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institutional credit</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: institutional credit"> <meta name="keywords" content="institutional credit"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="institutional credit"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 1505</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: institutional credit</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1505</span> Accessibility of Institutional Credit and Its Impact on Agricultural Output: A Case Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Showkat%20Ahmad%20Bhat">Showkat Ahmad Bhat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20S.%20Bhatt"> M. S. Bhatt</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study evaluates the ex-post impact of institutional credit on agricultural output. It first examines the key factors that influence the accessibility of institutional credit by farm households. For quantitative analysis both program participant and non-participant respondents were drawn and cross-sectional survey data were collected from 412 households in Pulwama District of Jammu & Kashmir (India). Propensity Score Matching Method was employed to analyze the impact of the institutional credit on agricultural output. Results show that institutional credit has a positive and significant impact on the agricultural output measured in terms of farm income and crop productivity. To estimate the accessibility of credit, an examination of both demand side and supply side factors were carried out. The demand for credit was measured with respect to respondents who applied for credit. Supply side credit allocation measured in terms of the proportion of ‘credit amount’ farmers obtained. Logit and Two-limit Tobit Regression Models were used to investigate the determinants that influence the accessibility of formal credit for Demand for and supply of credit respectively. The estimated results suggested that the demand for credit is positively and significantly affected by the factors such as: age of the household head, formal education, membership, cash crop grown, farm size and saving account. All the variables were found significantly increasing the household’s likelihood to demand for and supply of credit from banks. However, the impact of these factors varies considerably across the credit markets. Factors which were found negatively and significantly influencing the accessibility of credit were: ‘square of the age’, household assets and rate of interest. The credit constraints analysis suggested that square of the age; household assets and rate of interest were the three most important factors that increased the probability of being constrained. The study finally discusses these results in detail and draws some recommendations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=institutional%20credit" title="institutional credit">institutional credit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agriculture" title=" agriculture"> agriculture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=propensity%20score%20matching%20logit%20model" title=" propensity score matching logit model"> propensity score matching logit model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tobit%20model" title=" Tobit model"> Tobit model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27490/accessibility-of-institutional-credit-and-its-impact-on-agricultural-output-a-case-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27490.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">312</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1504</span> E-Hailing Taxi Industry Management Mode Innovation Based on the Credit Evaluation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuan-lin%20Liu">Yuan-lin Liu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ye%20Li"> Ye Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tian%20Xia"> Tian Xia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> There are some shortcomings in Chinese existing taxi management modes. This paper suggests to establish the third-party comprehensive information management platform and put forward an evaluation model based on credit. Four indicators are used to evaluate the drivers’ credit, they are passengers’ evaluation score, driving behavior evaluation, drivers’ average bad record number, and personal credit score. A weighted clustering method is used to achieve credit level evaluation for taxi drivers. The management of taxi industry is based on the credit level, while the grade of the drivers is accorded to their credit rating. Credit rating determines the cost, income levels, the market access, useful period of license and the level of wage and bonus, as well as violation fine. These methods can make the credit evaluation effective. In conclusion, more credit data will help to set up a more accurate and detailed classification standard library. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=credit" title="credit">credit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mobile%20internet" title=" mobile internet"> mobile internet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=e-hailing%20taxi" title=" e-hailing taxi"> e-hailing taxi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=management%20mode" title=" management mode"> management mode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=weighted%20cluster" title=" weighted cluster"> weighted cluster</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60869/e-hailing-taxi-industry-management-mode-innovation-based-on-the-credit-evaluation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60869.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">325</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1503</span> Theoretical and ML-Driven Identification of a Mispriced Credit Risk</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuri%20Katz">Yuri Katz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kun%20Liu"> Kun Liu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arunram%20Atmacharan"> Arunram Atmacharan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Due to illiquidity, mispricing on Credit Markets is inevitable. This creates huge challenges to banks and investors as they seek to find new ways of risk valuation and portfolio management in a post-credit crisis world. Here, we analyze the difference in behavior of the spread-to-maturity in investment and high-yield categories of US corporate bonds between 2014 and 2023. Deviation from the theoretical dependency of this measure in the universe under study allows to identify multiple cases of mispriced credit risk. Remarkably, we observe mispriced bonds in both categories of credit ratings. This identification is supported by the application of the state-of-the-art machine learning model in more than 90% of cases. Noticeably, the ML-driven model-based forecasting of a category of bond’s credit ratings demonstrate an excellent out-of-sample accuracy (AUC = 98%). We believe that these results can augment conventional valuations of credit portfolios. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=credit%20risk" title="credit risk">credit risk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=credit%20ratings" title=" credit ratings"> credit ratings</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bond%20pricing" title=" bond pricing"> bond pricing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spread-to-maturity" title=" spread-to-maturity"> spread-to-maturity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine%20learning" title=" machine learning"> machine learning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171152/theoretical-and-ml-driven-identification-of-a-mispriced-credit-risk" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171152.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">80</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1502</span> Assessment of Mortgage Applications Using Fuzzy Logic</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Swathi%20Sampath">Swathi Sampath</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Kalaichelvi"> V. Kalaichelvi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The assessment of the risk posed by a borrower to a lender is one of the common problems that financial institutions have to deal with. Consumers vying for a mortgage are generally compared to each other by the use of a number called the Credit Score, which is generated by applying a mathematical algorithm to information in the applicant’s credit report. The higher the credit score, the lower the risk posed by the candidate, and the better he is to be taken on by the lender. The objective of the present work is to use fuzzy logic and linguistic rules to create a model that generates Credit Scores. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=credit%20scoring" title="credit scoring">credit scoring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuzzy%20logic" title=" fuzzy logic"> fuzzy logic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mortgage" title=" mortgage"> mortgage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk%20assessment" title=" risk assessment"> risk assessment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16553/assessment-of-mortgage-applications-using-fuzzy-logic" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16553.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">406</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1501</span> Board of Directors Characteristics and Credit Union Financial Performance</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luisa%20Unda">Luisa Unda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kamran%20Ahmed"> Kamran Ahmed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paul%20Mather"> Paul Mather</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We examine the effect of board characteristics on the performance and asset quality of credit unions in Australia, using a large sample covering the period 2004-2012. Credit unions are unique in that they are customer-owned financial institutions and directors are democratically elected by members, which is distinctly different from other financial institutions, such as commercial banks. We find that board remuneration, board expertise, and attendance at board meetings have significantly positive impacts on credit union performance and asset quality, while board members who hold multiple directorships (busy directors), have a significant negative impact on credit union performance. Financial performance also improves with larger boards and long-tenured directors in credit unions. All of these relations hold after we control for alternative measures of performance, credit union characteristics and endogeneity problem. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=credit%20unions" title="credit unions">credit unions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corporate%20governance" title=" corporate governance"> corporate governance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=board%20of%20directors" title=" board of directors"> board of directors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=financial%20performance" title=" financial performance"> financial performance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Australia" title=" Australia"> Australia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asset%20quality" title=" asset quality"> asset quality</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26547/board-of-directors-characteristics-and-credit-union-financial-performance" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26547.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">518</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1500</span> Credit Risk Evaluation Using Genetic Programming</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ines%20Gasmi">Ines Gasmi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salima%20Smiti"> Salima Smiti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Makram%20Soui"> Makram Soui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khaled%20Ghedira"> Khaled Ghedira</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Credit risk is considered as one of the important issues for financial institutions. It provokes great losses for banks. To this objective, numerous methods for credit risk evaluation have been proposed. Many evaluation methods are black box models that cannot adequately reveal information hidden in the data. However, several works have focused on building transparent rules-based models. For credit risk assessment, generated rules must be not only highly accurate, but also highly interpretable. In this paper, we aim to build both, an accurate and transparent credit risk evaluation model which proposes a set of classification rules. In fact, we consider the credit risk evaluation as an optimization problem which uses a genetic programming (GP) algorithm, where the goal is to maximize the accuracy of generated rules. We evaluate our proposed approach on the base of German and Australian credit datasets. We compared our finding with some existing works; the result shows that the proposed GP outperforms the other models. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=credit%20risk%20assessment" title="credit risk assessment">credit risk assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rule%20generation" title=" rule generation"> rule generation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genetic%20programming" title=" genetic programming"> genetic programming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=feature%20selection" title=" feature selection"> feature selection</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81801/credit-risk-evaluation-using-genetic-programming" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81801.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">353</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1499</span> Advanced Machine Learning Algorithm for Credit Card Fraud Detection</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manpreet%20Kaur">Manpreet Kaur</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> When legitimate credit card users are mistakenly labelled as fraudulent in numerous financial delated applications, there are numerous ethical problems. The innovative machine learning approach we have suggested in this research outperforms the current models and shows how to model a data set for credit card fraud detection while minimizing false positives. As a result, we advise using random forests as the best machine learning method for predicting and identifying credit card transaction fraud. The majority of victims of these fraudulent transactions were discovered to be credit card users over the age of 60, with a higher percentage of fraudulent transactions taking place between the specific hours. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=automated%20fraud%20detection" title="automated fraud detection">automated fraud detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=isolation%20forest%20method" title=" isolation forest method"> isolation forest method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=local%20outlier%20factor" title=" local outlier factor"> local outlier factor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ML%20algorithm" title=" ML algorithm"> ML algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=credit%20card" title=" credit card"> credit card</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167417/advanced-machine-learning-algorithm-for-credit-card-fraud-detection" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167417.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">114</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1498</span> Factors Affecting Households' Decision to Allocate Credit for Livestock Production: Evidence from Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kaleb%20Shiferaw">Kaleb Shiferaw</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Berhanu%20Geberemedhin"> Berhanu Geberemedhin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dereje%20Legesse"> Dereje Legesse</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Access to credit is often viewed as a key to transform semi-subsistence smallholders into market oriented producers. However, only a few studies have examined factors that affect farmers’ decision to allocate credit on farm activities in general and livestock production in particular. A trivariate probit model with double selection is employed to identify factors that affect farmers’ decision to allocate credit on livestock production using data collected from smallholder farmers in Ethiopia. After controlling for two sample selection bias – taking credit for the production season and decision to allocate credit on farm activities – land ownership and access to a livestock centered extension service are found to have a significant (p<0.001) effect on farmers decision to use credit for livestock production. The result showed farmers with large land holding, and access to a livestock centered extension services are more likely to utilize credit for livestock production. However since the effect of land ownership squared is negative the effect of land ownership for those who own a large plot of land lessens. The study highlights the fact that improving access to credit does not automatically translate into more productive households. Improving farmers’ access to credit should be followed by a focused extension services. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=livestock%20production" title="livestock production">livestock production</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=credit%20access" title=" credit access"> credit access</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=credit%20allocation" title=" credit allocation"> credit allocation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=household%20decision" title=" household decision"> household decision</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=double%20sample%20selection" title=" double sample selection"> double sample selection</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46627/factors-affecting-households-decision-to-allocate-credit-for-livestock-production-evidence-from-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46627.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">328</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1497</span> Economic Perspectives for Agriculture and Forestry Owners in Bulgaria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Todor%20Nickolov%20Stoyanov">Todor Nickolov Stoyanov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> These factors appear as a reason for difficulties in financing from programs for rural development of the European Union. Credit conditions for commercial banks are difficult to implement, and its interest rate is too high. One of the possibilities for short-term loans at preferential conditions for the small and medium-sized agricultural and forest owners is credit cooperative. After the changes, occurred in the country after 1990, the need to restore credit cooperatives raised. The purpose for the creation of credit cooperatives is to assist private agricultural and forest owners to take care for them, to assist in the expansion and strengthening of their farms, to increase the quality of life and to improve the local economy. It was found that: in Bulgaria there is a legal obstacle for credit cooperatives to expand their business in the deposit and lending sphere; private forest and agricultural owners need small loans to solve a small problem for a certain season; providing such loans is not attractive for banks, but it is extremely necessary for owners of small forests and lands; if a special law on credit cooperatives is adopted, as required by the Cooperatives Act, it will allow more local people to be members of such credit structures and receive the necessary loans. In conclusion, proposals to create conditions for the development of credit cooperatives in the country are made and positive results expected from the creation of credit cooperatives, are summarized. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cooperatives" title="cooperatives">cooperatives</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=credit%20cooperatives" title=" credit cooperatives"> credit cooperatives</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forestry" title=" forestry"> forestry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forest%20owners" title=" forest owners"> forest owners</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92393/economic-perspectives-for-agriculture-and-forestry-owners-in-bulgaria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92393.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">225</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1496</span> Socio-Economic Effects of Micro-Credit on Small-Scale Poultry Farmers’ Livelihood in Ado Odo-Ota Local Government Area of Ogun State, Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20O.%20Fakoya">E. O. Fakoya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20G.%20Abiona"> B. G. Abiona</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W.%20O.%20Oyediran"> W. O. Oyediran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20M.%20Omoare"> A. M. Omoare</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study examined the socio-economic effects of micro-credit on small scale poultry farmers’ livelihood in Ado Odo-Ota Local Government area of Ogun State. Purposive sampling method was used to select eighty (80) small scale poultry farmers that benefited in micro credit. Interview guide was used to obtain information on the respondents’ socio-economic characteristic, sources of micro-credit and the effects of micro-credit on their livelihood. The results revealed that most of the respondents (77.50 %) were males while half (40.00%) of the respondents were between the ages of 31-40 years. A high proportion (72.50%) of the respondents had formal education. The major sources of micro credit to small scale poultry farmers were cooperative society (47.50%) and personal savings (20.00%). The findings also revealed that micro-credit had positive effect on the assets and livelihoods of small scale poultry farmers’ livelihood. Results of t-test analysis showed a significant difference between the effects before and after micro-credit on small-scale poultry farmers’ Livelihood at p < 0.05. The study recommends that formal lending institution should be given necessary support by government to enable poultry farmers have access to credit facilities in the study area. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=micro-credit" title="micro-credit">micro-credit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effects" title=" effects"> effects</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=livelihood" title=" livelihood"> livelihood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=poultry%20farmers" title=" poultry farmers"> poultry farmers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=socio-economic" title=" socio-economic"> socio-economic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=small%20scale" title=" small scale"> small scale</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8447/socio-economic-effects-of-micro-credit-on-small-scale-poultry-farmers-livelihood-in-ado-odo-ota-local-government-area-of-ogun-state-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8447.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">442</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1495</span> Effect of Bank Specific and Macro Economic Factors on Credit Risk of Islamic Banks in Pakistan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mati%20Ullah">Mati Ullah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shams%20Ur%20Rahman"> Shams Ur Rahman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this research study is to investigate the effect of macroeconomic and bank-specific factors on credit risk in Islamic banking in Pakistan. The future of financial institutions largely depends on how well they manage risks. Credit risk is an important type of risk affecting the banking sector. The current study has taken quarterly data for the period of 6 years, from 1st July 2014 to 30 Jun 2020. The data set consisted of secondary data. Data was extracted from the websites of the State Bank and World Bank and from the financial statements of the concerned banks. In this study, the Ordinary least square model was used for the analysis of the data. The results supported the hypothesis that macroeconomic factors and bank-specific factors have a significant effect on credit risk. Macroeconomic variables, Inflation and exchange rates have positive significant effects on credit risk. However, gross domestic product has a negative significant relationship with credit risk. Moreover, the corporate rate has no significant relation with credit risk. Internal variables, size, management efficiency, net profit share income and capital adequacy have been proven to influence positively and significantly the credit risk. However, loan to deposit-has a negative insignificance relationship with credit risk. The contribution of this article is that similar conclusions have been made regarding the influence of banking factors on credit risk. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=credit%20risk" title="credit risk">credit risk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Islamic%20banks" title=" Islamic banks"> Islamic banks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=macroeconomic%20variables" title=" macroeconomic variables"> macroeconomic variables</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=banks%20specific%20variable" title=" banks specific variable"> banks specific variable</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191970/effect-of-bank-specific-and-macro-economic-factors-on-credit-risk-of-islamic-banks-in-pakistan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191970.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">17</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1494</span> Determinants of Pastoral Women's Demand for Credit: Evidence from Northern Kenya</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anne%20Gesare%20Timu">Anne Gesare Timu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Megan%20Sheahan"> Megan Sheahan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrew%20Gache%20Mude"> Andrew Gache Mude</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rupsha%20Banerjee"> Rupsha Banerjee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Women headed households are among the most vulnerable to negative climatic shocks and are often left poorer as a result. Credit provision has been recognized as one way of alleviating rural poverty and developing poor rural households’ resilience to shocks. Much has been documented about credit demand in small-holder agriculture settings in Kenya. However, little is known about demand for credit among pastoral women. This paper analyzes the determinants of demand for credit in the pastoral regions of Marsabit District of Northern Kenya. Using a five wave balanced panel data set of 820 households, a double hurdle model is employed to analyze if shocks, financial literacy and risk aversion affect credit demand among female and male headed households differently. The results show that borrowing goods on credit and monetary credit from informal market segments are the most common sources of credit in the study area. The impact of livestock loss and financial literacy on the decision to borrow and how much to borrow vary with gender. While the paper suggests that provision of credit is particularly valuable in the aftermath of a negative shock and more so for female-headed households, it also explores alternatives to the provision of credit where credit access is a constraint. It recommends further understanding of systems and institutions which could enhance access to credit, and particularly during times of stress, to enable households in the study area in particular and Northern Kenya in general to invest, engage in meaningful development and growth, and be resilient to persistent shocks. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=female%20headed%20households" title="female headed households">female headed households</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pastoralism" title=" pastoralism"> pastoralism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rural%20financing" title=" rural financing"> rural financing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=double%20hurdle%20model" title=" double hurdle model"> double hurdle model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57831/determinants-of-pastoral-womens-demand-for-credit-evidence-from-northern-kenya" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57831.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">269</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1493</span> Fund Seekers’ Deception in Peer-to-Peer Lending in Times of COVID</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olivier%20Mesly">Olivier Mesly</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This article examines the likelihood of deception on the part of borrowers wishing to obtain credit from institutional or private lenders. In our first study, we identify five explanatory variables that account for nearly forty percent of the propensity to act deceitfully: a poor credit history, debt, risky behavior, and to a much lesser degree, irrational behavior and disconnection from the bundle of needs, goals, and preferences. For the second study, we remodeled the initial questionnaire to adapt it to the needs of institutional bankers and borrowers, especially those that engage in money on-line peer-to-peer lending, a growing business fueled by the COVID pandemic. We find that the three key psychological variables that help to indirectly predict the likelihood of deceitful behaviors and possible default on loan reimbursement, i.e., risky behaviors, ir-rationality, and dis-connection, interact with each other to form a loop. This study presents two benefits: first, we provide evidence that it is to some degree possible to tighten control over lending practices. Second, we offer a pragmatic tool: a questionnaire, that lenders can use or adapt to gauge potential borrowers’ deceit, notably by combining their results with standard hard-data measures of risk. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bundle%20of%20needs" title="bundle of needs">bundle of needs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=default" title=" default"> default</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=debt" title=" debt"> debt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deception" title=" deception"> deception</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk" title=" risk"> risk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=peer-to-peer%20lending" title=" peer-to-peer lending"> peer-to-peer lending</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146408/fund-seekers-deception-in-peer-to-peer-lending-in-times-of-covid" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146408.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">132</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1492</span> The Need for Selective Credit Policy Implementation: Case of Croatia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Drago%20Jakovcevic">Drago Jakovcevic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mihovil%20Andelinovic"> Mihovil Andelinovic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Igor%20Husak"> Igor Husak</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this paper is to explore the economic circumstances in which the selective credit policy, the least used instrument of four types of instruments on disposal to central banks, should be used. The most significant example includes the use of selective credit policies in response to the emergence of the global financial crisis by the FED. Specifics of the potential use of selective credit policies as the instigator of economic growth in Croatia, a small open economy, are determined by high euroization of financial system, fixed exchange rate and long-term trend growth of external debt that is related to the need to maintain high levels of foreign reserves. In such conditions, the classic forms of selective credit policies are unsuitable for the introduction. Several alternative approaches to implement selective credit policies are examined in this paper. Also, thorough analysis of distribution of selective monetary policy loans among economic sectors in Croatia is conducted in order to minimize the risk of investing funds and maximize the return, in order to influence the GDP growth. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=global%20crisis" title="global crisis">global crisis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=selective%20credit%20policy" title=" selective credit policy"> selective credit policy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=small%20open%20economy" title=" small open economy"> small open economy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Croatia" title=" Croatia"> Croatia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10529/the-need-for-selective-credit-policy-implementation-case-of-croatia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10529.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">437</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1491</span> Relationship between Growth of Non-Performing Assets and Credit Risk Management Practices in Indian Banks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sirus%20Sharifi">Sirus Sharifi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arunima%20Haldar"> Arunima Haldar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20V.%20D.%20Nageswara%20Rao"> S. V. D. Nageswara Rao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study attempts to analyze the impact of credit risk management practices of Indian scheduled commercial banks on their non-performing assets (NPAs). The data on credit risk practices was collected by administering a questionnaire to risk managers/executives at different banks. The data on NPAs (from 2012 to 2016) is sourced from Prowess, a database compiled by the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE). The model was estimated using cross-sectional regression method. As expected, the findings suggest that there is a negative relationship between credit risk management and NPA growth in Indian banks. The study has implications for Indian banks given the high level of losses, and the implementation of Basel III norms by the central bank, i.e. Reserve Bank of India (RBI). Evidence on credit risk management in Indian banks, and their relationship with non-performing assets held by them. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=credit%20risk" title="credit risk">credit risk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=identification" title=" identification"> identification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Indian%20Banks" title=" Indian Banks"> Indian Banks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NPAs" title=" NPAs"> NPAs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ownership" title=" ownership"> ownership</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59779/relationship-between-growth-of-non-performing-assets-and-credit-risk-management-practices-in-indian-banks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59779.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">408</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1490</span> Credit Risk Assessment Using Rule Based Classifiers: A Comparative Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salima%20Smiti">Salima Smiti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ines%20Gasmi"> Ines Gasmi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Makram%20Soui"> Makram Soui</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Credit risk is the most important issue for financial institutions. Its assessment becomes an important task used to predict defaulter customers and classify customers as good or bad payers. To this objective, numerous techniques have been applied for credit risk assessment. However, to our knowledge, several evaluation techniques are black-box models such as neural networks, SVM, etc. They generate applicants’ classes without any explanation. In this paper, we propose to assess credit risk using rules classification method. Our output is a set of rules which describe and explain the decision. To this end, we will compare seven classification algorithms (JRip, Decision Table, OneR, ZeroR, Fuzzy Rule, PART and Genetic programming (GP)) where the goal is to find the best rules satisfying many criteria: accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. The obtained results confirm the efficiency of the GP algorithm for German and Australian datasets compared to other rule-based techniques to predict the credit risk. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=credit%20risk%20assessment" title="credit risk assessment">credit risk assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=classification%20algorithms" title=" classification algorithms"> classification algorithms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=data%20mining" title=" data mining"> data mining</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rule%20extraction" title=" rule extraction"> rule extraction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82645/credit-risk-assessment-using-rule-based-classifiers-a-comparative-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82645.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">181</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1489</span> An Alternative Credit Scoring System in China’s Consumer Lendingmarket: A System Based on Digital Footprint Data</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Minjuan%20Sun">Minjuan Sun</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Ever since the late 1990s, China has experienced explosive growth in consumer lending, especially in short-term consumer loans, among which, the growth rate of non-bank lending has surpassed bank lending due to the development in financial technology. On the other hand, China does not have a universal credit scoring and registration system that can guide lenders during the processes of credit evaluation and risk control, for example, an individual’s bank credit records are not available for online lenders to see and vice versa. Given this context, the purpose of this paper is three-fold. First, we explore if and how alternative digital footprint data can be utilized to assess borrower’s creditworthiness. Then, we perform a comparative analysis of machine learning methods for the canonical problem of credit default prediction. Finally, we analyze, from an institutional point of view, the necessity of establishing a viable and nationally universal credit registration and scoring system utilizing online digital footprints, so that more people in China can have better access to the consumption loan market. Two different types of digital footprint data are utilized to match with bank’s loan default records. Each separately captures distinct dimensions of a person’s characteristics, such as his shopping patterns and certain aspects of his personality or inferred demographics revealed by social media features like profile image and nickname. We find both datasets can generate either acceptable or excellent prediction results, and different types of data tend to complement each other to get better performances. Typically, the traditional types of data banks normally use like income, occupation, and credit history, update over longer cycles, hence they can’t reflect more immediate changes, like the financial status changes caused by the business crisis; whereas digital footprints can update daily, weekly, or monthly, thus capable of providing a more comprehensive profile of the borrower’s credit capabilities and risks. From the empirical and quantitative examination, we believe digital footprints can become an alternative information source for creditworthiness assessment, because of their near-universal data coverage, and because they can by and large resolve the "thin-file" issue, due to the fact that digital footprints come in much larger volume and higher frequency. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=credit%20score" title="credit score">credit score</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digital%20footprint" title=" digital footprint"> digital footprint</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fintech" title=" Fintech"> Fintech</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine%20learning" title=" machine learning"> machine learning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128126/an-alternative-credit-scoring-system-in-chinas-consumer-lendingmarket-a-system-based-on-digital-footprint-data" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128126.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">162</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1488</span> Modelling the Dynamics of Corporate Bonds Spreads with Asymmetric GARCH Models</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S%C3%A9lima%20Baccar">Sélima Baccar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ephraim%20Clark"> Ephraim Clark</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper can be considered as a new perspective to analyse credit spreads. A comprehensive empirical analysis of conditional variance of credit spreads indices is performed using various GARCH models. Based on a comparison between traditional and asymmetric GARCH models with alternative functional forms of the conditional density, we intend to identify what macroeconomic and financial factors have driven daily changes in the US Dollar credit spreads in the period from January 2011 through January 2013. The results provide a strong interdependence between credit spreads and the explanatory factors related to the conditions of interest rates, the state of the stock market, the bond market liquidity and the exchange risk. The empirical findings support the use of asymmetric GARCH models. The AGARCH and GJR models outperform the traditional GARCH in credit spreads modelling. We show, also, that the leptokurtic Student-t assumption is better than the Gaussian distribution and improves the quality of the estimates, whatever the rating or maturity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corporate%20bonds" title="corporate bonds">corporate bonds</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=default%20risk" title=" default risk"> default risk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=credit%20spreads" title=" credit spreads"> credit spreads</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asymmetric%20garch%20models" title=" asymmetric garch models"> asymmetric garch models</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=student-t%20distribution" title=" student-t distribution"> student-t distribution</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2699/modelling-the-dynamics-of-corporate-bonds-spreads-with-asymmetric-garch-models" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2699.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">474</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1487</span> The Women Entrepreneur Support Fund in Bangladesh: Challenges and Prospects</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chowdhury%20Dilruba%20Shoma">Chowdhury Dilruba Shoma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Gender is about equal rights that both males and females having access to responsibilities and opportunities in decision making is a fundamental human right. It is also a precondition for, and a mark of, sustainable people-oriented development. In Bangladesh, women have fewer opportunities than men do to access credit from banks and financial institutions. Entrenched patriarchal attitudes, unequal inheritance rights, and male-dominated hierarchies in the financial system, plus high interest rates and a lack of security/collateral, make it harder for women to obtain bank loans. Limited access to institutional credit is a serious restraint on the productivity and income of women entrepreneurs, (and the wider economy). These gender-biased and structural barriers inhibit women’s access to fundamental economic rights. Using a liberal feminist theoretical lens, this study provides some useful insights into the relationship between gender inequality and entrepreneurship, leading to a better understanding of women’s entrepreneurship development in Bangladesh. Recently, the Bangladesh Government, the United Nations Capital Development Fund, and Bangladesh Bank opened up the Women Entrepreneur Support Fund (WESF) ‒ Credit Guarantee Scheme (CGS) pilot project to cover collateral shortfalls for women entrepreneurs in the small and medium enterprise sector. The aim is to improve gender equality and advance women’s rights in relation to receiving credit. This article examines the challenges and prospects of the WESF-CGS, and suggests that implementation of measures in WESF-CGS policymaking, coupled with a combination of legislatory and regulatory reforms that implement the fundamental tenets of liberal feminism, can lead to a comprehensive and effective credit policy to boost women’s agency and economic empowerment. This may ultimately lead to more sustainable development in Bangladesh. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=credit%20guarantee%20scheme" title=" credit guarantee scheme"> credit guarantee scheme</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liberal%20feminist%20theory" title=" liberal feminist theory"> liberal feminist theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=women%20entrepreneur%20support%20fund" title=" women entrepreneur support fund"> women entrepreneur support fund</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122228/the-women-entrepreneur-support-fund-in-bangladesh-challenges-and-prospects" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122228.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">142</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1486</span> IEP Curriculum to Include For-Credit University English Classes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cheyne%20Kirkpatrick">Cheyne Kirkpatrick</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In an attempt to make the university intensive English program more worthwhile for students, many English language programs are redesigning curriculum to offer for-credit English for Academic Purposes classes, sometimes marketed as “bridge” courses. These programs are designed to be accredited to national language standards, provide communicative language learning, and give students the opportunity to simultaneously earn university language credit while becoming proficient in academic English. This presentation will discuss the curriculum design of one such program in the United States at a large private university that created its own for-credit “bridge” program. The planning, development, piloting, teaching, and challenges of designing this type of curriculum will be presented along with the aspects of accreditation, communicative language learning, and integration within various university programs. Attendees will learn about how such programs are created and what types of objectives and outcomes are included in American EAP classes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IEP" title="IEP">IEP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AEP" title=" AEP"> AEP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Curriculum" title=" Curriculum"> Curriculum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CEFR" title=" CEFR"> CEFR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=University%20Credit" title=" University Credit"> University Credit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bridge" title=" Bridge"> Bridge</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19555/iep-curriculum-to-include-for-credit-university-english-classes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19555.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">483</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1485</span> The Effect of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Disclosure on Firms’ Credit Rating and Capital Structure</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Heba%20Abdelmotaal">Heba Abdelmotaal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper explores the impact of the extent of a company's environmental, social, and governance (ESG) disclosure on credit rating and capital structure. The analysis is based on a sample of 202 firms from the 350 FTSE firms over the period of 2008-2013. ESG disclosure score is measured using Proprietary Bloomberg score based on the extent of a company's Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) disclosure. The credit rating is measured by The QuiScore, which is a measure of the likelihood that a company will become bankrupt in the twelve months following the date of calculation. The Capital Structure is measured by long term debt ratio. Two hypotheses are test using panel data regression. The results suggested that the higher degree of ESG disclosure leads to better credit rating. There is significant negative relationship between ESG disclosure and the long term debit percentage. The paper includes implications for the transparency which is resulting of the ESG disclosure could support the Monitoring Function. The monitoring role of disclosure is the increasing in the transparency of the credit rating agencies, also it could affect on managers’ actions. This study provides empirical evidence on the material of ESG disclosure on credit ratings changes and the firms’ capital decision making. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=capital%20structure" title="capital structure">capital structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=credit%20rating%20agencies" title=" credit rating agencies"> credit rating agencies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ESG%0D%0Adisclosure" title=" ESG disclosure"> ESG disclosure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=panel%20data%20regression" title=" panel data regression "> panel data regression </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33649/the-effect-of-environmental-social-and-governance-esg-disclosure-on-firms-credit-rating-and-capital-structure" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33649.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">360</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1484</span> Institutional Determinants of Economic Growth in Georgia and in Other Post-Communist Economies</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nazira%20Kakulia">Nazira Kakulia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tsotne%20Zhghenti"> Tsotne Zhghenti</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The institutional development is one of the actual topics in economics science. New trends and directions of institutional development mostly depend on its structure and framework. Transformation of institutions is an important problem for every economy, especially for developing countries. The first research goal is to determine the importance and interactions between different institutions in Georgia. Using World Governance Indicators and Economic Freedom indexes it can be calculated the size for each institutional group. The second aim of this research is to evaluate Georgian institutional backwardness in comparison to other post-communist economies. We use statistical and econometric methods to evaluate the difference between the levels of institutional development in Georgia and in leading post-communist economies. Within the scope of this research, major findings are coefficients which are an assessment of their deviation (i.e. lag) of institutional indicators between Georgia and leading post-communist country which should be compared. The last part of the article includes analysis around the selected coefficients. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=post-communist%20transition" title="post-communist transition">post-communist transition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=institutions" title=" institutions"> institutions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20growth" title=" economic growth"> economic growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=institutional%20development" title=" institutional development"> institutional development</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100913/institutional-determinants-of-economic-growth-in-georgia-and-in-other-post-communist-economies" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100913.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">190</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1483</span> Multiple Institutional Logics and the Ability of Institutional Entrepreneurs: An Analysis in the Turkish Education Field</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mira%C3%A7%20Sava%C5%9F%20Turhan">Miraç Savaş Turhan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Dani%C5%9Fman"> Ali Danişman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recently scholars of new institutional theory have used institutional logics perspective to explain the contradictory practices in modern western societies. Accordingly, distinct institutional logics are embedded in central institutions such as the market, state, democracy, family, and religion. They guide individual and organizational actors and constraint their behaviors in a particular organizational field. Through this perspective, actors are assumed to have a situated, embedded, boundedly intentional, and adaptive role against the structure in social, cultural and political context. On the other hand, over a decade, there is an emerging attempt focusing on the role of actors on creating, maintaining, and changing the institutions. Such attempts brought out the concept of institutional entrepreneurs to explain the role of individual actors in relation to institutions. Institutional entrepreneurs are individuals, groups of individuals, organizations or groups of organizations that are able to initiate some actions to build, maintain or change institutions. While recent studies on institutional logics perspective have attempted to explain roles of entrepreneurial actors who have resources and skills, little is known about the effects of multiple institutional logics on the ability of institutional entrepreneurs. In this study, we aim to find out that how multiple institutional logics affect the ability of institutional entrepreneurs during the process of institutional change. We examine this issue in the Turkish Education Field. While institutional logics were identified based on the previous studies in the education field, the actions taken by Turkish National Education Ministry from 2003 to 2013 was examined through content analysis The early results indicate that there are remarkable shift and contradictions in the ability of institutional entrepreneur in taking actions to change the field in relationship to balance of power shift among the carriers of institutional logics. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=institutional%20theory" title="institutional theory">institutional theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=institutional%20logics" title=" institutional logics"> institutional logics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=institutional%20entrepreneurs" title=" institutional entrepreneurs"> institutional entrepreneurs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Turkish%20national%20education" title=" Turkish national education "> Turkish national education </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25623/multiple-institutional-logics-and-the-ability-of-institutional-entrepreneurs-an-analysis-in-the-turkish-education-field" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25623.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">352</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1482</span> Author Self-Archiving in Open Access Institutional Repositories for Awareness Creation in Universities</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kwame%20Kodua-Ntim">Kwame Kodua-Ntim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study explored the authors self-archiving to create awareness of open-access institutional repositories in universities. The qualitative approach of the study was informed by the interpretive paradigm as well as the case research design. The target population for the study was all twelve (12) open-access institutional repositories managers and administrators purposively selected from the five (5) universities in Ghana. The universities were chosen since they were the only ones listed in the Directory of Open Access Repositories. Interviews were conducted using a semi-structured interview guide and data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The study revealed that academics had some information about self-archiving in open-access institutional repositories and university libraries with open-access institutional repositories were using DSpace software. Managers and administrators of open-access institutional repositories mediated content uploaded and believed that author self-archiving could improve awareness of open-access institutional repositories. The study recommended that universities should fully implement the author’s self-archiving protocol, and academics should be trained to be able to upload research works onto open-access institutional repositories. Furthermore, the university and university library should provide rigorous policies on author self-archiving and incentives for author self-archiving in the open access institutional repositories. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=author" title="author">author</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=awareness" title=" awareness"> awareness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=institutional%20repositories" title=" institutional repositories"> institutional repositories</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=open%20access" title=" open access"> open access</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=open%20archive" title=" open archive"> open archive</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-archiving" title=" self-archiving"> self-archiving</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161785/author-self-archiving-in-open-access-institutional-repositories-for-awareness-creation-in-universities" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161785.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">87</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1481</span> Institutional Segmantation and Country Clustering: Implications for Multinational Enterprises Over Standardized Management</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jung-Hoon%20Han">Jung-Hoon Han</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jooyoung%20Kwak"> Jooyoung Kwak</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Distances between cultures, institutions are gaining academic attention once again since the classical debate on the validity of globalization. Despite the incessant efforts to define international segments with various concepts, no significant attempts have been made considering the institutional dimensions. Resource-based theory and institutional theory provides useful insights in assessing market environment and understanding when and how MNEs loose or gain advantages. This study consists of two parts: identifying institutional clusters and predicting the effect of MNEs’ origin on the applicability of competitive advantages. MNEs in one country cluster are expected to use similar management systems. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=institutional%20theory" title="institutional theory">institutional theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=resource-based%20theory" title=" resource-based theory"> resource-based theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=institutional%20environment" title=" institutional environment"> institutional environment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cultural%20dimensions" title=" cultural dimensions"> cultural dimensions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cluster%20analysis" title=" cluster analysis"> cluster analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=standardized%20management" title=" standardized management"> standardized management</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20782/institutional-segmantation-and-country-clustering-implications-for-multinational-enterprises-over-standardized-management" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20782.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">489</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1480</span> Non-Performing Assets and Credit Risk Performance: An Evidence of Commercial Banks in India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sirus%20Sharifi">Sirus Sharifi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arunima%20Haldar"> Arunima Haldar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20V.%20D.%20Nageswara%20Rao"> S. V. D. Nageswara Rao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research analyzes the effect of credit risk management practices of commercial banks in India and the relationship with their non-performing assets (NPAs). Required data on credit risk performance was collected through a survey questionnaire from top risk officers of 38 Indian banks. NPA data (period from 2012 to 2016) was collected from Prowess database compiled by the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE). The model was assessed utilizing cross sectional regression method. As expected, the results indicate a negative significant relationship between credit risk management in India banks and their NPA growth. The research has implications for banks given the high level of losses in India and other economies as well, and the implementation of Basel III standards by the central banks. This research would be an evidence on credit risk performance and its relationship with the level of non-performing assets (NPAs) in Indian banks. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk%20management" title="risk management">risk management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk%20identification" title=" risk identification"> risk identification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=banks" title=" banks"> banks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Non-Performing%20Assets%20%28NPAs%29" title=" Non-Performing Assets (NPAs)"> Non-Performing Assets (NPAs)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77353/non-performing-assets-and-credit-risk-performance-an-evidence-of-commercial-banks-in-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77353.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">264</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1479</span> Islamic Credit Risk Management in Murabahah Financing: The Study of Islamic Banking in Malaysia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Siti%20Nor%20Amira%20Bt.%20Mohamad">Siti Nor Amira Bt. Mohamad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamad%20Yazis%20B.%20Ali%20Basah"> Mohamad Yazis B. Ali Basah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Ridhwan%20B.%20Ab.%20Aziz"> Muhammad Ridhwan B. Ab. Aziz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khairil%20Faizal%20B.%20Khairi"> Khairil Faizal B. Khairi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mazlynda%20Bt.%20Md.%20Yusuf"> Mazlynda Bt. Md. Yusuf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hisham%20B.%20Sabri"> Hisham B. Sabri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The understanding of risk and the concept of it occurs associated in Islamic financing was well-known in the financial industry by the using of Profit-and-Loss Sharing (PLS). It was presently in any Islamic financial transactions in order to comply with shariah rules. However, the existence of risk in Murabahah contract of financing is an ability that the counterparty is unable to complete its obligations within the agreed terms. Therefore, it is called as credit or default risk. Credit risk occurs when the client fails to make timely payment after the bank makes complete delivery of assets. Thus, it affects the growth of the bank as the banking business is in no position to have appropriate measures to cover the risk. Therefore, the bank may impose penalty on the outstanding balance. This paper aims to highlight the credit risk determinant and issues surrounding in Islamic bank in Malaysia in terms of Murabahah financing and how to manage it by using the proper techniques. Finally, it explores the credit risk management concept that might solve the problems arise. The study found that the credit risk can be managed properly by improving the use of comprehensive reference checklist of business partners on their character and past performance as well as their comprehensive database. Besides that, prevention of credit risk can be done by using collateral as security against the risk and we also argue on the Shariah guidelines and procedures should be implement coherently by the banking business because so that the risk would be control by having an effective instrument for Islamic modes of financing. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Islamic%20banking" title="Islamic banking">Islamic banking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=credit%20risk" title=" credit risk"> credit risk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Murabahah%20financing" title=" Murabahah financing"> Murabahah financing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk%20mitigation" title=" risk mitigation"> risk mitigation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6911/islamic-credit-risk-management-in-murabahah-financing-the-study-of-islamic-banking-in-malaysia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6911.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">456</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1478</span> Analysis of Access to Credit among Rural Farmers in Giwa Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Ibrahim">S. Ibrahim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bashir%20Umar"> Bashir Umar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Agricultural credit is very important for sustainable agricultural development to be achieved in any country of the world. Rural credit has proven to be a powerful instrument against poverty reduction and development in rural area. Agricultural credit enhances productivity and promotes standard of living by breaking vicious cycle of poverty of small scale farmers. This study examined access to credit among rural farmers in Giwa local government area of Kaduna state. Two stages sampling procedure was employed to select forty-two (42) respondents for the study. Primary data were collected using structured questionnaire with the help of well-trained enumerators. Data were analyzed using simple descriptive statistics. The results revealed that farmers were predominantly male (57.1%) and most (54.7%), were married with one level of education or another (66.5.%). Majority of the households’ head were between the ages of 31 to 50. majority of the farmers (68.2%) had more than 2ha of farmlands with at least 5 years of farming experience and an annual farm income of N 61,000 to 100,000 (61.9%). The Various sources of credit by the farmers in the study area were commercial banks (38.1%), Co-operative banks (47.6%), Development banks (14.2%) (formal) and Relatives (26.1%), Personal Savings (Adashi scheme) (52.3%), Moneylenders (21.4%) (informal). As regard to the amount of credit obtained by the farmers 38.1% received N 50,000-100,000, 50 % obtained N 100,001-500,000 while 11.9% obtained N 500,001-1,000,000. High interest Inadequate collateral, Complicated Procedures, lack of guarantor were the major constrains encountered by the farmers in accessing loans. The study therefore recommends that Rural farmers should be encouraged to form credit and thrift cooperative societies from which they can access much cheaper credits, Moreover, to ensure that any credit obtained may be manageable for the farmers, financial institutions should provide loans with low interest rates and government and non-governmental organizations should simplify procedures associated with accessing loans. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=analysis" title="analysis">analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=access" title=" access"> access</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=credit" title=" credit"> credit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=farmers" title=" farmers"> farmers</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/179771/analysis-of-access-to-credit-among-rural-farmers-in-giwa-local-government-area-of-kaduna-state-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/179771.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">62</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1477</span> Institutional Capacity and Corruption: Evidence from Brazil </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dalson%20Figueiredo">Dalson Figueiredo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Enivaldo%20Rocha"> Enivaldo Rocha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ranulfo%20Paranhos"> Ranulfo Paranhos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jos%C3%A9%20Alexandre"> José Alexandre</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper analyzes the effects of institutional capacity on corruption. Methodologically, the research design combines both descriptive and multivariate statistics to examine two original datasets based on secondary data. In particular, we employ a principal component model to estimate an indicator of institutional capacity for both state audit institutions and subnational judiciary courts. Then, we estimate the effect of institutional capacity on two dependent variables: (1) incidence of administrative irregularities and (2) time elapsed to judge corruption cases. The preliminary results using ordinary least squares, negative binomial and Tobit models suggest the same conclusions: higher the institutional audit capacity, higher is the probability of detecting a corruption case. On the other hand, higher the institutional capacity of state judiciary, the lower is the time to judge corruption cases. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=institutional%20capacity" title="institutional capacity">institutional capacity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corruption" title=" corruption"> corruption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=state%20level%20institutions" title=" state level institutions"> state level institutions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evidence%20from%20Brazil" title=" evidence from Brazil "> evidence from Brazil </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15940/institutional-capacity-and-corruption-evidence-from-brazil" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15940.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">372</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1476</span> The Role and Effectiveness of Audit Committee in Corporate Governance of Credit Institutions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tina%20Vuko">Tina Vuko</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marija%20Mareti%C4%87"> Marija Maretić</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marko%20%C4%8Cular"> Marko Čular</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this study is to analyze the role and effectiveness of internal mechanism (audit committee) of corporate governance on credit institutions performance in Croatia. Based on research objective, sample of 78 credit institutions listed on Zagreb Stock Exchange, from 2007 to 2012, has been collected and efficiency index of audit committee (EIAC) has been created. Based on the sample and created EIAC, conclusions are as follows: audit committees of credit institutions have medium efficiency, based on EIAC measurement; there is a significant difference in audit committee effectiveness, in observed period; there is no positive relationship between audit committee effectiveness and credit institution performance; there is a significant difference between level of audit committee effectiveness and audit firm type. Future research should contain increased number of elements in EIAC creation and increased sample, for all obligators who need to establish audit committee. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corporate%20governance" title="corporate governance">corporate governance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=audit%20committee" title=" audit committee"> audit committee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=financial%20institutions" title=" financial institutions"> financial institutions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=efficiency%20index%20of%20audit%20committee" title=" efficiency index of audit committee"> efficiency index of audit committee</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18216/the-role-and-effectiveness-of-audit-committee-in-corporate-governance-of-credit-institutions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18216.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">321</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=institutional%20credit&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=institutional%20credit&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=institutional%20credit&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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