CINXE.COM

Economic Policy Research Notes | The Munk School

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://munkschool.utoronto.ca/gepl/economic-policy-research-notes" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://munkschool.utoronto.ca/gepl/economic-policy-research-notes" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Economic Policy Research Notes" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@munkschool" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Economic Policy Research Notes" /> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <link rel="icon" href="/themes/munk/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <title>Economic Policy Research Notes | The Munk School</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_2UvpuevZ7aE4wW0U5_HLmb9Ucf58YzMwpy2A2vIGwOU.css?delta=0&amp;language=en&amp;theme=munk&amp;include=eJxNyLsNwCAMBcCFEB4penwEKDZYGBfZPmVS3mW3s-RCkTEp_xDE502NVwIHxUbb0G5Utis4fhN9qice1msJ9tipQglWX1hkI4w" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css__yIBtuIq-lBQplo4AQ-udABdSyFQbXqx843hzIqdg4I.css?delta=1&amp;language=en&amp;theme=munk&amp;include=eJxNyLsNwCAMBcCFEB4penwEKDZYGBfZPmVS3mW3s-RCkTEp_xDE502NVwIHxUbb0G5Utis4fhN9qice1msJ9tipQglWX1hkI4w" /> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/1466","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","gtag":{"tagId":"","consentMode":false,"otherIds":[],"events":[],"additionalConfigInfo":[]},"suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"ajaxPageState":{"libraries":"eJx9jFEOwyAMQy-E4EgoNFnKBgkisG63X6V9tJu0_Vj2s-Vl2tAaAWuWsJyCu6gM2Mi0Ujh5b3f2qYOg_Z2YloyOVblQHMCBd_nOHq7w-ITV1Sm3_W4KwsgqEbs21E1-FrGSzHfLRRMU16ADd2irBeyzQfEH8VPaTCXbSujsaYNqSGD0Arz_aM4","theme":"munk","theme_token":null},"ajaxTrustedUrl":[],"gtm":{"tagId":null,"settings":{"data_layer":"dataLayer","include_classes":false,"allowlist_classes":"","blocklist_classes":"","include_environment":false,"environment_id":"","environment_token":""},"tagIds":["GTM-KGPL7LZ8"]},"subsite":{"name":"Global Economic Policy Lab","url":"\/gepl"},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"5e76d7a255ad03d83295ee80bfc6ad3a025f37c65261f2d602a9e8a35553ddba"}}</script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_VLELeKfSpKadWVh8-t6a3zw2NBYaK4HS4-4eerWkF5A.js?scope=header&amp;delta=0&amp;language=en&amp;theme=munk&amp;include=eJx9jOEKgCAQg19I7JHk5PSo9Bap2eMX9CMK6s_Y9o1FaKUeCnIY4u1t2cT6lZSLiT-TgjSyEUBScJVkkFPe2dJE-7PMJjedz7umTHWEOl6xMLp-ApeDtotKgqd0AARnSZ4"></script> <script src="/libraries/fontawesome/js/fontawesome.min.js?v=6.4.0" defer></script> <script src="/libraries/fontawesome/js/brands.min.js?v=6.4.0" defer></script> <script src="/libraries/fontawesome/js/solid.min.js?v=6.4.0" defer></script> <script src="/modules/contrib/google_tag/js/gtag.js?stp078"></script> <script src="/modules/contrib/google_tag/js/gtm.js?stp078"></script> </head> <body class="subsite"> <nav><a href="#main-content" class="u-visually--hidden focusable"> Skip to main content </a></nav> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-KGPL7LZ8" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <div class="l-page"> <div class="l-page__header-wrapper"> <div class="l-page__header"> <header class="o-header"> <div class="o-header__top"> <div class="o-header__top-contain"> <div class="m-header-breadcrumbs__wrapper"> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="site-breadcrumb" class="m-header-breadcrumbs"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="site-breadcrumb">header-breadcrumbs</h2> <ol class="m-header-breadcrumbs__list"> <li class="m-header-breadcrumbs__item first"><a class="m-header-breadcrumbs__link" href="https://www.utoronto.ca/"><span class="u-visually--hidden">Visit utoronto.ca</span></a></li> <li class="m-header-breadcrumbs__item"><a class="m-header-breadcrumbs__link" href="/">Munk School</a></li> <li class="m-header-breadcrumbs__item"> <a class="m-header-breadcrumbs__link" href="/gepl">Global Economic Policy Lab</a> </li> </ol> </nav> </div> <div class="o-header__shortcuts"> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-header-shortcuts-menu" id="block-header-shortcuts"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-header-shortcuts-menu">Header Shortcuts</h2> <ul class="m-menu-header-shortcuts"> <li class="m-menu-header-shortcuts__item"> <a href="/people" class="m-menu-header-shortcuts__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/75">Directory</a> </li> <li class="m-menu-header-shortcuts__item"> <a href="/events/login" class="m-menu-header-shortcuts__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="events/login">Events Login</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="o-header__search"> <a href="/search" class="a-btn-icon--sml " > <span class="a-btn-icon__text"></span> <div class="a-btn-icon__icon"> <span class="a-icon--inline"> <i class="fas fa-search" data-fa-transform="" data-fa-mask="" ></i> <span class="u-visually--hidden">Search this site</span> </span> </div> <span class="u-visually--hidden">Search this site</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="o-header__bottom"> <div class="o-header__bottom-container"> <div class="o-header__logo"> <a class="m-logo" href="/" rel="home"> <img class="m-logo__img" src="/sites/default/files/assets/logo/munk_school_logo.svg" alt="Home" /> </a> <div class="o-header__slogan o-header__slogan-mobile"> Global Economic Policy Lab </div> </div> <div class="o-header__mobile-btn"> <a href="#menu-mobile" id="toggle-icon" class="0--icon-sml " > <span class="0__text"></span> <span class="a-icon--sml"> <i class="fas fa-bars" data-fa-transform="" data-fa-mask="" ></i> <span class="u-visually--hidden">Menu</span> </span> <span class="u-visually--hidden">Menu</span> </a> </div> <div class="o-header__bottom-right"> <div class="o-header__slogan o-header__slogan-desktop"> Global Economic Policy Lab </div> <div class="l-page__menu-main-wrapper"> <div class="l-page__menu-main"> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="menu-main-menu" id="menu-main" data-menu-main="" class="m-menu-main"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="menu-main-menu">Subsite main menu</h2> <ul class="m-menu-main__list--level-1" data-dropdown-menu> <li class="m-menu-main__item--level-1"> <a href="/gepl/people" class="m-menu-main__link--level-1" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1468">People</a> </li> <li class="m-menu-main__item--level-1"> <a href="/gepl/research-publications" class="m-menu-main__link--level-1" data-toggle="panel-id-2fda2579-1fa6-47b5-97b9-2f098fb599f1" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1465">Research &amp; publications</a> <div class="m-menu-main__panel" id="panel-id-2fda2579-1fa6-47b5-97b9-2f098fb599f1" data-dropdown data-close-on-click="true" data-hover="true" data-hover-pane="true"> <div class="m-menu-main__panel-inner"> <div class="m-menu-main__cols--3"> <div class="m-menu-main__col--1"> <ul class="m-menu-main__list--level-2" data-main-menu-component="second-level-list"> <li class="m-menu-main__item--level-2"> <a href="/gepl/economic-policy-briefs" class="m-menu-main__link--level-2" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1467">Economic Policy Briefs</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="m-menu-main__col--2"> <ul class="m-menu-main__list--level-2" data-main-menu-component="second-level-list"> <li class="m-menu-main__item--level-2"> <a href="/gepl/economic-policy-research-notes" class="m-menu-main__link--level-2 is-active" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1466" aria-current="page">Economic Policy Research Notes</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="m-menu-main__col--3"> <ul class="m-menu-main__list--level-2" data-main-menu-component="second-level-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="m-menu-main__item--level-1"> <a href="/gepl/connect" class="m-menu-main__link--level-1" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1469">Connect</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> </div> </div> <main class="l-main "> <a class="l-main__a11y-jump" id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div class="l-page__hero-banner"> <div class="o-text-header__wrapper o-text-header__wrapper-chevron"> <div class="o-text-header"> <div class="o-text-header__text "> <div class="o-text-header__breadcrumbs"> <div id="block-menu-breadcrumbs"> <div class="m-breadcrumbs__wrapper "> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="system-breadcrumb" class="m-breadcrumbs"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="system-breadcrumb">Breadcrumbs</h2> <ol class="m-breadcrumbs__list"> <li class="m-breadcrumbs__item"> <a class="m-breadcrumbs__link" href="/gepl">Global Economic Policy Lab</a> </li> <li class="m-breadcrumbs__item"> <a class="m-breadcrumbs__link" href="/gepl/research-publications">Research &amp; publications</a> </li> <li class="m-breadcrumbs__item"> Economic Policy Research Notes </li> </ol> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="a-heading__h1 " > Economic Policy Research Notes </h1> <div class="o-text-header__chevron-svg-box o-text-header__chevron-double-chevron chevron-red-500"> <svg class='o-text-header__chevron' viewbox="0, 0, 260, 203" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g fill="inherit" fill-rule="evenodd"><path d="M259.674 101.613L169.95.61h-64.683l89.723 101.003-89.723 101.002h64.683l89.723-101.002"/><path d="M155.077 101.613L65.353.61H.671l89.722 101.003L.671 202.615h64.683l89.722-101.002"/></g></svg> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> <div class="l-page__utilities-tabs"> </div> <div class="l-section__wrapper l-section-spacing-top--standard l-section-spacing-bottom--tight "> <div class="l-section-1--[zone--10] " > <div class="l-section__zone-1 l-flex " > <div class="m-section-title "> <span class="m-section-title__border-top center teal"></span> <div class="m-section-title__title"> <h2 class="a-heading__h2 " > 2022 </h2> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="l-section__wrapper l-section-spacing-top--tight l-section-spacing-bottom--standard "> <div class="l-section-1--[zone--12] " > <div class="l-section__zone-1 l-flex--2col l-section-vertical-alignment--top" > <div class="m-card u-shadow__box u-shadow__box--focus contextual-region"> <div class="m-card__image-icon--wrapper"> <div class="m-card__banner"> <img width="600" height="400" srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_3_2_200/public/assets/media/images/2022-09/gepl_russia_sanctions_unsplash_.png.webp?itok=xWUBm73L 200w, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_3_2_400/public/assets/media/images/2022-09/gepl_russia_sanctions_unsplash_.png.webp?itok=9yEG6p6a 400w, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_3_2_600/public/assets/media/images/2022-09/gepl_russia_sanctions_unsplash_.png.webp?itok=Xml2S4Wy 600w, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_3_2_860/public/assets/media/images/2022-09/gepl_russia_sanctions_unsplash_.png.webp?itok=tuJm2vez 900w, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_3_2_1200/public/assets/media/images/2022-09/gepl_russia_sanctions_unsplash_.png.webp?itok=MCvdw9RV 1200w, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_3_2_1500/public/assets/media/images/2022-09/gepl_russia_sanctions_unsplash_.png.webp?itok=kEsOdLq8 1500w, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_3_2_1800/public/assets/media/images/2022-09/gepl_russia_sanctions_unsplash_.png.webp?itok=0hCx3Cuu 1800w, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_3_2_2000/public/assets/media/images/2022-09/gepl_russia_sanctions_unsplash_.png.webp?itok=pf1CLKxX 2000w, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_3_2_2500/public/assets/media/images/2022-09/gepl_russia_sanctions_unsplash_.png.webp?itok=Ow2Imue8 2500w, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_3_2_2800/public/assets/media/images/2022-09/gepl_russia_sanctions_unsplash_.png.webp?itok=RkYqe4MQ 2800w, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_3_2_3000/public/assets/media/images/2022-09/gepl_russia_sanctions_unsplash_.png.webp?itok=4qdEKcse 3000w" sizes="(min-width:1280px) 372px, (min-width:900px) calc(33vw - 40px), (min-width:600px) calc(50vw - 40px), calc(100vw - 40px)" src="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_3_2_600/public/assets/media/images/2022-09/gepl_russia_sanctions_unsplash_.png.jpg?itok=Xml2S4Wy" alt="Fabric with white, blue and red stripes with a small lock on top" loading="lazy" /> </div> <div class="m-card__image-overlay"></div> </div> <div class="m-card__main"> <div class="m-card__tags"> <div class="a-tags--simple"> &nbsp; </div> </div> <div class="m-card__title"> <h2 class="a-heading__h5 has-link " > <a href="/media/1572/download" > Assessing the effectiveness of dual-use goods sanctions against <span class="a-heading__last-word">Russia <span class="a-heading__icon"> <i class="fas fa-chevron-right" data-fa-transform="" data-fa-mask="" ></i> </span> </span> </a> </h2> </div> <div class="m-card__body s-wysiwyg"> <div class="s-wysiwyg"><p>By Ben Doran, Jonathan Rincón-López &amp; Mark Manger (Lab Director)</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-card u-shadow__box u-shadow__box--focus contextual-region"> <div class="m-card__image-icon--wrapper"> <div class="m-card__banner"> <img width="600" height="400" srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_3_2_200/public/assets/media/images/2022-09/gepl_rail_by_jake_weirick_unsplash_.png.webp?itok=YN9OS0tV 200w, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_3_2_400/public/assets/media/images/2022-09/gepl_rail_by_jake_weirick_unsplash_.png.webp?itok=nJY0EPGi 400w, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_3_2_600/public/assets/media/images/2022-09/gepl_rail_by_jake_weirick_unsplash_.png.webp?itok=XFLPPmEW 600w, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_3_2_860/public/assets/media/images/2022-09/gepl_rail_by_jake_weirick_unsplash_.png.webp?itok=PXlLFug_ 900w, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_3_2_1200/public/assets/media/images/2022-09/gepl_rail_by_jake_weirick_unsplash_.png.webp?itok=K0-jVijj 1200w, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_3_2_1500/public/assets/media/images/2022-09/gepl_rail_by_jake_weirick_unsplash_.png.webp?itok=S9NorFNH 1500w, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_3_2_1800/public/assets/media/images/2022-09/gepl_rail_by_jake_weirick_unsplash_.png.webp?itok=e1WoJmii 1800w, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_3_2_2000/public/assets/media/images/2022-09/gepl_rail_by_jake_weirick_unsplash_.png.webp?itok=lnTh-7QU 2000w, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_3_2_2500/public/assets/media/images/2022-09/gepl_rail_by_jake_weirick_unsplash_.png.webp?itok=WEGv4iIt 2500w, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_3_2_2800/public/assets/media/images/2022-09/gepl_rail_by_jake_weirick_unsplash_.png.webp?itok=ITa3EHSi 2800w, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_3_2_3000/public/assets/media/images/2022-09/gepl_rail_by_jake_weirick_unsplash_.png.webp?itok=pfV50GRa 3000w" sizes="(min-width:1280px) 372px, (min-width:900px) calc(33vw - 40px), (min-width:600px) calc(50vw - 40px), calc(100vw - 40px)" src="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_3_2_600/public/assets/media/images/2022-09/gepl_rail_by_jake_weirick_unsplash_.png.jpg?itok=XFLPPmEW" alt="Train tracks with open blue sky" loading="lazy" /> </div> <div class="m-card__image-overlay"></div> </div> <div class="m-card__main"> <div class="m-card__tags"> <div class="a-tags--simple"> &nbsp; </div> </div> <div class="m-card__title"> <h2 class="a-heading__h5 has-link " > <a href="/media/1571/download" > Sustainable Rail: On <span class="a-heading__last-word">Track <span class="a-heading__icon"> <i class="fas fa-chevron-right" data-fa-transform="" data-fa-mask="" ></i> </span> </span> </a> </h2> </div> <div class="m-card__body s-wysiwyg"> <div class="s-wysiwyg"><p>By Alex Meile, Jonathan Rincón López, Jun Park, Yazen Abed &amp; Mark Manger (Lab Director)</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="l-section__wrapper l-section-spacing-top--standard l-section-spacing-bottom--tight "> <div class="l-section-1--[zone--10] " > <div class="l-section__zone-1 l-flex " > <div class="m-section-title "> <span class="m-section-title__border-top center teal"></span> <div class="m-section-title__title"> <h2 class="a-heading__h2 " > 2021 </h2> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="l-section__wrapper l-section-spacing-top--tight l-section-spacing-bottom--standard "> <div class="l-section-1--[zone--12] " > <div class="l-section__zone-1 l-flex--2col l-section-vertical-alignment--top" > <div class="m-card u-shadow__box u-shadow__box--focus contextual-region"> <div class="m-card__image-icon--wrapper"> <div class="m-card__banner"> <img width="600" height="400" srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_3_2_200/public/assets/media/images/2022-09/gepl_agriculture_by_dan_meyers_unsplash_.png.webp?itok=cmmK4uqn 200w, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_3_2_400/public/assets/media/images/2022-09/gepl_agriculture_by_dan_meyers_unsplash_.png.webp?itok=nvhGtVC- 400w, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_3_2_600/public/assets/media/images/2022-09/gepl_agriculture_by_dan_meyers_unsplash_.png.webp?itok=X5KXHC5d 600w, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_3_2_860/public/assets/media/images/2022-09/gepl_agriculture_by_dan_meyers_unsplash_.png.webp?itok=bX1fp3l7 900w, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_3_2_1200/public/assets/media/images/2022-09/gepl_agriculture_by_dan_meyers_unsplash_.png.webp?itok=7Gw2dxt7 1200w, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_3_2_1500/public/assets/media/images/2022-09/gepl_agriculture_by_dan_meyers_unsplash_.png.webp?itok=-cNtFIH4 1500w, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_3_2_1800/public/assets/media/images/2022-09/gepl_agriculture_by_dan_meyers_unsplash_.png.webp?itok=5ZofoxU9 1800w, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_3_2_2000/public/assets/media/images/2022-09/gepl_agriculture_by_dan_meyers_unsplash_.png.webp?itok=qHAFidPG 2000w, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_3_2_2500/public/assets/media/images/2022-09/gepl_agriculture_by_dan_meyers_unsplash_.png.webp?itok=nZiUNhM- 2500w, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_3_2_2800/public/assets/media/images/2022-09/gepl_agriculture_by_dan_meyers_unsplash_.png.webp?itok=zdqJ7OXA 2800w, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_3_2_3000/public/assets/media/images/2022-09/gepl_agriculture_by_dan_meyers_unsplash_.png.webp?itok=jZ5pWkDU 3000w" sizes="(min-width:1280px) 372px, (min-width:900px) calc(33vw - 40px), (min-width:600px) calc(50vw - 40px), calc(100vw - 40px)" src="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_3_2_600/public/assets/media/images/2022-09/gepl_agriculture_by_dan_meyers_unsplash_.png.jpg?itok=X5KXHC5d" alt="Green fields and blue sky" loading="lazy" /> </div> <div class="m-card__image-overlay"></div> </div> <div class="m-card__main"> <div class="m-card__tags"> <div class="a-tags--simple"> &nbsp; </div> </div> <div class="m-card__title"> <h2 class="a-heading__h5 has-link " > <a href="/media/1570/download" > Return to Agrarianism: Russian Agriculture in the 21st <span class="a-heading__last-word">Century <span class="a-heading__icon"> <i class="fas fa-chevron-right" data-fa-transform="" data-fa-mask="" ></i> </span> </span> </a> </h2> </div> <div class="m-card__body s-wysiwyg"> <div class="s-wysiwyg"><p>By Farley Sweatman, Trevor Yip, Carlo Muia &amp; Anthony Moniuszko</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-card u-shadow__box u-shadow__box--focus contextual-region"> <div class="m-card__image-icon--wrapper"> <div class="m-card__banner"> <img width="600" height="400" srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_3_2_200/public/assets/media/images/2022-09/gepl_stock_exchange_by_nick_chong_unsplash_.png.webp?itok=tPAnp3M9 200w, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_3_2_400/public/assets/media/images/2022-09/gepl_stock_exchange_by_nick_chong_unsplash_.png.webp?itok=Dk0xDAlZ 400w, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_3_2_600/public/assets/media/images/2022-09/gepl_stock_exchange_by_nick_chong_unsplash_.png.webp?itok=g8Oj5Nv4 600w, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_3_2_860/public/assets/media/images/2022-09/gepl_stock_exchange_by_nick_chong_unsplash_.png.webp?itok=d9G9dCHH 900w, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_3_2_1200/public/assets/media/images/2022-09/gepl_stock_exchange_by_nick_chong_unsplash_.png.webp?itok=kyOwt-fJ 1200w, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_3_2_1500/public/assets/media/images/2022-09/gepl_stock_exchange_by_nick_chong_unsplash_.png.webp?itok=TzFsw5M4 1500w, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_3_2_1800/public/assets/media/images/2022-09/gepl_stock_exchange_by_nick_chong_unsplash_.png.webp?itok=myIbVguQ 1800w, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_3_2_2000/public/assets/media/images/2022-09/gepl_stock_exchange_by_nick_chong_unsplash_.png.webp?itok=iKEjxahm 2000w, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_3_2_2500/public/assets/media/images/2022-09/gepl_stock_exchange_by_nick_chong_unsplash_.png.webp?itok=KZ0VyveP 2500w, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_3_2_2800/public/assets/media/images/2022-09/gepl_stock_exchange_by_nick_chong_unsplash_.png.webp?itok=KS-9J95K 2800w, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_3_2_3000/public/assets/media/images/2022-09/gepl_stock_exchange_by_nick_chong_unsplash_.png.webp?itok=SlbsSCYG 3000w" sizes="(min-width:1280px) 372px, (min-width:900px) calc(33vw - 40px), (min-width:600px) calc(50vw - 40px), calc(100vw - 40px)" src="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_3_2_600/public/assets/media/images/2022-09/gepl_stock_exchange_by_nick_chong_unsplash_.png.jpg?itok=g8Oj5Nv4" alt="Computer screen with graphs and numbers on it" loading="lazy" /> </div> <div class="m-card__image-overlay"></div> </div> <div class="m-card__main"> <div class="m-card__tags"> <div class="a-tags--simple"> &nbsp; </div> </div> <div class="m-card__title"> <h2 class="a-heading__h5 has-link " > <a href="/media/1568/download" > Comparing Environmental, Social, and Governance Ratings Across Stock <span class="a-heading__last-word">Exchanges <span class="a-heading__icon"> <i class="fas fa-chevron-right" data-fa-transform="" data-fa-mask="" ></i> </span> </span> </a> </h2> </div> <div class="m-card__body s-wysiwyg"> <div class="s-wysiwyg"><p>By Phil Bien, Saad Iqbal, Amy Li &amp; Ian Stecher</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div class="l-page__footer"> <footer class="o-footer"> <div class="o-footer__top"> <div class="o-footer__top-container"> <div class="o-footer__top-container-left"> <div class="o-footer__logo"> <a class="m-logo" href="/" rel="home"> <img class="m-logo__img" src="/themes/munk/images/Munk_UofT_Lockup-optimized.svg" alt="Home" /> </a> </div> <div class="o-footer__general-inquiries"> <h5>General inquiries</h5> <p><a href="mailto:munkschool​@utoronto​.ca">munkschool​@utoronto​.ca</a> or <a href="tel:416-946-8900">416-946-8900</a></p> </div> <div class="o-footer__social"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/munkschool" class="a-btn--icon " > <span class="a-btn__text"></span> <span class="a-icon"> <i class="fab fa-facebook-f" data-fa-transform="" data-fa-mask="" ></i> <span class="u-visually--hidden">Follow us on Facebook</span> </span> <span class="u-visually--hidden">Follow us on Facebook</span> </a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/school/munkschool" class="a-btn--icon " > <span class="a-btn__text"></span> <span class="a-icon"> <i class="fab fa-linkedin-in" data-fa-transform="" data-fa-mask="" ></i> <span class="u-visually--hidden">Follow us on LinkedIn</span> </span> <span class="u-visually--hidden">Follow us on LinkedIn</span> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/munkschool" class="a-btn--icon " > <span class="a-btn__text"></span> <span class="a-icon"> <i class="fab fa-twitter" data-fa-transform="" data-fa-mask="" ></i> <span class="u-visually--hidden">Follow us on Twitter</span> </span> <span class="u-visually--hidden">Follow us on Twitter</span> </a> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/munkschool" class="a-btn--icon " > <span class="a-btn__text"></span> <span class="a-icon"> <i class="fab fa-instagram" data-fa-transform="" data-fa-mask="" ></i> <span class="u-visually--hidden">Follow us on Instagram</span> </span> <span class="u-visually--hidden">Follow us on Instagram</span> </a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/munkschool" class="a-btn--icon " > <span class="a-btn__text"></span> <span class="a-icon"> <i class="fab fa-youtube" data-fa-transform="" data-fa-mask="" ></i> <span class="u-visually--hidden">Follow us on Youtube</span> </span> <span class="u-visually--hidden">Follow us on Youtube</span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="o-footer__top-container-right"> <div class="o-footer__content"> <div class="o-footer___content-title"> <h5 class="a-heading__h5">Global Economic Policy Lab | Munk School of Global Affairs &amp; Public Policy</h5> </div> <div class="o-footer___content-address"> <p>1 Devonshire Place (at Trinity College) Toronto,<br/> Ontario, M5S 3K7 Canada</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="o-footer__top-bottom-container"> <div class="o-footer__menu"> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-menu-footer-menu" id="block-menu-footer"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-menu-footer-menu">Footer Menu</h2> <ul class="m-menu-footer"> <li class="m-menu-footer__item"> <a href="/about-us" class="m-menu-footer__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/852">About the Munk School</a> </li> <li class="m-menu-footer__item"> <a href="/areas-focus" class="m-menu-footer__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1112">Areas of Focus</a> </li> <li class="m-menu-footer__item"> <a href="/media" class="m-menu-footer__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/74">Media</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="o-footer__bottom"> <div class="o-footer__bottom-container"> <div class="o-footer__bottom-menu"> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-footer-bottom-menu-menu" id="block-footer-bottom-menu"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-footer-bottom-menu-menu">Footer Bottom Menu</h2> <ul class="m-menu-footer"> <li class="m-menu-footer__item"> <a href="/accessibility" class="m-menu-footer__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2229">Accessibility</a> </li> <li class="m-menu-footer__item"> <a href="/privacy-terms" class="m-menu-footer__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2230">Privacy &amp; terms</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="o-footer__legal"> Munk School of Global Affairs &amp; Public Policy &copy; 2025. All rights reserved. </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="menu-mobile-menu" id="menu-mobile" data-menu-mobile="" class="m-menu-mobile"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="menu-mobile-menu">Subsite mobile menu</h2> <ul class="m-menu-mobile__list--level-1"> <li class="m-menu-mobile__item--level-1"> <a href="/gepl/people" class="m-menu-mobile__link--level-1" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1468">People</a> </li> <li class="m-menu-mobile__item--level-1 has-submenu"> <a href="/gepl/research-publications" class="m-menu-mobile__link--level-1 is-toggle" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1465">Research &amp; publications</a> <ul class="m-menu-mobile__list--level-2"> <li class="m-menu-mobile__item--level-2"> <a href="/gepl/economic-policy-briefs" class="m-menu-mobile__link--level-2" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1467">Economic Policy Briefs</a> </li> <li class="m-menu-mobile__item--level-2"> <a href="/gepl/economic-policy-research-notes" class="m-menu-mobile__link--level-2 is-active" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1466" aria-current="page">Economic Policy Research Notes</a> </li> <li class="m-menu-mobile__item--section"> <div class="m-menu-mobile__shortcuts-wrapper mm-nopanel"> <ul class="m-menu-mobile__section--level-1 mm-nopanel mm-listview"> <li class="m-menu-mobile__section-item--level-1 mm-listitem"> <a href="/people" class="m-menu-mobile__section-link--level-1 mm-listitem__text" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/75">Directory</a> </li> <li class="m-menu-mobile__section-item--level-1 mm-listitem"> <a href="/events/login" class="m-menu-mobile__section-link--level-1 mm-listitem__text" data-drupal-link-system-path="events/login">Events Login</a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="m-menu-mobile__item--level-1"> <a href="/gepl/connect" class="m-menu-mobile__link--level-1" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1469">Connect</a> </li> <li class="m-menu-mobile__item--section"> <div class="m-menu-mobile__shortcuts-wrapper mm-nopanel"> <ul class="m-menu-mobile__section--level-1 mm-nopanel mm-listview"> <li class="m-menu-mobile__section-item--level-1 mm-listitem"> <a href="/people" class="m-menu-mobile__section-link--level-1 mm-listitem__text" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/75">Directory</a> </li> <li class="m-menu-mobile__section-item--level-1 mm-listitem"> <a href="/events/login" class="m-menu-mobile__section-link--level-1 mm-listitem__text" data-drupal-link-system-path="events/login">Events Login</a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://use.typekit.net/txu0qxj.css"> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_zi0Yk8dTRghSTHyY1U_qe-VHLCHZQLxWPQZWn2fCEZo.js?scope=footer&amp;delta=0&amp;language=en&amp;theme=munk&amp;include=eJx9jOEKgCAQg19I7JHk5PSo9Bap2eMX9CMK6s_Y9o1FaKUeCnIY4u1t2cT6lZSLiT-TgjSyEUBScJVkkFPe2dJE-7PMJjedz7umTHWEOl6xMLp-ApeDtotKgqd0AARnSZ4"></script> <script> (function(c,l,a,r,i,t,y){ c[a]=c[a]||function(){(c[a].q=c[a].q||[]).push(arguments)}; t=l.createElement(r);t.async=1;t.src="https://www.clarity.ms/tag/"+i; y=l.getElementsByTagName(r)[0];y.parentNode.insertBefore(t,y); })(window, document, "clarity", "script", "dkfkupkg7e");</script> <script type="text/javascript"> var MTUserId='e261a5db-fb6b-4592-9597-047229840a69'; var MTFontIds = new Array(); MTFontIds.push("1475508"); // Avenir® W01 45 Book MTFontIds.push("1475520"); // Avenir® W01 55 Roman MTFontIds.push("1475532"); // Avenir® W01 65 Medium MTFontIds.push("1475556"); // Avenir® W01 95 Black MTFontIds.push("5687390"); // Avenir® W05 85 Heavy MTFontIds.push("6149637"); // Avenir® Next W01 Demi MTFontIds.push("6149660"); // Avenir® Next W01 Regular MTFontIds.push("6149665"); // Avenir® Next W01 Italic (function() { var mtTracking = document.createElement('script'); mtTracking.type='text/javascript'; mtTracking.async='true'; mtTracking.src='themes/munk/fonts/munk-school/mtiFontTrackingCode.js'; (document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]||document.getElementsByTagName('body')[0]).appendChild(mtTracking); })(); </script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10