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<span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>By country</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle By country subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-By_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Argentina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulgaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Bulgaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Samoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Older_works_by_John_Waddington" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Older_works_by_John_Waddington"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Older works by John Waddington</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Older_works_by_John_Waddington-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Congregationalism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongregasionalistiese_Kerk" title="Kongregasionalistiese Kerk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kongregasionalistiese Kerk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="أبرشانيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أبرشانيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Конгрешанство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Конгрешанство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esgl%C3%A9sia_congregacional" title="Església congregacional – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Església congregacional" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongrega%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_c%C3%ADrkve" title="Kongregační církve – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kongregační církve" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongregationalisterne" title="Kongregationalisterne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kongregationalisterne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongregationalistische_Kirchen" title="Kongregationalistische Kirchen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kongregationalistische Kirchen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_congregacional" title="Iglesia congregacional – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Iglesia congregacional" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongregaciismo" title="Kongregaciismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kongregaciismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliza_kongregazional" title="Eliza kongregazional – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eliza kongregazional" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کلیسای کنگره‌گرایان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلیسای کنگره‌گرایان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_congr%C3%A9gationaliste" title="Église congrégationaliste – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Église congrégationaliste" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9A%8C%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%90%ED%9A%8C" title="회중교회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="회중교회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongregasional" title="Kongregasional – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kongregasional" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesia_Congregational" title="Ecclesia Congregational – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ecclesia Congregational" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="קונגרגציונליזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קונגרגציונליזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiae_Congregationales" title="Ecclesiae Congregationales – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ecclesiae Congregationales" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongregacionalista_egyh%C3%A1zak" title="Kongregacionalista egyházak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kongregacionalista egyházak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiangonana_k%C3%B4ngregasi%C3%B4nalista" title="Fiangonana kôngregasiônalista – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiangonana kôngregasiônalista" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="ابرشانيون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ابرشانيون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%9A%E8%A1%86%E6%B4%BE%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A" title="会衆派教会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="会衆派教会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongregacjonalizm" title="Kongregacjonalizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kongregacjonalizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Конгрегационализм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Конгрегационализм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregational_church" title="Congregational church – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Congregational church" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongregacionalizmus" title="Kongregacionalizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kongregacionalizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongregationalismi" title="Kongregationalismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kongregationalismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongregationalistkyrkan" title="Kongregationalistkyrkan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kongregationalistkyrkan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongregasyonalizm" title="Kongregasyonalizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kongregasyonalizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregational_church&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregational church</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Religious denomination</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Congregational church" and "Congregational" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Congregational church (disambiguation)">Congregational church (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Congregation_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Congregation (disambiguation)">Congregation (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Reformed denomination. For the form of church organization in which each congregation governs itself, see <a href="/wiki/Congregationalist_polity" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist polity">Congregationalist polity</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MMDA-Photos_-_2023-11-29_-_Congregational_Church,_Old_Lyme,_Connecticut,_USA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/MMDA-Photos_-_2023-11-29_-_Congregational_Church%2C_Old_Lyme%2C_Connecticut%2C_USA.jpg/250px-MMDA-Photos_-_2023-11-29_-_Congregational_Church%2C_Old_Lyme%2C_Connecticut%2C_USA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/MMDA-Photos_-_2023-11-29_-_Congregational_Church%2C_Old_Lyme%2C_Connecticut%2C_USA.jpg/330px-MMDA-Photos_-_2023-11-29_-_Congregational_Church%2C_Old_Lyme%2C_Connecticut%2C_USA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/MMDA-Photos_-_2023-11-29_-_Congregational_Church%2C_Old_Lyme%2C_Connecticut%2C_USA.jpg/500px-MMDA-Photos_-_2023-11-29_-_Congregational_Church%2C_Old_Lyme%2C_Connecticut%2C_USA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2210" data-file-height="3147" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Old_Lyme_Congregational_Church" title="Old Lyme Congregational Church">First Congregational Church</a> of <a href="/wiki/Old_Lyme,_Connecticut" title="Old Lyme, Connecticut">Old Lyme, Connecticut</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ReformationsdenkmalGenf1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ReformationsdenkmalGenf1.jpg/250px-ReformationsdenkmalGenf1.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ReformationsdenkmalGenf1.jpg/500px-ReformationsdenkmalGenf1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Reformation_Wall" title="Reformation Wall">Reformation Wall</a> in Geneva, featuring prominent Reformed theologians <a href="/wiki/William_Farel" title="William Farel">William Farel</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Beza" title="Theodore Beza">Theodore Beza</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ddf;padding:0.2em;color:#000000;color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: lavender; border:2px solid lavender;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ddf;padding:0.2em;color:#000000;color: var(--color-base)">Theology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: lavender; border:2px solid lavender;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_John_Calvin" title="Theology of John Calvin">Theology of John Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">Covenant theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republication_of_the_Covenant_of_Works" title="Republication of the Covenant of Works">Republication of the Covenant of Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_Covenant_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist Covenant Theology">Baptist Covenant Theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_order_of_God%27s_decrees" title="Logical order of God's decrees">Logical order of God's decrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Supper_in_Reformed_theology" title="Lord's Supper in Reformed theology">Lord's Supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulative_principle_of_worship" title="Regulative principle of worship">Regulative principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Calvinism" title="Predestination in Calvinism">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_scholasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ddf;padding:0.2em;color:#000000;color: var(--color-base)">Texts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: lavender; border:2px solid lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Calvinist_texts" title="Category:Calvinist texts">List of texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Bible" title="Geneva Bible">Geneva Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_confessions_of_faith" title="Reformed confessions of faith">Confessions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helvetic_Confessions" title="Helvetic Confessions">Helvetic Confessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Confession_of_Faith" title="French Confession of Faith">French Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forms_of_Unity" title="Three Forms of Unity">Three Forms of Unity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgic_Confession" title="Belgic Confession">Belgic Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Catechism" title="Heidelberg Catechism">Heidelberg Catechism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_of_Dort" title="Canons of Dort">Canons of Dort</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_Confession" title="Scots Confession">Scots Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Standards" title="Westminster Standards">Westminster Standards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith" title="Westminster Confession of Faith">Westminster Confession of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Shorter_Catechism" title="Westminster Shorter Catechism">Westminster Shorter Catechism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Larger_Catechism" title="Westminster Larger Catechism">Westminster Larger Catechism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barmen_Declaration" title="Barmen Declaration">Barmen Declaration</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Institutes_of_the_Christian_Religion" title="Institutes of the Christian Religion">Institutes of the Christian Religion</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_systematic_theology_bibliography" title="Reformed systematic theology bibliography">Systematic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalter</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ddf;padding:0.2em;color:#000000;color: var(--color-base)">Theologians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: lavender; border:2px solid lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Calvinist_and_Reformed_theologians" title="Category:Calvinist and Reformed theologians">List of theologians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Oecolampadius" title="Johannes Oecolampadius">Johannes Oecolampadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bucer" title="Martin Bucer">Martin Bucer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Martyr_Vermigli" title="Peter Martyr Vermigli">Peter Martyr Vermigli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Bullinger" title="Heinrich Bullinger">Heinrich Bullinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacharias_Ursinus" title="Zacharias Ursinus">Zacharias Ursinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Beza" title="Theodore Beza">Theodore Beza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Perkins_(theologian)" title="William Perkins (theologian)">William Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscus_Gomarus" title="Franciscus Gomarus">Franciscus Gomarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Twisse" title="William Twisse">William Twisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Amyraut" title="Moses Amyraut">Moses Amyraut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Rutherford" title="Samuel Rutherford">Samuel Rutherford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Owen_(theologian)" title="John Owen (theologian)">John Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Turretin" title="Francis Turretin">Francis Turretin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Baxter" title="Richard Baxter">Richard Baxter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Schaff" title="Philip Schaff">Philip Schaff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Williamson_Nevin" title="John Williamson Nevin">John Nevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hodge" title="Charles Hodge">Charles Hodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Kuyper" title="Abraham Kuyper">Abraham Kuyper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Bavinck" title="Herman Bavinck">Herman Bavinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._B._Warfield" title="B. B. Warfield">B. B. Warfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Gresham_Machen" title="J. Gresham Machen">John Machen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geerhardus_Vos" title="Geerhardus Vos">Geerhardus Vos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Richard_Niebuhr" title="H. Richard Niebuhr">H. Richard Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Van_Til" title="Cornelius Van Til">Cornelius Van Til</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Torrance" title="Thomas F. Torrance">T. F. Torrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Moltmann" title="Jürgen Moltmann">Jürgen Moltmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._I._Packer" title="J. I. Packer">J. I. Packer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_G._Bloesch" title="Donald G. Bloesch">Donald G. Bloesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Horton_(theologian)" title="Michael Horton (theologian)">Michael Horton</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ddf;padding:0.2em;color:#000000;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Reformed_denominations" title="List of Reformed denominations"> Denominations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: lavender; border:2px solid lavender;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Continental Reformed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism_in_South_Korea" title="Presbyterianism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism_in_the_United_States" title="Presbyterianism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Baptists" title="Reformed Baptists">Reformed Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ddf;padding:0.2em;color:#000000;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: lavender; border:2px solid lavender;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Calvinism" title="Afrikaner Calvinism">Afrikaners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyraldism" title="Amyraldism">Amyraldians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Vision" title="Federal Vision">Federal Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrow_Brethren" title="Marrow Brethren">Marrow Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercersburg_theology" title="Mercersburg theology">Mercersburg theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonomianism" title="Neonomianism">Neonomians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Calvinism" title="Neo-Calvinism">Neo-Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_theology" title="New England theology">New England theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Calvinism" title="New Calvinism">New Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrims_(Plymouth_Colony)" title="Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)">Pilgrims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_theology" title="Princeton theology">Princeton theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ddf;padding:0.2em;color:#000000;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:International_bodies_of_Reformed_denominations" title="Category:International bodies of Reformed denominations">Organizations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: lavender; border:2px solid lavender;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Communion_of_Reformed_Churches" title="World Communion of Reformed Churches">World Communion of Reformed Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Reformed_Fellowship" title="World Reformed Fellowship">World Reformed Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Reformed_Churches" title="International Conference of Reformed Churches">International Conference of Reformed Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Presbyterian_and_Reformed_Council" title="North American Presbyterian and Reformed Council">North American Presbyterian and Reformed Council</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <p><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> </p> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kreuz-hugenotten.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kreuz-hugenotten.svg/10px-Kreuz-hugenotten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kreuz-hugenotten.svg/15px-Kreuz-hugenotten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kreuz-hugenotten.svg/20px-Kreuz-hugenotten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="849" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Reformed_Christianity" title="Portal:Reformed Christianity">Reformed Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformed_Christianity" title="Template:Reformed Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Reformed_Christianity" title="Template talk:Reformed Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Reformed_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Reformed Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Congregationalism</b> (also <b>Congregationalist churches</b> or <b>Congregational churches</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a> (Calvinist) tradition of Protestant Christianity in which churches practice <a href="/wiki/Congregationalist_polity" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist polity">congregational government</a>. Each <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/congregation" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:congregation">congregation</a> independently and autonomously runs its own affairs. These principles are enshrined in the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Platform" title="Cambridge Platform">Cambridge Platform</a> (1648) and the <a href="/wiki/Savoy_Declaration" title="Savoy Declaration">Savoy Declaration</a> (1658), Congregationalist <a href="/wiki/Confession_of_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Confession of faith">confessions of faith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rohr2008_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rohr2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fields2024_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fields2024-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Congregationalist Churches are a continuity of the theological tradition upheld by the <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Melton2005_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melton2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their genesis was through the work of Congregationalist divines <a href="/wiki/Robert_Browne_(Brownist)" title="Robert Browne (Brownist)">Robert Browne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Barrowe" title="Henry Barrowe">Henry Barrowe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Greenwood_(divine)" title="John Greenwood (divine)">John Greenwood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United Kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritan Reformation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> laid the foundation for such churches. In England, early Congregationalists were called <i><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_separatism" title="Ecclesiastical separatism">Separatists</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Independent_(religion)" title="Independent (religion)">Independents</a></i> to distinguish them from the similarly <a href="/wiki/Calvinistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinistic">Calvinistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Presbyterians" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterians">Presbyterians</a>, whose churches embraced a <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_polity" title="Presbyterian polity">polity based on the governance of elders</a>; this commitment to self-governing congregations was codified in the Savoy Declaration.<sup id="cite_ref-Fields2024_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fields2024-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Congregationalism_in_the_United_States" title="Congregationalism in the United States">Congregationalism in the United States</a> traces its origins to the Puritans of <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, who wrote the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Platform" title="Cambridge Platform">Cambridge Platform</a> of 1648 to describe the autonomy of the church and its association with others.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillerbrand2004_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillerbrand2004-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the United States, the model of Congregational churches was carried by migrating settlers from New England into <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, then into the <a href="/wiki/Old_Northwest" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Northwest">Old Northwest</a>, and further. </p><p>The Congregationalist tradition has a presence in the United States, Argentina, Ireland, and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> including the United Kingdom, Canada, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and various Pacific island nations. It has been introduced either by immigrant dissenters or by missionary organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/London_Missionary_Society" title="London Missionary Society">London Missionary Society</a>. A number of <a href="/wiki/Evangelical" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical">evangelical</a> Congregational churches are members of the <a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Congregational_Fellowship" title="World Evangelical Congregational Fellowship">World Evangelical Congregational Fellowship</a>. Congregationalism, as defined by the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>, is estimated to represent 0.5 percent of the worldwide Protestant population.<sup id="cite_ref-pewforum_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pewforum-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beliefs">Beliefs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregationalism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Congregationalism is a <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed (Calvinist)</a> tradition of Protestant Christianity that enjoins a <a href="/wiki/Church_polity" class="mw-redirect" title="Church polity">church polity</a> in which congregations are self-governing (cf. <a href="/wiki/Congregational_polity" title="Congregational polity">congregational polity</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Fields2024_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fields2024-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the years, Congregationalists have adopted various <a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">confessional statements</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Savoy_Declaration" title="Savoy Declaration">Savoy Declaration</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Platform" title="Cambridge Platform">Cambridge Platform</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Statement_of_Faith" title="Kansas City Statement of Faith">Kansas City Statement of Faith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins2019_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2019-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike Presbyterians, Congregationalists practise <a href="/wiki/Congregational_polity" title="Congregational polity">congregational polity</a> (from which they derive their name), which holds that the members of a local church have the right to decide their church's forms of <a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">worship</a> and confessional statements, choose their own officers and administer their own affairs without any outside interference.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJefferson191025_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefferson191025-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congregationalist polity is rooted in a foundational tenet of Congregationalism: the <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">priesthood of all believers</a>. According to Congregationalist minister <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Jefferson" title="Charles Edward Jefferson">Charles Edward Jefferson</a>, this means that "Every believer is a priest and ... every seeking child of God is given directly wisdom, guidance, power".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJefferson191022_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefferson191022-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, there is an absence of <a href="/wiki/Godparent" title="Godparent">godparents</a>, since the whole congregation is the godparent to all the children in the church.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Congregationalists have two sacraments: <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Supper_in_Reformed_theology" title="Lord's Supper in Reformed theology">Lord's Supper</a>. Congregationalists practise <a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">infant baptism</a>, but hold that "...there is no distinction between 'infant baptism' and 'believer's baptism'."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lord's Supper is normally celebrated once or twice a month. Congregationalists do not invoke the <a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_saints" title="Intercession of saints">intercession of saints</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins2019_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2019-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain Congregationalist hymns that have become popular across <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a> include "<a href="/wiki/When_I_Survey_the_Wondrous_Cross" title="When I Survey the Wondrous Cross">When I Survey the Wondrous Cross</a>" and "Hark the Glad Sound".<sup id="cite_ref-Vischer2003_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vischer2003-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregationalism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan Religious Settlement</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/English_Presbyterianism" title="English Presbyterianism">English Presbyterianism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Puritans" title="Category:Puritans">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Puritan_by_Augustus_Saint-Gaudens_-_Springfield,_Massachusetts_-_DSC02513.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_Puritan_by_Augustus_Saint-Gaudens_-_Springfield%2C_Massachusetts_-_DSC02513.JPG/250px-The_Puritan_by_Augustus_Saint-Gaudens_-_Springfield%2C_Massachusetts_-_DSC02513.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_Puritan_by_Augustus_Saint-Gaudens_-_Springfield%2C_Massachusetts_-_DSC02513.JPG/330px-The_Puritan_by_Augustus_Saint-Gaudens_-_Springfield%2C_Massachusetts_-_DSC02513.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_Puritan_by_Augustus_Saint-Gaudens_-_Springfield%2C_Massachusetts_-_DSC02513.JPG/500px-The_Puritan_by_Augustus_Saint-Gaudens_-_Springfield%2C_Massachusetts_-_DSC02513.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2847" data-file-height="4169" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/The_Puritan_(statue)" title="The Puritan (statue)"><i>The Puritan</i></a>, an 1887 statue by <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Saint-Gaudens" title="Augustus Saint-Gaudens">Augustus Saint-Gaudens</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield, Massachusetts</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism_in_the_Church_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Arminianism in the Church of England">Arminianism in the Church of England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">English Dissenters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_(religion)" title="Independent (religion)">Independents</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_Presbyterianism" title="English Presbyterianism">English Presbyterianism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_separatism" title="Ecclesiastical separatism">Ecclesiastical separatism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/17th-century_denominations_in_England" title="17th-century denominations in England">17th-century denominations in England</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Crucial themes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_Puritanism" title="Definitions of Puritanism">Definitions of Puritanism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Impropriation" title="Impropriation">Impropriation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Puritan_Sabbatarianism" title="Puritan Sabbatarianism">Puritan Sabbatarianism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Puritan_choir" title="Puritan choir">Puritan choir</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Puritan_work_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan work ethic">Puritan work ethic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Merton thesis</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Puritans_under_Queen_Elizabeth_I" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Puritans under Queen Elizabeth I">History under Queen Elizabeth I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Puritans_under_King_James_I" title="History of the Puritans under King James I">History under King James I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Puritans_under_King_Charles_I" title="History of the Puritans under King Charles I">History under King Charles I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Puritans_from_1649" title="History of the Puritans from 1649">Cromwellian era and after</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Puritans_in_North_America" title="History of the Puritans in North America">History in North America</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Confessions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith" title="Westminster Confession of Faith">Westminster Confession of Faith</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Savoy_Declaration" title="Savoy Declaration">Savoy Declaration</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Platform" title="Cambridge Platform">Cambridge Platform</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">England</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scrooby_Congregation" title="Scrooby Congregation">Scrooby Congregation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Archbishop_Laud" class="mw-redirect" title="Trial of Archbishop Laud">Trial of Archbishop Laud</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_exiles" title="Marian exiles">Marian exiles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vestments_controversy" title="Vestments controversy">Vestments controversy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Marprelate" title="Martin Marprelate">Martin Marprelate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Millenary_Petition" title="Millenary Petition">Millenary Petition</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Remonstrance" title="Grand Remonstrance">Grand Remonstrance</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (England)">English Restoration</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Uniformity_1662" title="Act of Uniformity 1662">Act of Uniformity 1662</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Ejection" title="Great Ejection">Great Ejection</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan Religious Settlement</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">America</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_Company" title="Providence Island Company">Providence Island Company</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Salem_witch_trials" title="Salem witch trials">Salem witch trials</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Puritan_migration_to_New_England_(1620%E2%80%931640)" title="Puritan migration to New England (1620–1640)">Immigration to New England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Puritan_culture_and_recreation" title="New England Puritan culture and recreation">Culture in New England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Puritan_New_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas in Puritan New England">Christmas prohibition</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Praying_town" title="Praying town">Praying town</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Half-Way_Covenant" title="Half-Way Covenant">Half-Way Covenant</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism#Puritan_roots_and_Protestant_promise" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Elsewhere</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Troubles_at_Frankfurt" title="Troubles at Frankfurt">Troubles at Frankfurt</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Puritans" title="List of Puritans">Notable individuals</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bulkley" title="Peter Bulkley">Peter Bulkley</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Bunyan" title="John Bunyan">John Bunyan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_(Plymouth_Colony_governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Bradford (Plymouth Colony governor)">William Bradford</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bradstreet" title="Anne Bradstreet">Anne Bradstreet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Cotton_(minister)" title="John Cotton (minister)">John Cotton</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Endecott" title="John Endecott">John Endecott</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Hutchinson" title="Anne Hutchinson">Anne Hutchinson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_Mather" title="Cotton Mather">Cotton Mather</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Increase_Mather" title="Increase Mather">Increase Mather</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/James_Noyes" title="James Noyes">James Noyes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Parker_(minister)" title="Thomas Parker (minister)">Thomas Parker</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Roger Williams</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop" title="John Winthrop">John Winthrop</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodford_(17th-century_diarist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Woodford (17th-century diarist)">Robert Woodford</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Godly_Man%27s_Picture" title="The Godly Man's Picture">The Godly Man's Picture</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pilgrim%27s_Progress" title="The Pilgrim's Progress">The Pilgrim's Progress</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Foxe%27s_Book_of_Martyrs" title="Foxe's Book of Martyrs">Foxe's Book of Martyrs</a></i></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Continuing movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregational churches</a> (<small><a href="/wiki/Congregationalism_in_the_United_States" title="Congregationalism in the United States">U.S.</a></small>)</li><li>other <a href="/wiki/Reformed_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed churches">Reformed churches</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Puritans" title="Template:Puritans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Puritans" title="Template talk:Puritans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Puritans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Puritans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The origins of Congregationalism are found in 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Puritanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritanism">Puritanism</a>, a movement that sought to complete the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a> begun with the separation of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> (1509–47).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVon_Rohr19929–10_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVon_Rohr19929–10-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> (1558–1603), the Church of England was considered a Reformed or Calvinist church, but it also preserved certain characteristics of medieval Catholicism, such as <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedrals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_choir" class="mw-redirect" title="Church choir">church choirs</a>, a formal <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a> contained in the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i>, traditional clerical <a href="/wiki/Vestment" title="Vestment">vestments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">episcopal polity</a> (government by <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffeyLim20083–4_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffeyLim20083–4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Puritans were Calvinists who wanted to further reform the church by abolishing all remaining Catholic practices, such as clerical vestments, wedding rings, <a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">organ</a> music in church, kneeling at <a href="/wiki/Holy_Communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Communion">Holy Communion</a>, using the term <i>priest</i> for a minister, bowing at the name of Jesus, and making the sign of the cross in baptism and communion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoungs199816_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoungs199816-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Puritans believed the Church of England should follow the example of Reformed churches in other parts of Europe and adopt <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_polity" title="Presbyterian polity">presbyterian polity</a>, in which an egalitarian network of local ministers cooperated through regional <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECraig200839–40_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig200839–40-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Puritans experimented with congregational polity both within the Church of England and outside of it. Puritans who left the <a href="/wiki/Established_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Established church">established church</a> were known as <a href="/wiki/English_Separatists" class="mw-redirect" title="English Separatists">Separatists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVon_Rohr199213_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVon_Rohr199213-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Congregationalism may have first developed in the <a href="/wiki/London_Underground_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="London Underground Church">London Underground Church</a> under Richard Fitz in the late 1560s and 1570s. The Congregational historian Albert Peel argued that it was accepted that the evidence for a fully thought out congregational <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">ecclesiology</a> is not overwhelming.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeel192038–40_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeel192038–40-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Browne_(Brownist)" title="Robert Browne (Brownist)">Robert Browne</a> (1550–1633) was the first person to set out explicit congregational principles and is considered the founder of Congregationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-Tomkins_2020_98_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomkins_2020_98-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoungs199811_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoungs199811-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While studying for <a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">ordination</a>, Browne became convinced that the Church of England was a false church. He moved to Norwich and together with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Harrison_(Brownist)" title="Robert Harrison (Brownist)">Robert Harrison</a> formed an illegal Separatist congregation. </p><p>In 1581, Browne and his followers moved to <a href="/wiki/Holland" title="Holland">Holland</a> in order to worship freely. While in Holland, Browne wrote treatises that laid out the essential features of Congregationalism. Browne argued for a church only of genuine, <a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(theology)" title="Regeneration (theology)">regenerate</a> believers and criticized the <a href="/wiki/Anglicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicans">Anglicans</a> for including all English people within their church. The congregation should choose its own leaders, and the ministers should be ordained by the congregation itself not by bishops or fellow ministers. Each congregation should be founded on a written <a href="/wiki/Church_covenant" title="Church covenant">church covenant</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoungs199812–13_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoungs199812–13-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the congregation as a whole should govern the church: "The meetings together… of every whole church, and of the elders therein, is above the apostle, above the prophet, the evangelist, the pastor, the teacher, and every particular elder" and "The voice of the whole people, guided by the elders and the forwardest, is said [in Scripture] to be the voice of God".<sup id="cite_ref-Tomkins_2020_98_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomkins_2020_98-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While each church would be independent, separate churches would still come together to discuss matters of common concern.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoungs199813_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoungs199813-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Short lifespans were typical of Separatist churches (also known as <a href="/wiki/Brownist" class="mw-redirect" title="Brownist">Brownist</a> congregations). These were small congregations who met in secret and faced persecution. They were often forced to go into exile in Holland and tended to disintegrate quickly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVon_Rohr199217–18_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVon_Rohr199217–18-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable Separatists who faced exile or death included <a href="/wiki/Henry_Barrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Barrow">Henry Barrow</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1550</span>–1593), <a href="/wiki/John_Greenwood_(Puritan)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Greenwood (Puritan)">John Greenwood</a> (died 1593), <a href="/wiki/John_Penry" title="John Penry">John Penry</a> (1559–1593), <a href="/wiki/Francis_Johnson_(Brownist)" title="Francis Johnson (Brownist)">Francis Johnson</a> (1563–1618), and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ainsworth" title="Henry Ainsworth">Henry Ainsworth</a> (1571–1622).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVon_Rohr199222–25_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVon_Rohr199222–25-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1600s, a Separatist congregation in Scrooby was founded through the efforts of <a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(Baptist_minister)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Smyth (Baptist minister)">John Smyth</a> (who later rejected infant baptism and became a founder of the Baptist movement). <a href="/wiki/John_Robinson_(pastor)" title="John Robinson (pastor)">John Robinson</a> was the congregation's pastor and <a href="/wiki/William_Brewster_(Pilgrim)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Brewster (Pilgrim)">William Brewster</a> was an <a href="/wiki/Elder_(Christianity)" title="Elder (Christianity)">elder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVon_Rohr199228–29_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVon_Rohr199228–29-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1607, the congregation moved to Holland fleeing persecution. In 1620, the group (known in history as the <a href="/wiki/Pilgrims_(Plymouth_Colony)" title="Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)">Pilgrims</a>) sailed to North America on the <i><a href="/wiki/Mayflower" title="Mayflower">Mayflower</a></i>, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth Colony</a> and bringing the Congregational tradition to America.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoungs199830_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoungs199830-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1639 <a href="/wiki/William_Wroth" title="William Wroth">William Wroth</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)" title="Rector (ecclesiastical)">Rector</a> of the parish church at <a href="/wiki/Llanvaches" title="Llanvaches">Llanvaches</a> in <a href="/wiki/Monmouthshire_(historic)" title="Monmouthshire (historic)">Monmouthshire</a>, established the first <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Independent Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> "according to the New England pattern", i.e. Congregational. The Tabernacle <a href="/wiki/United_Reformed_Church" title="United Reformed Church">United Reformed Church</a> at Llanvaches survives to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, those who supported the Parliamentary cause were invited by Parliament to discuss religious matters. The <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith" title="Westminster Confession of Faith">Westminster Confession of Faith</a> (1646) was officially claimed to be the statement of faith for both the Church of England (Anglican/Episcopal) and Church of Scotland (Presbyterian), which was politically expedient for those in the Presbyterian dominated English Parliament who approved of the <a href="/wiki/Solemn_League_and_Covenant" title="Solemn League and Covenant">Solemn League and Covenant</a> (1643). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catalogue_of_Sects.GIF" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Catalogue_of_Sects.GIF/250px-Catalogue_of_Sects.GIF" decoding="async" width="250" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Catalogue_of_Sects.GIF/375px-Catalogue_of_Sects.GIF 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Catalogue_of_Sects.GIF/500px-Catalogue_of_Sects.GIF 2x" data-file-width="2236" data-file-height="1404" /></a><figcaption><i>A Catalogue of the Several Sects and Opinions in England and other Nations: With a briefe Rehearsall of their false and dangerous Tenents</i>, propaganda <a href="/wiki/Broadsheet" title="Broadsheet">broadsheet</a> denouncing English Dissenters from 1647</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Second_English_Civil_War" title="Second English Civil War">Second Civil War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_Model_Army" title="New Model Army">New Model Army</a> which was dominated by Congregationalists (or <a href="/wiki/Independents_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independents (religion)">Independents</a>) seized control of the parliament with <a href="/wiki/Pride%27s_purge" class="mw-redirect" title="Pride's purge">Pride's purge</a> (1648), arranged for the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice_for_the_trial_of_Charles_I" class="mw-redirect" title="High Court of Justice for the trial of Charles I">trial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Charles_I" title="Execution of Charles I">execution of Charles I</a> in January 1649 and subsequently introduced a republican <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth (England)">Commonwealth</a> dominated by Independents such as <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a>. This government lasted until 1660 when the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (England)">monarch was restored</a> and <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopalism</a> was re-established (see the <a href="/wiki/Penal_law_(British)" title="Penal law (British)">Penal Laws</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Ejection" title="Great Ejection">Great Ejection</a>). </p><p>In 1662, two years after the Restoration, two thousand Independent, Presbyterian, and congregational ministers were evicted from their parishes as dissenters and not being in Holy Orders conferred by bishops. </p><p>In 1658 (during the <a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(England)" title="Interregnum (England)">interregnum</a>) the Congregationalists created their own version of the Westminster Confession, called the <a href="/wiki/Savoy_Declaration" title="Savoy Declaration">Savoy Declaration</a>, which remains the principal <a href="/wiki/Subordinate_standard" title="Subordinate standard">subordinate standard</a> of Congregationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregationalism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: By country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argentina">Argentina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregationalism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Argentina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Congregationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Congregationalism">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Congregationalism%22">"Congregationalism"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Congregationalism%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Congregationalism%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Congregationalism%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Congregationalism%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Congregationalism%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IGLESIA_EVANGELICA_CONGREGACIONAL_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/IGLESIA_EVANGELICA_CONGREGACIONAL_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-IGLESIA_EVANGELICA_CONGREGACIONAL_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/IGLESIA_EVANGELICA_CONGREGACIONAL_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-IGLESIA_EVANGELICA_CONGREGACIONAL_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/IGLESIA_EVANGELICA_CONGREGACIONAL_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-IGLESIA_EVANGELICA_CONGREGACIONAL_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Iglesia Evangelica Congregacional, <a href="/wiki/Coronel_Du_Graty" title="Coronel Du Graty">Coronel Du Graty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The mission to Argentina was the second foreign field tended by German Congregationalists. The work in South America began in 1921 when four Argentine churches urgently requested that denominational recognition be given to George Geier, serving them. The Illinois Conference licensed Geier, who worked among Germans from Russia who were very similar to their kin in the United States and in Canada. The South American Germans from Russia had learned about Congregationalism in letters from relatives in the United States. </p><p>In 1924 general missionary John Hoelzer, while in Argentina for a brief visit, organised six churches. In the province of <a href="/wiki/Entre_R%C3%ADos_Province" title="Entre Ríos Province">Entre Ríos</a>, congregations began to join the Evangelical Congregational Church in <a href="/wiki/Crespo,_Entre_R%C3%ADos" title="Crespo, Entre Ríos">Crespo</a>. Information indicates that since 1923 there were activities in private homes and in 1928 the first pastoral house was inaugurated, in San Salvador from 1928, in Concordia, from 1929–1930, in Federal from 1934, in Paraná since the 1940's. In Concepción del Uruguay since 1942. Basavilbaso from 1944. Gualeguaychú from 1950. And then many more followed. In the province of Chaco, immigrants from Germany, Russia and neighbouring areas settled in Colonia Palmar, between Charata and General Pinedo. When they heard about the existence of the Evangelical Congregational Church, they contacted and invited the North American missionary Guillermo Strauch to visit them. This took place on August 25, 1928, when the first service was held and as a result of the meeting they decided to join the I. E. C. The following year, their first church was inaugurated. Due to a great drought, in 1945 this church had to close its doors, and the families emigrated to Villa Ángela, Coronel Du Graty or Santa Sylvina, in the province of Chaco, or to El Colorado, in Formosa. In each of these places, new faith communities emerged from the relocation of members of Colonia Palmar. In Villa Ángela, the first church was actually established in Colonia Juan José Paso in 1947, and two years later the first church was inaugurated. In Coronel Du Graty, it originated from prayer meetings in 1947 (with those who came from Colonia Palmar) in "Campo Ugarte" and "Campo Ñandubay". Later they joined together to build their own place for worship, which happened in 1954. In the province of Misiones, in Leandro N. Alem and the surrounding area, immigrants from Poland, Germany and Brazil began to arrive between 1929 and 1938. Although their economic condition was precarious, they were rich in their desire to work, to progress and in their spirituality. They began to hold prayer meetings, and faith communities were formed in Alem Sud, Picada Almafuerte and Picada Flor (Colonia El Chatón). </p><p>In 1932 a group of these believers adopted the name of "Congregation of Evangelical Brothers" and when they began the process of registration in the National Register of Cults, they became aware of the Evangelical Congregational Church, decided to join it, and in 1935 the North American missionary, Pastor Federico Gross visited them for an Extraordinary Assembly, where they approved their statutes with the name of "Evangelical Lutheran Congregational Church". This consolidated their union with the IEC of Argentina. In other cities of Misiones the Congregational work began in Oberá in the 1930s, in San Francisco de Asís a work began with believers from Brazil in 1935, in Dos de Mayo since 1945, in Valle Hermoso a group of Lutheran origin joined the Evangelical Congregational Church in 1949, in El Soberbio since 1950, in San Vicente since 1966, in Posadas since 1970 and later many more congregations. </p><p>In Buenos Aires, as a result of the migration of congregational members from the interior of the country, it was started in Rivadavia 6001 in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, in 1937 by the missionary Federico Gross. From that moment on they received pastoral care from Entre Ríos. In 1946 the missionary Otto Tiede organised the first board of directors in the Colegiales neighbourhood, when the congregation met in the church "El Buen Pastor", which was lent to them by the Disciples of Christ. In 1947, Pastor Ludwig Serfas became the first local pastor, with residence in Olivos, and it was decided to build the first church in Villa Ballester, which was inaugurated in 1950. </p><p>The Evangelical Congregational Church spread to Córdoba in 1972, with itinerant missionary work from Basavilbaso (Entre Ríos). In the province of Santa Fe from 1980, from Paraná (Entre Ríos). In Corrientes (capital) from 1982 and in CABA a missionary work started in 1995. In the first 100 years, it has spread from Entre Ríos to several provinces: Misiones, Corrientes, Chaco, Formosa, Córdoba, Santa Fe, Buenos Aires and CABA. It has spread to southern Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. It is currently present in more than 150 towns and cities in Argentina. </p><p>It has a social commitment, working among the most vulnerable, deprived and marginalised. It serves in the containment of families in the most varied contexts. With specific programmes for children, adolescents, young people, married couples and the elderly. With presence in formal and informal education, training and instructing people of all ages, in arts and crafts, in values and principles that make solidarity, human rights, and a better quality of life for all, according to the possibilities and opportunities. With canteens and picnic areas, with an integral pastoral care, which includes accompaniment in hospitals and prisons. It has a Higher Biblical Institute that offers an official degree: "Profesorado en Ciencias Sagradas". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregationalism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Michael%27s_Church_Collins_Street_Melbourne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/St_Michael%27s_Church_Collins_Street_Melbourne.jpg/250px-St_Michael%27s_Church_Collins_Street_Melbourne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/St_Michael%27s_Church_Collins_Street_Melbourne.jpg/330px-St_Michael%27s_Church_Collins_Street_Melbourne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/St_Michael%27s_Church_Collins_Street_Melbourne.jpg/500px-St_Michael%27s_Church_Collins_Street_Melbourne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2628" data-file-height="3361" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St_Michael%27s_Uniting_Church,_Melbourne" title="St Michael's Uniting Church, Melbourne">St Michael's Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1977, most congregations of the <a href="/wiki/Congregational_Union_of_Australia" title="Congregational Union of Australia">Congregational Union of Australia</a> merged with all Churches of the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_of_Australasia" title="Methodist Church of Australasia">Methodist Church of Australasia</a> and a majority of Churches of the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Australia" title="Presbyterian Church of Australia">Presbyterian Church of Australia</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Uniting_Church_in_Australia" title="Uniting Church in Australia">Uniting Church in Australia</a>. </p><p>Those congregations that did not join the Uniting Church formed the <a href="/wiki/Fellowship_of_Congregational_Churches" title="Fellowship of Congregational Churches">Fellowship of Congregational Churches</a> or continued as Presbyterians. Some more <a href="/wiki/Christian_ecumenism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian ecumenism">ecumenically</a> minded Congregationalists left the Fellowship of Congregational Churches in 1995 and formed the <a href="/wiki/Congregational_Federation_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational Federation of Australia">Congregational Federation of Australia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregationalism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bulgaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AmericanCollegeSofia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/AmericanCollegeSofia.jpg/250px-AmericanCollegeSofia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/AmericanCollegeSofia.jpg/330px-AmericanCollegeSofia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/AmericanCollegeSofia.jpg/500px-AmericanCollegeSofia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3593" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/American_College_of_Sofia" title="American College of Sofia">American College of Sofia</a> was founded by Congregationalists</figcaption></figure> <p>Congregationalists (called "Evangelicals" in <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>; the word "Protestant" is not used<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMojzesShenk1992209_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMojzesShenk1992209-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) were among the first Protestant missionaries to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and to the Northwestern part of the European Ottoman Empire which is now Bulgaria, where their work to convert these Orthodox Christians was unhampered by the death penalty imposed by the Ottomans on Muslim converts to Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMojzesShenk1992210_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMojzesShenk1992210-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These missionaries were significant contributors to the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Revival" title="Bulgarian National Revival">Bulgarian National Revival</a> movement. Today, <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Bulgaria" title="Protestantism in Bulgaria">Protestantism in Bulgaria</a> represents the third largest religious group, behind Orthodox and Muslim. Missionaries from the United States first arrived in 1857–58, sent to <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> by the <a href="/wiki/American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions" title="American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions">American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions</a> (ABCFM). The ABCFM was proposed in 1810 by the Congregationalist graduates of Williams College, MA, and was chartered in 1812 to support missions by Congregationalists, Presbyterian (1812–1870), Dutch-Reformed (1819–1857) and other denominational members.<sup id="cite_ref-Vassileva_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vassileva-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ABCFM focused its efforts on southern Bulgaria and the Methodist Church on the region north of the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Mountains" title="Balkan Mountains">Balkan Mountains</a> (Stara Planina, or "Old Mountains"). </p><p>In 1857, Cyrus Hamlin and Charles Morse established three missionary centres in southern Bulgaria – in Odrin (<a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a>, former capital city of the Ottoman Empire, in Turkey), <a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stara_Zagora" title="Stara Zagora">Stara Zagora</a>. They were joined in 1859 by Russian-born naturalized America Frederic Flocken in 1859.<sup id="cite_ref-Vassileva_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vassileva-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American Presbyterian minister <a href="/wiki/Elias_Riggs" title="Elias Riggs">Elias Riggs</a> commissioned, supported and edited the work of Bulgarian monk <a href="/wiki/Neofit_Rilski" title="Neofit Rilski">Neofit Rilski</a> to create a <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Bulgarian" title="Bible translations into Bulgarian">Bible translations into Bulgarian</a> which was then distributed widely in Bulgaria in 1871 and thereafter. This effort was supported by Congregationalist missionary Albert Long, <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Fotinov" title="Konstantin Fotinov">Konstantin Fotinov</a>, Hristodul Sechan-Nikolov and <a href="/wiki/Petko_Slaveikov" class="mw-redirect" title="Petko Slaveikov">Petko Slaveikov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vassileva_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vassileva-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reportedly, 2,000 copies of the newly translated Bulgarian language New Testament were sold within the first two weeks. </p><p>Congregational churches were established in <a href="/wiki/Bansko" title="Bansko">Bansko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veliko_Turnovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Veliko Turnovo">Veliko Turnovo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Svishtov" title="Svishtov">Svishtov</a> between 1840 and 1878, followed by <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a> in 1899. By 1909, there were 19 Congregational churches, with a total congregation of 1,456 in southern Bulgaria offering normal Sunday services, Sunday schools for children, biblical instruction for adults; as well as women's groups and youth groups. Summer Bible schools were held annually from 1896 to 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-Vassileva_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vassileva-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Congregationalists led by James F. Clarke opened Bulgaria's first Protestant primary school for boys in <a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a> in 1860, followed three years later by a primary school for girls in <a href="/wiki/Stara_Zagora" title="Stara Zagora">Stara Zagora</a>. In 1871 the two schools were moved to <a href="/wiki/Samokov" title="Samokov">Samokov</a> and merged as the American College, now considered the oldest American educational institution outside the US. In 1928, new facilities were constructed in Sofia, and the Samokov operation transferred to the <a href="/wiki/American_College_of_Sofia" title="American College of Sofia">American College of Sofia</a> (ACS), now operated at a very high level by the Sofia American Schools, Inc.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1874, a Bible College was opened in <a href="/wiki/Ruse,_Bulgaria" title="Ruse, Bulgaria">Ruse, Bulgaria</a> for people wanting to become pastors. At the 1876 annual conference of missionaries, the beginning of organizational activity in the country was established. The evangelical churches of Bulgaria formed a united association in 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-Vassileva_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vassileva-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The missionaries played a significant role in assisting the Bulgarians throw off "the Turkish Yoke", which included publishing the magazine Zornitsa (Зорница, "Dawn"), founded in 1864 by the initiative of Riggs and Long.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zornitsa became the most powerful and most widespread newspaper of the Bulgarian Renaissance.<sup id="cite_ref-Vassileva_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vassileva-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small roadside marker on Bulgarian Highway 19 in the <a href="/wiki/Rila" title="Rila">Rila</a> Mountains, close to <a href="/wiki/Gradevo" title="Gradevo">Gradevo</a> commemorates the support given the Bulgarian Resistance by these early Congregationalist missionaries. </p><p>On 3 September 1901 Congregationalist missionaries came to world attention in the <a href="/wiki/Miss_Stone_Affair" title="Miss Stone Affair">Miss Stone Affair</a> when missionary Ellen Maria Stone,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Roxbury, Massachusetts, and her pregnant fellow missionary friend Macedonian-Bulgarian Katerina Stefanova–Tsilka, wife of an Albanian Protestant minister, were kidnapped while traveling between <a href="/wiki/Bansko" title="Bansko">Bansko</a> and Gorna Dzhumaya (now <a href="/wiki/Blagoevgrad" title="Blagoevgrad">Blagoevgrad</a>), by an <a href="/wiki/Internal_Macedonian-Adrianople_Revolutionary_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization">Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization</a> detachment led by the <a href="/wiki/Voivoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Voivoda">voivoda</a> <a href="/wiki/Yane_Sandanski" title="Yane Sandanski">Yane Sandanski</a> and the sub-voivodas <a href="/wiki/Hristo_Chernopeev" title="Hristo Chernopeev">Hristo Chernopeev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kr%C7%8Estyo_Asenov" class="mw-redirect" title="Krǎstyo Asenov">Krǎstyo Asenov</a> and ransomed to provide funds for revolutionary activities. Eventually, a heavy ransom (14,000 <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_lira" title="Ottoman lira">Ottoman lira</a> (about US$62,000 at 1902 gold prices or $5 million at 2012 gold prices) raised by public subscription in the USA was paid on 18 January 1902 in <a href="/wiki/Bansko" title="Bansko">Bansko</a> and the hostages (now including a newborn baby) were released on 2 February near <a href="/wiki/Strumica" title="Strumica">Strumica</a>—a full five months after being kidnapped. Widely covered by the media at the time, the event has been often dubbed "America's first modern hostage crisis". </p><p>The Bulgarian royal house, of Catholic German extraction, was unsympathetic to the American inspired Protestants, and this mood became worse when Bulgaria sided with Germany in WWI and WWII.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMojzesShenk1992212_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMojzesShenk1992212-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matters became much worse when the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Communist_Party" title="Bulgarian Communist Party">Bulgarian Communist Party</a> took power in 1944. Like the royal family, it too saw Protestantism closely linked to the West and hence more politically dangerous than traditional Orthodox Christianity. This prompted repressive legislation in the form of "Regulations for the Organization and Administration of the Evangelical Churches in the People's Republic of Bulgaria" and resulted in the harshest government repression, possibly the worst in the entire <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>, intended to extinguish Protestantism altogether. Mass arrests of pastors (and often their families), torture, long prison sentences (including four life sentences) and even disappearance were common. Similar tactics were used on parishioners. </p><p>In fifteen highly publicized mock show-trials between 8 February and 8 March 1949, all the accused pastors confessed to a range of charges against them, including treason, spying (for both the US and Yugoslavia), black marketing, and various immoral acts. State appointed pastors were foisted on surviving congregations. As late as the 1980s, imprisonment and exile were still employed to destroy the remaining Protestant churches. The Congregationalist magazine "Zornitsa" was banned; Bibles became unobtainable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMojzesShenk1992214–215_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMojzesShenk1992214–215-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the number of Congregationalists is small and estimated by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Mojzes" title="Paul Mojzes">Paul Mojzes</a> in 1982 to number about 5,000, in 20 churches. (Total Protestants in Bulgaria were estimated in 1965 to have been between 10,000 and 20,000.)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMojzesShenk1992209–236,_383_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMojzesShenk1992209–236,_383-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recent estimates indicate enrollment in Protestant ("Evangelical" or "Gospel") churches of between 100,000 and 200,000,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> presumably reflecting the success of more recent missionary efforts of evangelical groups. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregationalism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Canada, the first foreign field, thirty-one churches that had been affiliated with the General Conference became part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Canada" title="United Church of Canada">United Church of Canada</a> when that denomination was founded in 1925 by the merger of the Canadian Congregationalist and <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> churches, and two-thirds of the congregations of the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Canada" title="Presbyterian Church in Canada">Presbyterian Church in Canada</a>. In 1988, a number of UCC congregations separated from the national church, which they felt was moving away theologically and in practice from Biblical Christianity. Many of the former UCC congregations banded together as the new <a href="/wiki/Congregational_Christian_Churches_in_Canada" title="Congregational Christian Churches in Canada">Congregational Christian Churches in Canada</a>. </p><p>The Congregational Christian Churches in Canada (or 4Cs) is an evangelical, Protestant, Christian denomination, headquartered in Brantford, Ontario, and a member of the <a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Congregational_Fellowship" title="World Evangelical Congregational Fellowship">World Evangelical Congregational Fellowship</a>. The name "congregational" generally describes its preferred organizational style, which promotes local church autonomy and ownership, while fostering fellowship and accountability between churches at the National level. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregationalism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Congregational_Union_of_Ireland" title="Congregational Union of Ireland">Congregational Union of Ireland</a> was founded in 1829 and currently has around 26 member churches. In 1899 it absorbed the Irish Evangelical Society.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Samoa">Samoa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregationalism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Samoa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bechuana_Congregation_(relates_to_David_Livingstone)_by_The_London_Missionary_Society_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bechuana_Congregation_%28relates_to_David_Livingstone%29_by_The_London_Missionary_Society_cropped.jpg/200px-Bechuana_Congregation_%28relates_to_David_Livingstone%29_by_The_London_Missionary_Society_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bechuana_Congregation_%28relates_to_David_Livingstone%29_by_The_London_Missionary_Society_cropped.jpg/300px-Bechuana_Congregation_%28relates_to_David_Livingstone%29_by_The_London_Missionary_Society_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bechuana_Congregation_%28relates_to_David_Livingstone%29_by_The_London_Missionary_Society_cropped.jpg/400px-Bechuana_Congregation_%28relates_to_David_Livingstone%29_by_The_London_Missionary_Society_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2032" data-file-height="2040" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/London_Missionary_Society" title="London Missionary Society">London Missionary Society</a> preaching to native peoples of <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Congregational_Christian_Church_of_Samoa" title="Congregational Christian Church of Samoa">Congregational Christian Church of Samoa</a> is one of the largest group of churches throughout the Pacific Region. It was founded in 1830 by the <a href="/wiki/London_Missionary_Society" title="London Missionary Society">London Missionary Society</a> missionary <a href="/wiki/John_Williams_(missionary)" title="John Williams (missionary)">John Williams</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Savai%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Savai'i">Savai'i</a> in the village of Sapapali'i. As the church grew it established and continues to support theological colleges in Samoa and Fiji. There are over 100,000 members attending over 2,000 congregations throughout the world, most of which are located in Samoa, American Samoa, New Zealand, Australia and America. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Congregational_Church_of_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Congregational Church of Jamaica (page does not exist)">Christian Congregational Church of Jamaica</a> falls under the constitution of the Samoan Church. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregationalism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Congregational churches were brought to the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> by British settlers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregationalism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albion_Church,_Ashton-under-Lyne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Albion_Church%2C_Ashton-under-Lyne.jpg/250px-Albion_Church%2C_Ashton-under-Lyne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Albion_Church%2C_Ashton-under-Lyne.jpg/330px-Albion_Church%2C_Ashton-under-Lyne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Albion_Church%2C_Ashton-under-Lyne.jpg/500px-Albion_Church%2C_Ashton-under-Lyne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2934" data-file-height="4247" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Albion_Congregational_Church" title="Albion Congregational Church">Albion Congregational Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ashton-Under-Lyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashton-Under-Lyne">Ashton-Under-Lyne</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27A_Missionary_Preaching_to_the_Natives,_under_a_Skreen_of_platted_Cocoa-nut_leaves_at_Kairua%27_by_William_Ellis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/%27A_Missionary_Preaching_to_the_Natives%2C_under_a_Skreen_of_platted_Cocoa-nut_leaves_at_Kairua%27_by_William_Ellis.jpg/220px-%27A_Missionary_Preaching_to_the_Natives%2C_under_a_Skreen_of_platted_Cocoa-nut_leaves_at_Kairua%27_by_William_Ellis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/%27A_Missionary_Preaching_to_the_Natives%2C_under_a_Skreen_of_platted_Cocoa-nut_leaves_at_Kairua%27_by_William_Ellis.jpg/330px-%27A_Missionary_Preaching_to_the_Natives%2C_under_a_Skreen_of_platted_Cocoa-nut_leaves_at_Kairua%27_by_William_Ellis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/%27A_Missionary_Preaching_to_the_Natives%2C_under_a_Skreen_of_platted_Cocoa-nut_leaves_at_Kairua%27_by_William_Ellis.jpg/440px-%27A_Missionary_Preaching_to_the_Natives%2C_under_a_Skreen_of_platted_Cocoa-nut_leaves_at_Kairua%27_by_William_Ellis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3820" data-file-height="1956" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Ellis_(British_missionary)" title="William Ellis (British missionary)">William Ellis</a> preaching to the natives, Hawaii, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1823</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Congregational_Union_of_England_and_Wales" title="Congregational Union of England and Wales">Congregational Union of England and Wales</a> was established in 1831.<sup id="cite_ref-archives_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archives-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had no authority over the affiliated churches, but instead aimed to advise and support them.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1972, about three-quarters of English Congregational churches merged with the <a href="/wiki/English_Presbyterianism" title="English Presbyterianism">Presbyterian Church of England</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/United_Reformed_Church" title="United Reformed Church">United Reformed Church</a> (URC). However, about 600 Congregational churches have continued in their historic independent tradition. Under the <a href="/wiki/United_Reformed_Church_Act_1972" class="mw-redirect" title="United Reformed Church Act 1972">United Reformed Church Act 1972</a> (c. xviii), which dealt with the financial and property issues arising from the merger between what had become by then the <a href="/wiki/Congregational_Church_of_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational Church of England and Wales">Congregational Church of England and Wales</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_England" title="Presbyterian Church of England">Presbyterian Church of England</a>, certain assets were divided between the various parties. </p><p>In England, there are three main groups of continuing Congregationalists. These are the <a href="/wiki/Congregational_Federation" title="Congregational Federation">Congregational Federation</a>, which has offices in Nottingham and Manchester, the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Fellowship_of_Congregational_Churches" title="Evangelical Fellowship of Congregational Churches">Evangelical Fellowship of Congregational Churches</a>, which has offices in Beverley, and about 100 Congregational churches that are loosely federated with other congregations in the <a href="/wiki/Fellowship_of_Independent_Evangelical_Churches" title="Fellowship of Independent Evangelical Churches">Fellowship of Independent Evangelical Churches</a>, or are unaffiliated. The unaffiliated churches' share of the assets of the Congregational Union/Church of England and Wales is administered by a <a href="/wiki/Registered_charity_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Registered charity in England">registered charity</a>, the Unaffiliated Congregational Churches Charities,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which supports the unaffiliated churches and their retired ministers. </p><p>In 1981, the United Reformed Church merged with the re-formed Association of Churches of Christ and, in 2000, just over half of the churches in the <a href="/wiki/Congregational_Union_of_Scotland" title="Congregational Union of Scotland">Congregational Union of Scotland</a> also joined the United Reformed Church (via the United Reformed Church Act 2000<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The remainder of Congregational churches in Scotland joined the Congregational Federation. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> traditionally is the part which has the largest share of Congregationalists among the population, most Congregationalists being members of <i>Undeb yr Annibynwyr Cymraeg</i> (the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Welsh_Independents" title="Union of Welsh Independents">Union of Welsh Independents</a>), which is particularly important in <a href="/wiki/Carmarthenshire" title="Carmarthenshire">Carmarthenshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brecknockshire" title="Brecknockshire">Brecknockshire</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/London_Missionary_Society" title="London Missionary Society">London Missionary Society</a> was effectively the world mission arm of British Congregationalists, sponsoring missionaries including <a href="/wiki/Eric_Liddell" title="Eric Liddell">Eric Liddell</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone">David Livingstone</a>. After mergers and changes of name, the Society was succeeded in 1977 by the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Council_for_World_Mission" title="Council for World Mission">Council for World Mission</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregationalism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Congregationalism_in_the_United_States" title="Congregationalism in the United States">Congregationalism in the United States</a></div> <p>In the United States, the Congregational tradition traces its origins mainly to <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritan</a> settlers of <a href="/wiki/Colonial_New_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial New England">colonial New England</a>. Congregational churches have had an important role in the political, religious and cultural history of the United States. Their practices concerning church governance influenced the early development of democratic institutions in New England,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper199918_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper199918-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some of the nation's oldest educational institutions, such as <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, were founded to train Congregational clergy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoungs19988_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoungs19988-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 21st century, the Congregational tradition is represented by the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ" title="United Church of Christ">United Church of Christ</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Congregational_Christian_Churches" title="National Association of Congregational Christian Churches">National Association of Congregational Christian Churches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Congregational_Christian_Conference" title="Conservative Congregational Christian Conference">Conservative Congregational Christian Conference</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Association_of_Reformed_and_Congregational_Christian_Churches" title="Evangelical Association of Reformed and Congregational Christian Churches">Evangelical Association</a> and many unaffiliated local churches. Some congregations and denominations are <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Christianity" title="Conservative Christianity">conservative</a> on social issues, (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Congregational_Christian_Conference" title="Conservative Congregational Christian Conference">CCCC</a>) while others are <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">liberal</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ" title="United Church of Christ">UCC</a>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Congregational_Church_-_Hartford,_Connecticut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/South_Congregational_Church_-_Hartford%2C_Connecticut.jpg/250px-South_Congregational_Church_-_Hartford%2C_Connecticut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/South_Congregational_Church_-_Hartford%2C_Connecticut.jpg/330px-South_Congregational_Church_-_Hartford%2C_Connecticut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/South_Congregational_Church_-_Hartford%2C_Connecticut.jpg/500px-South_Congregational_Church_-_Hartford%2C_Connecticut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3283" data-file-height="4435" /></a><figcaption>South Congregational Church in <a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford, Connecticut</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregationalism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregationalism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a summary of Congregationalism in Scotland, see the paper presented to a joint meeting of the ministers of the United Reformed Church (Scottish Synod) and the Congregational Federation in Scotland by Rev'd A. Paterson, which is available online.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregationalism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregationalism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Rohr2008-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rohr2008_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRohr2009" class="citation book cs1">Rohr, John Von (4 August 2009). <i>Shaping of American Congregationalism 1620-1957</i>. The Pilgrim Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8298-2077-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8298-2077-5"><bdi>978-0-8298-2077-5</bdi></a>. <q>Although the Savoy Declaration's confessin of faith was based largely upon that of Westminster, the section entitled "The Institution of Churches" became an important late seventeenth-century document depicting the congregational form of church order.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shaping+of+American+Congregationalism+1620-1957&rft.pub=The+Pilgrim+Press&rft.date=2009-08-04&rft.isbn=978-0-8298-2077-5&rft.aulast=Rohr&rft.aufirst=John+Von&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACongregationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fields2024-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fields2024_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fields2024_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fields2024_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFields2024" class="citation book cs1">Fields, C. Ryan (6 February 2024). <i>Local and Universal: A Free Church Account of Ecclesial Catholicity</i>. InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5140-0672-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5140-0672-6"><bdi>978-1-5140-0672-6</bdi></a>. <q>After the doctrinal exposition there follows a section titled "The Institution of Churches, and the Order Appointed in Them by Jesus Christ," which further specifies how their polity differs from the Presbyterian divines.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Local+and+Universal%3A+A+Free+Church+Account+of+Ecclesial+Catholicity&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2024-02-06&rft.isbn=978-1-5140-0672-6&rft.aulast=Fields&rft.aufirst=C.+Ryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACongregationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavieGrassHolmesMcDowell2016" class="citation book cs1">Davie, Martin; Grass, Tim; Holmes, Stephen R.; McDowell, John; Noble, T.A., eds. (21 April 2016). <i>New Dictionary of Theology: Historical and Systematic</i> (Second ed.). Inter-Varsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78359-457-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78359-457-3"><bdi>978-1-78359-457-3</bdi></a>. <q>Cambridge Platform (1648) and Savoy Declaration (1658) were the fundamental formularies of, respectively, American and English Congregationalism. In doctrine they essentially reproduced the Westminster Confession, with the changes needed to provide for a church polity of independent congregations (Schaff; Leith; W. Walker, <i>The Creeds and Platforms of Congregationalism</i>, New York, 1893).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Dictionary+of+Theology%3A+Historical+and+Systematic&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Inter-Varsity+Press&rft.date=2016-04-21&rft.isbn=978-1-78359-457-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACongregationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Melton2005-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Melton2005_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMelton2005" class="citation book cs1">Melton, J. Gordon (2005). <i>Encyclopedia of Protestantism</i>. Infobase Publishing. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6983-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6983-5"><bdi>978-0-8160-6983-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Protestantism&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-6983-5&rft.aulast=Melton&rft.aufirst=J.+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACongregationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPastoorJohnson2009" class="citation book cs1">Pastoor, Charles; Johnson, Galen K. (28 September 2009). <i>The A to Z of the Puritans</i>. Scarecrow Press. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7039-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7039-0"><bdi>978-0-8108-7039-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+the+Puritans&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009-09-28&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7039-0&rft.aulast=Pastoor&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Galen+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACongregationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hillerbrand2004-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hillerbrand2004_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHillerbrand2004" class="citation book cs1">Hillerbrand, Hans J. (2 August 2004). <i>Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume set</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-96027-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-96027-8"><bdi>978-1-135-96027-8</bdi></a>. <q>Congregationalists formally embraced the Westminster Confession, apart from its Presbyterian polity, in the Cambridge Platform in America, and the Savoy Declaration in England.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Protestantism%3A+4-volume+set&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004-08-02&rft.isbn=978-1-135-96027-8&rft.aulast=Hillerbrand&rft.aufirst=Hans+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACongregationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pewforum-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pewforum_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130805020311/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf">"Global Christianity: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/files/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-08-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Christianity%3A+A+Report+on+the+Size+and+Distribution+of+the+World%27s+Christian+Population&rft.pub=Pew+Forum+on+Religion+%26+Public+Life&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2Ffiles%2F2011%2F12%2FChristianity-fullreport-web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACongregationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2019-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins2019_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins2019_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJenkins2019">Jenkins 2019</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefferson191025-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJefferson191025_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJefferson1910">Jefferson 1910</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefferson191022-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJefferson191022_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJefferson1910">Jefferson 1910</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naccc.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/baptism.pdf">"Baptism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. naccc.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Congregational+Union+Of+Ireland&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cuofi.com%2Fwhoweare.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACongregationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-archives-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-archives_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://conglib.co.uk/collections/congregational-unionchurch-archives/">"Congregational Union/Church Archives"</a>. <i>Congregational Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Congregational+Library&rft.atitle=Congregational+Union%2FChurch+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconglib.co.uk%2Fcollections%2Fcongregational-unionchurch-archives%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACongregationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxford-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oxford_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCross2015" class="citation book cs1">Cross, F. L. (2015). <i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 403. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0192802903" title="Special:BookSources/978-0192802903"><bdi>978-0192802903</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=403&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0192802903&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=F.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACongregationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharity_Commission273854" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk/charity-details/?regId=273854&subId=0">"<i>Charities Administered in connection with the Unaffiliated Congregational Churches, registered charity no. 273854</i>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charity_Commission_for_England_and_Wales" title="Charity Commission for England and Wales">Charity Commission for England and Wales</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charities+Administered+in+connection+with+the+Unaffiliated+Congregational+Churches%2C+registered+charity+no.+273854&rft.pub=Charity+Commission+for+England+and+Wales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fregister-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk%2Fcharity-details%2F%3FregId%3D273854%26subId%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACongregationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/2000/2/enacted">2000 c.ii</a> at legislation.gov.uk</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper199918-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper199918_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooper1999">Cooper 1999</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoungs19988-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoungs19988_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYoungs1998">Youngs 1998</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregationalism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoffeyLim2008" class="citation book cs1">Coffey, John; Lim, Paul C. H., eds. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jGcgAwAAQBAJ"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Puritanism</i></a>. Cambridge Companions to Religion. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-67800-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-67800-1"><bdi>978-0-521-67800-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Puritanism&rft.series=Cambridge+Companions+to+Religion&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-67800-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjGcgAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACongregationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCooper1999" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, James F. Jr. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MjMVZywaqZAC"><i>Tenacious of Their Liberties: The Congregationalists in Colonial Massachusetts</i></a>. Religion in America. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195152875" title="Special:BookSources/0195152875"><bdi>0195152875</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tenacious+of+Their+Liberties%3A+The+Congregationalists+in+Colonial+Massachusetts&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Religion+in+America&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0195152875&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=James+F.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMjMVZywaqZAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACongregationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCraig2008" class="citation cs2">Craig, John (2008), "The Growth of English Puritanism", in Coffey, John; Lim, Paul C. H. (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jGcgAwAAQBAJ"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Puritanism</i></a>, Cambridge Companions to Religion, Cambridge University Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">34–</span>47, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-67800-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-67800-1"><bdi>978-0-521-67800-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Growth+of+English+Puritanism&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Puritanism&rft.series=Cambridge+Companions+to+Religion&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E34-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-67800-1&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjGcgAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACongregationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJefferson1910" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Jefferson" title="Charles Edward Jefferson">Jefferson, Charles Edward</a> (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/congregationali00jeffgoog"><i>Congregationalism</i></a>. Boston: The Pilgrim Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Congregationalism&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=The+Pilgrim+Press&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Jefferson&rft.aufirst=Charles+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcongregationali00jeffgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACongregationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2019" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jenkins, Daniel T. (March 26, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Congregationalism">"Congregationalism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Congregationalism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2019-03-26&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Daniel+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FCongregationalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACongregationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMojzesShenk1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Mojzes" title="Paul Mojzes">Mojzes, Paul</a>; Shenk, Gerald (1992). "Protestantism in Bulgaria and Yugoslavia Since 1945". In Ramet, Sabrina Petra (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O4GGgAmzl3gC"><i>Protestantism and Politics in East Europe and Russia</i></a>. Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0822312417" title="Special:BookSources/0822312417"><bdi>0822312417</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Protestantism+in+Bulgaria+and+Yugoslavia+Since+1945&rft.btitle=Protestantism+and+Politics+in+East+Europe+and+Russia&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0822312417&rft.aulast=Mojzes&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Shenk%2C+Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO4GGgAmzl3gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACongregationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeel1920" class="citation book cs1">Peel, Albert (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kTaYDQAAQBAJ"><i>The First Congregational Churches: New Light on Separatist Congregations in London 1567–81</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781316633427" title="Special:BookSources/9781316633427"><bdi>9781316633427</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Congregational+Churches%3A+New+Light+on+Separatist+Congregations+in+London+1567%E2%80%9381&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1920&rft.isbn=9781316633427&rft.aulast=Peel&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkTaYDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACongregationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVon_Rohr1992" class="citation book cs1">Von Rohr, John (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LXvRDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Shaping of American Congregationalism, 1620-1957</i></a>. Pilgrim Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780829820775" title="Special:BookSources/9780829820775"><bdi>9780829820775</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shaping+of+American+Congregationalism%2C+1620-1957&rft.pub=Pilgrim+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780829820775&rft.aulast=Von+Rohr&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLXvRDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACongregationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoungs1998" class="citation book cs1">Youngs, J. William T. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kOuBhis1-7QC"><i>The Congregationalists</i></a>. Denominations in America. Vol. 4 (Student ed.). Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275964412" title="Special:BookSources/9780275964412"><bdi>9780275964412</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Congregationalists&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.series=Denominations+in+America&rft.edition=Student&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780275964412&rft.aulast=Youngs&rft.aufirst=J.+William+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkOuBhis1-7QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACongregationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregationalism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom_2">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregationalism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Argent, Alan. <i>The Transformation of Congregationalism 1900–2000</i> (Nottingham: Congregational Federation, 2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eamon_Duffy" title="Eamon Duffy">Duffy, Eamon</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Stripping_of_the_Altars" title="The Stripping of the Altars">The Stripping of the Altars</a>: Traditional Religion in England, c.1400 to c.1580</i> (Cambridge, 1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_William_Dale" title="Robert William Dale">Dale, Robert William</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyenglishc00dalegoog/page/n6/mode/2up"><i>History of English Congregationalism</i></a> (London: Hodder & Stoughton / New York: A. C. Armstrong & Son, 1907)</li> <li>Hooper, Thomas. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RNorAAAAYAAJ">The Story of English Congregationalism</a></i> (1907)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLarsenBarkley2007" class="citation web cs1">Larsen, Timothy; Barkley, Stephen (6 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/religion/larsen5.html">"The Congregationalists"</a>. <i>The Victorian Web (www.victorianweb.org)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Victorian+Web+%28www.victorianweb.org%29&rft.atitle=The+Congregationalists&rft.date=2007-05-06&rft.aulast=Larsen&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft.au=Barkley%2C+Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianweb.org%2Freligion%2Flarsen5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACongregationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ottewill, Roger Martin. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etheses.bham.ac.uk/6232/1/Ottewill15PhD.pdf">Faith and good works: congregationalism in Edwardian Hampshire 1901–1914</a></i> (PhD. Diss. University of Birmingham, 2015) Bibliography pp. 389–417.</li> <li>Rimmington, Gerald. "Congregationalism in Rural Leicestershire and Rutland 1863–1914". <i>Midland History</i> 30, no.1 (2006): 91–104.</li> <li>Rimmington, Gerald. "Congregationalism and Society in Leicester 1872–1914". <i>Local Historian</i> 37#1 (2007): 29–44.</li> <li>Thompson, David. <i>Nonconformity in the Nineteenth Century</i> (1972).</li> <li>Thompson, David M. <i>The Decline of Congregationalism in the Twentieth-Century.</i> (London: The Congregational Memorial Hall Trust, 2002).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_2">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregationalism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>McConnell, Michael W. "Establishment and Disestablishment at the Founding, Part I: Establishment of Religion". <i>William and Mary Law Review</i>, Vol. 44, 2003, pp. 2105</li> <li>Swift, David Everett. "Conservative versus Progressive Orthodoxy in Latter Nineteenth Century Congregationalism". <i>Church History</i> 16#1 (March, 1947): 22–31.</li> <li>Walker, Williston. "Changes in Theology Among American Congregationalists". <i>American Journal of Theology</i> 10#2 (April 1906): 204–218.</li> <li>Walker, Williston. "Recent Tendencies in the Congregational Churches". <i>The American Journal of Theology</i> 24#1 (January, 1920): 1–18.</li> <li>Walker, Williston. <i>The Creeds and Platforms of Congregationalism</i>. 3rd ed. Boston, MA: Pilgrim Press, 1960.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Older_works_by_John_Waddington">Older works by <a href="/wiki/John_Waddington_(cleric)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Waddington (cleric)">John Waddington</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregationalism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Older works by John Waddington"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Congregational Martyrs</i>. London, 1861, intended to form part of a series of 'Historical Papers,' which, however, were not continued; 2nd ed. 1861</li> <li><i>Congregational Church History from the Reformation to 1662</i>, London, 1862, awarded the bicentenary prize offered by the Congregational Union</li> <li><i>Surrey Congregational History</i>, London, 1866, in which he dealt more particularly with the records of his own congregation.</li> <li><i>Congregational History</i>, 5 vols., London, 1869–1880</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congregationalism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.congregationallibrary.org/">Congregational Library and Archives in Boston, Massachusetts</a></li></ul> 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