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<div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Compus de gaz nobil</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Съединения на благородните газове – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Съединения на благородните газове" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compost_de_gas_noble" title="Compost de gas noble – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Compost de gas noble" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slou%C4%8Deniny_vz%C3%A1cn%C3%BDch_plyn%C5%AF" title="Sloučeniny vzácných plynů – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sloučeniny vzácných plynů" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edelgasverbindungen" title="Edelgasverbindungen – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Edelgasverbindungen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BD%CF%8E%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82_%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%B1%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Ενώσεις ευγενών αερίων – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ενώσεις ευγενών αερίων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_gas_compound" title="Noble gas compound – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Noble gas compound" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombina%C4%B5oj_de_noblaj_gasoj" title="Kombinaĵoj de noblaj gasoj – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kombinaĵoj de noblaj gasoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compuesto_de_gas_noble" title="Compuesto de gas noble – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Compuesto de gas noble" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_noble_konposatu" title="Gas noble konposatu – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gas noble konposatu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalokaasuyhdiste" title="Jalokaasuyhdiste – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jalokaasuyhdiste" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimie_des_gaz_nobles" title="Chimie des gaz nobles – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chimie des gaz nobles" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="उत्कृष्ट गैसों के यौगिक – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उत्कृष्ट गैसों के यौगिक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemesg%C3%A1zvegy%C3%BCletek" title="Nemesgázvegyületek – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nemesgázvegyületek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composto_di_gas_nobili" title="Composto di gas nobili – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Composto di gas nobili" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E3%82%AC%E3%82%B9%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="貴ガス化合物 – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="貴ガス化合物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%ED%99%9C%EC%84%B1_%EA%B8%B0%EC%B2%B4_%ED%99%94%ED%95%A9%EB%AC%BC" title="비활성 기체 화합물 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비활성 기체 화합물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebatian_gas_adi" title="Sebatian gas adi – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sebatian gas adi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edelgasverbinding" title="Edelgasverbinding – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Edelgasverbinding" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1" title="ਨੋਬਲ ਗੈਸ ਕੰਪਾਊਂਡ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨੋਬਲ ਗੈਸ ਕੰਪਾਊਂਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composto_de_g%C3%A1s_nobre" title="Composto de gás nobre – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Composto de gás nobre" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Соединения благородных газов – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Соединения благородных газов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_gas_compound" title="Noble gas compound – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Noble gas compound" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84delgasf%C3%B6rening" title="Ädelgasförening – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ädelgasförening" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5" title="สารประกอบของแก๊สมีสกุล – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สารประกอบของแก๊สมีสกุล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soy_gaz_bile%C5%9Fi%C4%9Fi" title="Soy gaz bileşiği – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Soy gaz bileşiği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" 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Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><p><b>Compușii gazelor nobile</b> sunt <a href="/wiki/Compus_chimic" title="Compus chimic">compușii chimici</a> care conțin în structura lor cel puțin un <a href="/wiki/Element_chimic" title="Element chimic">element chimic</a> de tip <a href="/wiki/Gaz_nobil" title="Gaz nobil">gaz nobil</a>, ce se află în <a href="/wiki/Grup%C4%83_(tabelul_periodic_al_elementelor)" title="Grupă (tabelul periodic al elementelor)">grupa a 18-a</a> a <a href="/wiki/Tabelul_periodic_al_elementelor" title="Tabelul periodic al elementelor">tabelului periodic</a>. Deși gazele nobile sunt elemente nereactive, un număr mare de astfel de compuși derivați au fost descoperiți, în special cei ai <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">xenonului</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ThoughtCo_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ThoughtCo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compuși"><span id="Compu.C8.99i"></span>Compuși</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compus_de_gaz_nobil&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Compuși" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compus_de_gaz_nobil&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Compuși"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:XeF2_kristalle.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/XeF2_kristalle.png/150px-XeF2_kristalle.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/XeF2_kristalle.png/225px-XeF2_kristalle.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/XeF2_kristalle.png/300px-XeF2_kristalle.png 2x" data-file-width="1032" data-file-height="1010" /></a><figcaption>Cristale de difluorură de xenon, XeF<sub>2</sub></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heliu_și_neon"><span id="Heliu_.C8.99i_neon"></span>Heliu și neon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compus_de_gaz_nobil&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Heliu și neon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compus_de_gaz_nobil&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Heliu și neon"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Există câteva dovezi empirice și teoretice ale existenței unor compuși de heliu metastabili, care pot exista doar la temperaturi extrem de mici și în condiții extreme de presiune. <a href="/wiki/Cation" title="Cation">Cationul</a> stabil HeH<sup>+</sup> a fost raportat în anul <a href="/wiki/1925" title="1925">1925</a>, dar nu poate fi considerat un compus de sine stătător, nefiind neutru și izolabil.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nu au fost încă descoperiți compuși adevărați ai <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neonului</a>, ci doar <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ioni</a> (clusteri de tip <span class="chemf nowrap">Ne<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;"><br /><i>m</i></span>He<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;">+<br /><i>n</i></span></span>, unde <i>m</i> ia valori de la 1 la 7 și <i>n</i> de la 1 la 20).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argon">Argon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compus_de_gaz_nobil&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Argon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compus_de_gaz_nobil&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Argon"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kripton">Kripton</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compus_de_gaz_nobil&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Kripton" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compus_de_gaz_nobil&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Kripton"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Xenon">Xenon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compus_de_gaz_nobil&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Xenon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compus_de_gaz_nobil&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Xenon"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenonul</a> este cel mai <i>reactiv</i> dintre gazele nobile, dând o mare varietate de compuși, în special <a href="/wiki/Fluorur%C4%83" title="Fluorură">fluoruri</a> și <a href="/wiki/Oxid" title="Oxid">oxizi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CLTxts_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CLTxts-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anterior primelor studii inițiale realizate în anul <a href="/wiki/1962" title="1962">1962</a> cu privire la fluorurile XeF<sub>4</sub> și XeF<sub>2</sub>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> au fost sintetizați alți compuși precum hexafluorura de xenon (XeF<sub>6</sub>), oxifluorurile de xenon (XeOF<sub>2</sub>, XeOF<sub>4</sub>, XeO<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub>, XeO<sub>3</sub>F<sub>2</sub>, XeO<sub>2</sub>F<sub>4</sub>) și oxizii de xenon (<span class="chemf nowrap">XeO<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Trioxid_de_xenon" title="Trioxid de xenon">XeO<sub>3</sub></a> și <a href="/wiki/Tetroxid_de_xenon" title="Tetroxid de xenon">XeO<sub>4</sub></a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radon">Radon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compus_de_gaz_nobil&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Radon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compus_de_gaz_nobil&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Radon"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radonul</a> nu este inert chimic, însă are un <a href="/wiki/Timp_de_%C3%AEnjum%C4%83t%C4%83%C8%9Bire" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Timp de înjumătățire">timp de înjumătățire</a> scurt și o <a href="/wiki/Radioactivitate" title="Radioactivitate">radioactivitate</a> ridicată, ceea ce face extrem de dificilă investigarea compușilor săi. Printre aceștia se numără fluorura de radon (RnF<sub>2</sub>) și oxidul de radon (RnO<sub>3</sub>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compus_de_gaz_nobil&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compus_de_gaz_nobil&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ThoughtCo-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ThoughtCo_1-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/noble-gases-forming-compounds-608601">„Do the Noble Gases Form Chemical Compounds?”</a>, <i>ThoughtCo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2019-07-29">29 iulie 2019</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ThoughtCo&rft.atitle=Do+the+Noble+Gases+Form+Chemical+Compounds%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fnoble-gases-forming-compounds-608601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ACompus+de+gaz+nobil" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16236537">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"„""”""«""»"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hogness, T.R.; Lunn, E.G. (<time datetime="1925">1925</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v26/i1/p44_1">„The Ionization of Hydrogen by Electron Impact as Interpreted by Positive Ray Analysis”</a>. <i>Phys. Rev. Lett</i>. The American Physical Society. <b>26</b> (1): 44–55. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1925PhRv...26...44H">1925PhRv...26...44H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.26.44">10.1103/PhysRev.26.44</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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