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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named William Charles, see <a href="/wiki/William_Charles_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="William Charles (disambiguation)">William Charles (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bruin_become_Mediator_or_Negotiation_for_Peace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Bruin_become_Mediator_or_Negotiation_for_Peace.jpg/350px-Bruin_become_Mediator_or_Negotiation_for_Peace.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Bruin_become_Mediator_or_Negotiation_for_Peace.jpg/525px-Bruin_become_Mediator_or_Negotiation_for_Peace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Bruin_become_Mediator_or_Negotiation_for_Peace.jpg/700px-Bruin_become_Mediator_or_Negotiation_for_Peace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1236" data-file-height="879" /></a><figcaption><i><b>Bruin become Mediator or Negotiation for Peace</b></i> c. 1813 by the artist</figcaption></figure> <p><b>William Charles</b> (1776–1820) was a <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scottish</a>-born <a href="/wiki/Engraver" class="mw-redirect" title="Engraver">engraver</a> who emigrated to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and is now known best for his <a href="/wiki/Political_cartoons" class="mw-redirect" title="Political cartoons">political cartoons</a>, especially "The Hartford Convention or LEAP NO LEAP", perhaps the most widely printed illustration regarding that historic subject. He is also notable for being a pioneer in <a href="/wiki/Comics" title="Comics">comics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Charles_(cartoonist)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He was born in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh,_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh, Scotland">Edinburgh</a> but little is known about his early life and training. Charles had published political caricatures in Edinburgh and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> before immigrating to America. He worked extensively in <a href="/wiki/New_York,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="New York, New York">New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia</a> from about 1806 until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-lanmon_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lanmon-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Charles ... must be regarded as an instrumental figure in transferring the techniques and vocabulary of the English caricaturists to an American context," according to Lorraine Welling Lanmon.<sup id="cite_ref-lanmon_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lanmon-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Satirical cartoons were his forte, but he also created landscapes and book illustrations. He worked in etching, line and <a href="/wiki/Stipple_engraving" title="Stipple engraving">stipple engraving</a>, as well as aquatint.<sup id="cite_ref-lanmon_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lanmon-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"His work rarely reached significant artistic heights", Lanmon wrote in an article on Charles. He was "neither an expert draftsman nor an accomplished technician" although some of his works showed expertise in both draftsmanship and technique, she wrote.<sup id="cite_ref-lanmon_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lanmon-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His most well-known cartoons concern the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lanmon_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lanmon-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Individual_cartoons">Individual cartoons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Charles_(cartoonist)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Individual cartoons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bruin_Become_MEDIATOR_or_Negotiation_for_PEACE">Bruin Become MEDIATOR or Negotiation for PEACE</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Charles_(cartoonist)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bruin Become MEDIATOR or Negotiation for PEACE"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cartoon (shown at the top of this article), was engraved by Charles in New York City in about 1813 and refers to the English-Russian War of 1812. Charles depicts John Bull (Britain), Columbia (the United States) and a bruin (the bear traditionally representing Russia).<sup id="cite_ref-lilly_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lilly-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Dialogue (from left to right):</b><sup id="cite_ref-lilly_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lilly-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John Bull: Pray Mr Bruin try if you can make up this little Difference between us-The Wasps and Hornets have Stung me so hard I wish I had never disturbed their Nests. </p><p>Bruin: Let me unite your hands Madam-Johny and I have been very friendly since I sent him my Fleet to take care of---- </p><p>Columbia: I thank you Mr Bruin but I cannot trust the Bull. 'Tho he has promised to draw his HORNS he must be safe bound to the Stake before I treat with him. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Hartford_Convention_or_LEAP_NO_LEAP"><i>The Hartford Convention or LEAP NO LEAP</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Charles_(cartoonist)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Hartford Convention or LEAP NO LEAP"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TheHartfordConventionOrLeapNoLeap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3f/TheHartfordConventionOrLeapNoLeap.jpg/350px-TheHartfordConventionOrLeapNoLeap.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3f/TheHartfordConventionOrLeapNoLeap.jpg/525px-TheHartfordConventionOrLeapNoLeap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3f/TheHartfordConventionOrLeapNoLeap.jpg/700px-TheHartfordConventionOrLeapNoLeap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="825" /></a><figcaption><i><b>The Hartford Convention or LEAP NO LEAP</b></i> by the artist</figcaption></figure> <p>The 1814 cartoon attacks the <a href="/wiki/Hartford_Convention" title="Hartford Convention">Hartford Convention</a>, a series of secret meetings New England Federalists held in December of that year. Charles caricatures radical secessionist leader <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Timothy Pickering</a> and also depicts as characters the convention members Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and Connecticut, along with British King <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-harpers_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harpers-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pickering is shown on his knees in the center, saying: "I, Strongly and most fervently pray for the success of this great leap which will change my vulgar name into that of my Lord of Essex. God save the King."<sup id="cite_ref-harpers_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harpers-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Pickering lived in Essex County, Massachusetts.) </p><p>On a cliff above him, Massachusetts, pulls Rhode Island and Connecticut toward the edge.<sup id="cite_ref-harpers_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harpers-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Massachusetts says: What a dangerous leap!!! but we must jump Brother Conn. </p><p>Connecticut: I cannot Brother Mass; let me pray and fast some time longer—little Rhode will jump the first.<sup id="cite_ref-harpers_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harpers-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rhode Island: Poor little I, what will become of me? this leap is of a frightful size—I sink into despondency.<sup id="cite_ref-harpers_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harpers-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the right, George III calls: "O'tis my Yankey boys! jump in my fine fellows; plenty molasses and Codfish; plenty of goods to Smuggle; Honours, titles and Nobility into the bargain."<sup id="cite_ref-harpers_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harpers-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the lower lefthand corner is a medallion inscribed with the names of Perry, McDonough, Hull, and other heroes of the War of 1812. The ribbon on the medallion reads, "This is the produce of the land they wish to abandon."<sup id="cite_ref-harpers_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harpers-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cartoon, an etching, was published in Philadelphia by Samuel Kennedy in 1814. Charles signed the piece, "Wm Charles , Sc.[ulpsit]". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="JOHNNY_BULL_and_the_ALEXANDRIANS">JOHNNY BULL and the ALEXANDRIANS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Charles_(cartoonist)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: JOHNNY BULL and the ALEXANDRIANS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WilliamCharlesJohnnyBullAndTheAlexandrians.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/WilliamCharlesJohnnyBullAndTheAlexandrians.jpg/250px-WilliamCharlesJohnnyBullAndTheAlexandrians.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/WilliamCharlesJohnnyBullAndTheAlexandrians.jpg/375px-WilliamCharlesJohnnyBullAndTheAlexandrians.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/WilliamCharlesJohnnyBullAndTheAlexandrians.jpg/500px-WilliamCharlesJohnnyBullAndTheAlexandrians.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="857" /></a><figcaption><i><b>JOHNNY BULL and the ALEXANDRIANS</b></i> (1814)</figcaption></figure> <p>The British seized <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria, Virginia</a> (across the Potomac from <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> in 1814. Charles here ridicules the townspeople for their lack of serious resistance to the enemy. </p><p>Etching produced in Philadelphia. ("Pubd. and Sold... by Wm. Charles" and "Wm. Charles Sc.[ulpsit]".)<sup id="cite_ref-heald_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heald-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Description:</b><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Johnny Bull (with the head of a bull): I must have all your Flour---All your Tobacco---All your Provisions---All your ships---All your Merchandize---Every thing except your Porter and Perry keep them out of my sight, I 've had enough of them already.--- </p><p>Yankey (one of two, kneeling, on left): Pray Mr Bull don't be too hard with us--- you know we were always friendly, even in time of your Embargo! </p><p>British Soldier: Push on Jack, the yankeys are not all so cowardly as these Fellows here. Let's make the best of your time.--- </p><p>Jack: Huzza Boys!!! More Rum more Tobacco!--- </p><p><a href="/wiki/David_Porter_(naval_officer)" title="David Porter (naval officer)">David Porter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hazard_Perry" title="Oliver Hazard Perry">Oliver Perry</a> were American heroes of the War of 1812. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="JOHN_BULL_and_the_BALTIMOREANS">JOHN BULL and the BALTIMOREANS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Charles_(cartoonist)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: JOHN BULL and the BALTIMOREANS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WilliamCharlesJohnBullAndTheBaltimoreans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/WilliamCharlesJohnBullAndTheBaltimoreans.jpg/250px-WilliamCharlesJohnBullAndTheBaltimoreans.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/WilliamCharlesJohnBullAndTheBaltimoreans.jpg/375px-WilliamCharlesJohnBullAndTheBaltimoreans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/WilliamCharlesJohnBullAndTheBaltimoreans.jpg/500px-WilliamCharlesJohnBullAndTheBaltimoreans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="857" /></a><figcaption><i><b>JOHN BULL and the BALTIMOREANS</b></i> (1814)</figcaption></figure> <p>The cartoon, an 1814 etching, with roulette work, was created in Philadelphia. ("Pubd. And sold ... by Wm. Charles")<sup id="cite_ref-heald_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heald-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cartoon depicts the stiff resistance made in Baltimore to the British invaders (as opposed to the lack of resistance from Alexandria, Virginia, depicted above).<sup id="cite_ref-balt_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-balt-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles, despite being a native Scot, had no compunction in displaying Scots accents out of the mouths of the enemy in the dialogue here, perhaps for humorous reasons as well as accuracy. </p><p><b>Description:</b><sup id="cite_ref-balt_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-balt-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American soldier prods John Bull (a bull in seaman's outfit) and says: "Oh! hoh! -- Johnny you thought you had Alexandrians to deal with did you -- But we'll teach you to know what a flogging is!!!" </p><p>John Bull: "Mercy! mercy on me -- What fellows those Baltimoreans are -- After the example of the Alexandrians I thought I had nothing to do but enter the Town and carry off the Booty -- And here is nothing but Defeat and Disgrace!!!" </p><p>On the right a mounted officer, possibly Admiral Cockburn urges the British to turn and fight: "What's the Matter! you Cowardly rascals! Back back and execute the orders of your Government --We must attack every point that's assailable!" </p><p>A Highlander replies: "In gude troth Admiral I think ye are as mad as our government Dinna ye ken the General's kilt -- ye must only attack sie places as Hampton, Havre de Grace, or Alexandria." </p><p>In the background an American sniper fires at mounted Scottish General Robert Ross. </p><p>Sniper: "Now for this Chap on Horseback with the plaid Bonnet on -- There -- there's a Rifle pill for you -- Thats a quietus." </p><p>Ross: "Deil [sic] tak that Republican rascal wi his Rifle gun for he's blawn my brains out." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_prominent_works">Other prominent works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Charles_(cartoonist)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other prominent works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CharlesWilliamsASceneOnTheFrontiers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/50/CharlesWilliamsASceneOnTheFrontiers.jpg/250px-CharlesWilliamsASceneOnTheFrontiers.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/50/CharlesWilliamsASceneOnTheFrontiers.jpg/375px-CharlesWilliamsASceneOnTheFrontiers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/50/CharlesWilliamsASceneOnTheFrontiers.jpg/500px-CharlesWilliamsASceneOnTheFrontiers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="571" /></a><figcaption><i><b>A Scene on the Frontiers as Practiced by the Humane British and Their Worthy Allies!</b></i> (1812) Philadelphia</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i><b>John Bull making a new Batch of Ships to send to the Lakes</b></i> (1814)—Philadelphia, "Pubd. And sold ... by Wm. Charles"<sup id="cite_ref-heald_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heald-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>Democracy - against the - Unnatural Union. Trial Octr. 14th 1817</b></i> (1817)—Possibly done in Philadelphia. Etching, with roulette work, "Designed and Executed by one who has neither place nor pension" Satirical, partisan take on the gubernatorial election in Pennsylvania between William Findlay and Joseph Heister.<sup id="cite_ref-heald_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heald-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Charles_(cartoonist)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lambiek.net/artists/c/charles_william.htm">"William Charles"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lambiek.net%2Fartists%2Fc%2Fcharles_william.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Charles+%28cartoonist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lanmon-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lanmon_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lanmon_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lanmon_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lanmon_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lanmon_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lanmon, Lorraine Welling, "American Caricature in the English Tradition: The Personal and Political Satires of William Charles", article in <i>Winterthur Portfolio</i>, Vol. 11, 1976, pp. 1-51, first page as displayed online at Web site for JSTOR, described on the Web page as "an online journal archive made available to researchers through participating libraries", <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1180589">[1]</a> readable page size; <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1180589">[2]</a> Easier-to-download page size; accessed October 22, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lilly-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lilly_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lilly_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.indiana.edu/~liblilly/cartoon/bruin.html">[3]</a> Website of Lilly Library, University of Indiana, accessed October 23, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harpers-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harpers_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harpers_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harpers_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harpers_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harpers_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harpers_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harpers_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://loc.harpweek.com/lcpoliticalcartoons/DisplayCartoonLarge.asp?MaxID=16&UniqueID=12&Year=1814&YearMark=181">[4]</a> Harpweek Web site, Web page titled "Harpweek: American Political Prints, 1776-1876: The Hartford Convention or LEAP NO LEAP", accessed October 22, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heald-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-heald_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heald_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heald_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heald_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.donaldheald.com/search/search_01.php?Author=CHARLES%2C%20William">[5]</a> Donald A. Heald Rare Books Maps and Prints Web site, Web page titled: "5 results found CHARLES, William (1776-1820)", accessed October 22, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.indiana.edu/~liblilly/cartoon/bull.html">[6]</a> Indiana University Lilly Library Web site, Web page titled "America in Caricature: 1765-1865:The War of 1812:Picture Album:JOHNNY BULL and the ALEXANDRIANS", accessed October 23, 2006, the following dialogue is taken from the Web page</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-balt-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-balt_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-balt_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://loc.harpweek.com/lcpoliticalcartoons/DisplayCartoonLarge.asp?MaxID=16&UniqueID=9&Year=1814&YearMark=181">[7]</a> Harpweek Web site, Web page titled "Harpweek: American Political Prints, 1776-1876:JOHN BULL and the BALTIMOREANS", accessed October 23, 2006</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Charles_(cartoonist)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lambiek.net/artists/c/charles_william.htm">Lambiek Comiclopedia article.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.donaldheald.com/search/search_01.php?Author=CHARLES%2C%20William">[8]</a> Description of some of Charles' more well-known works from Donald A. Head Rare Books, Maps and Prints Web site</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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