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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-League_of_Nations_and_medical_practice_(1924–1931)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#League_of_Nations_and_medical_practice_(1924–1931)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>League of Nations and medical practice (1924–1931)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-League_of_Nations_and_medical_practice_(1924–1931)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writer,_physician_and_polemicist_(1932–1939)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writer,_physician_and_polemicist_(1932–1939)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Writer, physician and polemicist (1932–1939)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writer,_physician_and_polemicist_(1932–1939)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1939_to_1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1939_to_1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>1939 to 1945</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1939_to_1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exile_in_Denmark_(1945–1951)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exile_in_Denmark_(1945–1951)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Exile in Denmark (1945–1951)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exile_in_Denmark_(1945–1951)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years_in_France_(1951–1961)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years_in_France_(1951–1961)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Final years in France (1951–1961)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years_in_France_(1951–1961)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antisemitism,_fascism_and_collaboration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antisemitism,_fascism_and_collaboration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Antisemitism, fascism and collaboration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antisemitism,_fascism_and_collaboration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_themes_and_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_themes_and_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Literary themes and style</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literary_themes_and_style-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Literary themes and style subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Literary_themes_and_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Themes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Novels_and_short_story" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novels_and_short_story"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Novels and short story</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novels_and_short_story-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_selected_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_selected_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Other selected works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_selected_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="لويس-فرديناند سيلين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لويس-فرديناند سيلين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lui-Ferdinand_Selin" title="Lui-Ferdinand Selin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lui-Ferdinand Selin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="لویی فردینان سلین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لویی فردینان سلین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="লুই ফার্দিনান্দ সেলিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লুই ফার্দিনান্দ সেলিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%96-%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Луі-Фердынанд Селін – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Луі-Фердынанд Селін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%96-%D0%A4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Люі-Фэрдынанд Сэлін – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Люі-Фэрдынанд Сэлін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8-%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Луи-Фердинан Селин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Луи-Фердинан Селин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AF-%CE%A6%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BD_%CE%A3%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BD" title="Λουί-Φερντινάν Σελίν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λουί-Φερντινάν Σελίν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="لویی-فردینان سلین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لویی-فردینان سلین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EC%9D%B4%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4%EB%94%94%EB%82%AD_%EC%85%80%EB%A6%B0" title="루이페르디낭 셀린 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루이페르디낭 셀린" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB-%D5%96%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4_%D5%8D%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Լուի-Ֆերդինանդ Սելին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լուի-Ֆերդինանդ Սելին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F" title="לואי פרדינאן סלין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לואי פרדינאן סלין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ლუი ფერდინან სელინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლუი ფერდინან სელინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8-%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Луи-Фердинанд Селин – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Луи-Фердинанд Селин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovicus_Ferdinandus_C%C3%A9line" title="Ludovicus Ferdinandus Céline – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ludovicus Ferdinandus Céline" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C4%AB_Ferdinands_Sel%C4%ABns" title="Luī Ferdinands Selīns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Luī Ferdinands Selīns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%98-%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Луј-Фердинан Селин – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Луј-Фердинан Селин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="ലൂയി ഫെർഡിനൻഡ് സെലിൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലൂയി ഫെർഡിനൻഡ് സെലിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98-%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ლუი-ფერდინან სელინი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლუი-ფერდინან სელინი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="لويس فرديناند سيلين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لويس فرديناند سيلين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8-%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Луи-Фердинанд Селин – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Луи-Фердинанд Селин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%EF%BC%9D%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8A%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8C" title="ルイ＝フェルディナン・セリーヌ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルイ＝フェルディナン・セリーヌ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8-%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Селин, Луи-Фердинанд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Селин, Луи-Фердинанд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%98-%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Луј-Фердинанд Селин – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Луј-Фердинанд Селин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%97-%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Луї-Фердінан Селін – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Луї-Фердінан Селін" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French writer (1894–1961)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Louis-Ferdinand Céline</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:L.-F._C%C3%A9line_c_Meurisse_1932.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Céline in 1932"><img alt="Céline in 1932" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/L.-F._C%C3%A9line_c_Meurisse_1932.jpg/220px-L.-F._C%C3%A9line_c_Meurisse_1932.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/L.-F._C%C3%A9line_c_Meurisse_1932.jpg/330px-L.-F._C%C3%A9line_c_Meurisse_1932.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/L.-F._C%C3%A9line_c_Meurisse_1932.jpg/440px-L.-F._C%C3%A9line_c_Meurisse_1932.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2442" data-file-height="3322" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Céline in 1932</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Louis Ferdinand Auguste Destouches<br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1894-05-27</span>)</span>27 May 1894<br /><a href="/wiki/Courbevoie" title="Courbevoie">Courbevoie</a>, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">1 July 1961<span style="display:none">(1961-07-01)</span> (aged 67)<br /><a href="/wiki/Meudon" title="Meudon">Meudon</a>, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">Novelist, pamphleteer, physician</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_End_of_the_Night" title="Journey to the End of the Night">Journey to the End of the Night</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Death_on_Credit" title="Death on Credit">Death on Credit</a></i> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Castle_to_Castle" title="Castle to Castle">Castle to Castle</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/North_(novel)" title="North (novel)">North</a></i> (1960)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Lucette_Destouches" title="Lucette Destouches">Lucette Destouches</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Celine_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Celine_signature.svg/150px-Celine_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Celine_signature.svg/225px-Celine_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Celine_signature.svg/300px-Celine_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="85" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Louis Ferdinand Auguste Destouches</b> (27 May 1894 – 1 July 1961), better known by the pen name <b>Louis-Ferdinand Céline</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">say-<span style="font-size:90%">LEEN</span></i></a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[lwi<span class="wrap"> </span>fɛʁdinɑ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>selin]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/ba\/Fr-Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line.ogg\/Fr-Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Fr-Louis-Ferdinand C\u00e9line.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/Fr-Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line.ogg/Fr-Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Fr-Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line.ogg" title="File:Fr-Louis-Ferdinand Céline.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>), was a French novelist, <a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">polemicist</a>, and physician. His first novel <i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_End_of_the_Night" title="Journey to the End of the Night">Journey to the End of the Night</a></i> (1932) won the <i><a href="/wiki/Prix_Renaudot" title="Prix Renaudot">Prix Renaudot</a></i> but divided critics due to the author's pessimistic depiction of the human condition and his writing style based on working-class speech.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In subsequent novels such as <i><a href="/wiki/Death_on_Credit" title="Death on Credit">Death on the Installment Plan</a></i> (1936), <i><a href="/wiki/Guignol%27s_Band" title="Guignol's Band">Guignol's Band</a></i> (1944) and <i><a href="/wiki/Castle_to_Castle" title="Castle to Castle">Castle to Castle</a></i> (1957), Céline further developed an innovative and distinctive literary style. <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Nadeau" title="Maurice Nadeau">Maurice Nadeau</a> wrote: "What <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">Joyce</a> did for the English language...what the surrealists attempted to do for the French language, Céline achieved effortlessly and on a vast scale."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1937 Céline wrote a series of antisemitic polemical works in which he advocated a military alliance with Nazi Germany. He continued to publicly espouse antisemitic views during the <a href="/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II" title="German military administration in occupied France during World War II">German occupation of France</a>, and after the <a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Allied landing in Normandy</a> in 1944, he fled to Germany and then Denmark where he lived in exile. He was convicted of <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">collaboration</a> by a French court in 1951 but was pardoned by a military tribunal soon after. He returned to France where he resumed his careers as a doctor and author. </p><p>Céline is widely considered to be one of the greatest French novelists of the 20th century and his novels have had an enduring influence on later authors. However, he remains a controversial figure in France due to his <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> and activities during the Second World War.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The only child of Fernand Destouches and Marguerite-Louise-Céline Guilloux, he was born Louis Ferdinand Auguste Destouches in 1894 at <a href="/wiki/Courbevoie" title="Courbevoie">Courbevoie</a>, just outside Paris in the <a href="/wiki/Seine_(department)" title="Seine (department)">Seine <i>département</i></a> (now <a href="/wiki/Hauts-de-Seine" title="Hauts-de-Seine">Hauts-de-Seine</a>). The family came originally from <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> on his father's side and <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> on his mother's side. His father was a middle manager in an insurance company and his mother owned a boutique where she sold antique lace.<sup id="cite_ref-ChronoPleiade_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChronoPleiade-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-O'Connell14_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Connell14-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1905, he was awarded his <i>Certificat d'études</i>, after which he worked as an apprentice and messenger boy in various trades.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Connell14_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Connell14-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1908 and 1910, his parents sent him to Germany and England for a year in each country in order to acquire foreign languages for future employment.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Connell14_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Connell14-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the time he left school until the age of eighteen Céline worked in various jobs, leaving or losing them after only short periods of time. He worked for silk sellers and jewellers, first, at eleven, as an errand boy, and later as a salesperson for a local goldsmith. Although he was no longer being formally educated, he bought schoolbooks with the money he earned, and studied by himself. It was around this time that Céline vaguely thought of becoming a doctor.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I_and_Africa">World War I and Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World War I and Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1912, Céline volunteered for the French army (in what he described as an act of rebellion against his parents)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and began a three-year enlistment in the <a href="/wiki/12th_Cuirassier_Regiment_(France)" title="12th Cuirassier Regiment (France)">12th Cuirassier Regiment</a> stationed in <a href="/wiki/Rambouillet" title="Rambouillet">Rambouillet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Connell14_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Connell14-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first he was unhappy with military life, and considered deserting. However, he adapted, and eventually attained the rank of sergeant.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The beginning of the First World War brought action to Céline's unit. On 25 October 1914, he volunteered to deliver a message, when others were reluctant to do so because of heavy German fire. Near <a href="/wiki/Ypres" title="Ypres">Ypres</a>, during his attempt to deliver the message, he was wounded in his right arm. (Although he was not wounded in the head, as he later claimed, he did suffer severe headaches and <a href="/wiki/Tinnitus" title="Tinnitus">tinnitus</a> for the rest of his life.)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For his bravery, he was awarded the <i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9daille_militaire" title="Médaille militaire">médaille militaire</a></i> in November, and appeared one year later in the weekly <i>l'Illustré National</i> (November 1915).<sup id="cite_ref-O'Connell14_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Connell14-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later wrote that his wartime experience left him with "a profound disgust for all that is bellicose."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1915, he was sent to London to work in the French passport office. He spent his nights visiting music halls and the haunts of the London underworld, and claimed to have met <a href="/wiki/Mata_Hari" title="Mata Hari">Mata Hari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later drew on his experiences in the city for his novel <i>Guignol's Band</i> (1944). In September, he was declared unfit for military duty and was discharged from the army. Before returning to France, he married Suzanne Nebout, a French dancer, but the marriage wasn't registered with the French Consulate and they soon separated.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1916, Céline went to French-administered <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> as an employee of the Forestry Company of Sangha-Oubangui. He worked as an overseer on a plantation and a trading post, and ran a pharmacy for the local inhabitants, procuring essential medical supplies from his parents in France. He left Africa in April 1917 due to ill health. His experiences in Africa left him with a distaste for colonialism and an increasing passion for medicine as a vocation.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Becoming_a_doctor_(1918–1924)"><span id="Becoming_a_doctor_.281918.E2.80.931924.29"></span>Becoming a doctor (1918–1924)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Becoming a doctor (1918–1924)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 1918, Céline was employed by the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller Foundation</a> as part of a team travelling around Brittany delivering information sessions on tuberculosis and hygiene.<sup id="cite_ref-McCarthy27_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCarthy27-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He met Dr Athanase Follet of the Medical Faculty of the University of <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a>, and soon became close to Follet's daughter Édith. Dr Follet encouraged him to pursue medicine and Céline studied for his baccalaureate part-time, passing his examinations in July 1919. He married Édith in August.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Céline enrolled in the Medical Faculty at Rennes in April 1920 and in June Édith gave birth to a daughter, Collette Destouches. In 1923 he transferred to the University of Paris and in May 1924 defended his dissertation <i>The Life and Work of <a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Semmelweis" title="Ignaz Semmelweis">Philippe-Ignace Semmelweis</a></i> <i>(1818–1865)</i>, which has been called, "a Célinian novel in miniature".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="League_of_Nations_and_medical_practice_(1924–1931)"><span id="League_of_Nations_and_medical_practice_.281924.E2.80.931931.29"></span>League of Nations and medical practice (1924–1931)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: League of 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style="background:#ddd;padding:0.2em 0.4em;font-size:110%;"> Portals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.7em;font-size:100%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_literature_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French literature sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In June 1924 Céline joined the Health Department of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> in Geneva, leaving his wife and daughter in Rennes. His duties involved extensive travel in Europe and to Africa, Canada, the United States and Cuba. He drew on his time with the League for his play <i>L'Église (The Church</i>, written in 1927, but first published in 1933).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Édith divorced him in June 1926 and a few months later he met Elizabeth Craig, an American dancer studying in Geneva.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were to remain together for the six years in which he established himself as a major author. He later wrote: "I wouldn't have amounted to anything without her."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He left the League of Nations in late 1927 and set up a medical practice in the working-class Paris suburb of <a href="/wiki/Clichy,_Hauts-de-Seine" title="Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine">Clichy</a>. The practice wasn't profitable and he supplemented his income working for the nearby public clinic and a pharmaceutical company. In 1929 he gave up his private practice and moved to <a href="/wiki/Montmartre" title="Montmartre">Montmartre</a> with Elizabeth. However, he continued to practice at the public clinic in Clichy as well as other clinics and pharmaceutical companies. In his spare time he worked on his first novel, <i>Voyage au bout de la nuit</i> (<i>Journey to the End of the Night</i>), which was dedicated to Elizabeth, completing it in late 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writer,_physician_and_polemicist_(1932–1939)"><span id="Writer.2C_physician_and_polemicist_.281932.E2.80.931939.29"></span>Writer, physician and polemicist (1932–1939)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Writer, physician and polemicist (1932–1939)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Voyage au bout de la nuit</i> was published in October 1932 to widespread critical attention. Although Destouches sought anonymity under the pen name Céline, his identity was soon revealed by the press. The novel attracted admirers and detractors across the political spectrum, with some praising its anarchist, anticolonialist and antimilitarist themes while one critic condemned it as "the cynical, jeering confessions of a man without courage or nobility." A critic for <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Nouvelles_litt%C3%A9raires" title="Les Nouvelles littéraires">Les Nouvelles littéraires</a></i> praised the author's use of spoken, colloquial French as an "extraordinary language, the height of the natural and the artificial" while the critic for <i>Le</i> <i>Populaire de Paris</i> condemned it as mere vulgarity and obscenity.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The novel was the favourite for the <i><a href="/wiki/Prix_Goncourt" title="Prix Goncourt">Prix Goncourt</a></i> of 1932. When the prize was awarded to <a href="/wiki/Guy_Mazeline" title="Guy Mazeline">Mazeline</a>'s <i>Les Loups</i>, the resulting scandal increased publicity for Céline's novel which sold 50,000 copies in the following two months.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the success of <i>Voyage</i>, Céline saw his vocation as medicine and continued his work at the Clichy clinic and private pharmaceutical laboratories. He also began working on a novel about his childhood and youth which was to become <i><a href="/wiki/Death_on_Credit" title="Death on Credit">Mort à Credit</a></i> (1936) (tr <i>Death on the Installment Plan</i>). In June 1933 Elizabeth Craig returned permanently to America. Céline visited her in Los Angeles the following year but failed to persuade her to return.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Céline initially refused to take a public stance on the rise of Nazism and the increasing extreme-right political agitation in France, explaining to a friend in 1933: "I am and have always been an anarchist, I have never voted…I will never vote for anything or anybody…I don't believe in men….The Nazis loathe me as much as the socialists and the commies too."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, in 1935, British critic <a href="/wiki/William_Empson" title="William Empson">William Empson</a> had written that Céline appeared to be "a man ripe for fascism".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Mort à credit</i> was published in May 1936, with numerous blank spaces where passages had been removed by the publisher for fear of prosecution for obscenity. The critical response was sharply divided, with the majority of reviewers criticising it for gutter language, pessimism and contempt for humanity. The novel sold 35,000 copies up to late 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August Céline visited Leningrad for a month and on his return quickly wrote, and had published, an essay, <i>Mea Culpa</i>, in which he denounced communism and the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December the following year <i>Bagatelles pour un massacre</i> (<i>Trifles for a Massacre</i>) was published, a book-length racist and antisemitic polemic in which Céline advocated a military alliance with Hitler's Germany in order to save France from war and Jewish hegemony. The book won qualified support from some sections of the French far-Right and sold 75,000 copies up to the end of the war. Céline followed <i>Bagatelles</i> with <i>Ecole des cadavres</i> (<i>School for Corpses</i>) (November 1938) in which he developed the themes of antisemitism and a Franco-German alliance.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Céline was now living with <a href="/wiki/Lucette_Destouches" title="Lucette Destouches">Lucette Almansor</a>, a French dancer whom he had met in 1935. They were to marry in 1943 and remain together until Céline's death. On the publication of <i>Bagatelles</i>, Céline quit his jobs at the Clichy clinic and the pharmaceutical laboratory and devoted himself to his writing.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1939_to_1945">1939 to 1945</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1939 to 1945"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the outbreak of war in September 1939, the draft board declared Céline 70 per cent disabled and unfit for military service. Céline gained employment as a ship's doctor on a troop transport and in January 1940 the ship accidentally rammed a British torpedo boat killing twenty British crew. In February he found a position as a doctor in a public clinic in <a href="/wiki/Sartrouville" title="Sartrouville">Sartrouville</a>, north-west of Paris. On the evacuation of Paris in June, Céline and Lucette commandeered an ambulance and evacuated an elderly woman and two newborn infants to <a href="/wiki/La_Rochelle" title="La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a>. "I did the retreat myself, like many another, I chased the French army all the way from <a href="/wiki/Bezons" title="Bezons">Bezons</a> to La Rochelle, but I could never catch up."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Returning to Paris, Céline was appointed head doctor of the Bezons public clinic and accredited physician to the département of <a href="/wiki/Seine-et-Oise" title="Seine-et-Oise">Seine-et-Oise</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He moved back to Montmartre and in February 1941 published a third polemical book <i>Les beaux draps</i> (A Fine Mess) in which he denounced Jews, Freemasons, the Catholic Church, the educational system and the French army. The book was later banned by the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy government</a> for defaming the French military.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1942, Céline's antisemitic books <i>Bagatelles pour une massacre</i> and <i>L'école des cadavres</i> were republished in new editions, only months after the round-up of French Jews at the <i><a href="/wiki/Vel%27_d%27Hiv_Roundup" title="Vel' d'Hiv Roundup">Vélodrome d'Hiver</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Céline devoted most of his time during the occupation years to his medical work and writing a new novel, <i>Guignol's Band</i>, a hallucinatory reworking of his experiences in London during World War I. The novel was published in March 1944 to poor sales.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French were expecting an <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> landing at any time and Céline was receiving anonymous death threats almost daily. Although he had not officially joined any collaborationist organisations, he had frequently allowed himself to be quoted in the collaborationist press expressing antisemitic views. The BBC had also named him as a collaborationist writer.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the Allies landed in France in June 1944, Céline and Lucette fled to Germany, eventually staying in <a href="/wiki/Sigmaringen_enclave" title="Sigmaringen enclave">Sigmaringen</a> where the Germans had created an enclave accommodating the Vichy government in exile and collaborationist militia. Using his connections with the German occupying forces, in particular with SS officer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Bickler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Bickler (page does not exist)">Hermann Bickler</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Bickler" class="extiw" title="de:Hermann Bickler">de</a>]</span> who was often his guest in the apartment on Rue Girardon,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Céline obtained visas for German-occupied Denmark where he arrived in late March 1945. These events formed the basis for his post-war trilogy of novels <i><a href="/wiki/D%27un_chateau_l%27autre" class="mw-redirect" title="D'un chateau l'autre">D'un chateau l'autre</a> (1957, tr Castle to Castle)</i>, <i>Nord</i> (1960, tr <i>North</i>) and <i>Rigodon</i> (1969, tr <i>Rigadoon</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exile_in_Denmark_(1945–1951)"><span id="Exile_in_Denmark_.281945.E2.80.931951.29"></span>Exile in Denmark (1945–1951)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Exile in Denmark (1945–1951)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 1945 the new French government applied for Céline's extradition for collaboration, and the following month he was arrested and imprisoned at <a href="/wiki/Vestre_Prison" title="Vestre Prison">Vestre Prison</a> by the Danish authorities pending the outcome of the application. He was released from prison in June 1947 on the condition that he would not leave Denmark. Céline's books had been withdrawn from sale in France, and he was living off a hoard of gold coins which he had hidden in Denmark before the war. In 1948 he moved to a farmhouse on the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Belt" title="Great Belt">Great Belt</a> owned by his Danish lawyer where he worked on the novels which were to become <i>Féerie pour une autre fois</i> (1952, tr <i>Fable for Another Time</i>) and <i>Normance</i> (1954).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French authorities tried Céline <i><a href="/wiki/Trial_in_absentia" title="Trial in absentia">in absentia</a></i> for activities harmful to the national defence. He was found guilty in February 1951 and sentenced to one year in jail, a fine of 50,000 francs and confiscation of half his property. In April a French military tribunal granted him an amnesty based on his status as a disabled war veteran. In July he returned to France.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_years_in_France_(1951–1961)"><span id="Final_years_in_France_.281951.E2.80.931961.29"></span>Final years in France (1951–1961)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Final years in France (1951–1961)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louisferdinandceline2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Louisferdinandceline2.jpg/220px-Louisferdinandceline2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Louisferdinandceline2.jpg/330px-Louisferdinandceline2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Louisferdinandceline2.jpg/440px-Louisferdinandceline2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1308" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of Louis-Ferdinand Céline</figcaption></figure> <p>Back in France, Céline signed a contract with the publisher <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Gallimard" title="Éditions Gallimard">Gallimard</a> to republish all his novels. Céline and Lucette bought a villa in <a href="/wiki/Meudon" title="Meudon">Meudon</a>, on the southwestern outskirts of Paris, where Céline was to live for the remainder of his life. He registered as a doctor in 1953 and set up a practice in his Meudon home, while Lucette established a dance school on the top floor.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Céline's first post-war novels, <i>Féerie pour une autre fois</i> and <i>Normance</i>, received little critical attention and sold poorly.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, his 1957 novel <i>D'un château l'autre</i>, a chronicle of his time in Sigmaringen, attracted considerable media and critical interest and revived the controversy over his wartime activities. The novel was a modest commercial success, selling close to 30,000 copies in its first year.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A sequel, <i>Nord</i>, was published in 1960 to generally favourable reviews. Céline completed a second draft of his final novel, <i>Rigodon</i>, on 30 June 1961. He died at home of a ruptured <a href="/wiki/Aneurysm" title="Aneurysm">aneurysm</a> the following day.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antisemitism,_fascism_and_collaboration"><span id="Antisemitism.2C_fascism_and_collaboration"></span>Antisemitism, fascism and collaboration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Antisemitism, fascism and collaboration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="border: 4px double #000000; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Fascism" title="Category:Fascism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0; font-size:200%; font-weight:medium;"><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding: 0.8em 0 1.3em;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eagle_with_fasces.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eagle with fasces"><img alt="Eagle with fasces" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Eagle_with_fasces.svg/140px-Eagle_with_fasces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Eagle_with_fasces.svg/210px-Eagle_with_fasces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Eagle_with_fasces.svg/280px-Eagle_with_fasces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="435" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actual_idealism" title="Actual idealism">Actual idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism#Fascism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_nation" title="Bourgeois nation">Anti-materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Criticism" title="Pacifism">Anti-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism#Fascist_corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_Corporation" title="Proprietary Corporation">Proprietary Corporation</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_capitalism" title="Heroic capitalism">Heroic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_interventionism" title="Social interventionism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_rationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of rationalism">Irrationalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Machismo" title="Machismo">Machismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_of_masculinity_under_fascist_Italy" title="Model of masculinity under fascist Italy">Masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">Palingenetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Man_(utopian_concept)#Fascist" title="New Man (utopian concept)">New Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_nation" title="Proletarian nation">Proletarian nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism#Nazism,_eugenics,_fascism,_imperialism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spazio_vitale" title="Spazio vitale">Spazio vitale</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercapitalism" title="Supercapitalism">Supercapitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_fascism" title="Definitions of fascism">Definitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_fascism" title="Economics of fascism">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology" title="Fascism and ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_martyrs" title="Fascist martyrs">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements" title="List of fascist movements">Movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_mysticism" title="Fascist mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_symbolism" title="Fascist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali_al-Gaylani#Iran,_Italy,_Germany_and_Saudi_Arabia" title="Rashid Ali al-Gaylani">al-Gaylani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Arcand" title="Adrien Arcand">Arcand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadao_Araki" title="Sadao Araki">Araki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_Balbo" title="Italo Balbo">Balbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_B%C3%B6sz%C3%B6rm%C3%A9ny" title="Zoltán Böszörmény">Böszörmény</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bottai" title="Giuseppe Bottai">Bottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Bourgin" title="Hubert Bourgin">Bourgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Blythe" title="Ernest Blythe">Blythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Bucard" title="Marcel Bucard">Bucard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano" title="Galeazzo Ciano">Ciano</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Codreanu</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Darnand" title="Joseph Darnand">Darnand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Déat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Degrelle" title="Léon Degrelle">Degrelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_D%C3%A9roul%C3%A8de" title="Paul Déroulède">Déroulède</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Doriot" title="Jacques Doriot">Doriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per_Engdahl" title="Per Engdahl">Engdahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Federzoni" title="Luigi Federzoni">Federzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_A._Flores" title="Luis A. Flores">Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid%27hat_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Mid'hat Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavian_Goga" title="Octavian Goga">Goga</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrej_Hlinka" title="Andrej Hlinka">Hlinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hoornaert" title="Paul Hoornaert">Hoornaert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87" title="Dimitrije Ljotić">Ljotić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Man#Collaboration" title="Henri de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Gonz%C3%A1lez_von_Mar%C3%A9es" title="Jorge González von Marées">von Marées</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davud_Monshizadeh" title="Davud Monshizadeh">Monshizadeh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Mosley</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seig%C5%8D_Nakano" title="Seigō Nakano">Nakano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoin_O%27Duffy" title="Eoin O'Duffy">O'Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling" title="Vidkun Quisling">Quisling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87" title="Ante Pavelić">Pavelić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Pavolini" title="Alessandro Pavolini">Pavolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley" title="William Dudley Pelley">Pelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Rol%C3%A3o_Preto" title="Francisco Rolão Preto">Preto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Primo_de_Rivera" title="José Antonio Primo de Rivera">Primo de Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_Ledesma_Ramos" title="Ramiro Ledesma Ramos">Ramos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Rodzaevsky" title="Konstantin Rodzaevsky">Rodzaevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoun_Saadeh" title="Antoun Saadeh">Saadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%ADnio_Salgado" title="Plínio Salgado">Salgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima">Sima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achille_Starace" title="Achille Starace">Starace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%BCdiger_Starhemberg" title="Ernst Rüdiger Starhemberg">Starhemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Strasser (Gregor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Strasser (Otto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Sz%C3%A1lasi" title="Ferenc Szálasi">Szálasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jozef_Tiso" title="Jozef Tiso">Tiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alparslan_T%C3%BCrke%C5%9F" title="Alparslan Türkeş">Türkeş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Vallat" title="Xavier Vallat">Vallat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Valois" title="Georges Valois">Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Van_Severen" title="Joris Van Severen">Van Severen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Wilson" title="Arnold Wilson">Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Arthuys#Fascist_leader" title="Jacques Arthuys">Arthuys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bard%C3%A8che" title="Maurice Bardèche">Bardèche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_B%C3%A9raud" title="Henri Béraud">Béraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traian_Br%C4%83ileanu" title="Traian Brăileanu">Brăileanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brasillach" title="Robert Brasillach">Brasillach</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Antisemitism,_fascism_and_collaboration">Céline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Chesterton" title="A. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelfo_Civinini" title="Guelfo Civinini">Civinini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Cogni" title="Giulio Cogni">Cogni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seward_Collins" title="Seward Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Corradini" title="Enrico Corradini">Corradini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichifor_Crainic" title="Nichifor Crainic">Crainic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce#Relations_with_Italian_fascism" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvator_Cupcea#Moldovan's_aide" title="Salvator Cupcea">Cupcea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_D%27Annunzio" title="Gabriele D'Annunzio">D'Annunzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dilling" title="Elizabeth Dilling">Dilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Drieu_La_Rochelle" title="Pierre Drieu La Rochelle">Drieu La Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Giani" title="Niccolò Giani">Giani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrado_Gini#Under_fascism" title="Corrado Gini">Gini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">de Gobineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traian_Herseni#National_Legionary_doctrinaire" title="Traian Herseni">Herseni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikki_Kita" title="Ikki Kita">Kita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krannhals" title="Paul Krannhals">Krannhals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Vacher_de_Lapouge" title="Georges Vacher de Lapouge">de Lapouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyndham_Lewis#Political_views" title="Wyndham Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curzio_Malaparte" title="Curzio Malaparte">Malaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabin_Manuil%C4%83" title="Sabin Manuilă">Manuilă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Marinetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Maxence" title="Jean-Pierre Maxence">Maxence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Mosley" title="Diana Mosley">Mosley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Ojetti#Ojetti_and_fascism" title="Ugo Ojetti">Ojetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABmei_%C5%8Ckawa" title="Shūmei Ōkawa">Ōkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Oliviero_Olivetti" title="Angelo Oliviero Olivetti">Olivetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Orano" title="Paolo Orano">Orano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Panero" title="Leopoldo Panero">Panero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Panunzio" title="Sergio Panunzio">Panunzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello#Italy_under_the_Fascists" title="Luigi Pirandello">Pirandello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pitt-Rivers" title="George Pitt-Rivers">Pitt-Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_Ledesma_Ramos" title="Ramiro Ledesma Ramos">Ramos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Rebatet" title="Lucien Rebatet">Rebatet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Reghini" title="Arturo Reghini">Reghini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izabela_Sadoveanu-Evan" title="Izabela Sadoveanu-Evan">Sadoveanu-Evan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Loup_(writer)" title="Saint-Loup (writer)">Saint-Loup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar#Fascism" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Scaligero" title="Massimo Scaligero">Scaligero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Schwarz_(philosopher)" title="Hermann Schwarz (philosopher)">Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardengo_Soffici#Later_life" title="Ardengo Soffici">Soffici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Spirito" title="Ugo Spirito">Spirito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Streel" title="José Streel">Streel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Raven_Thomson" title="Alexander Raven Thomson">Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Ungaretti#Hermeticism_and_fascism" title="Giuseppe Ungaretti">Ungaretti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Valois" title="Georges Valois">Valois</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Il_trionfo_della_morte" title="Il trionfo della morte">Triumph of Death</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1894)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Flame_(novel)" title="The Flame (novel)">The Flame</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1900)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Will_to_Power_(manuscript)" title="The Will to Power (manuscript)">The Will to Power</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1901)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_Violence" title="Reflections on Violence">Reflections on Violence</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1908)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fascio_Rivoluzionario_d%27Azione_Internazionalista#Manifesto" title="Fascio Rivoluzionario d'Azione Internazionalista">Fascio Rivoluzionario d'Azione<br /> Internazionalista</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1914)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prussianism_and_Socialism" title="Prussianism and Socialism">Prussianism and Socialism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1919)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_Futurism" title="Manifesto of Futurism">Futurist Manifesto</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1919)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Manifesto" title="Fascist Manifesto">Fascist Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1919)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Dritte_Reich" title="Das Dritte Reich">Das Dritte Reich</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1923)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Fascist_Intellectuals" title="Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals">Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Second" title="Frederick the Second">Frederick the Second</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1927)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Autobiography_(Mussolini_book)" title="My Autobiography (Mussolini book)">My Autobiography</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1928)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Twentieth_Century" title="The Myth of the Twentieth Century">The Myth of the Twentieth Century</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Outlaws_(novel)" title="The Outlaws (novel)">The Outlaws</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Doctrine_of_Fascism" title="The Doctrine of Fascism">The Doctrine of Fascism</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1932)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twenty-Six_Point_Program_of_the_Falange" title="Twenty-Six Point Program of the Falange">Twenty-Six Point Program of<br />the Falange</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1934)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man,_the_Unknown" title="Man, the Unknown">Man, the Unknown</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/For_My_Legionaries" title="For My Legionaries">For My Legionaries</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1936)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guide_to_Kulchur" title="Guide to Kulchur">Guide to Kulchur</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1938)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gilles_(novel)" title="Gilles (novel)">Gilles</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackshirts" title="Blackshirts">Blackshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueshirts" title="Blueshirts">Blueshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Action" title="Brazilian Integralist Action">Brazilian Integralist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Party" title="British National Party">British National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists" title="British Union of Fascists">British Union of Fascists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stewards_(paramilitary_organisation)" title="Stewards (paramilitary organisation)">Stewards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Union_of_Fascists" title="Canadian Union of Fascists">Canadian Union of Fascists</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasci_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasci_Italiani_di_Combattimento" title="Fasci Italiani di Combattimento">Fasci Italiani di Combattimento</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatherland_Front_(Austria)" title="Fatherland Front (Austria)">Fatherland Front</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FE_de_las_JONS" class="mw-redirect" title="FE de las JONS">FE de las JONS</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS" title="FET y de las JONS">FET y de las JONS</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party" title="French Popular Party">French Popular Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurist_Political_Party" title="Futurist Political Party">Futurist Political Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement" title="Patriotic People's Movement">IKL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Party" title="Kataeb Party">Kataeb Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kokumin_D%C5%8Dmei" title="Kokumin Dōmei">Kokumin Dōmei</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapua_Movement" title="Lapua Movement">Lapua Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legionary_Action&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legionary Action (page does not exist)">Legionary Action</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_Franciste" title="Mouvement Franciste">Mouvement Franciste</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">Nasjonal Samling</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Christian_Party" title="National Christian Party">National Christian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Labor_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Reich Labor Service">RAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">SA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp" title="National Radical Camp">National Radical Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Social_Movement" title="National Social Movement">National Social Movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Party_(UK)" title="New Party (UK)">New Party</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opera_Nazionale_Balilla" title="Opera Nazionale Balilla">Opera Nazionale Balilla</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement" title="Patriotic People's Movement">Patriotic People's Movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ratniks" title="Ratniks">Ratniks</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Fascist_Party" title="Republican Fascist Party">Republican Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Mexicanist_Action" title="Revolutionary Mexicanist Action">Revolutionary Mexicanist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Union_(Peru)" title="Revolutionary Union (Peru)">Revolutionary Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party" title="Rexist Party">Rexist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Fascist_Party" title="Russian Fascist Party">Russian Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America" title="Silver Legion of America">Silver Legion of America</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Squadrismo" title="Squadrismo">Squadrismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Fascist_Mysticism" title="School of Fascist Mysticism">School of Fascist Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_People%27s_Party" title="Slovak People's Party">Slovak People's Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taisei_Yokusankai" class="mw-redirect" title="Taisei Yokusankai">Taisei Yokusankai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dh%C5%8Dkai" title="Tōhōkai">Tōhōkai</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UR_Group" title="UR Group">UR Group</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_Youth" title="Ustaše Youth">Ustaše Youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Verdinaso" title="Verdinaso">Verdinaso</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Russian_Fascist_Organisation" title="All-Russian Fascist Organisation">VFO</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vlajka" title="Vlajka">Vlajka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flemish_National_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemish National Union">VNV</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Action_(newspaper)" title="Action (newspaper)">Action</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Review_(literary_journal)#Controversy_and_decline" title="The American Review (literary journal)">The American Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Der_Angriff" title="Der Angriff">Der Angriff</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arriba_(newspaper)" title="Arriba (newspaper)">Arriba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blackshirt" title="The Blackshirt">The Blackshirt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buna_Vestire" title="Buna Vestire">Buna Vestire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critica_fascista" title="Critica fascista">Critica fascista</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fashist" title="Fashist">Fashist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A2ndirea" title="Gândirea">Gândirea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gringoire_(newspaper)" title="Gringoire (newspaper)">Gringoire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Il_Popolo_d%27Italia" title="Il Popolo d'Italia">Il Popolo d'Italia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Je_suis_partout" title="Je suis partout">Je suis partout</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Conquista_del_Estado" title="La Conquista del Estado">La Conquista del Estado</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Pays_R%C3%A9el" title="Le Pays Réel">Le Pays Réel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Idea_Nazionale" title="L'Idea Nazionale">L'Idea Nazionale</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lidel_(magazine)" title="Lidel (magazine)">Lidel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nash_Put%27_(newspaper)" title="Nash Put' (newspaper)">Nash Put'</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1stup" title="Nástup">Nástup</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Volk" title="Neues Volk">Neues Volk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Fujin" title="Nippon Fujin">Nippon Fujin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NS-Frauen-Warte" title="NS-Frauen-Warte">NS-Frauen-Warte</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Volk_en_Staat" title="Volk en Staat">Volk en Staat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkischer_Beobachter" title="Völkischer Beobachter">Völkischer Beobachter</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentile_Reform" title="Gentile Reform">Gentile Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventine_Secession_(20th_century)" title="Aventine Secession (20th century)">Aventine Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Senussi_War" title="Second Italo-Senussi War">Second Italo-Senussi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1932_German_federal_election" title="November 1932 German federal election">German election of 1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Civil_War" title="Austrian Civil War">Austrian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhibition_of_the_Fascist_Revolution" title="Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution">Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Montreux_Fascist_conference" title="1934 Montreux Fascist conference">1934 Montreux Fascist conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Revolution_Day_Z%C3%B3calo_Battle" title="1935 Revolution Day Zócalo Battle">1935 Revolution Day Zócalo Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_Decree_(Spain,_1937)" title="Unification Decree (Spain, 1937)">Unification Decree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cable_Street" title="Battle of Cable Street">Battle of Cable Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Marco Polo Bridge Incident">Marco Polo Bridge Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Steel" title="Pact of Steel">Pact of Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_March" title="Peasant March">Peasant March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Downfall in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany#Turning_point_and_collapse" title="Nazi Germany">Downfall in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for<br />the Far East</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_fascism" title="Arab fascism">Arab</a></li> <li>Argentine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrofascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrofascism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera#Views" title="Stepan Bandera">Banderism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" title="Brazilian Integralism">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_fascism" title="British fascism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fascism" title="Christian fascism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucian_fascism" title="Confucian fascism">Confucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-fascism" title="Crypto-fascism">Crypto-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">Eco-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain#Francoism" title="Francoist Spain">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="French fascism">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party#Ideology_and_fascism_of_PPF" title="French Popular Party">Doriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Pétainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Faisceau#Valois's_version_of_fascism" title="Le Faisceau">Valoisism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party#Ideology" title="Arrow Cross Party">Hungarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ailtir%C3%AD_na_hAis%C3%A9irghe#Ideology" title="Ailtirí na hAiséirghe">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamofascism" title="Islamofascism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intransigent_fascism" title="Intransigent fascism">Intransigent</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japanese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reform_bureaucrats" title="Reform bureaucrats">Reform bureaucratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Statism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Restoration" title="Shōwa Restoration">Restoration</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_fascism" title="Jewish fascism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism#Ideology" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Revisionist Maximalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Nazism" title="Austrian Nazism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Nazism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric Nazism">Esoteric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Political views of Adolf Hitler">Hitlerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Sweden#Ideology" title="Nazism in Sweden">Swedish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">Neo-</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-and-Black_Movement#Ideology" title="Blue-and-Black Movement">Finnish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Lights_Doctrine" title="Nine Lights Doctrine">Pan-Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party#Ideology" title="Rexist Party">Rexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania_under_Fascism" title="Kingdom of Romania under Fascism">Romanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legionarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionarism">Legionarism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Legionary_State" title="National Legionary State">National Legionary State</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Legionarism" title="Neo-Legionarism">Neo-Legionarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Romanianism#Ideology" title="Crusade of Romanianism">Romanianism/Stelism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_syndicalism" title="Fascist syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party#Ideology" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Techno-fascism">Techno-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">National-anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maoism" title="Nazi-Maoism">Nazi-Maoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Uruguayan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay#Marzism" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Marzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay#Uruguayan_revisionism" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosism" title="Sosism">Sosism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e#Ideology" title="Ustaše">Ustašism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By continent</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Asia" title="Fascism in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Bulgaria" title="Fascism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Fascism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_North_America" title="Fascism in North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Canada" title="Fascism in Canada">Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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of the centre">Extremism of the centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-scale_(personality_test)" title="F-scale (personality test)">F-scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_(insult)" title="Fascist (insult)">Fascist as an insult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_fascism" title="Feudal fascism">Feudal fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism#1920s_and_1930s" title="Futurism">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Fascist_Italy" title="Glossary of Fascist Italy">Glossary of Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lebensphilosophie#Connection_to_Nazism" title="Lebensphilosophie">Lebensphilosophie</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterraneanism" title="Mediterraneanism">Mediterraneanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-fascism" title="Post-fascism">Post-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-fascism" title="Proto-fascism">Proto-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fascism" title="Red fascism">Red fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">Social fascism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fascism_sidebar" title="Template:Fascism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fascism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Fascism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fascism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fascism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>While Céline's first two novels contained no overt antisemitism, his polemical books <i>Bagatelles pour un massacre</i> (Trifles for a Massacre) (1937) and <i>L'École des cadavres</i> (The School of Corpses) (1938) are virulently antisemitic. Céline's antisemitism was generally welcomed by the French far Right, but some, such as <a href="/wiki/Robert_Brasillach" title="Robert Brasillach">Brasillach</a>, were concerned that its crudity might be counterproductive.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, biographer Frédéric Vitoux concludes that: "through the ferocity of his voice and the respect in which it was held, Céline had made himself the most popular and most resounding spokesman of pre-war antisemitism."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Céline's public antisemitism continued after the defeat of France in June 1940. In 1941 he published <i>Les beaux draps</i> (A Fine Mess) in which he lamented that: "France is Jewish and Masonic, once and for all." He also contributed over thirty letters, interviews and responses to questionnaires to the collaborationist press, including many antisemitic statements.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German officer and writer <a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Ernst Jünger</a> stated in his Paris war diaries that Céline told him on 7 December 1941 "of his consternation, his astonishment" that the Germans did not "exterminate" the French Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Nazis thought Céline's antisemitic pronouncements were so extreme as to be counter-productive. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernhard_Payr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernhard Payr (page does not exist)">Bernhard Payr</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Payr" class="extiw" title="de:Bernhard Payr">de</a>]</sup>, the German superintendent of propaganda in France, considered that Céline "started from correct racial notions" but his "savage, filthy slang" and "brutal obscenities" spoiled his "good intentions" with "hysterical wailing".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Céline's attitude towards fascism was ambiguous. In 1937 and 1938 he advocated a Franco-German military alliance to save France from war and Jewish hegemony. However, Vitoux argues that Céline's main motive was a desire for peace at any cost, rather than enthusiasm for Hitler. Following the election victory of the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_(France)" title="Popular Front (France)">French Popular Front</a> in May 1936, Céline saw the socialist leader <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Léon Blum</a> and the communists led by <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Thorez" title="Maurice Thorez">Maurice Thorez</a> as greater threats to France than Hitler: "…I'd prefer a dozen Hitlers to one all-powerful Blum."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Céline claimed he was not a fascist and never joined any fascist organisation, in December 1941 he publicly supported the formation of a single party to unite the French far right. When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, he expressed his support for <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Doriot" title="Jacques Doriot">Jacques Doriot</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_French_Volunteers_Against_Bolshevism" title="Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism">Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism</a> (LVF).<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to Merlin Thomas, Céline didn't "subscribe to any recognisable fascist ideology other than the attack on Jewry."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the war, Céline was found guilty of activities potentially harmful to national defence, due to his membership of the collaborationist Cercle Européen (which Céline denied) and his letters to collaborationist journals.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Vitoux: "Céline became a member of no committee and no administration (…). He never provided any assistance, either by report, advice, or information, to the German ambassador, let alone the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Central_Office_for_Jewish_Emigration" title="Central Office for Jewish Emigration">Central Jewish Office</a>." Nevertheless: "Céline's writings had permanently marked French ideology, furthered and supported its antisemitism and consequently its complacency toward the Germans. That cannot be denied."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_themes_and_style">Literary themes and style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Literary themes and style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Themes">Themes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Céline's novels reflect a pessimistic view of the human condition in which human suffering is inevitable, death is final, and hopes for human progress and happiness are illusory. He depicts a world where there is no moral order and where the rich and powerful will always oppress the poor and weak.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Céline's biographer Patrick McCarthy, Célinian man suffers from an original sin of malicious hatred, but there is no God to redeem him. "The characteristic trait of Célinian hatred is that it is gratuitous: one does not dislike because the object of dislike has harmed one; one hates because one has to."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Literary critic Merlin Thomas notes that the experience of war marked Céline for life and it is a theme in all his novels except <i>Death on the Installment Plan</i>. In <i>Journey to the End of the Night</i>, Céline presents the horror and stupidity of war as an implacable force which "turns the ordinary individual into an animal intent only on survival".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McCarthy contends that for Céline war is "the most striking manifestation of the evil present in the human condition."<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The individual's struggle for survival in a hostile world is a recurring theme in Céline's novels.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Célinian man can't escape his fate, according to McCarthy: "he has some control over his death. He need not be arbitrarily slaughtered in battle and he need not blind himself with <i>divertissements</i>. He can choose to face death, a more painful but more dignified process."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Merlin Thomas points out that the Célinian anti-hero also typically chooses defiance. "If you are weak, then you will derive strength from stripping those you fear of all the prestige they pretend to possess (…) [T]he attitude of defiance just outlined is an element of hope and personal salvation."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thomas notes that the Célinian narrator finds some consolation in beauty and creativity. The narrator is "always touched by human physical beauty, by the contemplation of a splendidly formed human body which moves with grace." For Céline ballet and the ballerina are exemplars of artistic and human beauty.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McCarthy points out that Céline habitually depicts the movement of people and objects as a dance and attempts to capture the rhythms of dance and music in language. "Yet the dance is always the <i><a href="/wiki/Danse_Macabre" title="Danse Macabre">danse macabre</a></i> and things disintegrate because death strikes them."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Style">Style</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Céline was critical of the French "academic" literary style which privileged elegance, clarity and exactitude.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He advocated a new style aimed at directly conveying emotional intensity:<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>"It seemed to me that there were two ways of telling stories. The classic, normal, academic way which consists of creeping along from one incident to the next...the way cars go along in the street...and then, the other way, which means descending into the intimacy of things, into the fibre, the nerves, the feelings of things, the flesh, and going straight on to the end, to its end, in intimacy, in maintained poetic tension, in inner life, like the <i>métro</i> through an inner city, straight to the end...[.]" </p></blockquote><p>Céline was a major innovator in French literary language.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his first two novels<i>, Journey to the End of the Night</i> and <i>Death on the Installment Plan</i>, Céline shocked many critics by his use of a unique language based on the spoken French of the working class, medical and nautical jargon, neologisms, obscenities, and the specialised slang of soldiers, sailors and the criminal underworld.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also developed an idiosyncratic system of punctuation based on extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Ellipsis" title="Ellipsis">ellipses</a> and exclamation marks. Thomas sees Céline's three dots as: "almost comparable to the pointing of a psalm: they divide the text into rhythmical rather than syntactical units, permit extreme variations of pace and make possible to a great extent the hallucinatory lyricism of his style."<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Céline called his increasingly rhythmic, syncopated writing style his "little music."<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McCarthy writes that in <i>Fables for Another Time</i>: "Celine's fury drives him beyond prose and into a new tongue – part poetry and part music – to express what he has to say."<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Céline's style evolved to reflect the themes of his novels. According to McCarthy, in Céline's final war trilogy, <i>Castle to Castle</i>, <i>North</i> and <i>Rigadoon</i>: "all worlds disappear into an eternal nothingness (…) the trilogy is written in short, bare phrases: language dissolves as reality does."<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Céline is widely considered to be one of the major French novelists of the twentieth century.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/George_Steiner" title="George Steiner">George Steiner</a>: "[T]wo bodies of work lead into the idiom and sensibility of twentieth-century narrative: that of Céline and that of <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Proust</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although many writers have admired and have been influenced by Céline's fiction, McCarthy argues that he holds a unique place in modern writing due to his pessimistic vision of the human condition and idiosyncratic writing style.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Absurdist_fiction" title="Absurdist fiction">Writers of the absurd</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a>, were influenced by Céline, but didn't share his extreme pessimism or politics.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alain_Robbe-Grillet" title="Alain Robbe-Grillet">Alain Robbe-Grillet</a> cites Céline as a major influence on the <i><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_roman" title="Nouveau roman">nouveau-roman</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a> also shows a debt to Céline's writing style.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Modiano" title="Patrick Modiano">Patrick Modiano</a> admires Céline as a stylist, and produced a parody of his style in his debut novel <i>La place de l'étoile.</i><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McCarthy and O'Connell include <a href="/wiki/Henry_Miller" title="Henry Miller">Henry Miller</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_S._Burroughs" title="William S. Burroughs">William S. Burroughs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut" title="Kurt Vonnegut">Kurt Vonnegut</a> and others as American writers influenced by Céline.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Céline remains a controversial figure in France. In 2011, the fiftieth anniversary of Céline's death, the writer had initially appeared on an official list of 500 people and events associated with French culture which were to be celebrated nationally that year. Following protests, <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Mitterrand" title="Frédéric Mitterrand">Frédéric Mitterrand</a>, then French Minister of Culture and Communication, announced that Céline would be removed from the list because of his antisemitic writings.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2017, the French government and Jewish leaders expressed concern over plans by the publisher <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Gallimard" title="Éditions Gallimard">Gallimard</a> to republish Céline's antisemitic books.<sup id="cite_ref-mcauley_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcauley-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2018 Gallimard announced that it was suspending publication.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March Gallimard clarified that it still intended to publish a critical edition of the books with scholarly introductions.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A collection of Céline's unpublished manuscripts including <i>La Volonté du roi Krogold</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Londres</i>, and 6,000 unpublished pages of already published works (<i>Casse-pipe</i>, <i>Mort à crédit</i>, <i>Journey to the End of the Night</i>), were handed over by a <i><a href="/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération">Libération</a></i> journalist, Jean-Pierre Thibaudat, to the <a href="/wiki/Nanterre" title="Nanterre">Nanterre</a> police in March 2020, and revealed in August 2021. The manuscripts had been missing since Céline fled Paris in 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French writer and Céline expert David Alliot maintains that it will take many years for these writings to be completely appreciated and published.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Chronicle" title="The Jewish Chronicle">The Jewish Chronicle</a></i> in September 2021, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Kamm" title="Oliver Kamm">Oliver Kamm</a> described Céline as a "French literary hero [who] needs to be forgotten".<sup id="cite_ref-Kamm_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamm-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lost manuscripts of Céline have been described as "one of the greatest literary discoveries of the past century, but also one of the most troubling".<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2022, Céline's <i>Guerre</i> (War) was published by Gallimard,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Londres</i> (London) followed in October 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter novel was probably written in 1934 and includes a key character who is a Jewish doctor.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novels_and_short_story">Novels and short story</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Novels and short story"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_End_of_the_Night" title="Journey to the End of the Night">Journey to the End of the Night</a></i> (<i>Voyage au bout de la nuit</i>) 1932; tr. by <a href="/wiki/John_H._P._Marks" title="John H. P. Marks">John H. P. Marks</a> (1934); tr. by Manheim, Ralph (1983). New York: <a href="/wiki/New_Directions_Publishing" title="New Directions Publishing">New Directions Publishing</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8112-0847-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8112-0847-8">0-8112-0847-8</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Death_on_Credit" title="Death on Credit">Death on Credit</a></i> (<i>Mort à crédit</i>), 1936; tr. by Marks, John H. P., Little, Brown and Company, Boston, 1938 – aka <i>Death on the Installment Plan</i> (US, 1966), tr. by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Manheim" title="Ralph Manheim">Ralph Manheim</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guignol%27s_Band" title="Guignol's Band">Guignol's Band</a></i>, 1944; tr. by Bernard Frechtman and Jack T. Nile, (1954). London: Vision Press</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/London_Bridge:_Guignol%27s_Band_II" title="London Bridge: Guignol's Band II">London Bridge: Guignol's Band II</a></i> (<i>Le Pont de Londres − Guignol's band II</i>), published posthumously in 1964; tr. by Di Bernardi, Dominic (1995). <a href="/wiki/Dalkey_Archive_Press" title="Dalkey Archive Press">Dalkey Archive Press</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56478-071-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-56478-071-6">1-56478-071-6</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cannon-Fodder_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannon-Fodder (novel)">Cannon-Fodder</a></i> (<i>Casse-pipe</i>) 1949; tr. by Kyra De Coninck and <a href="/wiki/Billy_Childish" title="Billy Childish">Billy Childish</a> (1988). <a href="/wiki/Billy_Childish#Hangman_Books" title="Billy Childish">Hangman</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fable_for_Another_Time" title="Fable for Another Time">Fable for Another Time</a></i> (<i>Féerie pour une autre fois</i>) 1952; tr. by Hudson, Mary (2003). Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-6424-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-6424-0">0-8032-6424-0</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Normance" title="Normance">Normance</a></i>, 1954; tr. by Jones, Marlon (2009). Dalkey Archive Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56478-525-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56478-525-1">978-1-56478-525-1</a> (Sequel to <i>Fable for Another Time.)</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Castle_to_Castle" title="Castle to Castle">Castle to Castle</a></i> (<i>D'un château l'autre</i>) 1957; tr. by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Manheim" title="Ralph Manheim">Manheim, Ralph</a> (1968). New York: <a href="/wiki/Dell_Publishing" title="Dell Publishing">Delacorte Press</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/North_(novel)" title="North (novel)">North</a></i> (<i>Nord</i>), 1960; tr. by Manheim, Ralph (1972). New York: Delacorte Press</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rigadoon_(novel)" title="Rigadoon (novel)">Rigadoon</a></i> (<i>Rigodon</i>), completed in 1961 but published posthumously in 1969; tr. by Manheim, Ralph (1974). New York: Delacorte Press</li> <li><i>War</i> (<i>Guerre</i>) 1934; tr. by Mandell, Charlotte (July 2024), New York: New Directions Publishing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780811237321" title="Special:BookSources/9780811237321">9780811237321</a>; tr. by Berg, Sander (October 2024), London: <a href="/wiki/Alma_Books" title="Alma Books">Alma Classics</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847499165" title="Special:BookSources/9781847499165">9781847499165</a>.</li> <li><i>Londres</i> (London), Paris, Gallimard, 2022 (untranslated)</li> <li><i>Des vagues</i> (Waves), short story, written in 1917, published in the fourth volume of Cahiers Céline de Gallimard in 1977 (untranslated)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_selected_works">Other selected works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other selected works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Carnet du cuirassier Destouches, dans Casse-Pipe, Paris,</i> Gallimard, 1970 (untranslated)</li> <li><i>Semmelweis</i> (<i>La Vie et l'œuvre de Philippe Ignace Semmelweis. [1924])</i>, Harman, John (tr.) (2008). London: Atlas Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-900565-47-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-900565-47-9">978-1-900565-47-9</a></li> <li><i>Ballets without Music, without Dancers, without Anything</i>, <i>(Ballets sans musique, sans personne, sans rien, (1959)</i>; tr. by Thomas Christensen and Carol Christensen, Green Integer, 1999</li> <li><i>The Church</i> (<i>L'Église</i>), (written 1927, published 1933; tr. by Mark Spitzer and Simon Green, Green Integer, 2003</li> <li><i>Mea Culpa</i>, 1936; tr. by Robert Allerton Parker, Little, Brown and Company, Boston, 1937</li> <li><i>Trifles for a Massacre</i> (<i>Bagatelles pour un massacre</i>), 1937; translated anonymously</li> <li><i>School for Corpses</i> (<i>L'École des cadavres</i>), 1938; tr. by Szandor Kuragin, 2016, Louis Ferdinand Céline – School For Corpses<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>A Fine Mess</i> (<i>Les Beaux Draps</i>), 1941 (untranslated)</li> <li><i>"Reply to Charges of Treason Made by the French Department of Justice</i> (<i>Réponses aux accusations formulées contre moi par la justice française au titre de trahison et reproduites par la Police Judiciaire danoise au cours de mes interrogatoires, pendant mon incarcération 1945–1946 à Copenhague</i>, 6 November 1946"; tr. by <a href="/wiki/Julien_Cornell" class="mw-redirect" title="Julien Cornell">Julien Cornell</a>, South Atlantic Quarterly 93, no. 2, 1994</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conversations_with_Professor_Y" title="Conversations with Professor Y">Conversations with Professor Y</a></i> (<i>Entretiens avec le Professeur Y</i>), 1955; tr. by <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Luce" title="Stanford Luce">Stanford Luce</a> (2006). Dalkey Archive Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56478-449-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-56478-449-5">1-56478-449-5</a></li> <li><i>The Selected Correspondence of Louis-Ferdinand Céline</i>; tr. Mitch Abidor, Kilmog Press, New Zealand, 2015</li> <li><i>Progrés,</i> Paris, Mercure de France, 1978 (untranslated)</li> <li><i>Arletty, jeune fille dauphinoise (scénario)</i>, Pris, La Flute de Pan, 1983 (untranslated)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVitoux1992">Vitoux (1992)</a>, pp. 213–222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVitoux1992">Vitoux (1992)</a>, p. 531</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/20110122-louis-ferdinand-celine-france-wrestles-writer-legacy-antisemitism-cultural-heritage">"Fifty years after death, France wrestles with legacy of writer Céline"</a>. <i>France 24</i>. 22 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Fifty+years+after+death%2C+France+wrestles+with+legacy+of+writer+C%C3%A9line&rft.date=2011-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20110122-louis-ferdinand-celine-france-wrestles-writer-legacy-antisemitism-cultural-heritage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis-Ferdinand+C%C3%A9line" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-42661452">"French publisher suspends reprint of Céline's anti-Semitic texts"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 12 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=French+publisher+suspends+reprint+of+C%C3%A9line%27s+anti-Semitic+texts&rft.date=2018-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-42661452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis-Ferdinand+C%C3%A9line" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChronoPleiade-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ChronoPleiade_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chronology given in the Pleiade edition of his novels, volume I, <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_de_la_Pl%C3%A9iade" title="Bibliothèque de la Pléiade">Bibliothèque de la Pléiade</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Gallimard" title="Éditions Gallimard">éditions Gallimard</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-07-011000-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-07-011000-1">978-2-07-011000-1</a>, pp. LV-LVI.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Connell14-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-O'Connell14_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Connell14_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Connell14_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Connell14_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Connell14_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Connell1976">O'Connell (1976)</a>, p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCarthy1976">McCarthy (1976)</a>, pp. 21–22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCarthy1976">McCarthy (1976)</a>, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCarthy1976">McCarthy (1976)</a>, pp. 22–24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCarthy1976">McCarthy (1976)</a>, p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVitoux1992">Vitoux (1992)</a>, pp. 76–78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVitoux1992">Vitoux (1992)</a>, p. 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVitoux1992">Vitoux (1992)</a>, pp. 83–84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVitoux1992">Vitoux (1992)</a>, pp. 85–88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVitoux1992">Vitoux (1992)</a>, pp. 94–104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCarthy27-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McCarthy27_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCarthy1976">McCarthy (1976)</a>, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVitoux1992">Vitoux (1992)</a>, pp. 114–125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCarthy1976">McCarthy (1976)</a>, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVitoux1992">Vitoux (1992)</a>, pp. 131–136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVitoux1992">Vitoux (1992)</a>, pp. 136–150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVitoux1992">Vitoux (1992)</a>, pp. 151–159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVitoux1992">Vitoux (1992)</a>, p. 267</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVitoux1992">Vitoux (1992)</a>, pp. 154–158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVitoux1992">Vitoux (1992)</a>, pp. 213–215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVitoux1992">Vitoux (1992)</a>, pp. 215–222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVitoux1992">Vitoux (1992)</a>, pp. 223–228, 240–242, 266–267</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVitoux1992">Vitoux (1992)</a>, pp. 232, 261</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEmpson1935">Empson (1935)</a>, pp. 16–17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVitoux1992">Vitoux (1992)</a>, pp. 287–292</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVitoux1992">Vitoux (1992)</a>, pp. 296–303</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVitoux1992">Vitoux (1992)</a>, pp. 327–329</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVitoux1992">Vitoux (1992)</a>, pp. 309–310</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVitoux1992">Vitoux (1992)</a>, pp. 335–339</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVitoux1992">Vitoux (1992)</a>, p. 348</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVitoux1992">Vitoux (1992)</a>, pp. 248–251</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVitoux1992">Vitoux (1992)</a>, p. 361</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVitoux1992">Vitoux (1992)</a>, p. 393</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVitoux1992">Vitoux (1992)</a>, pp. 353, 362, 391–394</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibault1985">Gibault (1985)</a>, p. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSautermeister2013">Sautermeister (2013)</a>, pp. 284–287</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVitoux1992">Vitoux (1992)</a>, pp. 411–431</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVitoux1992">Vitoux (1992)</a>, pp. 441–478</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVitoux1992">Vitoux (1992)</a>, pp. 504–512</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVitoux1992">Vitoux (1992)</a>, pp. 518, 521, 534</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVitoux1992">Vitoux (1992)</a>, pp. 531, 534</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVitoux1992">Vitoux (1992)</a>, pp. 540–545</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVitoux1992">Vitoux (1992)</a>, pp. 551–557</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVitoux1992">Vitoux (1992)</a>, pp. 315–321, 329-330</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVitoux1992">Vitoux (1992)</a>, pp. 363–364</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVitoux1992">Vitoux (1992)</a>, pp. 348–349, 353</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJünger2019" class="citation book cs1">Jünger, Ernst (2019). <i>A German Officer in Occupied Paris: The War Journals, 1941-1945</i>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231548380" title="Special:BookSources/9780231548380"><bdi>9780231548380</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+German+Officer+in+Occupied+Paris%3A+The+War+Journals%2C+1941-1945&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780231548380&rft.aulast=J%C3%BCnger&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis-Ferdinand+C%C3%A9line" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k2NbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT7">Chapter I, First Parisian Journal</a>. The first French edition of Jünger's diaries, published in September 1951, named Céline as making this comment. Céline sued the publishers for libel. Jünger resolved the issue by stating that it was a printing error. Subsequent French editions used "Merline" for Céline. Jünger explained later that the decision to replace "Merline" with "Céline" was made by editor <a href="/wiki/Banine" title="Banine">Banine</a>, who hated Céline. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGnoliVolpi1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gnoli, Antonio; Volpi, Franco (1997). <i>I prossimi titani. Conversazioni con Ernst Jünger</i> [<i>The Coming Titans. Conversations with Ernst Jünger</i>] (in Italian). Milano: Adelphi. pp. 93–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-459-1325-2" title="Special:BookSources/88-459-1325-2"><bdi>88-459-1325-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+prossimi+titani.+Conversazioni+con+Ernst+J%C3%BCnger&rft.place=Milano&rft.pages=93-94&rft.pub=Adelphi&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=88-459-1325-2&rft.aulast=Gnoli&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft.au=Volpi%2C+Franco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis-Ferdinand+C%C3%A9line" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://juengertranslationproject.substack.com/p/the-coming-titans-ernst-junger">The Coming Titans. Ernst Jünger</a>. In 1994, Jünger confirmed for the first time that "Merline" was in reality Céline. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiegel.de/kultur/ein-lumpiges-leben-a-e826b90e-0002-0001-0000-000009283237">"Ein lumpiges Leben"</a> [A miserable life]. <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a> - spiegel.de</i> (in German). 5 June 1994.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel+-+spiegel.de&rft.atitle=Ein+lumpiges+Leben&rft.date=1994-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fkultur%2Fein-lumpiges-leben-a-e826b90e-0002-0001-0000-000009283237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis-Ferdinand+C%C3%A9line" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVitoux1992">Vitoux (1992)</a>, pp. 378–379</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Andrew, <i>George Grant's Celine, Thoughts on the Relation of Literature and Art</i>, Arthur Davis (ed), <i>George Grant and the Subversion of Modernity</i>, University of Toronto Press, 1996, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gérard Loiseaux, La Littérature de la défaite et de la collaboration, Fayard, 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVitoux1992">Vitoux (1992)</a>, pp. 319, 327</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVitoux1992">Vitoux (1992)</a>, pp. 357–358</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas1980">Thomas (1980)</a>, p. 181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVitoux1992">Vitoux (1992)</a>, pp. 504–508</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVitoux1992">Vitoux (1992)</a>, pp. 375. 434</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas1980">Thomas (1980)</a>, pp. 54–58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCarthy1976">McCarthy (1976)</a>, pp. 57–62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas1980">Thomas (1980)</a>, pp. 45–46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCarthy1976">McCarthy (1976)</a>, p. 239</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCarthy1976">McCarthy (1976)</a>, p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas1980">Thomas (1980)</a>, p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas1980">Thomas (1980)</a>, p. 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCarthy1976">McCarthy (1976)</a>, p. 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas1980">Thomas (1980)</a>, p. 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas1980">Thomas (1980)</a>, p. 81. Céline quoted by Merlin Thomas</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVitoux1992">Vitoux (1992)</a>, p. 531</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVitoux1992">Vitoux (1992)</a>, pp. 214, 291–292</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas1980">Thomas (1980)</a>, pp. 94–97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas1980">Thomas (1980)</a>, p. 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVitoux1992">Vitoux (1992)</a>, p. 552</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCarthy1976">McCarthy (1976)</a>, pp. 242–243</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCarthy1976">McCarthy (1976)</a>, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerman2020" class="citation web cs1">Herman, David (7 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/arts-and-books/george-steiner-obituary-literary-critic-after-babel">"George Steiner: the outsider who changed the cultural landscape of Britain"</a>. <i>Prospect Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prospect+Magazine&rft.atitle=George+Steiner%3A+the+outsider+who+changed+the+cultural+landscape+of+Britain&rft.date=2020-02-07&rft.aulast=Herman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prospectmagazine.co.uk%2Farts-and-books%2Fgeorge-steiner-obituary-literary-critic-after-babel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis-Ferdinand+C%C3%A9line" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCarthy1976">McCarthy (1976)</a>, pp. 317–318</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCarthy1976">McCarthy (1976)</a>, pp. 56–57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2014" class="citation web cs1">Morris, Alan (10 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/why-you-hadnt-heard-of-patrick-modiano-until-he-won-the-nobel-and-why-you-must-read-him-now-32770">"Why you hadn't heard of Patrick Modiano until he won the Nobel, and why you must read him now"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Why+you+hadn%27t+heard+of+Patrick+Modiano+until+he+won+the+Nobel%2C+and+why+you+must+read+him+now&rft.date=2014-10-10&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fwhy-you-hadnt-heard-of-patrick-modiano-until-he-won-the-nobel-and-why-you-must-read-him-now-32770&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis-Ferdinand+C%C3%A9line" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCarthy1976">McCarthy (1976)</a>, p. 317</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Connell1976">O'Connell (1976)</a>, p. 148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorty2011" class="citation web cs1">Corty, Bruno (21 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lefigaro.fr/livres/2011/01/21/03005-20110121ARTFIG00637-mitterrand-retire-celine-des-celebrations-nationales.php">"Mitterrand retire Céline des célébrations nationales"</a>. <i>Le Figaro.fr</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Figaro.fr&rft.atitle=Mitterrand+retire+C%C3%A9line+des+c%C3%A9l%C3%A9brations+nationales&rft.date=2011-01-21&rft.aulast=Corty&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lefigaro.fr%2Flivres%2F2011%2F01%2F21%2F03005-20110121ARTFIG00637-mitterrand-retire-celine-des-celebrations-nationales.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis-Ferdinand+C%C3%A9line" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcauley-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mcauley_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_McAuley2017" class="citation news cs1">James McAuley (27 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/a-beloved-french-author-was-also-an-anti-semite-now-his-most-notorious-works-are-being-republished/2017/12/26/bec07ee2-e663-11e7-927a-e72eac1e73b6_story.html">"A beloved French author was also an anti-Semite. Now his most notorious works are being republished"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+beloved+French+author+was+also+an+anti-Semite.+Now+his+most+notorious+works+are+being+republished&rft.date=2017-12-27&rft.au=James+McAuley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fa-beloved-french-author-was-also-an-anti-semite-now-his-most-notorious-works-are-being-republished%2F2017%2F12%2F26%2Fbec07ee2-e663-11e7-927a-e72eac1e73b6_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis-Ferdinand+C%C3%A9line" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-42661452">"France shuns Céline anti-Semitic texts"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 12 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=France+shuns+C%C3%A9line+anti-Semitic+texts&rft.date=2018-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-42661452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis-Ferdinand+C%C3%A9line" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This work is a medieval saga whose publication was denied by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Deno%C3%ABl" title="Éditions Denoël">Denoël</a> despite the great success of <i>Journey to the End of Night</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrovsky2012" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ostrovsky, Erika (24 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lepetitcelinien.com/2012/01/celine-et-le-theme-du-roi-krogold-par.html">"Céline et le thème du Roi Krogold"</a> [Céline and the theme of Roi Krogold] (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=C%C3%A9line+et+le+th%C3%A8me+du+Roi+Krogold&rft.date=2012-01-24&rft.aulast=Ostrovsky&rft.aufirst=Erika&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lepetitcelinien.com%2F2012%2F01%2Fceline-et-le-theme-du-roi-krogold-par.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis-Ferdinand+C%C3%A9line" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDupuis2021" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dupuis, Jérôme (4 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/livres/article/2021/08/04/lettres-manuscrits-photos-inedites-les-archives-retrouvees-de-celine-constituent-une-decouverte-extraordinaire_6090545_3260.html">"Lettres, manuscrits, photos inédites… les archives retrouvées de Céline constituent une découverte extraordinaire"</a> [Letters, manuscripts, unpublished photographs… Céline's newly found archives make up an extraordinary discovery]. <i>Le Monde</i> (in French). Paris<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=Lettres%2C+manuscrits%2C+photos+in%C3%A9dites%E2%80%A6+les+archives+retrouv%C3%A9es+de+C%C3%A9line+constituent+une+d%C3%A9couverte+extraordinaire&rft.date=2021-08-04&rft.aulast=Dupuis&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Flivres%2Farticle%2F2021%2F08%2F04%2Flettres-manuscrits-photos-inedites-les-archives-retrouvees-de-celine-constituent-une-decouverte-extraordinaire_6090545_3260.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis-Ferdinand+C%C3%A9line" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThibaudat2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Thibaudat, Jean-Pierre (6 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.mediapart.fr/jean-pierre-thibaudat/blog/060821/le-tresor-retrouve-de-louis-ferdinand-celine">"Le trésor retrouvé de Louis-Ferdinand Céline"</a> [Céline's discovered treasure] (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+tr%C3%A9sor+retrouv%C3%A9+de+Louis-Ferdinand+C%C3%A9line&rft.date=2021-08-06&rft.aulast=Thibaudat&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.mediapart.fr%2Fjean-pierre-thibaudat%2Fblog%2F060821%2Fle-tresor-retrouve-de-louis-ferdinand-celine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis-Ferdinand+C%C3%A9line" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marianne.net/culture/litterature/manuscrits-retrouves-dix-ou-quinze-ans-de-publications-inedites-de-celine-nous-attendent">"Manuscrits retrouvés : 'Dix ou quinze ans de publications inédites de Céline nous attendent!'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> [Newly found manuscripts: 'It will take from ten to fifteen years to publish all Céline's unpublished writings] (in French). 6 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manuscrits+retrouv%C3%A9s+%3A+%27Dix+ou+quinze+ans+de+publications+in%C3%A9dites+de+C%C3%A9line+nous+attendent%21%27&rft.date=2021-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marianne.net%2Fculture%2Flitterature%2Fmanuscrits-retrouves-dix-ou-quinze-ans-de-publications-inedites-de-celine-nous-attendent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis-Ferdinand+C%C3%A9line" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kamm-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kamm_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamm2021" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Kamm" title="Oliver Kamm">Kamm, Oliver</a> (24 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejc.com/comment/opinion/one-french-literary-hero-needs-to-be-forgotten-1.520799">"One French literary hero needs to be forgotten"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Chronicle" title="The Jewish Chronicle">The Jewish Chronicle</a></i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Chronicle&rft.atitle=One+French+literary+hero+needs+to+be+forgotten&rft.date=2021-09-24&rft.aulast=Kamm&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejc.com%2Fcomment%2Fopinion%2Fone-french-literary-hero-needs-to-be-forgotten-1.520799&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis-Ferdinand+C%C3%A9line" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSage2021" class="citation news cs1">Sage, Adam (9 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/lost-manuscripts-celine-literary-nazi-found-france-z8s6jx53w">"Found: the lost manuscripts of Céline, literary Nazi"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Found%3A+the+lost+manuscripts+of+C%C3%A9line%2C+literary+Nazi&rft.date=2021-08-09&rft.aulast=Sage&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Flost-manuscripts-celine-literary-nazi-found-france-z8s6jx53w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis-Ferdinand+C%C3%A9line" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leparisien.fr/culture-loisirs/livres/guerre-de-louis-ferdinand-celine-que-vaut-cet-incroyable-inedit-de-lecrivain-controverse-04-05-2022-7IPVQ4O6NZEPTBU4GZVF5PAOZY.php">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Guerre' de Louis-Ferdinand Céline : que vaut cet incroyable inédit de l'écrivain controversé?"</a> ['War' by L.-F. Céline: How much is this incredible novel by the controversial writer worth?]. <i>Le Parisien</i> (in French). 4 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Parisien&rft.atitle=%27Guerre%27+de+Louis-Ferdinand+C%C3%A9line+%3A+que+vaut+cet+incroyable+in%C3%A9dit+de+l%27%C3%A9crivain+controvers%C3%A9%3F&rft.date=2022-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.leparisien.fr%2Fculture-loisirs%2Flivres%2Fguerre-de-louis-ferdinand-celine-que-vaut-cet-incroyable-inedit-de-lecrivain-controverse-04-05-2022-7IPVQ4O6NZEPTBU4GZVF5PAOZY.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis-Ferdinand+C%C3%A9line" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leparisien.fr/culture-loisirs/livres/londres-nouvel-inedit-de-celine-comment-lecrivain-banni-est-revenu-sur-le-devant-de-la-scene-litteraire-12-10-2022-RSYAH77YKBFRFDKSYC7FBYNLTA.php">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Londres', nouvel inédit de Céline : comment l'écrivain banni est revenu sur le devant de la scène littéraire"</a> ['London', how the banned writer returned to the literary scene]. <i>Le Parisien</i> (in French). 12 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Parisien&rft.atitle=%27Londres%27%2C+nouvel+in%C3%A9dit+de+C%C3%A9line+%3A+comment+l%27%C3%A9crivain+banni+est+revenu+sur+le+devant+de+la+sc%C3%A8ne+litt%C3%A9raire&rft.date=2022-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.leparisien.fr%2Fculture-loisirs%2Flivres%2Flondres-nouvel-inedit-de-celine-comment-lecrivain-banni-est-revenu-sur-le-devant-de-la-scene-litteraire-12-10-2022-RSYAH77YKBFRFDKSYC7FBYNLTA.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis-Ferdinand+C%C3%A9line" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.news/london-a-new-unpublished-novel-by-celine-arrives-in-bookstores-this-thursday/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'London', a new unpublished novel by Céline arrives in bookstores this Thursday"</a>. <i>Time.News</i>. 14 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time.News&rft.atitle=%27London%27%2C+a+new+unpublished+novel+by+C%C3%A9line+arrives+in+bookstores+this+Thursday&rft.date=2022-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.news%2Flondon-a-new-unpublished-novel-by-celine-arrives-in-bookstores-this-thursday%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis-Ferdinand+C%C3%A9line" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://schoolforcorpses.wordpress.com/">"Louis Ferdinand Céline - School For Corpses"</a>. <i>schoolforcorpses.wordpress.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=schoolforcorpses.wordpress.com&rft.atitle=Louis+Ferdinand+C%C3%A9line+-+School+For+Corpses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fschoolforcorpses.wordpress.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis-Ferdinand+C%C3%A9line" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmpson1935" class="citation book cs1">Empson, William (1935). <i>Some Versions of Pastoral</i>. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books (published 1966).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Some+Versions+of+Pastoral&rft.place=Harmondsworth%2C+Middlesex&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Empson&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis-Ferdinand+C%C3%A9line" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibault1985" class="citation book cs1">Gibault, François (1985). <i>Céline: 3e partie. Cavalier de l'Apocalypse (1944–1961)</i>. Paris: Mercure de France. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7152-1247-X" title="Special:BookSources/2-7152-1247-X"><bdi>2-7152-1247-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C%C3%A9line%3A+3e+partie.+Cavalier+de+l%27Apocalypse+%281944%E2%80%931961%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Mercure+de+France&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=2-7152-1247-X&rft.aulast=Gibault&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis-Ferdinand+C%C3%A9line" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy1976" class="citation book cs1">McCarthy, Patrick (1976). <i>Céline</i>. New York: The Viking Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C%C3%A9line&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Viking+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis-Ferdinand+C%C3%A9line" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connell1976" class="citation book cs1">O'Connell, David (1976). <i>Louis-Ferdinand Céline</i>. Boston: Twayne Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8057-6256-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8057-6256-3"><bdi>978-0-8057-6256-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis-Ferdinand+C%C3%A9line&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Twayne+Publishers&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-8057-6256-3&rft.aulast=O%27Connell&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis-Ferdinand+C%C3%A9line" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSautermeister2013" class="citation book cs1">Sautermeister, Christine (2013). <i>Louis Ferdinand Céline à Sigmaringen Novembre 1944 – Mars 1945: Chronique d´un séjour controversé</i>. Paris: Édition Écriture. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35905-095-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35905-095-0"><bdi>978-2-35905-095-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+Ferdinand+C%C3%A9line+%C3%A0+Sigmaringen+Novembre+1944+%E2%80%93+Mars+1945%3A+Chronique+d%C2%B4un+s%C3%A9jour+controvers%C3%A9.&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=%C3%89dition+%C3%89criture&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-2-35905-095-0&rft.aulast=Sautermeister&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis-Ferdinand+C%C3%A9line" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1980" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Merlin (1980). <i>Louis-Ferdinand Céline</i>. New York: New Direction. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8112-0754-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8112-0754-4"><bdi>0-8112-0754-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis-Ferdinand+C%C3%A9line&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+Direction&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-8112-0754-4&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Merlin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis-Ferdinand+C%C3%A9line" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVitoux1992" class="citation book cs1">Vitoux, Frédéric (1992). <i>Céline: A Biography</i>. New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55778-255-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-55778-255-5"><bdi>1-55778-255-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C%C3%A9line%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=1-55778-255-5&rft.aulast=Vitoux&rft.aufirst=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis-Ferdinand+C%C3%A9line" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley1989" class="citation book cs1">Buckley, William K. (1989). <i>Critical Essays on Louis-Ferdinand Céline</i>. Boston: G. K. Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0816188416" title="Special:BookSources/0816188416"><bdi>0816188416</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+Essays+on+Louis-Ferdinand+C%C3%A9line&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=G.+K.+Hall&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0816188416&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=William+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis-Ferdinand+C%C3%A9line" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatani2021" class="citation book cs1">Catani, Damian (2021). <i>Céline: Journeys to the Extreme</i>. Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78914-467-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78914-467-3"><bdi>978-1-78914-467-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C%C3%A9line%3A+Journeys+to+the+Extreme&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-78914-467-3&rft.aulast=Catani&rft.aufirst=Damian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis-Ferdinand+C%C3%A9line" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewitt1987" class="citation book cs1">Hewitt, Nicholas (1987). <i>The Golden Age of Louis-Ferdinand Céline</i>. Berg Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0854965246" title="Special:BookSources/0854965246"><bdi>0854965246</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Age+of+Louis-Ferdinand+C%C3%A9line&rft.pub=Berg+Publishers&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0854965246&rft.aulast=Hewitt&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis-Ferdinand+C%C3%A9line" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHindus1997" class="citation book cs1">Hindus, Milton (1997). <i>Céline: The Crippled Giant</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1560009527" title="Special:BookSources/1560009527"><bdi>1560009527</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C%C3%A9line%3A+The+Crippled+Giant&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1560009527&rft.aulast=Hindus&rft.aufirst=Milton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis-Ferdinand+C%C3%A9line" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnapp1974" class="citation book cs1">Knapp, Bettina (1974). <i>Céline: Man of Hate</i>. University of Alabama Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0817376062" title="Special:BookSources/0817376062"><bdi>0817376062</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C%C3%A9line%3A+Man+of+Hate&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0817376062&rft.aulast=Knapp&rft.aufirst=Bettina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis-Ferdinand+C%C3%A9line" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrovsky1967" class="citation book cs1">Ostrovsky, Erica (1967). <i>Céline and his Vision</i>. New York: New York University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C%C3%A9line+and+his+Vision&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Ostrovsky&rft.aufirst=Erica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis-Ferdinand+C%C3%A9line" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Louis-Ferdinand Céline">Louis-Ferdinand Céline</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Louis-Ferdinand+C%C3%A9line+Is+Dead&rft.pages=33&rft.date=1961-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1961%2F07%2F05%2Farchives%2Flouisferdinand-celine-is-dead-novelist-of-chaos-and-despair-french.html%3Foref%3Dlogin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis-Ferdinand+C%C3%A9line" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Petri Liukkonen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://authorscalendar.info/lfceline.htm">"Louis-Ferdinand Céline"</a>. <i>Books and Writers</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.hrc.utexas.edu:8080/hrcxtf/view?docId=ead/00291p6.xml&query=celine,%20louis%20ferdinand&query-join=and">Louis-Ferdinand Céline Collection</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120210222234/http://research.hrc.utexas.edu:8080/hrcxtf/view?docId=ead/00291p6.xml&query=celine,%20louis%20ferdinand&query-join=and">Archived</a> 10 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Harry_Ransom_Center" title="Harry Ransom Center">Harry Ransom Center</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://celine-etudes.org/">Society of Céline Studies</a> – French association that organizes international symposia on Céline</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Louis-Ferdinand_Céline" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Template:Louis-Ferdinand Céline"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Template talk:Louis-Ferdinand Céline"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Louis-Ferdinand Céline"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Louis-Ferdinand_Céline" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis-Ferdinand Céline</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_End_of_the_Night" title="Journey to the End of the Night">Journey to the End of the Night</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Death_on_Credit" title="Death on Credit">Death on Credit</a></i> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guignol%27s_Band" title="Guignol's Band">Guignol's Band</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cannon-Fodder" title="Cannon-Fodder">Cannon-Fodder</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fable_for_Another_Time" title="Fable for Another Time">Fable for Another Time</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Normance" title="Normance">Normance</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conversations_with_Professor_Y" title="Conversations with Professor Y">Conversations with Professor Y</a></i> (1955)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Castle_to_Castle" title="Castle to Castle">Castle to Castle</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/North_(novel)" title="North (novel)">North</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/London_Bridge:_Guignol%27s_Band_II" title="London Bridge: Guignol's Band II">London Bridge: Guignol's Band II</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rigadoon_(novel)" title="Rigadoon (novel)">Rigadoon</a></i> (1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works about</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9line:_A_Biography" title="Céline: A Biography">Céline: A Biography</a></i> (1988 biography)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pulp_(novel)" title="Pulp (novel)">Pulp</a></i> (1994 novel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Cavale_du_Dr_Destouches" title="La Cavale du Dr Destouches">La Cavale du Dr Destouches</a></i> (2015 comic book)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line_(film)" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline (film)">Louis-Ferdinand Céline</a></i> (2016 drama film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Bardamu" title="Ferdinand Bardamu">Ferdinand Bardamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucette_Destouches" title="Lucette Destouches">Lucette Destouches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Prix_Renaudot" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prix_Renaudot" title="Template:Prix Renaudot"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prix_Renaudot" title="Template talk:Prix Renaudot"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prix_Renaudot" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prix Renaudot"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Prix_Renaudot" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Laureates of the <a href="/wiki/Prix_Renaudot" title="Prix Renaudot">Prix Renaudot</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1926: <a href="/wiki/Armand_Lunel" title="Armand Lunel">Armand Lunel</a></li> <li>1927: <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Nabonne" title="Bernard Nabonne">Bernard Nabonne</a></li> <li>1928: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Obey" title="André Obey">André Obey</a></li> <li>1929: <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Aym%C3%A9" title="Marcel Aymé">Marcel Aymé</a></li> <li>1930: <a href="/wiki/Germaine_Beaumont" title="Germaine Beaumont">Germaine Beaumont</a></li> <li>1931: <a href="/wiki/Philippe_H%C3%A9riat" title="Philippe Hériat">Philippe Hériat</a></li> <li>1932: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis-Ferdinand Céline</a></li> <li>1933: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Braibant" title="Charles Braibant">Charles Braibant</a></li> <li>1934: Louis Francis</li> <li>1935: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Roux" title="François de Roux">François de Roux</a></li> <li>1936: <a href="/wiki/Louis_Aragon" title="Louis Aragon">Louis Aragon</a></li> <li>1937: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Rogissart" title="Jean Rogissart">Jean Rogissart</a></li> <li>1938: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Jean_Launay" title="Pierre Jean Launay">Pierre Jean Launay</a></li> <li>1939: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Malaquais" title="Jean Malaquais">Jean Malaquais</a></li> <li>1940: <a href="/wiki/Jules_Roy" title="Jules Roy">Jules Roy</a></li> <li>1941: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Mousset&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Mousset (page does not exist)">Paul Mousset</a></li> <li>1942: Robert Gaillard</li> <li>1943: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Soubiran" title="André Soubiran">André Soubiran</a></li> <li>1944: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Peyrefitte" title="Roger Peyrefitte">Roger Peyrefitte</a></li> <li>1945: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Bosco" title="Henri Bosco">Henri Bosco</a></li> <li>1946: <a href="/wiki/David_Rousset" title="David Rousset">David Rousset</a></li> <li>1947: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Cayrol" title="Jean Cayrol">Jean Cayrol</a></li> <li>1948: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Fisson" title="Pierre Fisson">Pierre Fisson</a></li> <li>1949: <a href="/wiki/Louis_Guilloux" title="Louis Guilloux">Louis Guilloux</a></li> <li>1950: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Molaine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Molaine (page does not exist)">Pierre Molaine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1951: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Margerit" title="Robert Margerit">Robert Margerit</a></li> <li>1952: <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Perry" title="Jacques Perry">Jacques Perry</a></li> <li>1953: <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9lia_Bertin" title="Célia Bertin">Célia Bertin</a></li> <li>1954: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Reverzy" title="Jean Reverzy">Jean Reverzy</a></li> <li>1955: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Govy" title="Georges Govy">Georges Govy</a></li> <li>1956: André Perrin</li> <li>1957: <a href="/wiki/Michel_Butor" title="Michel Butor">Michel Butor</a></li> <li>1958: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Glissant" title="Édouard Glissant">Édouard Glissant</a></li> <li>1959: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Palle" title="Albert Palle">Albert Palle</a></li> <li>1960: Alfred Kern</li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Bordier" title="Roger Bordier">Roger Bordier</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/Simone_Jacquemard" title="Simone Jacquemard">Simone Jacquemard</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/J._M._G._Le_Cl%C3%A9zio" title="J. M. G. Le Clézio">J. M. G. Le Clézio</a></li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Faye" title="Jean-Pierre Faye">Jean-Pierre Faye</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Perec" title="Georges Perec">Georges Perec</a></li> <li>1966: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Cabanis" title="José Cabanis">José Cabanis</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/Salvat_Etchart" title="Salvat Etchart">Salvat Etchart</a></li> <li>1968: <a href="/wiki/Yambo_Ouologuem" title="Yambo Ouologuem">Yambo Ouologuem</a></li> <li>1969: <a href="/wiki/Max_Olivier-Lacamp" title="Max Olivier-Lacamp">Max Olivier-Lacamp</a></li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Freusti%C3%A9" title="Jean Freustié">Jean Freustié</a></li> <li>1971: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Jean_R%C3%A9my" title="Pierre-Jean Rémy">Pierre-Jean Rémy</a></li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Frank" title="Christopher Frank">Christopher Frank</a></li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Prou" title="Suzanne Prou">Suzanne Prou</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Borgeaud" title="Georges Borgeaud">Georges Borgeaud</a></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Joubert" title="Jean Joubert">Jean Joubert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1976: <a href="/wiki/Michel_Henry" title="Michel Henry">Michel Henry</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Boudard" title="Alphonse Boudard">Alphonse Boudard</a></li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Detrez" title="Conrad Detrez">Conrad Detrez</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marc_Roberts" title="Jean-Marc Roberts">Jean-Marc Roberts</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="/wiki/Dani%C3%A8le_Sallenave" title="Danièle Sallenave">Danièle Sallenave</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Michel_del_Castillo" title="Michel del Castillo">Michel del Castillo</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Georges-Olivier_Ch%C3%A2teaureynaud" title="Georges-Olivier Châteaureynaud">Georges-Olivier Châteaureynaud</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Rouart" title="Jean-Marie Rouart">Jean-Marie Rouart</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Annie_Ernaux" title="Annie Ernaux">Annie Ernaux</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Rapha%C3%ABle_Billetdoux" title="Raphaële Billetdoux">Raphaële Billetdoux</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Christian_Giudicelli" title="Christian Giudicelli">Christian Giudicelli</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Jean_Clot" title="René-Jean Clot">René-Jean Clot</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Depestre" title="René Depestre">René Depestre</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Doumenc" title="Philippe Doumenc">Philippe Doumenc</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Colombier" title="Jean Colombier">Jean Colombier</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Dan_Franck" title="Dan Franck">Dan Franck</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Weyergans" title="François Weyergans">François Weyergans</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Br%C3%A9hal" title="Nicolas Bréhal">Nicolas Bréhal</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Le_Touze" title="Guillaume Le Touze">Guillaume Le Touze</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Besson" title="Patrick Besson">Patrick Besson</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Boris_Schreiber" title="Boris Schreiber">Boris Schreiber</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Pascal_Bruckner" title="Pascal Bruckner">Pascal Bruckner</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Bona" title="Dominique Bona">Dominique Bona</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Picouly" title="Daniel Picouly">Daniel Picouly</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Ahmadou_Kourouma" title="Ahmadou Kourouma">Ahmadou Kourouma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Martine_Le_Coz" title="Martine Le Coz">Martine Le Coz</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Cortanze" title="Gérard de Cortanze">Gérard de Cortanze</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Claudel" title="Philippe Claudel">Philippe Claudel</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_N%C3%A9mirovsky" title="Irène Némirovsky">Irène Némirovsky</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Nina_Bouraoui" title="Nina Bouraoui">Nina Bouraoui</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Mabanckou" title="Alain Mabanckou">Alain Mabanckou</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Pennac" title="Daniel Pennac">Daniel Pennac</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Tierno_Mon%C3%A9nembo" title="Tierno Monénembo">Tierno Monénembo</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Beigbeder" title="Frédéric Beigbeder">Frédéric Beigbeder</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Virginie_Despentes" title="Virginie Despentes">Virginie Despentes</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Carr%C3%A8re" title="Emmanuel Carrère">Emmanuel Carrère</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Scholastique_Mukasonga" title="Scholastique Mukasonga">Scholastique Mukasonga</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Yann_Moix" title="Yann Moix">Yann Moix</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/David_Foenkinos" title="David Foenkinos">David Foenkinos</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Delphine_de_Vigan" title="Delphine de Vigan">Delphine de Vigan</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/Yasmina_Reza" title="Yasmina Reza">Yasmina Reza</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Guez" title="Olivier Guez">Olivier Guez</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9rie_Manteau" title="Valérie Manteau">Valérie Manteau</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Tesson" title="Sylvain Tesson">Sylvain Tesson</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/Marie-H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Lafon" title="Marie-Hélène Lafon">Marie-Hélène Lafon</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_Nothomb" title="Amélie Nothomb">Amélie Nothomb</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Simon_Liberati" title="Simon Liberati">Simon Liberati</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Holocaust_in_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holocaust_France" title="Template:Holocaust France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holocaust_France" title="Template talk:Holocaust France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Holocaust_in_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_France" title="The Holocaust in France">The Holocaust in France</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> by country: <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Albania" title="The Holocaust in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Austria" title="The Holocaust in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belgium" title="The Holocaust in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bulgaria" title="The Holocaust in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_France" title="The Holocaust in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Hungary" title="The Holocaust in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Italy" title="The Holocaust in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Latvia" title="The Holocaust in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Libya_during_the_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews of Libya during the Holocaust">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Lithuania" title="The Holocaust in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Luxembourg" title="The Holocaust in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Netherlands" title="The Holocaust in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Norway" title="The Holocaust in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Russia" title="The Holocaust in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Serbia" title="The Holocaust in German-occupied Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roundup_(police_action)" title="Roundup (police action)">Roundups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_ticket_roundup" title="Green ticket roundup">Green ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clermont-Ferrand_Roundup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clermont-Ferrand Roundup (page does not exist)">Clermont-Ferrand</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafle_du_25_novembre_1943" class="extiw" title="fr:Rafle du 25 novembre 1943">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izieu#Site_of_World_War_II_Jewish_orphanage" title="Izieu">Izieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marseille_roundup" title="Marseille roundup">Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundups_of_Jews_on_the_French_Riviera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roundups of Jews on the French Riviera (page does not exist)">French Riviera roundups</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alois_Brunner#Les_rafles_de_Juifs_de_la_Côte_d'Azur" class="extiw" title="fr:Alois Brunner">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Sainte-Catherine_Roundup" title="Rue Sainte-Catherine Roundup">Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vel%27_d%27Hiv_Roundup" title="Vel' d'Hiv Roundup">Vel' d'Hiv</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villeurbanne_Roundup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villeurbanne Roundup (page does not exist)">Villeurbanne</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafle_des_Villeurbannais" class="extiw" title="fr:Rafle des Villeurbannais">fr</a>]</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internment_camps_in_France#Second_World_War_camps" title="Internment camps in France">Camps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaune-la-Rolande_internment_camp" title="Beaune-la-Rolande internment camp">Beaune-la-Rolande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drancy_internment_camp" title="Drancy internment camp">Drancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurs_internment_camp" title="Gurs internment camp">Gurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_des_Milles" title="Camp des Milles">Milles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natzweiler-Struthof_concentration_camp" title="Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp">Natzweiler-Struthof</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Natzweiler-Struthof" title="List of subcamps of Natzweiler-Struthof">subcamps</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pithiviers_internment_camp" title="Pithiviers internment camp">Pithiviers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_du_R%C3%A9c%C3%A9b%C3%A9dou" title="Camp du Récébédou">Récébédou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rieucros_Camp" title="Rieucros Camp">Rieucros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_de_Romainville" title="Fort de Romainville">Romainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royallieu-Compi%C3%A8gne_internment_camp" title="Royallieu-Compiègne internment camp">Royallieu-Compiègne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_de_Rivesaltes" title="Camp de Rivesaltes">Rivesaltes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_of_Septfonds" title="Camp of Septfonds">Septfonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Vernet" title="Camp Vernet">Vernet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Archives, statutes, trial testimony, convoy records">Documentation</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_Contemporary_Jewish_Documentation" title="Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation">Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_anti-Jewish_legislation" title="Vichy anti-Jewish legislation">Vichy anti-Jewish legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_deportations_of_French_Jews_to_death_camps" title="Timeline of deportations of French Jews to death camps">Timeline of deportations to death camps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Perpetrators of crimes against victims of the Holocaust in France">Perpetrators</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Abetz" title="Otto Abetz">Otto Abetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Achenbach" title="Ernst Achenbach">Ernst Achenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horst_Ahnert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horst Ahnert (page does not exist)">Horst Ahnert</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Ahnert" class="extiw" title="es:Horst Ahnert">es</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Barbie" title="Klaus Barbie">Klaus Barbie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Best" title="Werner Best">Werner Best</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Blanke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Blanke (page does not exist)">Kurt Blanke</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Blanke" class="extiw" title="de:Kurt Blanke">de</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_B%C3%B6melburg" title="Karl Bömelburg">Karl Bömelburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_R%C3%B6thke" title="Heinz Röthke">Heinz Röthke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alois_Brunner" title="Alois Brunner">Alois Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Dannecker" title="Theodor Dannecker">Theodor Dannecker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Dietrich_Ernst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans-Dietrich Ernst (page does not exist)">Hans-Dietrich Ernst</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Dietrich_Ernst" class="extiw" title="de:Hans-Dietrich Ernst">de</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hagen" title="Herbert Hagen">Herbert Hagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Heinrichsohn" title="Ernst Heinrichsohn">Ernst Heinrichsohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Knochen" title="Helmut Knochen">Helmut Knochen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Kramer" title="Josef Kramer">Josef Kramer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Lischka" title="Kurt Lischka">Kurt Lischka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Oberg" title="Carl Oberg">Carl Oberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl-Heinrich_von_St%C3%BClpnagel" title="Carl-Heinrich von Stülpnagel">Carl-Heinrich von Stülpnagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carltheo_Zeitschel" title="Carltheo Zeitschel">Carltheo Zeitschel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nazi occupation<br />and organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Devisenschutzkommando" title="Devisenschutzkommando">Devisenschutzkommando</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party" title="French Popular Party">Parti Populaire Français</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jeunesse_Populaire_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Jeunesse Populaire Française">Jeunesse Populaire Française</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milice" title="Milice">Milice</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_anti-Jewish_legislation" title="Vichy anti-Jewish legislation">Anti-Jewish legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Bousquet" title="René Bousquet">René Bousquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Darlan" title="François Darlan">François Darlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Darnand" title="Joseph Darnand">Joseph Darnand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Darquier_de_Pellepoix" title="Louis Darquier de Pellepoix">Louis Darquier de Pellepoix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tulard" title="André Tulard">André Tulard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_Holocaust_collaboration_timeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichy Holocaust collaboration timeline">Vichy Holocaust collaboration timeline</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution nationale</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_collaboration_in_Vichy_France" title="Police collaboration in Vichy France">Vichy Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy#France" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Collaborators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brasillach" title="Robert Brasillach">Robert Brasillach</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis-Ferdinand Céline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Darquier_de_Pellepoix" title="Louis Darquier de Pellepoix">Louis Darquier de Pellepoix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_G%C3%A9rard_(propagandist)" title="René Gérard (propagandist)">René Gérard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Mamy" title="Jean Mamy">Jean Mamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Papon" title="Maurice Papon">Maurice Papon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_du_Paty_de_Clam" title="Charles du Paty de Clam">Charles du Paty de Clam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Touvier" title="Paul Touvier">Paul Touvier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Vallat" title="Xavier Vallat">Xavier Vallat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_collaboration_in_Vichy_France" title="Police collaboration in Vichy France">Police collaboration in Vichy France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="French and non-French citizens arrested, deported, or otherwise victims of the Holocaust in France">Victims</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Abraham" title="Henri Abraham">Henri Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Basch" title="Victor Basch">Victor Basch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Berr" title="Hélène Berr">Hélène Berr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Blum_(impresario)" title="René Blum (impresario)">René Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadmi_Cohen" title="Kadmi Cohen">Kadmi Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Cohn" title="Marianne Cohn">Marianne Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messaoud_El_Mediouni" title="Messaoud El Mediouni">Messaoud El Mediouni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Feldbau" title="Jacques Feldbau">Jacques Feldbau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Fondane" title="Benjamin Fondane">Benjamin Fondane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Freundlich" title="Otto Freundlich">Otto Freundlich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_Gluck" title="Salomon Gluck">Salomon Gluck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Halbwachs" title="Maurice Halbwachs">Maurice Halbwachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hermann_(composer)" title="Paul Hermann (composer)">Paul Hermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Jacob" title="Max Jacob">Max Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereck_Kofman" title="Bereck Kofman">Bereck Kofman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Mandel" title="Georges Mandel">Georges Mandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Metzger" title="Hélène Metzger">Hélène Metzger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Natan" title="Bernard Natan">Bernard Natan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_N%C3%A9mirovsky" title="Irène Némirovsky">Irène Némirovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_Oberfeld" title="Casimir Oberfeld">Casimir Oberfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Olschanezky" title="Sonia Olschanezky">Sonia Olschanezky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Perez_(Tunisian_boxer)" title="Victor Perez (Tunisian boxer)">Victor Perez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9atrice_Reinach" title="Béatrice Reinach">Béatrice Reinach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Rodier" title="Claude Rodier">Claude Rodier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alma_Ros%C3%A9" title="Alma Rosé">Alma Rosé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Salomon" title="Charlotte Salomon">Charlotte Salomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sascha_Schapiro" title="Sascha Schapiro">Sascha Schapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Vogel_(author)" title="David Vogel (author)">David Vogel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Victims of the Holocaust in France who escaped or who survived arrest, deportation, or the camps until liberation">Survivors</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Deutscher_(physicist)" title="Guy Deutscher (physicist)">Guy Deutscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Elleinstein" title="Jean Elleinstein">Jean Elleinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoinette_Feuerwerker" title="Antoinette Feuerwerker">Antoinette Feuerwerker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Feuerwerker" title="David Feuerwerker">David Feuerwerker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ol%C3%A8re" title="David Olère">David Olère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Schwab" title="Léon Schwab">Léon Schwab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Veil" title="Simone Veil">Simone Veil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Warfman" title="Rose Warfman">Rose Warfman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Anyone (victim or not) with first-hand knowledge of the Holocaust in France who testified or spoke out publicly about it">Witness<br />testimony</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louise_Alcan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louise Alcan (page does not exist)">Louise Alcan</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Alcan" class="extiw" title="fr:Louise Alcan">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Bialot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Bialot (page does not exist)">Joseph Bialot</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Bialot" class="extiw" title="fr:Joseph Bialot">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henri_Borlant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri Borlant (page does not exist)">Henri Borlant</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Borlant" class="extiw" title="fr:Henri Borlant">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Bulawko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Bulawko (page does not exist)">Henry Bulawko</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bulawko" class="extiw" title="fr:Henry Bulawko">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nadine_Heftler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nadine Heftler (page does not exist)">Nadine Heftler</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadine_Heftler" class="extiw" title="fr:Nadine Heftler">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denise_Holstein" title="Denise Holstein">Denise Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Kapel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="René Kapel (page does not exist)">René Kapel</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Kapel" class="extiw" title="fr:René Kapel">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Kofman" title="Sarah Kofman">Sarah Kofman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Rogerie" title="André Rogerie">André Rogerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Claude_Vaillant-Couturier" title="Marie-Claude Vaillant-Couturier">Marie-Claude Vaillant-Couturier</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A9on_Zyguel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Léon Zyguel (page does not exist)">Léon Zyguel</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Zyguel" class="extiw" title="fr:Léon Zyguel">fr</a>]</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among<br />the Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bedane" title="Albert Bedane">Albert Bedane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Boegner" title="Marc Boegner">Marc Boegner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Chambon-sur-Lignon" title="Le Chambon-sur-Lignon">Le Chambon-sur-Lignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chabannes" title="Château de Chabannes">Château de Chabannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Jacques Ellul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Elmes" title="Mary Elmes">Mary Elmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Marie_Gerlier" title="Pierre-Marie Gerlier">Pierre-Marie Gerlier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Godart" title="Justin Godart">Justin Godart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Jacques" title="Père Jacques">Père Jacques</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henri_Manen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri Manen (page does not exist)">Henri Manen</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Manen" class="extiw" title="fr:Henri Manen">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Marie-Beno%C3%AEt" title="Père Marie-Benoît">Père Marie-Benoît</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_de_Naurois" title="René de Naurois">René de Naurois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ramadier" title="Paul Ramadier">Paul Ramadier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_Ribi%C3%A8re" title="Germaine Ribière">Germaine Ribière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules-G%C3%A9raud_Sali%C3%A8ge" title="Jules-Géraud Saliège">Jules-Géraud Saliège</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Marie_Th%C3%A9as" title="Pierre-Marie Théas">Pierre-Marie Théas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_and_Magda_Trocm%C3%A9" title="André and Magda Trocmé">André and Magda Trocmé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varian_Fry" title="Varian Fry">Varian Fry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Museums, commemorations, memorials, any institution preserving the memory of the Holocaust in France">Memorials</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fondation_pour_la_M%C3%A9moire_de_la_D%C3%A9portation" title="Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Déportation">Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Déportation</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_and_Daughters_of_Jewish_Deportees_from_France" title="Sons and Daughters of Jewish Deportees from France">Sons and Daughters of Jewish Deportees from France</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9morial_de_la_Shoah" title="Mémorial de la Shoah">Mémorial de la Shoah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9morial_des_Martyrs_de_la_D%C3%A9portation" title="Mémorial des Martyrs de la Déportation">Mémorial des Martyrs de la Déportation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9morial_national_de_la_d%C3%A9portation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mémorial national de la déportation (page does not exist)">Mémorial national de la déportation</a> </i><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9morial_national_de_la_d%C3%A9portation" class="extiw" title="fr:Mémorial national de la déportation">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_de_Rivesaltes" title="Camp de Rivesaltes">Rivesaltes Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_memorials_and_museums#France" title="List of Holocaust memorials and museums">List of Holocaust memorials and museums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">See also</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_France" title="Antisemitism in France">Antisemitism in France</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_Juive" title="Armée Juive">Armée Juive</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">History of the Jews in France</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II" title="German military administration in occupied France during World War II">Occupied France</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vichy_anti-Jewish_legislation" title="Vichy anti-Jewish legislation">Vichy anti-Jewish legislation</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151820#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151820#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151820#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000368640226">ISNI</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121280150">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000449426571">3</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/36916020">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/37119/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwRYvC77Rh6xvtTGgjV4q">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118519867">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79063419">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11895729d">France</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb177511168">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11895729d">BnF data</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb177511168">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00435592">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Céline, Louis-Ferdinand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV030337">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35729699">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19981000542&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX822960">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/41525">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068783884">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90068905">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000040019&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000052518&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000035774">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=85401">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199604672">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/rp355z492p7sjxf">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810592970705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/32873">Vatican</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/32874">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007260012305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058524238406706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14192716">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00331165?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500340530">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/22220116-8fce-4bfd-8c8f-aa11ebf72487">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/414769">RKD Artists</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1061270">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118519867.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118519867">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026774240">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6vd73sx">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis-Ferdinand_Céline&oldid=1258848471">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis-Ferdinand_Céline&oldid=1258848471</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Category:Louis-Ferdinand Céline">Louis-Ferdinand 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