Northern Ireland)">M3</a> connecting the M1 (via the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Westlink_(road)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Westlink (road)">A12</a>) and M2 in Belfast with the A2 dual carriageway to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bangor,_County_Down?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bangor, County Down">Bangor</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M5_motorway_(Northern_Ireland)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M5 motorway (Northern Ireland)">M5</a> connecting Belfast to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Newtownabbey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Newtownabbey">Newtownabbey</a></li> </ul> The cross-border road connecting the ports of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Larne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Larne">Larne</a> in Northern Ireland and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rosslare_Harbour?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rosslare Harbour">Rosslare Harbour</a> in the Republic of Ireland is being upgraded as part of an EU-funded scheme. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_route_E01?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="European route E01">European route E01</a> runs from Larne through the island of Ireland, Spain, and Portugal to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seville?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seville">Seville</a>. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Culture of Northern Ireland">Culture of Northern Ireland</a> </div> Northern Ireland shares both the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Culture_of_Ulster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Culture of Ulster">culture of Ulster</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Culture of the United Kingdom">culture of the United Kingdom</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Belfast_waterfront.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Belfast_waterfront.jpg/220px-Belfast_waterfront.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Belfast_waterfront.jpg/220px-Belfast_waterfront.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Belfast_waterfront.jpg/330px-Belfast_waterfront.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Belfast_waterfront.jpg/440px-Belfast_waterfront.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odyssey_Place?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Odyssey Place">SSE Arena</a> with 11,000 capacity on Belfast waterfront </figcaption> </figure> Northern Ireland has witnessed rising numbers of tourists. Attractions include concert venues, cultural festivals, musical and artistic traditions, countryside and geographical sites of interest, public houses, welcoming hospitality, and sports (especially golf and fishing).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-225">[219]</a> Since 1987 public houses have been allowed to open on Sundays, despite some opposition. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parades_in_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parades in Northern Ireland">Parades are a prominent feature</a> of Northern Ireland society,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-226">[220]</a> more so than in the rest of Ireland or the United Kingdom. Most are held by Protestant fraternities such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orange_Order?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a>, and Ulster loyalist marching bands. Each summer, during the "marching season", these groups have hundreds of parades, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland_flags_issue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Ireland flags issue">deck streets with British flags</a>, bunting and specially-made arches, and light large towering bonfires in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eleventh_Night?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eleventh Night">"Eleventh Night" celebrations</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-bryan130-227">[221]</a> The biggest parades are held on 12 July (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Twelfth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Twelfth">The Twelfth</a>). There is often tension when these activities take place near Catholic neighbourhoods, which sometimes leads to violence.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-228">[222]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulster_Cycle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulster Cycle">Ulster Cycle</a> is a large body of prose and verse centring on the traditional heroes of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulaid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulaid">Ulaid</a> in what is now eastern Ulster. This is one of the four major cycles of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_mythology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irish mythology">Irish mythology</a>. The cycle centres on the reign of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conchobar_mac_Nessa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conchobar mac Nessa">Conchobar mac Nessa</a>, who is said to have been the king of Ulster around the 1st century. He ruled from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Emain Macha">Emain Macha</a> (now Navan Fort near Armagh), and had a fierce rivalry with queen <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medb?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Medb">Medb</a> and king Ailill of Connacht and their ally, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fergus_mac_R%C3%B3ich?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fergus mac Róich">Fergus mac Róich</a>, former king of Ulster. The foremost hero of the cycle is Conchobar's nephew <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C%C3%BAchulainn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cúchulainn">Cúchulainn</a>, who features in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Epic_poetry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Epic poetry">epic prose/poem</a> An <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C3%A1in_B%C3%B3_C%C3%BAailnge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Táin Bó Cúailnge">Táin Bó Cúailnge</a> (The Cattle Raid of Cooley, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Casus_belli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Casus belli">casus belli</a> between Ulster and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Connaught?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Connaught">Connaught</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Symbols">Symbols</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland_flags_issue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Ireland flags issue">Northern Ireland flags issue</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:NI_Assembly.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/NI_Assembly.svg/220px-NI_Assembly.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="330"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 182px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/NI_Assembly.svg/220px-NI_Assembly.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="182" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/NI_Assembly.svg/330px-NI_Assembly.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/NI_Assembly.svg/440px-NI_Assembly.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The logo for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Northern Ireland assembly</a> is based on the flower of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flax?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flax">flax</a> plant.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NI_logo-229">[223]</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Flag_of_Northern_Ireland_(1924%E2%80%931953).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Northern_Ireland_%281924%E2%80%931953%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Northern_Ireland_%281924%E2%80%931953%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 110px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Northern_Ireland_%281924%E2%80%931953%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Northern_Ireland_%281924%E2%80%931953%29.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="110" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Northern_Ireland_%281924%E2%80%931953%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_Northern_Ireland_%281924%E2%80%931953%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Northern_Ireland_%281924%E2%80%931953%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_Northern_Ireland_%281924%E2%80%931953%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulster_Banner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulster Banner">Ulster Banner</a> is used to represent Northern Ireland in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland_national_football_team?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Ireland national football team">association football</a> and at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commonwealth_Games?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a>. </figcaption> </figure> Northern Ireland comprises a patchwork of communities whose national loyalties are represented in some areas by flags flown from flagpoles or lamp posts. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_Jack?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union Jack">Union Jack</a> and the former <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flag_of_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flag of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland flag</a> are flown in many loyalist areas, and the Tricolour, adopted by republicans as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flag_of_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flag of Ireland">flag of Ireland</a> in 1916,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-230">[224]</a> is flown in some republican areas. Even kerbstones in some areas are painted red-white-blue or green-white-orange, depending on whether local people express unionist/loyalist or nationalist/republican sympathies.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-231">[225]</a> The official flag is that of the state having sovereignty over the territory, i.e. the Union Flag.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-232">[226]</a> The former Northern Ireland flag, also known as the "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulster_Banner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulster Banner">Ulster Banner</a>" or "Red Hand Flag", is a banner derived from the coat of arms of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Government_of_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Government of Northern Ireland">Government of Northern Ireland</a> until 1972. Since 1972, it has had no official status. The Union Flag and the Ulster Banner are used exclusively by unionists. The UK flags policy states that in Northern Ireland, "The Ulster flag and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Saltire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saint Patrick's Saltire">Cross of St Patrick</a> have no official status and, under the Flags Regulations, are not permitted to be flown from Government Buildings."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-233">[227]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-234">[228]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_Rugby_Football_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irish Rugby Football Union">Irish Rugby Football Union</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Church_of_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a> have used the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Saltire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saint Patrick's Saltire">Saint Patrick's Saltire</a> or "Cross of St Patrick". This red <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saltire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saltire">saltire</a> on a white field was used to represent Ireland in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flag of the United Kingdom">flag of the United Kingdom</a>. It is still used by some <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Army">British Army</a> regiments. Foreign flags are also found, such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palestinian_territories?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestinian</a> flags in some nationalist areas and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Israel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Israel">Israeli</a> flags in some unionist areas.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-235">[229]</a> The United Kingdom national anthem of "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/God_Save_the_King?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="God Save the King">God Save the King</a>" is often played at state events in Northern Ireland. At the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commonwealth_Games?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a> and some other sporting events, the Northern Ireland team uses the Ulster Banner as its flag—notwithstanding its lack of official status—and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Londonderry_Air?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Londonderry Air">Londonderry Air</a> (usually set to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lyrics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lyrics">lyrics</a> as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Danny_Boy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Danny Boy">Danny Boy</a>), which also has no official status, as its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_anthem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National anthem">national anthem</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-236">[230]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-237">[231]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland_national_football_team?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Ireland national football team">Northern Ireland national football team</a> also uses the Ulster Banner as its flag but uses "God Save The King" as its anthem.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-238">[232]</a> Major <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaelic_Athletic_Association?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaelic Athletic Association">Gaelic Athletic Association</a> matches are opened by the national anthem of the Republic of Ireland, "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amhr%C3%A1n_na_bhFiann?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amhrán na bhFiann">Amhrán na bhFiann</a> (The Soldier's Song)", which is also used by most other all-Ireland sporting organisations.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-239">[233]</a> Since 1995, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ireland_rugby_union_team?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ireland rugby union team">Ireland rugby union team</a> has used a specially commissioned song, "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ireland%27s_Call?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ireland's Call">Ireland's Call</a>" as the team's anthem. The Irish national anthem is also played at Dublin home matches, being the anthem of the host country.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-240">[234]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Irish_murals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Irish murals">Northern Irish murals</a> have become well-known features of Northern Ireland, depicting past and present events and documenting peace and cultural diversity. Almost 2,000 murals have been documented in Northern Ireland since the 1970s. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Media_and_communications">Media and communications</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Media_of_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Media of Northern Ireland">Media of Northern Ireland</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mass media in the Republic of Ireland">Mass media in the Republic of Ireland</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:BBC_Broadcasting_House,_Belfast,_October_2010_(01).JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/BBC_Broadcasting_House%2C_Belfast%2C_October_2010_%2801%29.JPG/170px-BBC_Broadcasting_House%2C_Belfast%2C_October_2010_%2801%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 255px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/BBC_Broadcasting_House%2C_Belfast%2C_October_2010_%2801%29.JPG/170px-BBC_Broadcasting_House%2C_Belfast%2C_October_2010_%2801%29.JPG" data-width="170" data-height="255" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/BBC_Broadcasting_House%2C_Belfast%2C_October_2010_%2801%29.JPG/255px-BBC_Broadcasting_House%2C_Belfast%2C_October_2010_%2801%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/BBC_Broadcasting_House%2C_Belfast%2C_October_2010_%2801%29.JPG/340px-BBC_Broadcasting_House%2C_Belfast%2C_October_2010_%2801%29.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Broadcasting_House,_Belfast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Broadcasting House, Belfast">Broadcasting House, Belfast</a>, home of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC Northern Ireland">BBC Northern Ireland</a> </figcaption> </figure> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC">BBC</a> has a division called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC Northern Ireland">BBC Northern Ireland</a> with headquarters in Belfast and operates <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_One_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC One Northern Ireland">BBC One Northern Ireland</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_Two_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC Two Northern Ireland">BBC Two Northern Ireland</a>. As well as broadcasting standard UK-wide programmes, BBC NI produces local content, including a news break-out called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_Newsline?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC Newsline">BBC Newsline</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a> franchise in Northern Ireland is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UTV_(TV_channel)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="UTV (TV channel)">UTV</a>. The state-owned <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Channel_4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a> and the privately owned <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Channel_5_(British_TV_channel)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Channel 5 (British TV channel)">Channel 5</a> also broadcast in Northern Ireland. Access is also available to satellite and cable services.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-241">[235]</a> All Northern Ireland viewers must obtain a UK <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Television_licensing_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Television licensing in the United Kingdom">TV licence</a> to watch live television transmissions or use <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_iPlayer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC iPlayer">BBC iPlayer</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RT%C3%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="RTÉ">RTÉ</a>, the national broadcaster of the Republic of Ireland, is available over the air to most parts of Northern Ireland via reception overspill of the Republic's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saorview?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saorview">Saorview</a> service,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-242">[236]</a> or via satellite and cable. Since the digital TV switchover, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RT%C3%89_One?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="RTÉ One">RTÉ One</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RT%C3%892?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="RTÉ2">RTÉ2</a> and the Irish-language channel <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/TG4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="TG4">TG4</a>, are now available over the air on the UK's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Freeview_(UK)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Freeview (UK)">Freeview</a> system from transmitters within Northern Ireland.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-243">[237]</a> Although they are transmitted in standard definition, a Freeview HD box or television is required for reception. As well as the standard UK-wide radio stations from the BBC, Northern Ireland is home to many local radio stations, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cool_FM?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cool FM">Cool FM</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Q_Radio_Network?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Q Radio Network">Q Radio</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Downtown_Radio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Downtown Radio">Downtown Radio</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/U105?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="U105">U105</a>. The BBC has two regional radio stations which broadcast in Northern Ireland, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_Radio_Ulster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC Radio Ulster">BBC Radio Ulster</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_Radio_Foyle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC Radio Foyle">BBC Radio Foyle</a>. Besides the UK and Irish national newspapers, there are three main regional newspapers published in Northern Ireland. These are the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belfast_Telegraph?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belfast Telegraph">Belfast Telegraph</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Irish_News?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Irish News">The Irish News</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_News_Letter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The News Letter">The News Letter</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-244">[238]</a> According to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Audit_Bureau_of_Circulations_(UK)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Audit Bureau of Circulations (UK)">Audit Bureau of Circulations (UK)</a> the average daily circulation for these three titles in 2018 was: <dl> <dd> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th>Title</th> <th>Market type</th> <th>Print time</th> <th>Political alignment</th> <th>Format</th> <th>Circulation Jan–Jun 2018<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-245">[239]</a></th> <th>Circulation Jul–Dec 2018<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-246">[240]</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belfast_Telegraph?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belfast Telegraph">Belfast Telegraph</a></td> <td>Regional</td> <td>Morning</td> <td>Non-Sectarianism/British Unionism</td> <td>Compact</td> <td>35,931</td> <td>33,951</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Irish_News?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Irish News">The Irish News</a></td> <td>Regional</td> <td>Morning</td> <td>Irish nationalism</td> <td>Compact</td> <td>33,647</td> <td>32,315</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/News_Letter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="News Letter">News Letter</a></td> <td>Regional</td> <td>Morning</td> <td>British unionism</td> <td>Tabloid</td> <td>13,374</td> <td>12,499</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </dd> </dl> Northern Ireland uses the same telecommunications and postal services as the rest of the United Kingdom at standard domestic rates and there are no mobile roaming charges between Great Britain and Northern Ireland.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-247">[241]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-248">[242]</a> People in Northern Ireland who live close to the border with the Republic of Ireland may inadvertently switch over to the Irish mobile networks, causing international roaming fees to be applied.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-249">[243]</a> Calls from landlines in Northern Ireland to numbers in the Republic of Ireland are charged at the same rate as those to numbers in Great Britain, while landline numbers in Northern Ireland can similarly be called from the Republic of Ireland at domestic rates, using the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Calls_to_Northern_Ireland" title="Telephone numbers in the Republic of Ireland">048</a> prefix.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-250">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sport_in_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sport in Northern Ireland">Sport in Northern Ireland</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Windsor_Park_redevelopment_.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Windsor_Park_redevelopment_.jpg/350px-Windsor_Park_redevelopment_.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="105" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1049" data-file-height="314"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 350px;height: 105px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Windsor_Park_redevelopment_.jpg/350px-Windsor_Park_redevelopment_.jpg" data-width="350" data-height="105" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Windsor_Park_redevelopment_.jpg/525px-Windsor_Park_redevelopment_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Windsor_Park_redevelopment_.jpg/700px-Windsor_Park_redevelopment_.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Windsor_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Windsor Park">Windsor Park</a>, the home stadium of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland_national_football_team?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Ireland national football team">Northern Ireland national football team</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Rory_McIlroy_watches_drive_flight_(crowd,_landscape_orientation).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Rory_McIlroy_watches_drive_flight_%28crowd%2C_landscape_orientation%29.jpg/220px-Rory_McIlroy_watches_drive_flight_%28crowd%2C_landscape_orientation%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="540"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 132px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Rory_McIlroy_watches_drive_flight_%28crowd%2C_landscape_orientation%29.jpg/220px-Rory_McIlroy_watches_drive_flight_%28crowd%2C_landscape_orientation%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="132" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Rory_McIlroy_watches_drive_flight_%28crowd%2C_landscape_orientation%29.jpg/330px-Rory_McIlroy_watches_drive_flight_%28crowd%2C_landscape_orientation%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Rory_McIlroy_watches_drive_flight_%28crowd%2C_landscape_orientation%29.jpg/440px-Rory_McIlroy_watches_drive_flight_%28crowd%2C_landscape_orientation%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Prominent Northern Irish golfer <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rory_McIlroy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rory McIlroy">Rory McIlroy</a> </figcaption> </figure> Many sports are organised on an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/All-Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="All-Ireland">all-Ireland</a> basis, with a single governing body or team for the whole island.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-theherald1-251">[245]</a> The most notable exception is association football (soccer), which has a separate governing body, league and national team for Northern Ireland.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-theherald1-251">[245]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-252">[246]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_Football_Association?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irish Football Association">Irish Football Association</a> (IFA) serves as the organising body for men's domestic and national association football in Northern Ireland, it is a member of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Football_Association_Board?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Football Association Board">International Football Association Board</a> which sets the rules for association football.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-253">[247]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NIWFA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="NIWFA">NIWFA</a> are responsible for women's domestic and national association football in Northern Ireland. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NIFL_Premiership?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NIFL Premiership">NIFL Premiership</a> is a professional men's football league which operates at the highest division of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Football_League?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Ireland Football League">Northern Ireland Football League</a>, the current format has been organised with 12 clubs. The winners will enter the first qualifying round of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="UEFA Champions League">Champions League</a>, if they do not progress they will enter the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europa_League?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa League">Europa League</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europa_Conference_League?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa Conference League">Europa Conference League</a> depending on performance. The two runners-up progress to the Europa Conference League with play-offs for another Europa Conference League position.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-254">[248]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Women%27s_Premiership_(Northern_Ireland)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Women's Premiership (Northern Ireland)">NLFL Women's Premiership</a> is a professional women's football league which operates at the highest division in Northern Ireland with 10 clubs. The winner qualifies for a spot in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="UEFA Women's Champions League">UEFA Women's Champions League</a>. The men's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland_national_football_team?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Ireland national football team">Northern Ireland national football team</a> qualified for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1958_FIFA_World_Cup?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1958 FIFA World Cup">1958 FIFA World Cup</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1982_FIFA_World_Cup?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1982 FIFA World Cup">1982 FIFA World Cup</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1986_FIFA_World_Cup?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1986 FIFA World Cup">1986 FIFA World Cup</a>, making it to the quarter-finals in 1958 and 1982 and made it the first knockout round in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UEFA_European_Championship?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="UEFA European Championship">European Championships</a> in 2016. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_Rugby_Football_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irish Rugby Football Union">IRFU</a> is the governing body for the sport of Rugby Union on the island of Ireland (Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-255">[249]</a> Rugby in Northern Ireland is run within the historic province of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulster">Ulster</a> which includes Northern Ireland plus 3 counties from the Republic of Ireland - Donegal, Cavan and Monaghan. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ireland_national_rugby_league_team?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ireland national rugby league team">Ireland national rugby league team</a> has participated in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rugby_League_Emerging_Nations_Tournament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugby League Emerging Nations Tournament">Emerging Nations Tournament</a> (1995), the Super League World Nines (1996), the World Cup (2000, 2008, 2013, 2017, 2021), European Nations Cup (since 2003) and Victory Cup (2004). The Ireland A rugby league team competes annually in the Amateur Four Nations competition (since 2002) and the St Patrick's Day Challenge (since 1995). The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ireland_cricket_team?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ireland cricket team">Ireland cricket team</a> represents both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. It is a full member of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Cricket_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Cricket Council">International Cricket Council</a>, having been granted <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Test_cricket?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Test cricket">Test status</a> and full membership by the ICC in June 2017. The side competes in Test cricket, the highest level of competitive cricket in the international arena, and is one of the 12 full-member countries of the ICC. Ireland men's side has played in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ireland_at_the_Cricket_World_Cup?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ireland at the Cricket World Cup">Cricket World Cup</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ICC_Men%27s_T20_World_Cup?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ICC Men's T20 World Cup">T20 World Cup</a> and has won the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ICC_Intercontinental_Cup?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ICC Intercontinental Cup">ICC Intercontinental Cup</a> four times. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ireland_women%27s_cricket_team?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ireland women's cricket team">women's side</a> has played in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Women%27s_Cricket_World_Cup?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Women's Cricket World Cup">Women's World Cup</a>. One of the men's side's regular international venues is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stormont_(cricket_ground)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stormont (cricket ground)">Stormont</a> in Belfast. The governing body for golf on the island of Ireland is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Golfing_Union_of_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Golfing Union of Ireland">Golf Ireland</a>, it is the successor to the Golfing Union of Ireland, governing body for men's and boy's amateur golf, and the oldest golfing union in the world, which was founded in Belfast in 1891, and the Irish Ladies Golf Union. Northern Ireland's golf courses include the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Belfast_Golf_Club?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Belfast Golf Club">Royal Belfast Golf Club</a> (the earliest, formed in 1881), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Portrush_Golf_Club?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Portrush Golf Club">Royal Portrush Golf Club</a>, which is the only course outside Great Britain to have hosted <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Open_Championship?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Open Championship">The Open Championship</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_County_Down_Golf_Club?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal County Down Golf Club">Royal County Down Golf Club</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Golf_Digest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Golf Digest">Golf Digest</a> magazine's top-rated course outside the United States).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-256">[250]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-257">[251]</a> Northern Ireland had three major champions in the space of just 14 months from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/U.S._Open_(golf)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="U.S. Open (golf)">U.S. Open</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2010_U.S._Open_(golf)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2010 U.S. Open (golf)">2010</a> to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Open_Championship?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Open Championship">The Open Championship</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2011_Open_Championship?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2011 Open Championship">2011</a>. Notable golfers include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fred_Daly_(golfer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fred Daly (golfer)">Fred Daly</a> (winner of The Open in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1947_Open_Championship?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1947 Open Championship">1947</a>), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ryder_Cup?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ryder Cup">Ryder Cup</a> players <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ronan_Rafferty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ronan Rafferty">Ronan Rafferty</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Feherty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="David Feherty">David Feherty</a>, leading <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_Tour?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="European Tour">European Tour</a> professionals <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Jones_(golfer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="David Jones (golfer)">David Jones</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michael_Hoey_(golfer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michael Hoey (golfer)">Michael Hoey</a> (a five-time winner on the tour) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gareth_Maybin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gareth Maybin">Gareth Maybin</a>, as well as three recent major winners <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Graeme_McDowell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Graeme McDowell">Graeme McDowell</a> (winner of the U.S. Open in 2010, the first European to do so since 1970), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rory_McIlroy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rory McIlroy">Rory McIlroy</a> (winner of four <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Men%27s_major_golf_championships?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Men's major golf championships">majors</a>) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Darren_Clarke?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Darren Clarke">Darren Clarke</a> (winner of The Open in 2011).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-258">[252]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-259">[253]</a> Northern Ireland has also contributed several players to the Great Britain and Ireland <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Walker_Cup?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Walker Cup">Walker Cup</a> team, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alan_Dunbar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alan Dunbar">Alan Dunbar</a> and Paul Cutler who played on the victorious 2011 team in Scotland. Dunbar also won <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Amateur_Championship?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Amateur Championship">The Amateur Championship</a> in 2012, at Royal Troon. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style> <ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"> <noscript> <img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/NIShape.gif/32px-NIShape.gif" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="405"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/NIShape.gif/32px-NIShape.gif" data-alt="icon" data-width="32" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/NIShape.gif/48px-NIShape.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/NIShape.gif/64px-NIShape.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland portal</a></li> <li class="portalbox-entry"> <noscript> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></li> <li class="portalbox-entry"> <noscript> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/32px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="680"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/32px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/48px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/64px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Ireland">Ireland portal</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Ulster-related_topics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Ulster-related topics">List of Ulster-related topics</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Outline_of_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Outline of Northern Ireland">Outline of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Outline of the United Kingdom">Outline of the United Kingdom</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a> ONS Standard Area Measurement, area to Mean Sea Level (MSL) Belfast excluding inland water</li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Office for National Statistics">ONS</a> Standard Area Measurement, area to Mean Sea Level (MSL) Belfast</li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">^</a> +44 is always followed by 28 when calling landlines. The code is 028 within the UK and 048 from the Republic of Ireland where it is treated as a domestic call.</li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-126">^</a> Examples of usage of this term include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radio_Ulster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Ulster">Radio Ulster</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulster_Orchestra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulster Orchestra">Ulster Orchestra</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Ulster Constabulary">RUC</a>; political parties such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a>'; paramilitary organisations including the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Association?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulster Defence Association">Ulster Defence Association</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulster_Volunteer_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulster Volunteer Force">Ulster Volunteer Force</a>; and political campaigns such as "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulster_Says_No?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulster Says No">Ulster Says No</a>" and "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Save_Ulster_from_Sodomy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Save Ulster from Sodomy">Save Ulster from Sodomy</a>".</li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-144">^</a> Many Nationalists use the name County Derry. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable plainlinks selfreference noprint"> Wikipedia policy is to use Londonderry for the county and Derry for the city. The name usage does not indicate an endorsement for either community's opinions. </div></li> <li id="cite_note-BelfastMetro-149">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-BelfastMetro_149-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-BelfastMetro_149-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-BelfastMetro_149-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-BelfastMetro_149-3">d</a> Part of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belfast_metropolitan_area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belfast metropolitan area">Belfast metropolitan area</a></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_1-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_1-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAinsworth2022" class="citation web cs1">Ainsworth, Paul (6 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.irishnews.com/news/2022/12/06/news/_historic_milestone_passed_as_irish_language_legislation_becomes_law-2932333/">"'Historic milestone' passed as Irish language legislation becomes law"</a>. The Irish News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212015026/https://www.irishnews.com/news/2022/12/06/news/_historic_milestone_passed_as_irish_language_legislation_becomes_law-2932333/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+News&rft.atitle=%27Historic+milestone%27+passed+as+Irish+language+legislation+becomes+law&rft.date=2022-12-06&rft.aulast=Ainsworth&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishnews.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F12%2F06%2Fnews%2F_historic_milestone_passed_as_irish_language_legislation_becomes_law-2932333%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bills.parliament.uk/bills/3168/publications">"Identity and Language (Northern Ireland) Act 2022 publications – Parliamentary Bills – UK Parliament"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529205121/https://bills.parliament.uk/bills/3168/publications">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Identity+and+Language+%28Northern+Ireland%29+Act+2022+publications+%E2%80%93+Parliamentary+Bills+%E2%80%93+UK+Parliament&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbills.parliament.uk%2Fbills%2F3168%2Fpublications&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-2021_census_ethnicity-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2021_census_ethnicity_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-ms-b01.xlsx">"MS-B01 Ethnic group"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Statistics_and_Research_Agency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency">Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency</a>. 30 November 2023. 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Retrieved 28 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Northern+Ireland+Statistics+and+Research+Agency&rft.atitle=MS-B21+Religion+-+full+detail&rft.date=2023-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nisra.gov.uk%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fstatistics%2Fcensus-2021-ms-b21.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-ONS_Standard_Area_Measurement-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ONS_Standard_Area_Measurement_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/ons::standard-area-measurements-for-administrative-areas-december-2023-in-the-uk/about">"Standard Area Measurements for Administrative Areas (December 2023) in the UK"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ONS_Open_Geography_Portal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ONS Open Geography Portal">Open Geography Portal</a>. Office for National Statistics. 31 May 2024. Retrieved 7 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open+Geography+Portal&rft.atitle=Standard+Area+Measurements+for+Administrative+Areas+%28December+2023%29+in+the+UK&rft.date=2024-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeoportal.statistics.gov.uk%2Fdatasets%2Fons%3A%3Astandard-area-measurements-for-administrative-areas-december-2023-in-the-uk%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-ONS_mid-year_pop_est-8">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ONS_mid-year_pop_est_8-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ONS_mid-year_pop_est_8-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ONS_mid-year_pop_est_8-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri%3D/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/populationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland/mid2022/mye22final.xlsx">"Mid-Year Population Estimates, UK, June 2022"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a>. 26 March 2024. Retrieved 3 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.atitle=Mid-Year+Population+Estimates%2C+UK%2C+June+2022&rft.date=2024-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Ffile%3Furi%3D%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fpopulationandmigration%2Fpopulationestimates%2Fdatasets%2Fpopulationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland%2Fmid2022%2Fmye22final.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-NISRA_2021_census-9">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-NISRA_2021_census_9-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-NISRA_2021_census_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nisra.gov.uk/statistics/census/2021-census">"2021 Census"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Statistics_and_Research_Agency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency">Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency</a>. Retrieved 6 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Northern+Ireland+Statistics+and+Research+Agency&rft.atitle=2021+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nisra.gov.uk%2Fstatistics%2Fcensus%2F2021-census&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-ONS_GVA-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ONS_GVA_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossvalueaddedgva/datasets/nominalregionalgrossvalueaddedbalancedperheadandincomecomponents">"Regional gross value added (balanced) per head and income components"</a>. Office for National Statistics. 24 April 2024. 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Office for National Statistics. 24 April 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.atitle=Regional+gross+domestic+product%3A+all+ITL+regions&rft.date=2024-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Feconomy%2Fgrossdomesticproductgdp%2Fdatasets%2Fregionalgrossdomesticproductallnutslevelregions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-HDI-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-HDI_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/GBR/?years%3D2022">"Subnational HDI"</a>. Global Data Lab. Retrieved 30 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Data+Lab&rft.atitle=Subnational+HDI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobaldatalab.org%2Fshdi%2Ftable%2Fshdi%2FGBR%2F%3Fyears%3D2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/nisr/2000/347/contents/made">"The Flags Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Government of the United Kingdom">Government of the United Kingdom</a>. 8 November 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.today/20130902204715/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/nisr/2000/347/contents/made">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2013. Retrieved 26 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Flags+Regulations+%28Northern+Ireland%29+2000&rft.pub=Government+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft.date=2000-11-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fnisr%2F2000%2F347%2Fcontents%2Fmade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.dfa.ie/ie/nuacht-agus-na-meain/tags/browsebyregion/tuaisceart-%25C3%25A9ireann/">Tuaisceart Éireann</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815035945/https://www.dfa.ie/ie/nuacht-agus-na-meain/tags/browsebyregion/tuaisceart-%25C3%25A9ireann/">Archived</a> 15 August 2021 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. DFA.ie. Retrieved 27 March 2016.</li> <li id="cite_note-ONS_Geography_Guide-16">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ONS_Geography_Guide_16-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ONS_Geography_Guide_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/a-beginners-guide-to-uk-geography-2023/about">"A Beginners Guide to UK Geography (2023)"</a>. Open Geography Portal. Office for National Statistics. 24 August 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open+Geography+Portal&rft.atitle=A+Beginners+Guide+to+UK+Geography+%282023%29&rft.date=2023-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeoportal.statistics.gov.uk%2Fdatasets%2Fa-beginners-guide-to-uk-geography-2023%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-ISO-17">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ISO_17-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ISO_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/%23iso:code:3166:GB">"Standard: ISO 3166 — Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>. Retrieved 16 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ISO&rft.atitle=Standard%3A+ISO+3166+%E2%80%94+Codes+for+the+representation+of+names+of+countries+and+their+subdivisions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fobp%2Fui%2F%23iso%3Acode%3A3166%3AGB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-alphabeticalNI-18">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-alphabeticalNI_18-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-alphabeticalNI_18-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-alphabeticalNI_18-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunnH._Dawson2000" class="citation cs2">Dunn, S.; H. Dawson (2000), An Alphabetical Listing of Word, Name and Place in Northern Ireland and the Living Language of Conflict, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>, <q>One specific problem – in both general and particular senses – is to know what to call Northern Ireland itself: in the general sense, it is not a country, or a province, or a state – although some refer to it contemptuously as a statelet: the least controversial word appears to be jurisdiction, but this might change.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Alphabetical+Listing+of+Word%2C+Name+and+Place+in+Northern+Ireland+and+the+Living+Language+of+Conflict&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=H.+Dawson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-interpretingNI-19">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-interpretingNI_19-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-interpretingNI_19-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-interpretingNI_19-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-interpretingNI_19-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-interpretingNI_19-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhyteG._FitzGerald1991" class="citation cs2">Whyte, J.; G. FitzGerald (1991), Interpreting Northern Ireland, Oxford: Oxford University Press, <q>One problem must be adverted to in writing about Northern Ireland. This is the question of what name to give to the various geographical entities. These names can be controversial, with the choice often revealing one's political preferences. ... some refer to Northern Ireland as a 'province'. That usage can arouse irritation particularly among nationalists, who claim the title 'province' should be properly reserved to the four historic provinces of Ireland-Ulster, Leinster, Munster, and Connacht. If I want to a label to apply to Northern Ireland I shall call it a 'region'. Unionists should find that title as acceptable as 'province': Northern Ireland appears as a region in the regional statistics of the United Kingdom published by the British government.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interpreting+Northern+Ireland&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Whyte&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=G.+FitzGerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-placeApart-20">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-placeApart_20-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-placeApart_20-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-placeApart_20-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-placeApart_20-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy1979" class="citation cs2">Murphy, D. (1979), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A_Place_Apart?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A Place Apart">A Place Apart</a>, London: Penguin Books, <q>Next – what noun is appropriate to Northern Ireland? 'Province' won't do since one-third of the province is on the wrong side of the border. 'State' implies more self-determination than Northern Ireland has ever had and 'country' or 'nation' are blatantly absurd. 'Colony' has overtones that would be resented by both communities and 'statelet' sounds too patronizing, though outsiders might consider it more precise than anything else; so one is left with the unsatisfactory word 'region'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Place+Apart&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-gfa-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-gfa_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_IrelandGovernment_of_Ireland1998" class="citation cs2">Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; Government of Ireland (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://peacemaker.un.org/node/1697">Northern Ireland Peace Agreement (The Good Friday Agreement)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221043707/http://peacemaker.un.org/node/1697">archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2013, retrieved 3 June 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Ireland+Peace+Agreement+%28The+Good+Friday+Agreement%29&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Government+of+the+United+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Northern+Ireland&rft.au=Government+of+Ireland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeacemaker.un.org%2Fnode%2F1697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForde2020" class="citation journal cs1">Forde, Eoin (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.academia.edu/44210367">"Constitutional Models of a United Ireland"</a>. Academia: 16–17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404031607/https://www.academia.edu/44210367">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 27 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academia&rft.atitle=Constitutional+Models+of+a+United+Ireland&rft.pages=16-17&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Forde&rft.aufirst=Eoin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F44210367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-McKittrick-McVea_p5-23">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-McKittrick-McVea_p5_23-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-McKittrick-McVea_p5_23-1">b</a> David McKittrick & David McVea. Making Sense of the Troubles. New Amsterdam Books, 2002. p.5</li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">^</a> Richard Jenkin, 1997, Rethinking ethnicity: arguments and explorations, SAGE Publications: London: "In Northern Ireland the objectives of contemporary nationalists are the reunification of Ireland and the removal of British government."; Peter Dorey, 1995, British politics since 1945, Blackwell Publishers: Oxford: "Just as some Nationalists have been prepared to use violence in order to secure Irish reunification, so some Unionists have been prepared to use violence in order to oppose it."; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20060716075752/http://www.sinnfein.ie/policies/document/155">"Strategy Framework Document: Reunification through Planned Integration: Sinn Féin's All Ireland Agenda"</a>. 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Retrieved 2 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Policy+Summaries%3A+Constitutional+Issues&rft.pub=Social+Democratic+and+Labour+Party&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sdlp.ie%2Fpolicy_details.php%3Fid%3D78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/2014/Community_Relations/NINATID.html">"Which of these best describes the way you think of yourself?"</a>. Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey. 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224200622/https://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/2014/Community_Relations/NINATID.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Northern+Ireland+Life+and+Times+Survey&rft.atitle=Which+of+these+best+describes+the+way+you+think+of+yourself%3F&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ark.ac.uk%2Fnilt%2F2014%2FCommunity_Relations%2FNINATID.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch201911,_100–101-26">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch201911,_100%E2%80%93101_26-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch201911,_100%E2%80%93101_26-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch201911,_100%E2%80%93101_26-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLynch2019">Lynch (2019)</a>, pp. 11, 100–101.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch201999-27">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch201999_27-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch201999_27-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLynch2019">Lynch (2019)</a>, p. 99.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch2019171–176-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch2019171%E2%80%93176_28-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLynch2019">Lynch (2019)</a>, pp. 171–176.</li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-29">^</a> David McKittrick & David McVea. Making Sense of the Troubles. New Amsterdam Books, 2002. p.6</li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-30">^</a> McKittrick & McVea, p.18</li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-31">^</a> Gallagher, Tom. Contemporary Irish Studies. Manchester University Press, 1983. pp.29–32</li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-32">^</a> Maney, Gregory. "The Paradox of Reform: The Civil Rights Movement in Northern Ireland", in Nonviolent Conflict and Civil Resistance. Emerald Group Publishing, 2012. p.15</li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/sutton/tables/Status_Summary.html">"CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths"</a>. cain.ulster.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118204006/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/tables/Status_Summary.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cain.ulster.ac.uk&rft.atitle=CAIN%3A+Sutton+Index+of+Deaths&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulster.ac.uk%2Fsutton%2Ftables%2FStatus_Summary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-34">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-auto2_34-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-auto2_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/ni/security.htm">"CAIN: Northern Ireland Society – Security and Defence"</a>. cain.ulster.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226112129/https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/ni/security.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cain.ulster.ac.uk&rft.atitle=CAIN%3A+Northern+Ireland+Society+%E2%80%93+Security+and+Defence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulster.ac.uk%2Fni%2Fsecurity.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-35">^</a> "The troubles were over, but the killing continued. Some of the heirs to Ireland's violent traditions refused to give up their inheritance." Jack Holland: Hope against History: The Course of Conflict in Northern Ireland. Henry Holt & Company, 1999, p. 221; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-6087-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-6087-1">0-8050-6087-1</a></li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCourt2004" class="citation book cs1">McCourt, Malachy (2004). History of Ireland. New York: MJF Books, Fine Communications. p. 324. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60671-037-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60671-037-1"><bdi>978-1-60671-037-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Ireland&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=324&rft.pub=MJF+Books%2C+Fine+Communications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-60671-037-1&rft.aulast=McCourt&rft.aufirst=Malachy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.detini.gov.uk/economic_overview___8211__october_2014.pdf?rev%3D0">Department of Enterprise, Trade, and Investment: Full Economic Overview, 15 October 2014</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107220447/http://www.detini.gov.uk/economic_overview___8211__october_2014.pdf?rev%3D0">Archived</a> 7 November 2014 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarry_Elliott2014" class="citation web cs1">Larry Elliott (17 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/sep/17/uk-unemployment-rate-falls-lowest-level-2008-financial-crisis">"UK unemployment rate falls to lowest level since 2008 financial crisis"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815085418/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/sep/17/uk-unemployment-rate-falls-lowest-level-2008-financial-crisis">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=UK+unemployment+rate+falls+to+lowest+level+since+2008+financial+crisis&rft.date=2014-09-17&rft.au=Larry+Elliott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2014%2Fsep%2F17%2Fuk-unemployment-rate-falls-lowest-level-2008-financial-crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanbridge2003" class="citation book cs1">Stanbridge, Karen (2003). Toleration and State Institutions: British Policy Toward Catholics in Eighteenth-century Ireland and Quebec. Lexington Books. p. 43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toleration+and+State+Institutions%3A+British+Policy+Toward+Catholics+in+Eighteenth-century+Ireland+and+Quebec&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Stanbridge&rft.aufirst=Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuane1996" class="citation book cs1">Ruane, Joseph (1996). The Dynamics of Conflict in Northern Ireland: Power, Conflict and Emancipation. Cambridge University Press. p. 51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dynamics+of+Conflict+in+Northern+Ireland%3A+Power%2C+Conflict+and+Emancipation&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Ruane&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122114013/http://www.nidirect.gov.uk/index/government-citizens-and-rights/living-in-northern-ireland/bank-holidays.htm">"Bank holidays"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.nidirect.gov.uk/index/government-citizens-and-rights/living-in-northern-ireland/bank-holidays.htm">the original</a> on 22 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bank+holidays&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nidirect.gov.uk%2Findex%2Fgovernment-citizens-and-rights%2Fliving-in-northern-ireland%2Fbank-holidays.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-20565591">"Lundy's Day: Thousands attend 'peaceful' Londonderry parade"</a>. BBC News. December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923010159/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-20565591">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Lundy%27s+Day%3A+Thousands+attend+%27peaceful%27+Londonderry+parade&rft.date=2012-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-northern-ireland-20565591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThernstrom1980" class="citation book cs1">Thernstrom, Stephan (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DnpQ6Hd3G4kgC%26pg%3DPA896">Harvard encyclopedia of American ethnic groups</a>. Harvard University Press. p. 896. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-37512-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-37512-3"><bdi>978-0-674-37512-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413214646/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DnpQ6Hd3G4kgC%26pg%3DPA896">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harvard+encyclopedia+of+American+ethnic+groups&rft.pages=896&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-674-37512-3&rft.aulast=Thernstrom&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnpQ6Hd3G4kgC%26pg%3DPA896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.powells.com/biblio/1-9780767916899-1">"Born Fighting: How the Scots-Irish Shaped America"</a>. Powells.com. 12 August 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116001733/http://powells.com/biblio/1-9780767916899-1">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2010. Retrieved 30 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Born+Fighting%3A+How+the+Scots-Irish+Shaped+America&rft.pub=Powells.com&rft.date=2009-08-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.powells.com%2Fbiblio%2F1-9780767916899-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Lydon326-43"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Lydon326_43-0">^</a> James F. Lydon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DyKA9AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA326">The Making of Ireland: From Ancient Times to the Present</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508132513/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DyKA9AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA326">Archived</a> 8 May 2021 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Routledge, 1998, p. 326</li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A._T._Q._Stewart?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A. T. Q. Stewart">Stewart, A.T.Q.</a>, The Ulster Crisis, Resistance to Home Rule, 1912–14, pp. 58–68, Faber and Faber (1967) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-08066-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-08066-9">0-571-08066-9</a></li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-45">^</a> Annie Ryan, Witnesses: Inside the Easter Rising, Liberties Press, 2005, p. 12</li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-46">^</a> Collins, M. E., Sovereignty and partition, 1912–1949, pp. 32–33, Edco Publishing (2004) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84536-040-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1-84536-040-0">1-84536-040-0</a></li> <li id="cite_note-StephenGwynn-47"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-StephenGwynn_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGwynn2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stephen_Gwynn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stephen Gwynn">Gwynn, Stephen</a> (2009) [1923]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DIWnrSFoQVw0C%26q%3D%2522northern%2Bireland%2522%2Bpartition%2Btwo%2Bcounties%2Bnationalist%2Bmajority%2Btyrone%2Bfermanagh%26pg%3DPA525">"The birth of the Irish Free State"</a>. The History of Ireland. Macmillan. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-113-15514-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-113-15514-6"><bdi>978-1-113-15514-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413214537/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DIWnrSFoQVw0C%26q%3D%2522northern%2Bireland%2522%2Bpartition%2Btwo%2Bcounties%2Bnationalist%2Bmajority%2Btyrone%2Bfermanagh%26pg%3DPA525">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+birth+of+the+Irish+Free+State&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Ireland&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-113-15514-6&rft.aulast=Gwynn&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIWnrSFoQVw0C%26q%3D%2522northern%2Bireland%2522%2Bpartition%2Btwo%2Bcounties%2Bnationalist%2Bmajority%2Btyrone%2Bfermanagh%26pg%3DPA525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-48">^</a> O'Day, Alan. Irish Home Rule, 1867–1921. Manchester University Press, 1998. p. 252</li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-49">^</a> Jackson, Alvin. Home Rule: An Irish History, 1800–2000. pp. 137–138</li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-50">^</a> Hennessey, Thomas: Dividing Ireland, World War I and Partition, The passing of the Home Rule Bill p. 76, Routledge Press (1998) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-17420-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-17420-1">0-415-17420-1</a></li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-51">^</a> Jackson, Alvin: p. 164</li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-52">^</a> Jackson, pp. 227–229</li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-53">^</a> Morland, Paul. Demographic Engineering: Population Strategies in Ethnic Conflict. Routledge, 2016. pp.96–98</li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ark.ac.uk/elections/h1918.htm">The Irish Election of 1918</a> (Report). Northern Ireland Elections. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817120216/http://www.ark.ac.uk/elections/h1918.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Irish+Election+of+1918&rft.pub=Northern+Ireland+Elections&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ark.ac.uk%2Felections%2Fh1918.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch201951–52-55"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch201951%E2%80%9352_55-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLynch2019">Lynch (2019)</a>, pp. 51–52.</li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-56">^</a> Mitchell, Arthur. Revolutionary Government in Ireland. Gill & MacMillan, 1995. p. 245</li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeman2013" class="citation book cs1">Coleman, Marie (2013). The Irish Revolution, 1916–1923. Routledge. p. 67. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317801474?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317801474"><bdi>978-1317801474</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Irish+Revolution%2C+1916%E2%80%931923&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1317801474&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988">; Gibney, John (editor). The Irish War of Independence and Civil War. Pen and Sword History, 2020. pp.xii–xiii</li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPilkington2002" class="citation book cs1">Pilkington, Colin (2002). Devolution in Britain Today. Manchester University Press. p. 75. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6076-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6076-2"><bdi>978-0-7190-6076-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Devolution+in+Britain+Today&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-6076-2&rft.aulast=Pilkington&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-O'Day_299-59">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-O'Day_299_59-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-O'Day_299_59-1">b</a> O'Day, Alan. Irish Home Rule, 1867–1921. Manchester University Press, 1998. p. 299</li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-60">^</a> Jackson, Alvin. Home Rule – An Irish History. Oxford University Press, 2004, pp. 368–370</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch201990–92-61"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch201990%E2%80%9392_61-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLynch2019">Lynch (2019)</a>, pp. 90–92.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch201971–76-62"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch201971%E2%80%9376_62-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLynch2019">Lynch (2019)</a>, pp. 71–76.</li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-63">^</a> Farrell, Michael. Arming the Protestants: The Formation of the Ulster Special Constabulary and the Royal Ulster Constabulary. Pluto Press, 1983. p.166</li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-64">^</a> Lawlor, Pearse. The Outrages: The IRA and the Ulster Special Constabulary in the Border Campaign. Mercier Press, 2011. pp.265–266</li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1999" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Ged (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D59OPsS6a4j4C%26pg%3DPA68">"The Origins of Partition"</a>. In Anderson, Malcolm; Bort, Eberhard (eds.). The Irish Border: History, Politics, Culture. Liverpool University Press. p. 68. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0853239512?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0853239512"><bdi>978-0853239512</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129062001/https://books.google.com/books?id%3D59OPsS6a4j4C%26pg%3DPA68">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+Partition&rft.btitle=The+Irish+Border%3A+History%2C+Politics%2C+Culture&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0853239512&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Ged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D59OPsS6a4j4C%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbons2015" class="citation book cs1">Gibbons, Ivan (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DpO6_CQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA107">The British Labour Party and the Establishment of the Irish Free State, 1918–1924</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 107. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137444080?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137444080"><bdi>978-1137444080</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129061632/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DpO6_CQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA107">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Labour+Party+and+the+Establishment+of+the+Irish+Free+State%2C+1918%E2%80%931924&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1137444080&rft.aulast=Gibbons&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpO6_CQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415143605/http://stormontpapers.ahds.ac.uk/stormontpapers/pageview.html?volumeno%3D2%26pageno%3D1145%23bak-2-1149">"The Stormont Papers – View Volumes"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://stormontpapers.ahds.ac.uk/stormontpapers/pageview.html?volumeno%3D2%26pageno%3D1145%23bak-2-1149">the original</a> on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Stormont+Papers+%E2%80%93+View+Volumes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstormontpapers.ahds.ac.uk%2Fstormontpapers%2Fpageview.html%3Fvolumeno%3D2%26pageno%3D1145%23bak-2-1149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.nationalarchives.ie/topics/anglo_irish/dfaexhib2.html">"Anglo-Irish Treaty, sections 11, 12"</a>. Nationalarchives.ie. 6 December 1921. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108213900/http://www.nationalarchives.ie/topics/anglo_irish/dfaexhib2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anglo-Irish+Treaty%2C+sections+11%2C+12&rft.pub=Nationalarchives.ie&rft.date=1921-12-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.ie%2Ftopics%2Fanglo_irish%2Fdfaexhib2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-68">^</a> Knirck, Jason. Imagining Ireland's Independence: The Debates Over the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921. Rowman & Littlefield, 2006. p.104</li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-69">^</a> Lee, Joseph. Ireland, 1912–1985: Politics and Society. Cambridge University Press, 1989. p.145</li> <li id="cite_note-Making_Sense_17-19-70">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Making_Sense_17-19_70-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Making_Sense_17-19_70-1">b</a> McKittrick & McVea, pp.17–19</li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-71">^</a> McKittrick & McVea, p.6</li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-72">^</a> McKittrick & McVea, p.14</li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-73">^</a> Boyd, Andrew (1984), Northern Ireland: Who is to Blame?, The Mercier Press Limited, Dublin, p. 57, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0853427089?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0853427089">0853427089</a></li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-74">^</a> McKittrick & McVea, p. 11</li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-75">^</a> McGuffin, John (1973), Internment!, Anvil Books Ltd, Tralee, Ireland, p. 23.</li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-76">^</a> Peter Barberis, John McHugh, Mike Tyldesley (editors). Encyclopedia of British and Irish Political Organizations. A&C Black, 2000. pp.236–237</li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-77">^</a> Boyd, Andrew (1969), Holy War in Belfast, Anvil Books Ltd, Tralee, pg 176.</li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-78">^</a> Whyte, John. "How much discrimination was there under the unionist regime, 1921–68?", in Contemporary Irish Studies. Edited by Tom Gallagher and James O'Connell. Manchester University Press, 1983. pp.29–32</li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/apni/1968/20/introduction">"Electoral Law Act (Northern Ireland) 1968"</a>. www.legislation.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806071119/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/apni/1968/20/introduction">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Electoral+Law+Act+%28Northern+Ireland%29+1968&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fapni%2F1968%2F20%2Fintroduction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid" class="citation web cs1">David, Trimble. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1998/trimble/lecture/">"Nobel Lecture"</a>. The Nobel Prize. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815173053/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1998/trimble/lecture/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nobel+Prize&rft.atitle=Nobel+Lecture&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Trimble&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fpeace%2F1998%2Ftrimble%2Flecture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-81">^</a> "Anglo-Irish Relations, 1939–41: A Study in Multilateral Diplomacy and Military Restraint" in Twentieth Century British History (Oxford Journals, 2005), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq%3Dx0:jrnl%26q%3Dn2:1477-4674">1477-4674</a></li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-82">^</a> Boyd Black, "A Triumph of Voluntarism? Industrial Relations and Strikes in Northern Ireland in World War Two," Labour History Review (2005) 70#1 pp 5–25</li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-83">^</a> English, Richard. Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA. Pan Macmillan, 2008. pp.72–74</li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/lemass-o-neill-talks-focused-on-purely-practical-matters-1.120295">"Lemass-O'Neill talks focused on `purely practical matters'"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925161655/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/lemass-o-neill-talks-focused-on-purely-practical-matters-1.120295">Archived</a> 25 September 2021 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Irish Times, 2 January 1998.</li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-85">^</a> Malcolm Sutton's book, "Bear in Mind These Dead: An Index of Deaths from the Conflict in Ireland 1969–1993.</li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/topics/troubles_violence">"BBC – History – The Troubles – Violence"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605010515/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/topics/troubles_violence">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+History+%E2%80%93+The+Troubles+%E2%80%93+Violence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Ftopics%2Ftroubles_violence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/hmso/cameron2.htm%23chap16">"The Cameron Report – Disturbances in Northern Ireland (1969)"</a>. cain.ulst.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601151429/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/hmso/cameron2.htm%23chap16">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cain.ulst.ac.uk&rft.atitle=The+Cameron+Report+%E2%80%93+Disturbances+in+Northern+Ireland+%281969%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fhmso%2Fcameron2.htm%23chap16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.gale.cengage.com/pdf/whitepapers/gdc/Sectarianism.pdf">History of sectarianism in NI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201224942/http://www.gale.cengage.com/pdf/whitepapers/gdc/Sectarianism.pdf">Archived</a> 1 February 2014 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, gale.cengage.com; accessed 27 May 2015.</li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-89">^</a> Richard English, "The Interplay of Non-violent and Violent Action in Northern Ireland, 1967–72", in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adam_Roberts_(scholar)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adam Roberts (scholar)">Adam Roberts</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a> (eds.), Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present, Oxford University Press, 2009; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955201-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955201-6">978-0-19-955201-6</a>, pp. 75–90. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DBxOQKrCe7UUC%26q%3DCivil%2Bresistance%2Band%2Bpower%2Bpolitics">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320185749/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DBxOQKrCe7UUC%26dq%3DCivil%2Bresistance%2Band%2Bpower%2Bpolitics%26source%3Dgbs_navlinks_s">Archived</a> 20 March 2017 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li id="cite_note-Ballast-90"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Ballast_90-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.policeombudsman.org//Publicationsuploads/BALLAST%2520PUBLIC%2520STATEMENT%252022-01-07%2520FINAL%2520VERSION.pdf">The Ballast report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625041216/http://www.policeombudsman.org//Publicationsuploads/BALLAST%2520PUBLIC%2520STATEMENT%252022-01-07%2520FINAL%2520VERSION.pdf">Archived</a> 25 June 2008 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: "...the Police Ombudsman has concluded that this was collusion by certain police officers with identified UVF informants."</li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/9/newsid_2516000/2516477.stm">"1973: Northern Ireland votes for union"</a>. BBC News. 9 March 1973. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227020253/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/9/newsid_2516000/2516477.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=1973%3A+Northern+Ireland+votes+for+union&rft.date=1973-03-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fmarch%2F9%2Fnewsid_2516000%2F2516477.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/546146.stm">"BBC News | NORTHERN IRELAND | Republic drops claim to NI"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20030406224757/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/546146.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2003. Retrieved 23 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=BBC+News+%7C+NORTHERN+IRELAND+%7C+Republic+drops+claim+to+NI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fnorthern_ireland%2F546146.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Parliament-93"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Parliament_93-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199394/cmhansrd/1993-12-15/Debate-1.html">Parliamentary debate</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010094440/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199394/cmhansrd/1993-12-15/Debate-1.html">Archived</a> 10 October 2010 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: "The British government agree that it is for the people of the island of Ireland alone, by agreement between the two parts respectively, to exercise their right of self-determination on the basis of consent, freely and concurrently given, North and South, to bring about a united Ireland, if that is their wish."</li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/14561">"Securocrat sabotage exposed | An Phoblacht"</a>. www.anphoblacht.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130201326/https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/14561">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.anphoblacht.com&rft.atitle=Securocrat+sabotage+exposed+%26%23124%3B+An+Phoblacht&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anphoblacht.com%2Fcontents%2F14561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKay2009" class="citation book cs1">McKay, Susan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dv3SFzfha7VYC%26q%3Dcollapse%2Bstormontgate%2Bdonaldson%26pg%3DPA306">Bear in Mind These Dead</a>. 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Retrieved 30 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Independent.ie&rft.atitle=DUP%27s+Paul+Givan+resigns+as+Northern+Ireland+first+minister%2C+as+Taoiseach+brands+it+%27very+damaging+move%27&rft.date=2022-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Firish-news%2Fdups-paul-givan-resigns-as-northern-ireland-first-minister-as-taoiseach-brands-it-very-damaging-move%2F41307670.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-68136950">"DUP executive endorses deal to restore devolution at Stormont"</a>. 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Cain.ulst.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514131114/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/discrimination/whyte.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2011. 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Answer to the question "Generally speaking, do you think of yourself as a unionist, a nationalist or neither?""</a>. Ark.ac.uk. 17 May 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610044337/http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/2007/Political_Attitudes/UNINATID.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 16 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ark+survey%2C+2007.+Answer+to+the+question+%22Generally+speaking%2C+do+you+think+of+yourself+as+a+unionist%2C+a+nationalist+or+neither%3F%22&rft.pub=Ark.ac.uk&rft.date=2007-05-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ark.ac.uk%2Fnilt%2F2007%2FPolitical_Attitudes%2FUNINATID.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/2015/Political_Attitudes/NIRELND2.html">Answers to the question "Do you think the long-term policy for Northern Ireland should be for it (one of the following)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703003751/http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/2015/Political_Attitudes/NIRELND2.html">Archived</a> 3 July 2016 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>"</li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/2015/Political_Attitudes/NIRELND2.html">NILT survey, 2015</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703003751/http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/2015/Political_Attitudes/NIRELND2.html">Archived</a> 3 July 2016 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Retrieved 2 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Northern+Ireland+Executive%3A+Ministerial+Code&rft.date=2015-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.northernireland.gov.uk%2Ftopics%2Fyour-executive%2Fministerial-code&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Kingdom2007" class="citation cs2">United Kingdom (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327044249/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/9th-UNCSGN-Docs/E-CONF-98-48-Add1.pdf">"Report of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"</a> (PDF), Report by Governments on the Situation in their Countries on the Progress Made in the Standardization of Geographical Names Since the Eight Conferences, New York: United Nations, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/9th-UNCSGN-Docs/E-CONF-98-48-Add1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 March 2009, retrieved 29 October 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Report+by+Governments+on+the+Situation+in+their+Countries+on+the+Progress+Made+in+the+Standardization+of+Geographical+Names+Since+the+Eight+Conferences&rft.atitle=Report+of+the+United+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Northern+Ireland&rft.date=2007&rft.au=United+Kingdom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fgeoinfo%2F9th-UNCSGN-Docs%2FE-CONF-98-48-Add1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian_style_guide-113">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Guardian_style_guide_113-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Guardian_style_guide_113-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Guardian_style_guide_113-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-n">"The Guardian and Observer style guide"</a>. 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Retrieved 15 April 2024. <q>Northern Ireland: Can be referred to as a country or region, but avoid referring to it as a province or as Ulster.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Guardian+and+Observer+style+guide&rft.date=2021-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fguardian-observer-style-guide-n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-dictPolSci-114">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-dictPolSci_114-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-dictPolSci_114-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Global Encyclopedia of Political Geography, 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Encyclopedia+of+Political+Geography&rft.date=2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-unionistPolitics-115">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-unionistPolitics_115-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-unionistPolitics_115-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCochrane2001" class="citation cs2">Cochrane, F. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page823">the original</a> on 9 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=countries+within+a+country&rft.pub=The+official+site+of+the+Prime+Minister%27s+Office&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.number10.gov.uk%2FPage823&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Varney_December2007" class="citation cs2">David Varney December (2007), Review of Tax Policy in Northern Ireland, London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Review+of+Tax+Policy+in+Northern+Ireland&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=2007&rft.au=David+Varney+December&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterkin2006" class="citation news cs1">Peterkin, Tom (31 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1509280/IRA-fuel-smuggling-drove-oil-giants-to-abandon-Ulster.html">"Example of Daily Telegraph use of "Ulster" in text of an article, having used "Northern Ireland" in the opening paragraph"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501041920/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1509280/IRA-fuel-smuggling-drove-oil-giants-to-abandon-Ulster.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 16 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Example+of+Daily+Telegraph+use+of+%22Ulster%22+in+text+of+an+article%2C+having+used+%22Northern+Ireland%22+in+the+opening+paragraph&rft.date=2006-01-31&rft.aulast=Peterkin&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F1509280%2FIRA-fuel-smuggling-drove-oil-giants-to-abandon-Ulster.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Abortion-in-the-North-of-Ireland-119">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Abortion-in-the-North-of-Ireland_119-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Abortion-in-the-North-of-Ireland_119-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.newstalk.com/podcasts/highlights-from-moncrieff/abortion-north-ireland">"Abortion in the North of Ireland: Grainne Teggart campaigns manager for Amnesty International NI joins Sean to discuss the problems around abortion in the North of Ireland"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Newstalk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Newstalk">Newstalk</a>. 3 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828040106/https://www.newstalk.com/podcasts/highlights-from-moncrieff/abortion-north-ireland">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Abortion+in+the+North+of+Ireland%3A+Grainne+Teggart+campaigns+manager+for+Amnesty+International+NI+joins+Sean+to+discuss+the+problems+around+abortion+in+the+North+of+Ireland&rft.date=2020-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstalk.com%2Fpodcasts%2Fhighlights-from-moncrieff%2Fabortion-north-ireland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Calls-for-More-Supports-in_Norths-Schools-120">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Calls-for-More-Supports-in_Norths-Schools_120-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Calls-for-More-Supports-in_Norths-Schools_120-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.highlandradio.com/2020/09/10/calls-for-more-supports-in-norths-schools-after-covid-cases/">"Calls for more supports in North's schools after Covid cases"</a>. Highland Radio. 10 September 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913230345/https://www.highlandradio.com/2020/09/10/calls-for-more-supports-in-norths-schools-after-covid-cases/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2020. Retrieved 10 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Calls+for+more+supports+in+North%27s+schools+after+Covid+cases&rft.date=2020-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.highlandradio.com%2F2020%2F09%2F10%2Fcalls-for-more-supports-in-norths-schools-after-covid-cases%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-RTE-does-not-stop-people-in-the-North-121">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-RTE-does-not-stop-people-in-the-North_121-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-RTE-does-not-stop-people-in-the-North_121-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonaghan2018" class="citation news cs1">Monaghan, John (14 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.irishnews.com/news/northernirelandnews/2018/07/14/news/rte-head-of-sport-says-broadcaster-does-not-stop-people-in-the-north-watching-gaelic-games-1382277/">"RTÉ head of sport says broadcaster does not stop people in the north watching gaelic games"</a>. The Irish News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913233641/http://www.irishnews.com/news/northernirelandnews/2018/07/14/news/rte-head-of-sport-says-broadcaster-does-not-stop-people-in-the-north-watching-gaelic-games-1382277/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2018. <q>RTÉ is a '32-county broadcaster' and 'do not stop people in the north watching gaelic games', its new head of sport has said... Last weekend RTÉ said it dealt with 'dozens' of complaints from frustrated GAA fans across the north who were left unable to watch a live broadcast of the All-Ireland qualifier between Armagh and Roscommon.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+News&rft.atitle=RT%C3%89+head+of+sport+says+broadcaster+does+not+stop+people+in+the+north+watching+gaelic+games&rft.date=2018-07-14&rft.aulast=Monaghan&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishnews.com%2Fnews%2Fnorthernirelandnews%2F2018%2F07%2F14%2Fnews%2Frte-head-of-sport-says-broadcaster-does-not-stop-people-in-the-north-watching-gaelic-games-1382277%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-30741054.html">"'Abortion drone' delivers pills to the North from Ireland"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_Examiner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irish Examiner">Irish Examiner</a>. 21 June 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913225532/https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-30741054.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Examiner&rft.atitle=%27Abortion+drone%27+delivers+pills+to+the+North+from+Ireland&rft.date=2016-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishexaminer.com%2Fnews%2Farid-30741054.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan2016" class="citation news cs1">Ryan, Philip (21 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/varadkar-considers-travel-ban-but-wont-stop-northsouth-travel-39048435.html">"Varadkar considers travel ban but won't stop North/South travel"</a>. Irish Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317171705/https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/varadkar-considers-travel-ban-but-wont-stop-northsouth-travel-39048435.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Independent&rft.atitle=Varadkar+considers+travel+ban+but+won%27t+stop+North%2FSouth+travel&rft.date=2016-06-21&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Firish-news%2Fvaradkar-considers-travel-ban-but-wont-stop-northsouth-travel-39048435.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle2021" class="citation news cs1">Doyle, Stephen (25 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.todayfm.com/uncategorized/gaa-confirm-500-allow-allianz-league-matches-six-counties-1200507">"GAA confirm 500 allowed into Allianz League matches in six counties"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Today_FM?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Today FM">Today FM</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604004353/https://www.todayfm.com/uncategorized/gaa-confirm-500-allow-allianz-league-matches-six-counties-1200507">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=GAA+confirm+500+allowed+into+Allianz+League+matches+in+six+counties&rft.date=2021-05-25&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.todayfm.com%2Funcategorized%2Fgaa-confirm-500-allow-allianz-league-matches-six-counties-1200507&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTestaSpecia2018" class="citation news cs1">Testa, Andrew; Specia, Megan (15 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/15/world/europe/northern-ireland-brexit-border.html">"Example of New York Times use of "the North" in text of an article (fifth paragraph), having used "Northern Ireland" earlier"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015181509/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/15/world/europe/northern-ireland-brexit-border.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 15 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Example+of+New+York+Times+use+of+%22the+North%22+in+text+of+an+article+%28fifth+paragraph%29%2C+having+used+%22Northern+Ireland%22+earlier&rft.date=2018-10-15&rft.aulast=Testa&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Specia%2C+Megan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F10%2F15%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fnorthern-ireland-brexit-border.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-127">^</a> Parliamentary Reports of the Parliament of Northern Ireland, Volume 20 (1937) and The Times, 6 January 1949; C.M. 1(49) – UK Cabinet meeting held on 12 January 1949. C.M. 1(49). – See also <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alternative_names_for_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alternative names for Northern Ireland">Alternative names for Northern Ireland</a></li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/editorialguidelines/page/guidance-uk-full%23style-and-language">"Editorial Policy, Guidance Note"</a>. BBC. n.d. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303233555/http://www.bbc.co.uk/editorialguidelines/page/guidance-uk-full%23style-and-language">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Editorial+Policy%2C+Guidance+Note&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Feditorialguidelines%2Fpage%2Fguidance-uk-full%23style-and-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"> "The term "province" is often used synonymously with Northern Ireland and it is normally appropriate to make secondary references to "the province"."</li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://sinnfein.ie/history">"Sinn Féin usage of "Six Counties""</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a>. 14 August 1969. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614042448/http://www.sinnfein.ie/history">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2010. Retrieved 16 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sinn+F%C3%A9in+usage+of+%22Six+Counties%22&rft.pub=Sinn+F%C3%A9in&rft.date=1969-08-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsinnfein.ie%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrendan_O'Brien1999" class="citation book cs1">Brendan O'Brien (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DIo085Nl0CJQC%26pg%3DPA166">The Long War: The IRA and Sinn Féin</a>. Syracuse University Press. p. 167. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-815-60597-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-815-60597-3"><bdi>978-0-815-60597-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806232810/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DIo085Nl0CJQC%26pg%3DPA166">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long+War%3A+The+IRA+and+Sinn+F%C3%A9in&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-815-60597-3&rft.au=Brendan+O%27Brien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIo085Nl0CJQC%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20051222180049/http://www.irishfreedomcommittee.net/FAQs.htm">"FAQs – The Irish Freedom Committee™"</a>. Irish Freedom Committee. 6 May 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.irishfreedomcommittee.net/FAQs.htm">the original</a> on 22 December 2005. Retrieved 16 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FAQs+%E2%80%93+The+Irish+Freedom+Committee%E2%84%A2&rft.pub=Irish+Freedom+Committee&rft.date=2007-05-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishfreedomcommittee.net%2FFAQs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Sanders2011" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Sanders (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DPcdvAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA114">Inside the IRA: Dissident Republicans and the War for Legitimacy</a>. Edinburgh University Press. p. 114. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-748-68812-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-748-68812-8"><bdi>978-0-748-68812-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806214948/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DPcdvAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA114">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+IRA%3A+Dissident+Republicans+and+the+War+for+Legitimacy&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-748-68812-8&rft.au=Andrew+Sanders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPcdvAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_William_White2006" class="citation book cs1">Robert William White (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DUkzbp2i3TvgC%26pg%3DPA163">Ruairí Ó Brádaigh: The Life and Politics of an Irish Revolutionary</a>. Edinburgh University Press. p. 163. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34708-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34708-4"><bdi>978-0-253-34708-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806204507/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DUkzbp2i3TvgC%26pg%3DPA163">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ruair%C3%AD+%C3%93+Br%C3%A1daigh%3A+The+Life+and+Politics+of+an+Irish+Revolutionary&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34708-4&rft.au=Robert+William+White&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUkzbp2i3TvgC%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Horgan2011" class="citation book cs1">John Horgan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dekm2dmSDF_cC%26pg%3DPA174">Terrorism Studies: A Reader</a>. Routledge. p. 174. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45504-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45504-6"><bdi>978-0-415-45504-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806225033/https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dekm2dmSDF_cC%26pg%3DPA174">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrorism+Studies%3A+A+Reader&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-415-45504-6&rft.au=John+Horgan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dekm2dmSDF_cC%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-135">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.gov.uk/government/world-location-news/how-much-do-you-know-about-norn-iron">How much do you know about 'Norn Iron'?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101002648/https://www.gov.uk/government/world-location-news/how-much-do-you-know-about-norn-iron">Archived</a> 1 November 2015 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, British Embassy Ashgabat</li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylorMurrayHytnerBurnton2013" class="citation news cs1">Taylor, Daniel; Murray, Ewan; Hytner, David; Burnton, Simon; Glendenning, Barry (9 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2013/sep/09/world-cup-qualifiers-talking-points">"World Cup qualifiers: 10 talking points from the weekend's action"</a>. The Guardian. UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910074603/http://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2013/sep/09/world-cup-qualifiers-talking-points">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=World+Cup+qualifiers%3A+10+talking+points+from+the+weekend%27s+action&rft.date=2013-09-09&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Murray%2C+Ewan&rft.au=Hytner%2C+David&rft.au=Burnton%2C+Simon&rft.au=Glendenning%2C+Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffootball%2Fblog%2F2013%2Fsep%2F09%2Fworld-cup-qualifiers-talking-points&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-57932848">"NI temperature record broken for third time in a week"</a>. BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. 22 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722160920/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-57932848">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=NI+temperature+record+broken+for+third+time+in+a+week&rft.date=2021-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-northern-ireland-57932848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405132857/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/2010/december.html">"MetO2010-12: December 2010"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Met_Office?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Met Office">Met Office</a>. January 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/2010/december.html">the original</a> on 5 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MetO2010-12%3A+December+2010&rft.pub=Met+Office&rft.date=2011-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metoffice.gov.uk%2Fclimate%2Fuk%2F2010%2Fdecember.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.treecouncil.ie/native-irish-trees">Native Species</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409023345/https://www.treecouncil.ie/native-irish-trees">Archived</a> 9 April 2022 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tree_Council_of_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tree Council of Ireland">Tree Council of Ireland</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-140">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/documents/5189/WAPR2018_sUui5YW.pdf">"Woodland Area, Planting and Publicly Funded Restocking – 2018 Edition"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053721/https://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/documents/5189/WAPR2018_sUui5YW.pdf">Archived</a> 30 January 2019 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Forestry_Commission?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Forestry Commission">Forestry Commission</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-141">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/mediafile/100821804/10664-ni-welcome-leaflet-update-final-dec-2017.pdf">Welcome to the Woodland Trust in Northern Ireland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053159/https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/mediafile/100821804/10664-ni-welcome-leaflet-update-final-dec-2017.pdf">Archived</a> 30 January 2019 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Woodland_Trust?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Woodland Trust">Woodland Trust</a>, December 2017.; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-14381277">"Trust's fears for Northern Ireland tree cover"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201180746/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-14381277">Archived</a> 1 February 2019 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_News?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, 2 August 2011.</li> <li id="cite_note-Trust-142"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Trust_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.daera-ni.gov.uk/articles/species-northern-ireland">"Common Lizard (Zootoca vivipara)"</a>. Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs. 21 August 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723105103/https://www.daera-ni.gov.uk/articles/species-northern-ireland">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Agriculture%2C+Environment+and+Rural+Affairs&rft.atitle=Common+Lizard+%28Zootoca+vivipara%29&rft.date=2015-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.daera-ni.gov.uk%2Farticles%2Fspecies-northern-ireland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-143">^</a> Morton, O. 1994. Marine Algae of Northern Ireland. Ulster Museum. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900761-28-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-900761-28-8">0-900761-28-8</a></li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/new-super-councils-begin-work-in-northern-ireland-1.2160407">"New 'super councils' begin work in Northern Ireland"</a>. The Irish Times. 1 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626145839/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/new-super-councils-begin-work-in-northern-ireland-1.2160407">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 27 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=New+%27super+councils%27+begin+work+in+Northern+Ireland&rft.date=2015-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fireland%2Firish-news%2Fnew-super-councils-begin-work-in-northern-ireland-1.2160407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice" class="citation web cs1">Price, Ryan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.irishpost.com/life-style/five-places-in-northern-ireland-included-in-best-places-to-live-in-britain-list-151651">"Five places in Northern Ireland included in Best Places to Live in Britain list – The Irish Post"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413211215/https://www.irishpost.com/life-style/five-places-in-northern-ireland-included-in-best-places-to-live-in-britain-list-151651">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Five+places+in+Northern+Ireland+included+in+Best+Places+to+Live+in+Britain+list+%E2%80%93+The+Irish+Post&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishpost.com%2Flife-style%2Ffive-places-in-northern-ireland-included-in-best-places-to-live-in-britain-list-151651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-2021_populations-147"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2021_populations_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://build.nisra.gov.uk/en/custom/viewdata?d%3DPEOPLE%26v%3DSETTLEMENT15%26~SETTLEMENT15%3DN11000151%2BN11000243%2BN11000438%2BN11000447%2BN11000218%2BN11000564%2BN11000559%2BN11000099%2BN11000040%2BN11000537%2BN11000153">"Settlement 2015"</a>. NISRA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820072644/https://build.nisra.gov.uk/en/custom/viewdata?d%3DPEOPLE%26v%3DSETTLEMENT15%26~SETTLEMENT15%3DN11000151%2BN11000243%2BN11000438%2BN11000447%2BN11000218%2BN11000564%2BN11000559%2BN11000099%2BN11000040%2BN11000537%2BN11000153">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NISRA&rft.atitle=Settlement+2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuild.nisra.gov.uk%2Fen%2Fcustom%2Fviewdata%3Fd%3DPEOPLE%26v%3DSETTLEMENT15%26~SETTLEMENT15%3DN11000151%2BN11000243%2BN11000438%2BN11000447%2BN11000218%2BN11000564%2BN11000559%2BN11000099%2BN11000040%2BN11000537%2BN11000153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401113858/http://www.nisra.gov.uk/archive/demography/publications/urban_rural/ur_gaz.pdf">"Statistical Classification and Delineation of Settlements"</a> (PDF). Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. February 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.nisra.gov.uk/archive/demography/publications/urban_rural/ur_gaz.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistical+Classification+and+Delineation+of+Settlements&rft.pub=Northern+Ireland+Statistics+and+Research+Agency&rft.date=2005-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nisra.gov.uk%2Farchive%2Fdemography%2Fpublications%2Furban_rural%2Fur_gaz.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-2021_census_main_points-150"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2021_census_main_points_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-main-statistics-for-northern-ireland-phase-1-statistical-bulletin-demography-and-households.pdf">"Main statistics for Northern Ireland"</a> (PDF). NISRA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922093432/https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-main-statistics-for-northern-ireland-phase-1-statistical-bulletin-demography-and-households.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NISRA&rft.atitle=Main+statistics+for+Northern+Ireland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nisra.gov.uk%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fstatistics%2Fcensus-2021-main-statistics-for-northern-ireland-phase-1-statistical-bulletin-demography-and-households.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Census_2011-151">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Census_2011_151-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Census_2011_151-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Census_2011_151-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.nisra.gov.uk/Census/key_stats_bulletin_2011.pdf">"Census Key Stats bulletin"</a> (PDF). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NISRA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="NISRA">NISRA</a>. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203000751/http://www.nisra.gov.uk/Census/key_stats_bulletin_2011.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 February 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+Key+Stats+bulletin&rft.pub=NISRA&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nisra.gov.uk%2FCensus%2Fkey_stats_bulletin_2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Ethnic_group_census_2022-152">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Ethnic_group_census_2022_152-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Ethnic_group_census_2022_152-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-main-statistics-for-northern-ireland-phase-1-statistical-bulletin-ethnic-group.pdf">"Main statistics for Northern Ireland"</a> (PDF). NISRA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922093434/https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-main-statistics-for-northern-ireland-phase-1-statistical-bulletin-ethnic-group.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NISRA&rft.atitle=Main+statistics+for+Northern+Ireland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nisra.gov.uk%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fstatistics%2Fcensus-2021-main-statistics-for-northern-ireland-phase-1-statistical-bulletin-ethnic-group.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Country_of_birth_census_2022-153"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Country_of_birth_census_2022_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-main-statistics-for-northern-ireland-phase-1-statistical-bulletin-country-of-birth.pdf">"Main statistics for Northern Ireland"</a> (PDF). NISRA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922093436/https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-main-statistics-for-northern-ireland-phase-1-statistical-bulletin-country-of-birth.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NISRA&rft.atitle=Main+statistics+for+Northern+Ireland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nisra.gov.uk%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fstatistics%2Fcensus-2021-main-statistics-for-northern-ireland-phase-1-statistical-bulletin-country-of-birth.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-28031873">"NI migrant population triples in decade, says study"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020140657/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-28031873">Archived</a> 20 October 2018 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. BBC News. 26 June 2014.</li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://build.nisra.gov.uk/en/custom/data?d%3DPEOPLE%26v%3DURBAN_STATUS">"Urban Status"</a>. NISRA. Retrieved 29 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NISRA&rft.atitle=Urban+Status&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuild.nisra.gov.uk%2Fen%2Fcustom%2Fdata%3Fd%3DPEOPLE%26v%3DURBAN_STATUS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://build.nisra.gov.uk/en/custom/data?d%3DPEOPLE%26v%3DNAT_ID_BRITISH">"National Identity (British)"</a>. NISRA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820073156/https://build.nisra.gov.uk/en/custom/data?d%3DPEOPLE%26v%3DNAT_ID_BRITISH">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NISRA&rft.atitle=National+Identity+%28British%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuild.nisra.gov.uk%2Fen%2Fcustom%2Fdata%3Fd%3DPEOPLE%26v%3DNAT_ID_BRITISH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://build.nisra.gov.uk/en/custom/data?d%3DPEOPLE%26v%3DNAT_ID_IRISH_AGG3">"National Identity (Irish)"</a>. NISRA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820073158/https://build.nisra.gov.uk/en/custom/data?d%3DPEOPLE%26v%3DNAT_ID_IRISH_AGG3">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NISRA&rft.atitle=National+Identity+%28Irish%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuild.nisra.gov.uk%2Fen%2Fcustom%2Fdata%3Fd%3DPEOPLE%26v%3DNAT_ID_IRISH_AGG3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://build.nisra.gov.uk/en/custom/data?v%3D%26d%3DPEOPLE%26v%3DNAT_ID_NORTHERN_IRISH_AGG3">"National Identity (Northern Irish)"</a>. NISRA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820073158/https://build.nisra.gov.uk/en/custom/data?v%3D%26d%3DPEOPLE%26v%3DNAT_ID_NORTHERN_IRISH_AGG3">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NISRA&rft.atitle=National+Identity+%28Northern+Irish%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuild.nisra.gov.uk%2Fen%2Fcustom%2Fdata%3Fv%3D%26d%3DPEOPLE%26v%3DNAT_ID_NORTHERN_IRISH_AGG3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-2021_national_identity-159">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2021_national_identity_159-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2021_national_identity_159-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-main-statistics-for-northern-ireland-phase-1-statistical-bulletin-national-identity.pdf">"Main statistics for Northern Ireland – Statistical bulletin – National identity"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316223405/https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-main-statistics-for-northern-ireland-phase-1-statistical-bulletin-national-identity.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 March 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Main+statistics+for+Northern+Ireland+%E2%80%93+Statistical+bulletin+%E2%80%93+National+identity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nisra.gov.uk%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fstatistics%2Fcensus-2021-main-statistics-for-northern-ireland-phase-1-statistical-bulletin-national-identity.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-2011_Census_data-160">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2011_Census_data_160-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2011_Census_data_160-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2011_Census_data_160-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nisra.gov.uk/sites/nisra.gov.uk/files/publications/2011-census-results-key-statistics-summary-report.pdf">"Northern Ireland Census 2011 Key Statistics Summary Report"</a> (PDF). NISRA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922201937/https://www.nisra.gov.uk/sites/nisra.gov.uk/files/publications/2011-census-results-key-statistics-summary-report.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NISRA&rft.atitle=Northern+Ireland+Census+2011+Key+Statistics+Summary+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nisra.gov.uk%2Fsites%2Fnisra.gov.uk%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2F2011-census-results-key-statistics-summary-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://build.nisra.gov.uk/en/custom/viewdata?d%3DPEOPLE%26v%3DCOUNTY_NI%26v%3DNAT_ID_BASIC">"National identity (person based) - basic detail (classification 1)"</a>. NISRA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818094359/https://build.nisra.gov.uk/en/custom/viewdata?d%3DPEOPLE%26v%3DCOUNTY_NI%26v%3DNAT_ID_BASIC">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NISRA&rft.atitle=National+identity+%28person+based%29+-+basic+detail+%28classification+1%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuild.nisra.gov.uk%2Fen%2Fcustom%2Fviewdata%3Fd%3DPEOPLE%26v%3DCOUNTY_NI%26v%3DNAT_ID_BASIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://build.nisra.gov.uk/en/custom/viewdata?d%3DPEOPLE%26v%3DCOUNTY_NI%26v%3DNAT_ID_IRISH_AGG3%26~NAT_ID_IRISH_AGG3%3D1%2B2">"National Identity (Irish)"</a>. NISRA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818094358/https://build.nisra.gov.uk/en/custom/viewdata?d%3DPEOPLE%26v%3DCOUNTY_NI%26v%3DNAT_ID_IRISH_AGG3%26~NAT_ID_IRISH_AGG3%3D1%2B2">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NISRA&rft.atitle=National+Identity+%28Irish%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuild.nisra.gov.uk%2Fen%2Fcustom%2Fviewdata%3Fd%3DPEOPLE%26v%3DCOUNTY_NI%26v%3DNAT_ID_IRISH_AGG3%26~NAT_ID_IRISH_AGG3%3D1%2B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://build.nisra.gov.uk/en/custom/viewdata?d%3DPEOPLE%26v%3DCOUNTY_NI%26v%3DNAT_ID_BRITISH%26~NAT_ID_BRITISH%3D1%2B2">"National Identity (British)"</a>. NISRA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818094353/https://build.nisra.gov.uk/en/custom/viewdata?d%3DPEOPLE%26v%3DCOUNTY_NI%26v%3DNAT_ID_BRITISH%26~NAT_ID_BRITISH%3D1%2B2">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NISRA&rft.atitle=National+Identity+%28British%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuild.nisra.gov.uk%2Fen%2Fcustom%2Fviewdata%3Fd%3DPEOPLE%26v%3DCOUNTY_NI%26v%3DNAT_ID_BRITISH%26~NAT_ID_BRITISH%3D1%2B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://build.nisra.gov.uk/en/custom/viewdata?d%3DPEOPLE%26v%3DCOUNTY_NI%26v%3DNAT_ID_NORTHERN_IRISH_AGG3%26~NAT_ID_NORTHERN_IRISH_AGG3%3D1%2B2">"National Identity (Northern Irish)"</a>. NISRA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818094359/https://build.nisra.gov.uk/en/custom/viewdata?d%3DPEOPLE%26v%3DCOUNTY_NI%26v%3DNAT_ID_NORTHERN_IRISH_AGG3%26~NAT_ID_NORTHERN_IRISH_AGG3%3D1%2B2">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NISRA&rft.atitle=National+Identity+%28Northern+Irish%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuild.nisra.gov.uk%2Fen%2Fcustom%2Fviewdata%3Fd%3DPEOPLE%26v%3DCOUNTY_NI%26v%3DNAT_ID_NORTHERN_IRISH_AGG3%26~NAT_ID_NORTHERN_IRISH_AGG3%3D1%2B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-2021_religion-165">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2021_religion_165-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2021_religion_165-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2021_religion_165-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2021_religion_165-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2021_religion_165-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-main-statistics-for-northern-ireland-phase-1-statistical-bulletin-religion.pdf">"Main statistics for Northern Ireland Statistical bulletin – Religion"</a> (PDF). NISRA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326045543/https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-main-statistics-for-northern-ireland-phase-1-statistical-bulletin-religion.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NISRA&rft.atitle=Main+statistics+for+Northern+Ireland+Statistical+bulletin+%E2%80%93+Religion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nisra.gov.uk%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fstatistics%2Fcensus-2021-main-statistics-for-northern-ireland-phase-1-statistical-bulletin-religion.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-166">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ReferenceA_166-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ReferenceA_166-1">b</a> Census 2011</li> <li id="cite_note-first_catholic_majority-167"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-first_catholic_majority_167-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-62980394">"Census 2021: More from Catholic background in NI than Protestant"</a>. BBC News. 22 September 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922001732/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-62980394">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Census+2021%3A+More+from+Catholic+background+in+NI+than+Protestant&rft.date=2022-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-northern-ireland-62980394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-2001_key_statistics-168"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2001_key_statistics_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nisra.gov.uk/sites/nisra.gov.uk/files/publications/2001-census-results-key-statistics-report-tables.pdf">"Key Statistics Table"</a> (PDF). NISRA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922220304/https://www.nisra.gov.uk/sites/nisra.gov.uk/files/publications/2001-census-results-key-statistics-report-tables.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NISRA&rft.atitle=Key+Statistics+Table&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nisra.gov.uk%2Fsites%2Fnisra.gov.uk%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2F2001-census-results-key-statistics-report-tables.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-religion_brought_up_in-169"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-religion_brought_up_in_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://build.nisra.gov.uk/en/custom/data?d%3DPEOPLE%26v%3DCOUNTY_NI%26v%3DRELIGION_BELONG_TO_OR_BROUGHT_UP_IN_DVO%26%257ECOUNTY_NI%3D6">"Religion or religion brought up in"</a>. NISRA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820072645/https://build.nisra.gov.uk/en/custom/data?d%3DPEOPLE%26v%3DCOUNTY_NI%26v%3DRELIGION_BELONG_TO_OR_BROUGHT_UP_IN_DVO%26%257ECOUNTY_NI%3D6">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NISRA&rft.atitle=Religion+or+religion+brought+up+in&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuild.nisra.gov.uk%2Fen%2Fcustom%2Fdata%3Fd%3DPEOPLE%26v%3DCOUNTY_NI%26v%3DRELIGION_BELONG_TO_OR_BROUGHT_UP_IN_DVO%26%257ECOUNTY_NI%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-170">^</a> Breen, R., Devine, P. and Dowds, L. (editors), 1996: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86281-593-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-86281-593-2">0-86281-593-2</a>. Chapter 2 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/research/nisas/rep5c2.htm">'Who Wants a United Ireland? Constitutional Preferences among Catholics and Protestants' by Richard Breen (1996), in, Social Attitudes in Northern Ireland: The Fifth Report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226220013/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/research/nisas/rep5c2.htm">Archived</a> 26 December 2018 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 24 August 2006; Summary: In 1989—1994, 79% Protestants replied "British" or "Ulster", 60% of Catholics replied "Irish."</li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-171">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/1999/Community_Relations/NINATID.html">Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey, 1999; Module:Community Relations, Variable:NINATID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510203944/http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/1999/Community_Relations/NINATID.html">Archived</a> 10 May 2011 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Summary:72% of Protestants replied "British". 68% of Catholics replied "Irish".</li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-172">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/1999/Community_Relations/BRITISH.html">Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey. Module:Community Relations. Variable:BRITISH.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610101029/http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/1999/Community_Relations/BRITISH.html">Archived</a> 10 June 2011 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Summary: 78% of Protestants replied "Strongly British."</li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-173">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/1999/Community_Relations/IRISH.html">Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey, 1999; Module:Community Relations, Variable:IRISH</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610101003/http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/1999/Community_Relations/IRISH.html">Archived</a> 10 June 2011 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Summary: 77% of Catholics replied "Strongly Irish."</li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-174">^</a> Institute of Governance, 2006 "National identities in the UK: do they matter?" Briefing No. 16, January 2006; Retrieved from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822152404/http://www.institute-of-governance.org/forum/Leverhulme/briefing_pdfs/IoG_Briefing_16.pdf">"IoG_Briefing"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.institute-of-governance.org/forum/Leverhulme/briefing_pdfs/IoG_Briefing_16.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 August 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IoG_Briefing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.institute-of-governance.org%2Fforum%2FLeverhulme%2Fbriefing_pdfs%2FIoG_Briefing_16.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"> (211 KB) on 24 August 2006. Extract: "Three-quarters of Northern Ireland's Protestants regard themselves as British, but only 12 percent of Northern Ireland's Catholics do so. Conversely, a majority of Catholics (65%) regard themselves as Irish, whilst very few Protestants (5%) do likewise. Very few Catholics (1%) compared to Protestants (19%) claim an Ulster identity but a Northern Irish identity is shared in broadly equal measure across religious traditions."Details from attitude surveys are in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Demographics_and_politics_of_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics and politics of Northern Ireland">Demographics and politics of Northern Ireland</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927051820/http://www.esrcsocietytoday.ac.uk/ESRCInfoCentre/Plain_English_Summaries/governance_and_citizenship/structure/index32.aspx?ComponentId%3D17242%26SourcePageId%3D11746">"L219252024 – Public Attitudes to Devolution and National Identity in Northern Ireland"</a>. University of York Research Project 2002–2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.esrcsocietytoday.ac.uk/ESRCInfoCentre/Plain_English_Summaries/governance_and_citizenship/structure/index32.aspx?ComponentId%3D17242%26SourcePageId%3D11746">the original</a> on 27 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+York+Research+Project+2002%E2%80%932003&rft.atitle=L219252024+%E2%80%93+Public+Attitudes+to+Devolution+and+National+Identity+in+Northern+Ireland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esrcsocietytoday.ac.uk%2FESRCInfoCentre%2FPlain_English_Summaries%2Fgovernance_and_citizenship%2Fstructure%2Findex32.aspx%3FComponentId%3D17242%26SourcePageId%3D11746&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-176">^</a> Northern Ireland: Constitutional Proposals and the Problem of Identity, by J. R. Archer The Review of Politics, 1978</li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_Ruane_and_Jennifer_Todd" class="citation web cs1">Joseph Ruane and Jennifer Todd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510015756/http://www.ucd.ie/spire/text%2520files/todd-achangedirishnationalism.pdf">"Chapter 7 > A changed Irish nationalism? The significance of the Belfast Agreement of 1998"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ucd.ie/spire/text%2520files/todd-achangedirishnationalism.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+7+%3E+A+changed+Irish+nationalism%3F+The+significance+of+the+Belfast+Agreement+of+1998&rft.au=Joseph+Ruane+and+Jennifer+Todd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucd.ie%2Fspire%2Ftext%2520files%2Ftodd-achangedirishnationalism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/2008/Community_Relations/NINATID.html">"Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey, 2008; Module:Community Relations, Variable:IRISH"</a>. Ark.ac.uk. 17 May 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610101049/http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/2008/Community_Relations/NINATID.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 16 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Northern+Ireland+Life+and+Times+Survey%2C+2008%3B+Module%3ACommunity+Relations%2C+Variable%3AIRISH&rft.pub=Ark.ac.uk&rft.date=2007-05-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ark.ac.uk%2Fnilt%2F2008%2FCommunity_Relations%2FNINATID.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/1998/Community_Relations/NINATID.html">"Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey, 1998; Module:Community Relations, Variable:IRISH"</a>. Ark.ac.uk. 9 May 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610044347/http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/1998/Community_Relations/NINATID.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 16 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Northern+Ireland+Life+and+Times+Survey%2C+1998%3B+Module%3ACommunity+Relations%2C+Variable%3AIRISH&rft.pub=Ark.ac.uk&rft.date=2003-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ark.ac.uk%2Fnilt%2F1998%2FCommunity_Relations%2FNINATID.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/eng/?docID%3D243">"Department of the Taoiseach"</a>. Taoiseach.gov.ie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701034610/http://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/eng/?docID%3D243">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2010. Retrieved 16 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Department+of+the+Taoiseach&rft.pub=Taoiseach.gov.ie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taoiseach.gov.ie%2Feng%2F%3FdocID%3D243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/697987/Gov_uk_fees_revision_2018.pdf">"Home Office Immigration & Nationality Charges 2018"</a> (PDF). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Home_Office?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Home Office">Home Office</a>. 6 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180530035148/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/697987/Gov_uk_fees_revision_2018.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 30 May 2018. Retrieved 12 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home+Office+Immigration+%26+Nationality+Charges+2018&rft.pub=Home+Office&rft.date=2018-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.publishing.service.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F697987%2FGov_uk_fees_revision_2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-passport_held_2021-182"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-passport_held_2021_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-main-statistics-for-northern-ireland-phase-1-statistical-bulletin-passports-held.pdf">"Main statistics for Northern Ireland Statistical bulletin – Passports held"</a> (PDF). NISRA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922093444/https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-main-statistics-for-northern-ireland-phase-1-statistical-bulletin-passports-held.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NISRA&rft.atitle=Main+statistics+for+Northern+Ireland+Statistical+bulletin+%E2%80%93+Passports+held&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nisra.gov.uk%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fstatistics%2Fcensus-2021-main-statistics-for-northern-ireland-phase-1-statistical-bulletin-passports-held.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-2022_Language-183">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2022_Language_183-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2022_Language_183-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2022_Language_183-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-main-statistics-for-northern-ireland-phase-1-statistical-bulletin-language.pdf">"Main statistics for Northern Ireland Statistical bulletin – Language"</a> (PDF). NISRA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922093432/https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-main-statistics-for-northern-ireland-phase-1-statistical-bulletin-language.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NISRA&rft.atitle=Main+statistics+for+Northern+Ireland+Statistical+bulletin+%E2%80%93+Language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nisra.gov.uk%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fstatistics%2Fcensus-2021-main-statistics-for-northern-ireland-phase-1-statistical-bulletin-language.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003065655/http://www.nio.gov.uk/agreement.pdf">"The Agreement"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.nio.gov.uk/agreement.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Agreement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nio.gov.uk%2Fagreement.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"> (204 KB)</li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/education/minlang/report/EvaluationReports/UKECRML3_en.pdf">"Council of Europe Charter monitoring report, 2010"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010150121/https://www.coe.int/t/dg4/education/minlang/report/EvaluationReports/UKECRML3_en.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Council+of+Europe+Charter+monitoring+report%2C+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coe.int%2Ft%2Fdg4%2Feducation%2Fminlang%2Freport%2FEvaluationReports%2FUKECRML3_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Census_2021_Phase_2_Bulletin-186"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Census_2021_Phase_2_Bulletin_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-main-statistics-for-northern-ireland-phase-2-report.pdf">"Census 2021 Main statistics for Northern Ireland Phase 2 December 2022"</a> (PDF). NISRA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102173056/https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-main-statistics-for-northern-ireland-phase-2-report.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NISRA&rft.atitle=Census+2021+Main+statistics+for+Northern+Ireland+Phase+2+December+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nisra.gov.uk%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fstatistics%2Fcensus-2021-main-statistics-for-northern-ireland-phase-2-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkku_Filppula2005" class="citation book cs1">Markku Filppula (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DaPPexF5hyIkC%26q%3DDIALECT%2BOF%2BNORTHERN%2BIRELAND%2BCOMES%2BFROM%2BSCOTLAND%26pg%3DPA90">Dialects across borders</a>. John Benjamins Publishing Co, Amsterdam. p. 90. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9027247872?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-9027247872"><bdi>978-9027247872</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413214714/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DaPPexF5hyIkC%26q%3DDIALECT%2BOF%2BNORTHERN%2BIRELAND%2BCOMES%2BFROM%2BSCOTLAND%26pg%3DPA90">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2021. 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(2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DV0UHEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DNorthern%2BIreland%2B%2Bdifferences%2Bin%2Bpronunciation%2Bbetween%2BProtestants%2Band%2BCatholics%26pg%3DPT111">The Anthropology of Ireland</a>. 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History Ireland. 28 January 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612171721/https://www.historyireland.com/20th-century-contemporary-history/presbyterians-and-the-irish-language-roger-blaney-ulster-historical-foundationthe-ultach-trust-6-50-isbn-0-901905-75-5/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Ireland&rft.atitle=Presbyterians+and+the+Irish+Language+Roger+Blaney+%28Ulster+Historical+Foundation%2FThe+Ultach+Trust%2C+%C2%A36.50%29+ISBN+0-901905-75-5&rft.date=2013-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyireland.com%2F20th-century-contemporary-history%2Fpresbyterians-and-the-irish-language-roger-blaney-ulster-historical-foundationthe-ultach-trust-6-50-isbn-0-901905-75-5%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Survey-NorthernIreland-191">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Survey-NorthernIreland_191-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Survey-NorthernIreland_191-1">b</a> Northern Ireland LIFE & TIMES Survey: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/1999/Community_Relations/MAINLANG.html">What is the main language spoken in your own home?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610101441/http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/1999/Community_Relations/MAINLANG.html">Archived</a> 10 June 2011 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li id="cite_note-pipex1-192"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pipex1_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416045904/http://www.ultach.dsl.pipex.com/english/faqs.htm">"Frequently-Asked Questions about the Irish Language"</a>. Ultach. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ultach.dsl.pipex.com/english/faqs.htm">the original</a> on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 7 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frequently-Asked+Questions+about+the+Irish+Language&rft.pub=Ultach&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ultach.dsl.pipex.com%2Fenglish%2Ffaqs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-193">^</a> The Local Government (Miscellaneous Provisions) (Northern Ireland) Order 1995 (No. 759 (N.I. 5))<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType%3DAll%2BPrimary%26PageNumber%3D25%26NavFrom%3D2%26parentActiveTextDocId%3D1011237%26activetextdocid%3D1011254">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409203049/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/nisi/1995/759/part/crossheading/street-names-and-numbering-of-buildings">Archived</a> 9 April 2020 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.politico.eu/article/uk-moves-to-make-irish-language-official-in-northern-ireland/">"UK to make Irish an official language in Northern Ireland"</a>. POLITICO. 25 May 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527151739/https://www.politico.eu/article/uk-moves-to-make-irish-language-official-in-northern-ireland/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=POLITICO&rft.atitle=UK+to+make+Irish+an+official+language+in+Northern+Ireland&rft.date=2022-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Fuk-moves-to-make-irish-language-official-in-northern-ireland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-195">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bills.parliament.uk/bills/3168/publications">[3]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529205121/https://bills.parliament.uk/bills/3168/publications">Archived</a> 29 May 2022 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Identity and Language (Northern Ireland) Bill [HL]. Government Bill, House of Lords Session 2022–23, UK Parliament (parliament.uk). Retrieved 28 May 2022.</li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAinsworth2022" class="citation web cs1">Ainsworth, Paul (6 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.irishnews.com/news/2022/12/06/news/_historic_milestone_passed_as_irish_language_legislation_becomes_law-2932333/">"'Historic milestone' passed as Irish language legislation becomes law"</a>. The Irish News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212015026/https://www.irishnews.com/news/2022/12/06/news/_historic_milestone_passed_as_irish_language_legislation_becomes_law-2932333/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+News&rft.atitle=%27Historic+milestone%27+passed+as+Irish+language+legislation+becomes+law&rft.date=2022-12-06&rft.aulast=Ainsworth&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishnews.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F12%2F06%2Fnews%2F_historic_milestone_passed_as_irish_language_legislation_becomes_law-2932333%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeenan2014" class="citation news cs1">Keenan, Dan (9 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/education/loyalists-line-up-to-learn-c%25C3%25BApla-focail-at-language-classes-in-heart-of-east-belfast-1.1650239">"Loyalists line up to learn cúpla focail at language classes in heart of east Belfast"</a>. Irish Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202020125/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/education/loyalists-line-up-to-learn-c%25C3%25BApla-focail-at-language-classes-in-heart-of-east-belfast-1.1650239">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Loyalists+line+up+to+learn+c%C3%BApla+focail+at+language+classes+in+heart+of+east+Belfast&rft.date=2014-01-09&rft.aulast=Keenan&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Feducation%2Floyalists-line-up-to-learn-c%25C3%25BApla-focail-at-language-classes-in-heart-of-east-belfast-1.1650239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Poilin-BBC-198"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Poilin-BBC_198-0">^</a> Aodan Mac Poilin, 1999, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/learning/history/stateapart/agreement/culture/support/cul2_c011.shtml">"Language, Identity and Politics in Northern Ireland"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821033808/http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/learning/history/stateapart/agreement/culture/support/cul2_c011.shtml">Archived</a> 21 August 2020 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in Ulster Folk Life Vol. 45, 1999</li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20061104144328/http://www.nio.gov.uk/st_andrews_agreement.pdf">"St Andrews Agreement"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.nio.gov.uk/st_andrews_agreement.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St+Andrews+Agreement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nio.gov.uk%2Fst_andrews_agreement.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"> (131 KB)</li> <li id="cite_note-Janzen-200"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Janzen_200-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanzen2005" class="citation book cs1">Janzen, Terry (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DylfJtF3vQUwC">Topics in Signed Language Interpreting: Theory And Practice</a>. Amsterdam: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Benjamins_Publishing_Company?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Benjamins Publishing Company">John Benjamins Publishing Company</a>. pp. 256 & 265. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-1669-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-1669-4"><bdi>978-90-272-1669-4</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60742155">60742155</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413214608/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DylfJtF3vQUwC">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Topics+in+Signed+Language+Interpreting%3A+Theory+And+Practice&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=256+%26+265&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60742155&rft.isbn=978-90-272-1669-4&rft.aulast=Janzen&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DylfJtF3vQUwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-dcal-201"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-dcal_201-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109104308/http://www.dcalni.gov.uk/index/languages/sign_language.htm">"Sign Language"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Department_of_Culture,_Arts_and_Leisure?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure">Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.dcalni.gov.uk/index/languages/sign_language.htm">the original</a> on 9 January 2011. Retrieved 22 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sign+Language&rft.pub=Department+of+Culture%2C+Arts+and+Leisure&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dcalni.gov.uk%2Findex%2Flanguages%2Fsign_language.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520115301/http://www.nio.gov.uk/paul-murphy-announces-recognition-for-sign-language/media-detail.htm?newsID%3D8540">"Paul Murphy announces recognition for sign language"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Office?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Ireland Office">Northern Ireland Office</a>. 30 March 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.nio.gov.uk/paul-murphy-announces-recognition-for-sign-language/media-detail.htm?newsID%3D8540">the original</a> on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 22 June 2008. <q>I am pleased to announce formal recognition for both British and Irish Sign Languages in Northern Ireland.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paul+Murphy+announces+recognition+for+sign+language&rft.pub=Northern+Ireland+Office&rft.date=2004-03-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nio.gov.uk%2Fpaul-murphy-announces-recognition-for-sign-language%2Fmedia-detail.htm%3FnewsID%3D8540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/annualmidyearpopulationestimates/mid2019estimates%23ageing">"Population estimates for the UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland: mid-2019"</a>. ons.gov.uk. 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Department for the Economy. Retrieved 3 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=economy-ni.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Enrolments+at+UK+Higher+Education+Institutions%3A+Northern+Ireland+Analysis+2019%2F20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economy-ni.gov.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Feconomy%2FHEI-enrolments-bulletin-2019-20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cafre.ac.uk/about-us/why-cafre/">"Why CAFRE?"</a>. CAFRE. 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BMJ. 384: q270. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1136%252Fbmj.q270">10.1136/bmj.q270</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1756-1833">1756-1833</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38296346">38296346</a>. Retrieved 11 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Northern+Ireland%27s+doctors+are+relieved+as+Stormont+is+set+to+return%E2%80%94but+will+funds+go+far+enough%3F&rft.volume=384&rft.pages=q270&rft.date=2024-01-31&rft.issn=1756-1833&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38296346&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.q270&rft.aulast=Baraniuk&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmj.com%2Fcontent%2F384%2Fbmj.q270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230809212348/https://www.nisra.gov.uk/sites/nisra.gov.uk/files/publications/NI-Composite-Economic-Index-Q1-2021.pdf">"Economic Activity in Northern Ireland Q1 2021"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nisra.gov.uk/sites/nisra.gov.uk/files/publications/NI-Composite-Economic-Index-Q1-2021.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 August 2023. Retrieved 9 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Economic+Activity+in+Northern+Ireland+Q1+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nisra.gov.uk%2Fsites%2Fnisra.gov.uk%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2FNI-Composite-Economic-Index-Q1-2021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-210">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://shippingtandy.com/features/john-kelly-belfast/">https://shippingtandy.com/features/john-kelly-belfast/</a></li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-211">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.geograph.org.uk/snippet/1031">https://www.geograph.org.uk/snippet/1031</a></li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218132806/https://growthbusiness.co.uk/a-guide-to-the-belfast-tech-hub-2560721/">"A guide to the Belfast tech hub"</a>. 27 October 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://growthbusiness.co.uk/a-guide-to-the-belfast-tech-hub-2560721/">the original</a> on 18 December 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+guide+to+the+Belfast+tech+hub&rft.date=2022-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgrowthbusiness.co.uk%2Fa-guide-to-the-belfast-tech-hub-2560721%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813094249/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/more-than-100-investors-confirmed-for-summit-in-northern-ireland">"More than 100 investors confirmed for summit in Northern Ireland"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/more-than-100-investors-confirmed-for-summit-in-northern-ireland">the original</a> on 13 August 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=More+than+100+investors+confirmed+for+summit+in+Northern+Ireland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fnews%2Fmore-than-100-investors-confirmed-for-summit-in-northern-ireland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807194309/https://www.tourismni.com/research-insights/tourism-performance-statistics/">"Tourism Performance Statistics"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.tourismni.com/research-insights/tourism-performance-statistics/">the original</a> on 7 August 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tourism+Performance+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tourismni.com%2Fresearch-insights%2Ftourism-performance-statistics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807194955/https://discovernorthernireland.com/blog/read/2020/06/getting-around-northern-ireland-b89">"Getting around Northern Ireland"</a>. 25 June 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://discovernorthernireland.com/blog/read/2020/06/getting-around-northern-ireland-b89">the original</a> on 7 August 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Getting+around+Northern+Ireland&rft.date=2020-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovernorthernireland.com%2Fblog%2Fread%2F2020%2F06%2Fgetting-around-northern-ireland-b89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804195613/https://www.harland-wolff.com/facilities/belfast/">"Harland & Wolff Facilities"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.harland-wolff.com/facilities/belfast/">the original</a> on 4 August 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harland+%26+Wolff+Facilities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.harland-wolff.com%2Ffacilities%2Fbelfast%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804200932/https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/business/northern-ireland/harland-and-wolff-secures-contract-to-carry-out-work-on-cruise-liners-queen-victoria-and-aurora/41547352.html">"Harland and Wolff secures contract to carry out work on cruise liners Queen Victoria and Aurora"</a>. Belfasttelegraph.co.uk. 12 April 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/business/northern-ireland/harland-and-wolff-secures-contract-to-carry-out-work-on-cruise-liners-queen-victoria-and-aurora/41547352.html">the original</a> on 4 August 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Belfasttelegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=Harland+and+Wolff+secures+contract+to+carry+out+work+on+cruise+liners+Queen+Victoria+and+Aurora&rft.date=2022-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfasttelegraph.co.uk%2Fbusiness%2Fnorthern-ireland%2Fharland-and-wolff-secures-contract-to-carry-out-work-on-cruise-liners-queen-victoria-and-aurora%2F41547352.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803194209/https://www.daera-ni.gov.uk/news/minister-poots-serves-100-years-food-history">"Minister Poots serves up 100 years of food history"</a>. 15 October 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.daera-ni.gov.uk/news/minister-poots-serves-100-years-food-history">the original</a> on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minister+Poots+serves+up+100+years+of+food+history&rft.date=2021-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.daera-ni.gov.uk%2Fnews%2Fminister-poots-serves-100-years-food-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803193646/https://www.daera-ni.gov.uk/sites/default/files/publications/daera/Agricultural%2520Census%25202022%2520Publication_1.pdf">"Agricultural Census in Northern Ireland 2022"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.daera-ni.gov.uk/sites/default/files/publications/daera/Agricultural%2520Census%25202022%2520Publication_1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Agricultural+Census+in+Northern+Ireland+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.daera-ni.gov.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Fdaera%2FAgricultural%2520Census%25202022%2520Publication_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810193423/https://www.investni.com/media-centre/features/northern-ireland-market-access-great-britain-and-european-union">"Northern Ireland: Market Access to Great Britain and the European Union"</a>. 15 February 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.investni.com/media-centre/features/northern-ireland-market-access-great-britain-and-european-union">the original</a> on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Northern+Ireland%3A+Market+Access+to+Great+Britain+and+the+European+Union&rft.date=2021-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.investni.com%2Fmedia-centre%2Ffeatures%2Fnorthern-ireland-market-access-great-britain-and-european-union&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917092412/https://www.arabnews.com/node/2374801">"Northern Ireland puts itself on the global map"</a>. 16 September 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2374801">the original</a> on 17 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Northern+Ireland+puts+itself+on+the+global+map&rft.date=2023-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnode%2F2374801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-nitrade-222">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-nitrade_222-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-nitrade_222-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725144232/https://www.nisra.gov.uk/sites/nisra.gov.uk/files/publications/Overview-of-NI-Trade-April-2023.pdf">"Overview of Northern Ireland Trade"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nisra.gov.uk/sites/nisra.gov.uk/files/publications/Overview-of-NI-Trade-April-2023.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 July 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overview+of+Northern+Ireland+Trade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nisra.gov.uk%2Fsites%2Fnisra.gov.uk%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2FOverview-of-NI-Trade-April-2023.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-66297150">"All-Island Rail Review: Londonderry to Portadown line recommended"</a>. BBC News. 25 July 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726083037/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-66297150">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=All-Island+Rail+Review%3A+Londonderry+to+Portadown+line+recommended&rft.date=2023-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-northern-ireland-66297150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/michael-palins-favourite-railway-line-between-coleraine-and-derry-in-northern-ireland-set-to-re-open-following-upgrade/35227689.html">"Michael Palin's favourite railway line - between Coleraine and Derry in Northern Ireland"</a>. Belfasttelegraph.co.uk. 18 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726073856/https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/michael-palins-favourite-railway-line-between-coleraine-and-derry-in-northern-ireland-set-to-re-open-following-upgrade/35227689.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Belfasttelegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=Michael+Palin%27s+favourite+railway+line+-+between+Coleraine+and+Derry+in+Northern+Ireland&rft.date=2016-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfasttelegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnorthern-ireland%2Fmichael-palins-favourite-railway-line-between-coleraine-and-derry-in-northern-ireland-set-to-re-open-following-upgrade%2F35227689.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.tripadvisor.co.uk/Attractions-g186469-Activities-Northern_Ireland.html">"Things to Do in Northern Ireland"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726201641/https://www.tripadvisor.co.uk/Attractions-g186469-Activities-Northern_Ireland.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Things+to+Do+in+Northern+Ireland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tripadvisor.co.uk%2FAttractions-g186469-Activities-Northern_Ireland.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-226">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/parade/summary.htm">Parades and Marches – A Summary of the Issue</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824111620/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/parade/summary.htm">Archived</a> 24 August 2015 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conflict_Archive_on_the_Internet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conflict Archive on the Internet">Conflict Archive on the Internet</a> (CAIN).</li> <li id="cite_note-bryan130-227"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-bryan130_227-0">^</a> Bryan, Dominic. Orange Parades: The Politics of Ritual, Tradition and Control. Pluto Press, 2000. p. 130</li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-228">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-25429676">"NI talks issues explained: flags, parades, the past and welfare reform"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420061257/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-25429676">Archived</a> 20 April 2021 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. BBC News, 12 December 2014.</li> <li id="cite_note-NI_logo-229"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-NI_logo_229-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorthern_Ireland_Assembly_Information_Office" class="citation web cs1">Northern Ireland Assembly Information Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20101013063735/http://www.niassembly.gov.uk/io/logo.htm">"Northern Ireland Assembly logo"</a>. Niassembly.gov.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.niassembly.gov.uk/io/logo.htm">the original</a> on 13 October 2010. Retrieved 13 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Northern+Ireland+Assembly+logo&rft.pub=Niassembly.gov.uk&rft.au=Northern+Ireland+Assembly+Information+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.niassembly.gov.uk%2Fio%2Flogo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_O'Day1987" class="citation book cs1">Alan O'Day, ed. (1987). Reactions To Irish Nationalism, 1865–1914. London: Hambledon Press. <q>With the Rising of 1916 a break took place in national symbolism which was most visibly manifested in the national flag and the anthem which the young Irish nation accepted. The demise of the Parliamentary Party stands in direct parallel to the just as rapidly diminishing power of its symbols. The green flag and 'God save Ireland' began to be discredited as symbols of constitutional nationalism and, instead, the symbols of revolutionary nationalism gained popularity as the majority of the Irish people identified themselves with the political aims of the Easter revolutionaries. The use of symbols made apparent that the occurrences of 1916 initiated a new epoch in Irish history much in the same as the Union of 1801 and the Famine of 1845–8 did. Both the national flag and the national anthem of present-day Ireland drive origins directly from the Rising. At first, it still appeared as if the revolutionaries would take over the old symbols because on the roof of their headquarters, the Dublin General Post Office, a green flag with the harp was hoisted next to the republican tricolour although with the inscription 'Irish Republic'. Even 'Got save Ireland' was sung by the revolutionaries during Easter week. But after the failure of the Rising and the subsequent executions of the leading revolutionaries the tricolour and 'The Soldier's Song' became more and more popular as symbols of the rebellion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reactions+To+Irish+Nationalism%2C+1865%E2%80%931914&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hambledon+Press&rft.date=1987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-231">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/7748005.stm">Vandals curbed by plastic edging</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828162145/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/7748005.stm">Archived</a> 28 August 2017 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> BBC News, 25 November 2008.</li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/sr/sr2000/20000347.htm">"Statutory Rule 2000 No. 347"</a>. Opsi.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20091209115902/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/sr/sr2000/20000347.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2009. Retrieved 7 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statutory+Rule+2000+No.+347&rft.pub=Opsi.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opsi.gov.uk%2Fsr%2Fsr2000%2F20000347.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-233">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618161731/http://www.parliament.uk/commons/lib/research/briefings/snpc-04474.pdf">The Union Flag and Flags of the United Kingdom</a> House of Commons Library, 3 June 2008.</li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-234">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://flags.net/NOIR.htm">Northern Irish flags from the World Flag Database</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913181314/http://www.flags.net/NOIR.htm">Archived</a> 13 September 2017 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowd2010" class="citation news cs1">Dowd, Vincent (17 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10294057">"Israel and the Palestinians: The Irish connection"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_News?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903214406/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10294057">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Israel+and+the+Palestinians%3A+The+Irish+connection&rft.date=2010-06-17&rft.aulast=Dowd&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2F10294057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-236">^</a> Sport, Nationalism and Globalization: European and North American Perspectives by Alan Bairner ( <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791449127?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791449127">978-0791449127</a>), p. 38</li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-237">^</a> Sport, Sectarianism and Society in a Divided Ireland by John Sugden and Alan Bairner ( <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0718500184?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0718500184">978-0718500184</a>), p. 60</li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20051210203557/http://www.fifa.com/en/organisation/confederations/associationdetails/0%252C1483%252CNIR%252C00.html?countrycode%3DNIR">"FIFA.com: Northern Ireland, Latest News"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.fifa.com/en/organisation/confederations/associationdetails/0%252C1483%252CNIR%252C00.html?countrycode%3DNIR">the original</a> on 10 December 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FIFA.com%3A+Northern+Ireland%2C+Latest+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifa.com%2Fen%2Forganisation%2Fconfederations%2Fassociationdetails%2F0%252C1483%252CNIR%252C00.html%3Fcountrycode%3DNIR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_SugdenScott_Harvie1995" class="citation web cs1">John Sugden & Scott Harvie (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502190044/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/csc/reports/sugdenharvie/sugdenharvie95-3.htm">"Sport and Community Relations in Northern Ireland 3.2 Flags and Anthems"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/csc/reports/sugdenharvie/sugdenharvie95-3.htm">the original</a> on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sport+and+Community+Relations+in+Northern+Ireland+3.2+Flags+and+Anthems&rft.date=1995&rft.au=John+Sugden&rft.au=Scott+Harvie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fcsc%2Freports%2Fsugdenharvie%2Fsugdenharvie95-3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Berlin2004" class="citation news cs1">Peter Berlin (29 December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104100940/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-103809383.html">"Long Unsung Teams Live up to Anthems: Rugby Union"</a>. International Herald Tribune. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-103809383.html">the original</a> on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2008. <q>the band played Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika and Die Stem for the Springboks and "Soldier's Song", the national anthem that is otherwise known as Amhran na bhFiann, and "Ireland's Call", the team's official rugby anthem.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=Long+Unsung+Teams+Live+up+to+Anthems%3A+Rugby+Union&rft.date=2004-12-29&rft.au=Peter+Berlin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P1-103809383.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ukfree.tv/txdetail.php?a%3DIJ287750">"Freeview on Divis TV transmitter | ukfree.tv – independent free digital TV advice"</a>. ukfree.tv. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914001028/http://www.ukfree.tv/txdetail.php?a%3DIJ287750">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freeview+on+Divis+TV+transmitter+%26%23124%3B+ukfree.tv+%E2%80%93+independent+free+digital+TV+advice&rft.pub=ukfree.tv&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukfree.tv%2Ftxdetail.php%3Fa%3DIJ287750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927121409/http://www.irish-tv.com/ccarn.asp">"Over forty years of Irish TV History"</a>. Irish TV. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.irish-tv.com/ccarn.asp">the original</a> on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Over+forty+years+of+Irish+TV+History&rft.pub=Irish+TV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irish-tv.com%2Fccarn.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.advanced-television.com/index.php/2010/12/21/rte-and-tg4-on-freeview-hd-in-northern-ireland/">"RTÉ and TG4 on Freeview HD in Northern Ireland"</a>. Advanced Television. 21 December 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927035358/http://www.advanced-television.com/index.php/2010/12/21/rte-and-tg4-on-freeview-hd-in-northern-ireland/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RT%C3%89+and+TG4+on+Freeview+HD+in+Northern+Ireland&rft.pub=Advanced+Television&rft.date=2010-12-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.advanced-television.com%2Findex.php%2F2010%2F12%2F21%2Frte-and-tg4-on-freeview-hd-in-northern-ireland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.world-newspapers.com/northern-ireland.html">"Northern Ireland Newspapers"</a>. World-newspapers.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520010834/http://www.world-newspapers.com/northern-ireland.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Northern+Ireland+Newspapers&rft.pub=World-newspapers.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.world-newspapers.com%2Fnorthern-ireland.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.abc.org.uk/product?a%3Dabc%26search%3Dnorthern%2Bireland">"abc Northern Ireland"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025190010/https://www.abc.org.uk/product?a%3Dabc%26search%3Dnorthern%2Bireland">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2018. Retrieved 25 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=abc+Northern+Ireland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.org.uk%2Fproduct%3Fa%3Dabc%26search%3Dnorthern%2Bireland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.abc.org.uk/product?a%3Dabc%26search%3Dnorthern%2Bireland">"abc Northern Ireland"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025190010/https://www.abc.org.uk/product?a%3Dabc%26search%3Dnorthern%2Bireland">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=abc+Northern+Ireland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.org.uk%2Fproduct%3Fa%3Dabc%26search%3Dnorthern%2Bireland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www2.royalmail.com/customer-service/service-updates/northern-ireland">"Royal Mail Customer Service – Offering help and advice"</a>. .royalmail.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502231116/http://www2.royalmail.com/customer-service/service-updates/northern-ireland">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Royal+Mail+Customer+Service+%E2%80%93+Offering+help+and+advice&rft.pub=.royalmail.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.royalmail.com%2Fcustomer-service%2Fservice-updates%2Fnorthern-ireland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.btnorthernireland.com/">"BT in Northern Ireland | At home"</a>. Btnorthernireland.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801051419/http://btnorthernireland.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BT+in+Northern+Ireland+%26%23124%3B+At+home&rft.pub=Btnorthernireland.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.btnorthernireland.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthgate_Amateur_Radio_Club" class="citation web cs1">Southgate Amateur Radio Club. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.today/20120915122648/http://www.southgatearc.org/news/jan2005/comreg_ofcom.htm">"Comreg and Ofcom publish first report on cross-border telecoms issues"</a>. Southgatearc.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.southgatearc.org/news/jan2005/comreg_ofcom.htm">the original</a> on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comreg+and+Ofcom+publish+first+report+on+cross-border+telecoms+issues&rft.pub=Southgatearc.org&rft.au=Southgate+Amateur+Radio+Club&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southgatearc.org%2Fnews%2Fjan2005%2Fcomreg_ofcom.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20151108022756/http://www.askcomreg.ie/tell_us/calling_northern_ireland___use_the_048_code_to_call_fixed_line_numbers.238.LE.asp">"Calling Northern Ireland – Use the 048 code to call fixed-line numbers"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commission_for_Communications_Regulation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commission for Communications Regulation">Commission for Communications Regulation</a>. 1 March 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.askcomreg.ie/tell_us/calling_northern_ireland___use_the_048_code_to_call_fixed_line_numbers.238.LE.asp">the original</a> on 8 November 2015. Retrieved 18 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Calling+Northern+Ireland+%E2%80%93+Use+the+048+code+to+call+fixed-line+numbers&rft.pub=Commission+for+Communications+Regulation&rft.date=2007-03-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.askcomreg.ie%2Ftell_us%2Fcalling_northern_ireland___use_the_048_code_to_call_fixed_line_numbers.238.LE.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-theherald1-251">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-theherald1_251-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-theherald1_251-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.heraldscotland.com/how-do-other-sports-in-the-island-cope-with-the-situation-1.877873">How do other sports in the island cope with the situation?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610005104/http://www.heraldscotland.com/how-do-other-sports-in-the-island-cope-with-the-situation-1.877873">Archived</a> 10 June 2015 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Herald, 3 April 2008</li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722181712/http://www.sportni.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/1.-List-Of-Recognised-Governing-Bodies.pdf">"Sporting Activities and Governing Bodies Recognised by the Sports Councils"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.sportni.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/1.-List-Of-Recognised-Governing-Bodies.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 July 2023. Retrieved 22 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sporting+Activities+and+Governing+Bodies+Recognised+by+the+Sports+Councils&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sportni.net%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F09%2F1.-List-Of-Recognised-Governing-Bodies.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908152411/https://www.theifab.com/organisation/">"The International Football Association Board"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theifab.com/organisation/">the original</a> on 8 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+International+Football+Association+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theifab.com%2Forganisation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908151614/https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/sport/football/european/what-does-new-uefa-competition-mean-for-the-irish-league-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-europa-conference-league/39568156.html">"What does new UEFA competition mean for the Irish League?"</a>. Belfasttelegraph.co.uk. June 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/sport/football/european/what-does-new-uefa-competition-mean-for-the-irish-league-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-europa-conference-league/39568156.html">the original</a> on 8 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Belfasttelegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=What+does+new+UEFA+competition+mean+for+the+Irish+League%3F&rft.date=2021-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfasttelegraph.co.uk%2Fsport%2Ffootball%2Feuropean%2Fwhat-does-new-uefa-competition-mean-for-the-irish-league-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-europa-conference-league%2F39568156.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815102150/https://www.irishrugby.ie/irfu/about/irfu-committee/">"IRFU - About"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.irishrugby.ie/irfu/about/irfu-committee/">the original</a> on 15 August 2023. Retrieved 15 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IRFU+-+About&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishrugby.ie%2Firfu%2Fabout%2Firfu-committee%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedmond1997" class="citation book cs1">Redmond, John (1997). The Book of Irish Golf. Pelican Publishing Company. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Irish+Golf&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Pelican+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Redmond&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.golfdigest.com/golf-courses/golf-courses/2009-05/100greatestinternational_golfcourses?currentPage%3D2">"The Best of the Rest: A World of Great Golf"</a>. Golf Digest. 2009. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604155048/http://www.golfdigest.com/golf-courses/golf-courses/2009-05/100greatestinternational_golfcourses?currentPage%3D2">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Best+of+the+Rest%3A+A+World+of+Great+Golf&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Golf+Digest&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.golfdigest.com%2Fgolf-courses%2Fgolf-courses%2F2009-05%2F100greatestinternational_golfcourses%3FcurrentPage%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGagne2010" class="citation news cs1">Gagne, Matt (20 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824044014/http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/more_sports/2010/06/20/2010-06-20_northern_irelands_graeme_mcdowell_wins_us_open_at_pebble_beach_ends_european_los.html%23ixzz0sG74YZKd">"Northern Ireland's Graeme McDowell wins U.S. Open at Pebble Beach, ends European losing streak"</a>. Daily News. New York. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/more_sports/2010/06/20/2010-06-20_northern_irelands_graeme_mcdowell_wins_us_open_at_pebble_beach_ends_european_los.html%23ixzz0sG74YZKd">the original</a> on 24 August 2010. Retrieved 29 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News&rft.atitle=Northern+Ireland%27s+Graeme+McDowell+wins+U.S.+Open+at+Pebble+Beach%2C+ends+European+losing+streak&rft.date=2010-06-20&rft.aulast=Gagne&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Fsports%2Fmore_sports%2F2010%2F06%2F20%2F2010-06-20_northern_irelands_graeme_mcdowell_wins_us_open_at_pebble_beach_ends_european_los.html%23ixzz0sG74YZKd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence_Donegan_at_Congressional2011" class="citation news cs1">Lawrence Donegan at Congressional (20 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2011/jun/20/rory-mcilroy-us-open">"US Open 2011: Remarkable Rory McIlroy wins by eight shots | Sport"</a>. The Guardian. UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528134011/http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2011/jun/20/rory-mcilroy-us-open">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 23 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=US+Open+2011%3A+Remarkable+Rory+McIlroy+wins+by+eight+shots+%26%23124%3B+Sport&rft.date=2011-06-20&rft.au=Lawrence+Donegan+at+Congressional&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsport%2F2011%2Fjun%2F20%2Frory-mcilroy-us-open&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> </ol> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3> </div> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch2019" class="citation book cs1">Lynch, Robert (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/partition-of-ireland/C07E70B9B2C61587088A6C83C47EAC6A">The Partition of Ireland: 1918–1925</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107007734?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107007734"><bdi>978-1107007734</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Partition+of+Ireland%3A+1918%E2%80%931925&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1107007734&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fpartition-of-ireland%2FC07E70B9B2C61587088A6C83C47EAC6A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jonathan_Bardon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jonathan Bardon">Jonathan Bardon</a>, A History of Ulster (Blackstaff Press, Belfast, 1992), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85640-476-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-85640-476-4">0-85640-476-4</a></li> <li>Brian E. Barton, The Government of Northern Ireland, 1920–1923 (Athol Books, 1980)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_Bew?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul Bew">Paul Bew</a>, Peter Gibbon and Henry Patterson The State in Northern Ireland, 1921–72: Political Forces and Social Classes, Manchester (Manchester University Press, 1979)</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTony_Geraghty2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tony_Geraghty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tony Geraghty">Tony Geraghty</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/irishwarhiddenco00mrto">The Irish War</a>. Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7117-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7117-7"><bdi>978-0-8018-7117-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Irish+War&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-7117-7&rft.au=Tony+Geraghty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firishwarhiddenco00mrto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_Kee?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert Kee">Robert Kee</a>, The Green Flag: A History of Irish Nationalism (Penguin, 1972–2000), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-029165-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-029165-2">0-14-029165-2</a></li> <li>Osborne Morton, Marine Algae of Northern Ireland (Ulster Museum, Belfast, 1994), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900761-28-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-900761-28-8">0-900761-28-8</a></li> <li>Henry Patterson, Ireland Since 1939: The Persistence of Conflict (Penguin, 2006), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84488-104-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84488-104-8">978-1-84488-104-8</a></li> <li>P. Hackney (ed.) Stewart's and Corry's Flora of the North-east of Ireland 3rd edn. (Institute of Irish Studies, Queen's University of Belfast, 1992), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85389-446-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-85389-446-9">0-85389-446-9</a>(HB)</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style> <div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">Northern Ireland at Wikipedia's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a> </div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> <ul> <li> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Northern_Ireland" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Northern Ireland">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li> <li> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland" class="extiw" title="voy:Northern Ireland">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.northernireland.gov.uk/">Northern Ireland Executive</a> (Northern Ireland <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Devolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Devolution">devolved</a> government)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.discovernorthernireland.com/">Discover Northern Ireland</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Tourist_Board?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ireland Tourist Board">Northern Ireland Tourist Board</a>)</li> <li> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/156393">Northern Ireland</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OpenStreetMap?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> </ul> <div class="navbox-styles"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename%3DNorthern_Ireland%26params%3D54.61_N_6.62_W_type:country_region:GB-NIR">54°37′N 6°37′W / 54.61°N 6.62°W / 54.61; -6.62</a> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style> </div>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DNorthern_Ireland%26oldid%3D1259493077">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northern_Ireland&oldid=1259493077</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Northern_Ireland&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 25 November 2024, at 13:54 </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noord-Ierland" title="Noord-Ierland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Noord-Ierland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordirland" title="Nordirland – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Nordirland" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2588%25B5%25E1%2588%259C%25E1%258A%2595_%25E1%258A%25A0%25E1%258B%25A8%25E1%2588%25AD%25E1%2588%258B%25E1%258A%2595%25E1%258B%25B5" title="ስሜን አየርላንድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ስሜን አየርላንድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tave-Irland" title="Tave-Irland – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Tave-Irland" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nor%25C3%25B0erne_%25C4%25AArland" title="Norðerne Īrland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Norðerne Īrland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A3%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1%25D9%2584%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B4%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9" title="أيرلندا الشمالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أيرلندا الشمالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda_d%2527o_Norte" title="Irlanda d'o Norte – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Irlanda d'o Norte" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda_di_Aratsile" title="Irlanda di Aratsile – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Irlanda di Aratsile" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda_del_Norte" title="Irlanda del Norte – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Irlanda del Norte" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvate_Iril%25C3%25A1nda" title="Yvate Irilánda – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Yvate Irilánda" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C5%259Eimali_%25C4%25B0rlandiya" title="Şimali İrlandiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şimali İrlandiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B4%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25DB%258C_%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25D8%25B1%25D9%2584%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF" title="شومالی ایرلند – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شومالی ایرلند" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandia_Kal%25C3%25A9r" title="Irlandia Kalér – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Irlandia Kalér" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%2589%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A6%25B0_%25E0%25A6%2586%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BC%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25A1" title="উত্তর আয়ারল্যান্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উত্তর আয়ারল্যান্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pak_%25C3%2580i-n%25C3%25AD-l%25C3%25A2n" title="Pak Ài-ní-lân – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pak Ài-ní-lân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D3%25A9%25D0%25BD%25D1%258C%25D1%258F%25D2%25A1_%25D0%2598%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Төньяҡ Ирландия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Төньяҡ Ирландия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25B0%25D1%259E%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D1%2587%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D0%2586%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D1%258B%25D1%258F" title="Паўночная Ірландыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паўночная Ірландыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25B0%25D1%259E%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D1%2587%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D0%2586%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB%25D1%258F%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D1%258B%25D1%258F" title="Паўночная Ірляндыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Паўночная Ірляндыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2589%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%2580_%25E0%25A4%2586%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%2588%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25A1" title="उत्तरी आयरलैंड – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="उत्तरी आयरलैंड" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandya_nin_Norte" title="Irlandya nin Norte – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Irlandya nin Norte" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D0%2598%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Северна Ирландия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Северна Ирландия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noadirland" title="Noadirland – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Noadirland" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjeverna_Irska" title="Sjeverna Irska – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sjeverna Irska" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norzhiwerzhon" title="Norzhiwerzhon – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Norzhiwerzhon" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B9%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE_%25D0%2598%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4" title="Хойто Ирланд – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хойто Ирланд" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda_del_Nord" title="Irlanda del Nord – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Irlanda del Nord" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2587%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25C3%25A7%25C4%2595%25D1%2580_%25D0%2598%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8" title="Çурçĕр Ирланди – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çурçĕр Ирланди" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Northern Ireland" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn%25C3%25AD_Irsko" title="Severní Irsko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Severní Irsko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda_del_Norte" title="Irlanda del Norte – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Irlanda del Norte" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gogledd_Iwerddon" title="Gogledd Iwerddon – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gogledd Iwerddon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordirland" title="Nordirland – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nordirland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A5%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B4%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9" title="إيرلاندا الشمالية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إيرلاندا الشمالية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordirland" title="Nordirland – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nordirland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%25C3%25B3dpo%25C5%2582nocna_Irska" title="Pódpołnocna Irska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Pódpołnocna Irska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2589%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%2580_%25E0%25A4%2586%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A3%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A1" title="उत्तरी आयरल्याण्ड – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="उत्तरी आयरल्याण्ड" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%25C3%25B5hja-Iirimaa" title="Põhja-Iirimaa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Põhja-Iirimaa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2592%25CF%258C%25CF%2581%25CE%25B5%25CE%25B9%25CE%25B1_%25CE%2599%25CF%2581%25CE%25BB%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BD%25CE%25B4%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B1" title="Βόρεια Ιρλανδία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βόρεια Ιρλανδία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda_del_Norte" title="Irlanda del Norte – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Irlanda del Norte" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Irlando" title="Nord-Irlando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nord-Irlando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda_del_Norti" title="Irlanda del Norti – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Irlanda del Norti" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipar_Irlanda" title="Ipar Irlanda – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ipar Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25D8%25B1%25D9%2584%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF_%25D8%25B4%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25DB%258C" title="ایرلند شمالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایرلند شمالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nor%25C3%25B0ur%25C3%25ADrland" title="Norðurírland – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Norðurírland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlande_du_Nord" title="Irlande du Nord – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Irlande du Nord" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noard-Ierl%25C3%25A2n" title="Noard-Ierlân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Noard-Ierlân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuaisceart_%25C3%2589ireann" title="Tuaisceart Éireann – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tuaisceart Éireann" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerin_Hwoaie" title="Nerin Hwoaie – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Nerin Hwoaie" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2588irinn_a_Tuath" title="Èirinn a Tuath – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Èirinn a Tuath" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda_do_Norte" title="Irlanda do Norte – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Irlanda do Norte" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AA%25A8%25E0%25AB%258B%25E0%25AA%25B0%25E0%25AB%258D%25E0%25AA%25A7%25E0%25AA%25A8_%25E0%25AA%2586%25E0%25AA%25AF%25E0%25AA%25B0%25E0%25AB%258D%25E0%25AA%25B2%25E0%25AB%2587%25E0%25AA%25A8%25E0%25AB%258D%25E0%25AA%25A1" title="નોર્ધન આયર્લેન્ડ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="નોર્ધન આયર્લેન્ડ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2589%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25B0_%25E0%25A4%2586%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25A1" title="उत्तर आयर्लंड – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="उत्तर आयर्लंड" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pet_Ireland" title="Pet Ireland – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pet Ireland" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EB%25B6%2581%25EC%2595%2584%25EC%259D%25BC%25EB%259E%259C%25EB%2593%259C" title="북아일랜드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="북아일랜드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_ta_Arewa" title="Ireland ta Arewa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ireland ta Arewa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2580%25D5%25B5%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25BD%25D5%25AB%25D5%25BD%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B5%25D5%25AB%25D5%25B6_%25D4%25BB%25D5%25BC%25D5%25AC%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A4%25D5%25AB%25D5%25A1" title="Հյուսիսային Իռլանդիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հյուսիսային Իռլանդիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2589%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%2580_%25E0%25A4%2586%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%2588%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25A1" title="उत्तरी आयरलैंड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उत्तरी आयरलैंड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewjerna_Irska" title="Sewjerna Irska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Sewjerna Irska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjeverna_Irska" title="Sjeverna Irska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sjeverna Irska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Irlando" title="Nord-Irlando – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nord-Irlando" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akin-amianan_nga_Irlanda" title="Akin-amianan nga Irlanda – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Akin-amianan nga Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandia_Utara" title="Irlandia Utara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Irlandia Utara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda_del_Nord" title="Irlanda del Nord – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Irlanda del Nord" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Irland" title="Nord-Irland – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Nord-Irland" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A6%25C3%25A6%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582_%25D0%2598%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8" title="Цæгат Ирланди – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Цæгат Ирланди" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Northern Ireland" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nor%25C3%25B0ur-%25C3%258Drland" title="Norður-Írland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Norður-Írland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda_del_Nord" title="Irlanda del Nord – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Irlanda del Nord" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A6%25D7%25A4%25D7%2595%25D7%259F_%25D7%2590%25D7%2599%25D7%25A8%25D7%259C%25D7%25A0%25D7%2593" title="צפון אירלנד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צפון אירלנד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlan_Lor" title="Irlan Lor – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Irlan Lor" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irland%25C9%25A9_Hay%25C9%25A9_Ki%25C5%258B" title="Irlandɩ Hayɩ Kiŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Irlandɩ Hayɩ Kiŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%2589%25E0%25B2%25A4%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25A4%25E0%25B2%25B0_%25E0%25B2%2590%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25B2%25E0%25B3%2586%25E0%25B2%2582%25E0%25B2%25A1%25E0%25B3%258D%25E2%2580%258C%25E2%2580%258C" title="ಉತ್ತರ ಐರ್ಲೆಂಡ್‌‌ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಉತ್ತರ ಐರ್ಲೆಂಡ್‌‌" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A9%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2593%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2597%25E1%2583%2598_%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2593%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2590" title="ჩრდილოეთი ირლანდია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩრდილოეთი ირლანდია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D1%2582%25D2%25AF%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D1%2596%25D0%25BA_%25D0%2598%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Солтүстік Ирландия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Солтүстік Ирландия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wordhen_Gledh" title="Wordhen Gledh – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Wordhen Gledh" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eire_Kaskazini" title="Eire Kaskazini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Eire Kaskazini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilann_din%25C3%25B2" title="Ilann dinò – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ilann dinò" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%258Erlendaya_Bakur" title="Îrlendaya Bakur – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Îrlendaya Bakur" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D2%25AF%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D2%25AF%25D0%25BA_%25D0%2598%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Түндүк Ирландия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Түндүк Ирландия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda_dl_Nord" title="Irlanda dl Nord – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Irlanda dl Nord" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernia_Septentrionalis" title="Hibernia Septentrionalis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hibernia Septentrionalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zieme%25C4%25BC%25C4%25ABrija" title="Ziemeļīrija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ziemeļīrija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordirland" title="Nordirland – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Nordirland" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C5%25A0iaur%25C4%2597s_Airija" title="Šiaurės Airija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šiaurės Airija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda_do_N%25C3%25B2rd" title="Irlanda do Nòrd – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Irlanda do Nòrd" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noord-Ierland" title="Noord-Ierland – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Noord-Ierland" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irland%25C3%25AD_ya_Nola" title="Irlandí ya Nola – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Irlandí ya Nola" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Er_Norde" title="Er Norde – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Er Norde" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda_del_Nord" title="Irlanda del Nord – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Irlanda del Nord" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589szak-%25C3%258Drorsz%25C3%25A1g" title="Észak-Írország – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Észak-Írország" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D0%2598%25D1%2580%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0" title="Северна Ирска – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Северна Ирска" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25B5%25E0%25B4%259F%25E0%25B4%2595%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%2595%25E0%25B5%25BB_%25E0%25B4%2585%25E0%25B4%25AF%25E0%25B5%25BC%25E0%25B4%25B2%25E0%25B4%25A3%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%259F%25E0%25B5%258D" title="വടക്കൻ അയർലണ്ട് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വടക്കൻ അയർലണ്ട്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda_ta%2527_Fuq" title="Irlanda ta' Fuq – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Irlanda ta' Fuq" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2589%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25B0_%25E0%25A4%2586%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25A1" title="उत्तर आयर्लंड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="उत्तर आयर्लंड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%2594_%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2593%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2590" title="ოორუე ირლანდია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ოორუე ირლანდია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B4%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D9%2587" title="ايرلاندا الشماليه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايرلاندا الشماليه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B4%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25DB%258C_%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25D8%25B1%25D9%2584%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF" title="شمالی ایرلند – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="شمالی ایرلند" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_Utara" title="Ireland Utara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ireland Utara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EA%25AF%2591%25EA%25AF%258B%25EA%25AF%25A5%25EA%25AF%25A1_%25EA%25AF%2591%25EA%25AF%25A5%25EA%25AF%25A2%25EA%25AF%2594%25EA%25AF%2582%25EA%25AF%25A6%25EA%25AF%259F" title="ꯑꯋꯥꯡ ꯑꯥꯢꯔꯂꯦꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯋꯥꯡ ꯑꯥꯢꯔꯂꯦꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25A1e%25CC%25A4k_%25C3%2581i-%25C4%25AB-l%25C3%25A0ng" title="Báe̤k Ái-ī-làng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Báe̤k Ái-ī-làng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A3%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B4_%25D0%2598%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4" title="Умард Ирланд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Умард Ирланд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%25BC%25E1%2580%25B1%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%2580%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%25A1%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%25AF%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%259A%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%259C%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%25AF%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25B6" title="မြောက်အိုင်ယာလန်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မြောက်အိုင်ယာလန်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noord-Ierland" title="Noord-Ierland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Noord-Ierland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noord-Ierlaand" title="Noord-Ierlaand – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Noord-Ierlaand" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2589%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25B0_%25E0%25A4%2586%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A1" title="उत्तर आयरल्यान्ड – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="उत्तर आयरल्यान्ड" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%258C%2597%25E3%2582%25A2%25E3%2582%25A4%25E3%2583%25AB%25E3%2583%25A9%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2583%2589" title="北アイルランド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="北アイルランド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanna_d%2522o_Nord" title="Irlanna d"o Nord – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Irlanna d"o Nord" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuurdirlun/fe" title="Nuurdirlun/fe – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Nuurdirlun/fe" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Irland" title="Nord-Irland – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nord-Irland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Irland" title="Nord-Irland – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nord-Irland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlande_du_Nord" title="Irlande du Nord – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Irlande du Nord" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordi_Irlande" title="Nordi Irlande – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Nordi Irlande" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda_del_N%25C3%25B2rd" title="Irlanda del Nòrd – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Irlanda del Nòrd" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimoliy_Irlandiya" title="Shimoliy Irlandiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shimoliy Irlandiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%2589%25E0%25A9%25B1%25E0%25A8%25A4%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A9%2580_%25E0%25A8%2586%25E0%25A8%2587%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A8%25B2%25E0%25A9%2588%25E0%25A8%2582%25E0%25A8%25A1" title="ਉੱਤਰੀ ਆਇਰਲੈਂਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਉੱਤਰੀ ਆਇਰਲੈਂਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B4%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25DB%258C_%25D8%25A2%25D8%25A6%25D8%25B1%25D9%2584%25DB%258C%25D9%2586%25DA%2588" title="شمالی آئرلینڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شمالی آئرلینڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%25A1%25E1%2580%25AF%25E1%2580%25B2%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%259A%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%259C%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2591%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25BA%25EA%25A9%25BB%25E1%2580%2581%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%25B8%25E1%2580%2591%25E1%2580%25AE" title="အုဲင်ယာလန်ထင်ꩻခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အုဲင်ယာလန်ထင်ꩻခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B4%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%258A_%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25D8%25B1%25D9%2584%25D9%2586%25DA%2589" title="شمالي ایرلنډ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="شمالي ایرلنډ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%259E%25A2%25E1%259F%2580%25E1%259E%259A%25E1%259E%25A1%25E1%259E%2584%25E1%259F%258B%25E1%259E%2581%25E1%259E%25B6%25E1%259E%2584%25E1%259E%2587%25E1%259E%25BE%25E1%259E%2584" title="អៀរឡង់ខាងជើង – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អៀរឡង់ខាងជើង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlinde_du_Nord" title="Irlinde du Nord – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Irlinde du Nord" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda_d%25C3%25ABl_N%25C3%25B2rd" title="Irlanda dël Nòrd – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Irlanda dël Nòrd" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noten_Aialan" title="Noten Aialan – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Noten Aialan" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noordirland" title="Noordirland – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Noordirland" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandia_P%25C3%25B3%25C5%2582nocna" title="Irlandia Północna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Irlandia Północna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda_do_Norte" title="Irlanda do Norte – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Irlanda do Norte" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda_de_Nord" title="Irlanda de Nord – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Irlanda de Nord" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordutno_Irland" title="Nordutno Irland – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Nordutno Irland" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda_dal_Nord" title="Irlanda dal Nord – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Irlanda dal Nord" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinchay_Irihallp%2527a" title="Chinchay Irihallp'a – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chinchay Irihallp'a" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D0%2598%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Северная Ирландия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Северная Ирландия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda_de_su_Norte" title="Irlanda de su Norte – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Irlanda de su Norte" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norlin_Airlan" title="Norlin Airlan – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Norlin Airlan" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noudirlound" title="Noudirlound – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Noudirlound" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda_Veriore" title="Irlanda Veriore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Irlanda Veriore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanna_d%25C3%25BB_Nord" title="Irlanna dû Nord – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Irlanna dû Nord" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B6%258B%25E0%25B6%25AD%25E0%25B7%2594%25E0%25B6%25BB%25E0%25B7%2594_%25E0%25B6%2585%25E0%25B6%25BA%25E0%25B6%25BB%25E0%25B7%258A%25E0%25B6%25BD%25E0%25B6%25B1%25E0%25B7%258A%25E0%25B6%25AD%25E0%25B6%25BA" title="උතුරු අයර්ලන්තය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="උතුරු අයර්ලන්තය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Northern Ireland" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1_%25D8%25A2%25D8%25A6%25D8%25B1%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D9%2586%25DA%258A" title="اتر آئرلينڊ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اتر آئرلينڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn%25C3%25A9_%25C3%258Drsko" title="Severné Írsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Severné Írsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severna_Irska" title="Severna Irska – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Severna Irska" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waqooyiga_Ayrland" title="Waqooyiga Ayrland – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Waqooyiga Ayrland" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A6%25DB%258C%25D8%25B1%25D9%2584%25DB%2595%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF%25DB%258C_%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25DA%25A9%25D9%2588%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1" title="ئیرلەندی باکوور – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیرلەندی باکوور" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D0%2598%25D1%2580%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0" title="Северна Ирска – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Северна Ирска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjeverna_Irska" title="Sjeverna Irska – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sjeverna Irska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandia_Kal%25C3%25A9r" title="Irlandia Kalér – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Irlandia Kalér" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohjois-Irlanti" title="Pohjois-Irlanti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pohjois-Irlanti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordirland" title="Nordirland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nordirland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilagang_Irlanda" title="Hilagang Irlanda – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hilagang Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25B5%25E0%25AE%259F_%25E0%25AE%2585%25E0%25AE%25AF%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25B2%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%25A8%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AF%2581" title="வட அயர்லாந்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வட அயர்லாந்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irland_n_Ugafa" title="Irland n Ugafa – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Irland n Ugafa" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D3%25A9%25D0%25BD%25D1%258C%25D1%258F%25D0%25BA_%25D0%2598%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Төньяк Ирландия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Төньяк Ирландия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%25B0%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%25B8%25E1%2580%25A2%25E1%2581%25A2%25E1%2582%2586%25E1%2582%2587%25E1%2580%259A%25E1%2582%2583%25E1%2582%2587%25E1%2580%259C%25E1%2582%2585%25E1%2581%25BC%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2582%2587%25E1%2582%2581%25E1%2580%25BD%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2582%2587" title="မိူင်းဢၢႆႇယႃႇလႅၼ်ႇႁွင်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းဢၢႆႇယႃႇလႅၼ်ႇႁွင်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda_Norte" title="Irlanda Norte – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Irlanda Norte" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B9%2584%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B9%258C%25E0%25B9%2581%25E0%25B8%25A5%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%2594%25E0%25B9%258C%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%25AB%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25B7%25E0%25B8%25AD" title="ไอร์แลนด์เหนือ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไอร์แลนด์เหนือ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2598%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D0%25B8_%25D0%25A8%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D3%25A3" title="Ирландияи Шимолӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ирландияи Шимолӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CA%25BBAealani_Tokelau" title="ʻAealani Tokelau – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻAealani Tokelau" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuzey_%25C4%25B0rlanda" title="Kuzey İrlanda – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kuzey İrlanda" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demirgazyk_Irlandi%25C3%25BDa" title="Demirgazyk Irlandiýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Demirgazyk Irlandiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A3%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB_%25D0%2598%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Уйпал Ирландия – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Уйпал Ирландия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2596%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BD%25D1%2596%25D1%2587%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D0%2586%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D1%2596%25D1%258F" title="Північна Ірландія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Північна Ірландія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B4%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25DB%258C_%25D8%25A2%25D8%25A6%25D8%25B1%25D9%2584%25DB%258C%25D9%2586%25DA%2588" title="شمالی آئرلینڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شمالی آئرلینڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda_del_Nord" title="Irlanda del Nord – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Irlanda del Nord" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25E1%25BA%25AFc_Ireland" title="Bắc Ireland – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bắc Ireland" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nol%25C3%25BCda-Lirey%25C3%25A4n" title="Nolüda-Lireyän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Nolüda-Lireyän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijhe-Irlande" title="Bijhe-Irlande – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Bijhe-Irlande" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%25C3%25B4ord-Ierland" title="Nôord-Ierland – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Nôord-Ierland" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amihanan_nga_Irlanda" title="Amihanan nga Irlanda – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Amihanan nga Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%258C%2597%25E7%2588%25B1%25E5%25B0%2594%25E5%2585%25B0" title="北爱尔兰 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="北爱尔兰" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A6%25D7%25A4%25D7%2595%25D7%259F_%25D7%2590%25D7%2599%25D7%25A8%25D7%259C%25D7%2590%25D7%25A0%25D7%2593" title="צפון אירלאנד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="צפון אירלאנד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%258Dr%25E1%25BA%25B9%25CC%2581l%25C3%25A1nd%25C3%25AC_Ap%25C3%25A1%25C3%25A0r%25C3%25ADw%25C3%25A1" title="Írẹ́lándì Apáàríwá – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Írẹ́lándì Apáàríwá" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%258C%2597%25E6%2584%259B%25E7%2588%25BE%25E8%2598%25AD" title="北愛爾蘭 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="北愛爾蘭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%25B0rlanday_Z%25C4%25B1mey" title="İrlanday Zımey – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İrlanday Zımey" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noord-Ierland" title="Noord-Ierland – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Noord-Ierland" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%258C%2597%25E7%2588%25B1%25E5%25B0%2594%25E5%2585%25B0" title="北爱尔兰 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="北爱尔兰" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlan_Lor" title="Irlan Lor – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Irlan Lor" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandia_Liba" title="Irlandia Liba – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Irlandia Liba" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kob%25C9%2599son%25C9%2599_Irlandij%25C9%2599" title="Kobəsonə Irlandijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Kobəsonə Irlandijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">This page was last edited on 25 November 2024, at 13:54 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" 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