CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "innovate.ieee.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '92af262fefacf91a',cH: 'JZu0LOps9vHpVGOZHD0YebYKufLIZe_eNrRxJCNIjic-1743752337-1.2.1.1-.OwZgjcjr0aZvLZsGAp.O2M0CH7h1k0TwgkpnTrrrGtZnTKCpuyZUxkV9brlhCGC',cUPMDTk: "\/tag\/ieee\/?__cf_chl_tk=bxhlKouqzuJGl_Tg4UeapRX_eISWtgK9JGKF5PvFXfM-1743752337-1.0.1.1-Fhldu63pkNlvpZ0NdAkAipS_9jyLysg92XfN_KXFcsE",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1743752337',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/tag\/ieee\/?__cf_chl_f_tk=bxhlKouqzuJGl_Tg4UeapRX_eISWtgK9JGKF5PvFXfM-1743752337-1.0.1.1-Fhldu63pkNlvpZ0NdAkAipS_9jyLysg92XfN_KXFcsE",md: "op5bVKG_C0DcJ1KhxAMbAHpvslf.2Z1SYXcdSkGoJvU-1743752337-1.2.1.1-Bc4OvwlpM6upkCcTHy1UH7kSaMI23ZjIMhhXxFFo2djGB98PCnDD6qa.0mAt15GuHOBeHH5.TpSRMvXSZ2Pv48k9nadb77MAQJMp7dW92tSOMYFrMNQHj9ZuHLpQ5OrMcQ7jC8NzgyC1N40LVWDBEtQ2bl1WET7IggU8OqVcKiHHulvAhGOW0O0UMYIg6k93biNdBNU6wIbqDWMcZRTL2y9FobP3Wg9FB2gAXRtm1l8l68h_._u_1Y4.Miid02bxF6_tyvWGN.Wh.W2gkKWn_BHI5WCi7ivRHAJLN8Iw8vErwLYGZXY7m75NIODRkYJ4t2TaXp6rY9SXOHinY1pcPBf9YLMfSSQV0egdQpuj9udCGie_rY8AvsTRLAWcnyfi5Pa0hA8pAhCAm7NFxcCuUufHQOnq9hhY0tPyF5gz6vx_mxALxZtOJ6eKy2_Sfb7kh4jHrABEZXCsvLo7RkRVc0ehyVzyg7RUFERGyoTpLOgP._w2cq3O0BTmfU44GkwRYg.eBF3WBd2X7_FznwT1nGfPwateNeZGuAip8IkVt9USd.GQDgp44BSY6ha5q_.jy8r2UU0s51ncmLN5x29YOrMkdMOfwr1tpnfZHIWUhVPJDM5vc_NnZ7kLoJtnO4rte6uG0oAzuR8bMgl0EZq9L0_w0bglZPXBH4mA52dgFV7yHATvTnmUaTFSWAkgJpHj6FjU7THZSwulzcIVEkjIqCfL4glrSuv7pYxbRYebGxAMJlu43BjFEXL9wsMH1j3EeNxsFETnwB8LWk4RflJ_UFAN_fqjAtq46VuUYUdTzOAry1YMqRuDsCqCiFydOKXd2KRCKt4du0UsPAJxkz5UxZ8ZQwelbpfmK8QgebPMX1n0ZLfRAWHmVMthnM6w6FeVwDwzwJNfLDbZ.nE.6VQS8gO6bmc.8RETWLjce4EQQWVPei_Nu3LRGpwZMifnPvZrTe48sRsWoeME8nFqjoHE6CkW36idLH5cer7m_uVSSbPWY5F1.aT6G75Zncu380ou90D0_dccrWJXkbYWKomJ22U_HZPW0l5hFkDMTQdi6QU4NqhuD7A8EoDCOZfz1.A7OkyJALs3rDoBkIf4G3b6uCcLH4CHNgNkpjwsuQ5P4qXSVLX9rdA6FL60EY.cVF7aJa0GQK1T9I9um71kIGv3V8TV.xbyww4R5UmAMiyb6CIjtjqyrfbyKhSLR9GW.9qtT4g.NQqVDjRmckY92upPgyABFsdnpysYU.oVsLUoe94",mdrd: "ynleNHjCJ0Q.LvZpimG_NxVPUoaaSkw3FgvZrWndAY0-1743752337-1.2.1.1-6FWOvOb1TMoy1SDP_DMqtkeAl05zJwPjXvRRsth6GTG6iEnTuKgium20o5HzRgL2s2zLx5ew6UqQVPx1pgUN_SFgAZRLLCZo41oI1S6jHkT_YgyrVD5tAslTc1LA68v16o_nCFHpHML26u.GJRh54xz4TARKu6yocT37f51m0mSC.7C1Xf3_yslwBgSJg3ziimPs3Ay.8ypcBsxsG94T5qddd1eHX7EC3NtGU65_YfeSY4s8vRRmnn6G1odeEZv1dOUBn8UNvdlw2dMrB32s3gd19wCFDLwaR53zrAegS9QyH_0cTBmm5De1mfJVhcq0Uy85zPoa2XSyX0EmDlDNdlTVpQOXwNKmKpVUAzQN2iubi7BJzAK.7VxNnM7Au8IUyCa.2h1oZhJPq5b27V56BdS1s_oejDPyb2gKpM3ZBqOv4Bopu_c6QEeTrJncGcoCAmLTliHsogKdUDl9n6MDFKZVgHm7fJepKENzwIFxvPGdQTPkJbq5ethIYdnauSSDe6flOGYfuk5n6DuJqKQdgRtBzf9XAIM40iDqiff2H_f1dibNYaxALK._IKu427Jvi3BGYEXfprSQ1KwKNaIIRmMeQ_b8TrytVw2MdrEr2lBzcnFhlP95zYu6SNp6SwPfgBw1af0jhe1n_k9lo6XECc.8C__GqeeXQmPjza9YQDgOQqDSedftDO7VtFdS.zk2ZpiEgi0K7.bx9hU87IHI_SaWIHaMzSI2fVE99divFqgu3l3sa9.wyWvieO7TYFJH3LhAXXQcXq.iX42I0rUb.xWukBe1MjjEwK__rnreSR1xmbwqNnnrf7a1Or3pZIPAH5xCJQfN2OEUGliNQKD9fL6Z9.8J3TD3CYDIEsekwG0ICTvn9_OSZfjgM8E2Re1q_2EqqfcmWv823w717n.rU9U4Lw3pPB5dgT5iyDuYX8VxQORamWwcaczn9DjVmjEAnSYWjuQ06ue5GHm_eGvNJMJh3V_lGenGpR2MY6bTdGCIHtdJAoCbx_kw9ZKzmH7EG.tBd4Jxgy7HVid6JJY7TAn5wTzb3EQCJsWSgfYm1DGt14B3d5X3m32k.RX5tMhuo6Kvav5o3g6GMTB_jGavKKavWUp3mjVUNDwQ8KqMNxABIhT.GcFAHzULVQB308I8Y5297pCzUL3URnosATB_fDW_NICBLVPjA.N.n2hIy8n67tdaAea7et6jcL5a67A1X9k2fPhGCG6EX487KsjMrdZjdSmEKU_5bXD.iTMwcyvA9HXLK3M8WZ5suBdVbWIKVaJZ88oIwaTyBA_5TU6aceIykzGxvS1r0UANovDQbJ6DQRrMq5QSkBdFcVMeIOV1aAxeIhpeHHghTXkwMG2GI7D8hs9Xn4GYW5d0mo_CNFlBuaJg5s75zwja2n_ge9iUFgtAmWC0g.oIPi.pcl8K77eDSLQ0Fu127gvr9f5JX2YB6_ER8c_KNzBUKp1WEz7g7MEUvXBI56JXMQpr8Ku3EI..Fy_Czjj07AzhU.lEHgunxMCXbX6DQvzoLlL0YAS7AAcrSuVccH7LugvGl7ULO9ihnsZNVKnaUi8vvgYGiy0Z0donv0q9UwlY1GlDFDYanFIFT5y5dOA.YYBN7x4Zheb6CMaINeMBhYaNOW6z_0llOVqNfpa.tZ84fnHXjNCeB56LzPiJjfpyh3AEz08mfnpWovCHM3gqiUgORYVQeQ0hhR_lypvTOeoZQwIIHsH4HGXX94wQKCPN0o_4c5IYXJ7yDkHAW0mSe_pV1zLYiRv39w6IA5f1tvCBHaHbFlRHvrH4MCW93wSKLv3lbvCwEjeoMSZaak1n.vBfLuvAU8gEyadxuoyW8SAu4R1b1xaHgKJSQsgXyn5JgszJziMfcgX_APbj4oEDVOLjpF1ua9mkdC1IhmajhCPwSfvrIuJayVN_JcLkeiknGnrVia1Wq2p00s82JSezYjwygVzFN.NplobXvlUDB8yX4NO8rfwN8T6WQoIdw.cEm7ArPIKeXaR.pgFmHGXITASeebqPP.Ee1Ce8x51rg_3nIuN16FgGveVY_Q_dCMydGAEeUxU6EQ"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=92af262fefacf91a';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/tag\/ieee\/?__cf_chl_rt_tk=bxhlKouqzuJGl_Tg4UeapRX_eISWtgK9JGKF5PvFXfM-1743752337-1.0.1.1-Fhldu63pkNlvpZ0NdAkAipS_9jyLysg92XfN_KXFcsE" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>