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<nav class="breadcrumb justify-content-center"> <span class="breadcrumb-item "> <a href="/" class="link-white">Home</a> </span> <span class="breadcrumb-item "> <a class="link-white" href="/browse/Science">Science</a> </span> <span class="breadcrumb-item "> <a class="link-white" href="/browse/Earth-Science-Geology-Fossils">Earth Science, Geologic Time & Fossils</a> </span> <span class="breadcrumb-item "> <a class="link-white" href="/browse/Fossil-Geologic-Time">Fossils & Geologic Time</a> </span> </nav> <h1 class="font-serif mt-30 mb-20">Fossils & Geologic Time, ELE-LAM</h1> <div class="font-serif grid"> <div class="col-sm-70 col-sm-offset-15"> Geologic time is the extensive interval of time occupied by the geologic history of Earth. Formal geologic time begins at the start of the Archean Eon (4.0 billion to 2.5 billion years ago) and continues to the present day.</div> </div> <a class="link-white font-weight-bold d-inline-block mt-30" href="/browse/Fossil-Geologic-Time">Back To Fossils & Geologic Time Page</a> </div> </div> <div class="container mt-30"> <h2 class="label my-30">Fossils & Geologic Time Encyclopedia Articles By Title</h2> <div class="grid top g-10 mb-40"> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Fossil-Geologic-Time/1">ACH-CAS</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Fossil-Geologic-Time/2">CAU-EIS</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center bg-orange"> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 link-white pe-none" href="/browse/Fossil-Geologic-Time/3">ELE-LAM</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Fossil-Geologic-Time/4">LAR-PAL</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Fossil-Geologic-Time/5">PAL-SIM</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Fossil-Geologic-Time/6">SIM-ZIT</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid g-20"> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/elephant-bird" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>elephant bird</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> elephant bird, (family Aepyornithidae), any of several species of extinct giant flightless birds classified in...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Enaliarctos" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Enaliarctos</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Enaliarctos, extinct genus of mammals that contains the oldest known member of Pinnipedia, the group that contains...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/Endothyra" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Endothyra</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Endothyra, extinct genus of Foraminifera, protozoans with a readily preservable shell; found as fossils in Devonian...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/Eocene-Epoch" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Eocene Epoch</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Eocene Epoch, second of three major worldwide divisions of the Paleogene Period (66 million to 23 million years...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/dawn-horse" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Eohippus</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Eohippus, (genus Hyracotherium), extinct group of mammals that were the first known horses. They flourished in...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/Eospermatopteris" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Eospermatopteris</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Eospermatopteris, genus of extinct plants known from fossil stumps discovered in the 1870s near Gilboa, New York,...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Eospirifer" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Eospirifer</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Eospirifer, genus of extinct brachiopods, or lamp shells, found as fossils in Middle Silurian to Lower Devonian...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Eryops" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Eryops</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Eryops, genus of extinct primitive amphibians found as fossils in Permian rocks in North America (the Permian period...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Euoplocephalus" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Euoplocephalus</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Euoplocephalus, (genus Euoplocephalus), armoured North American dinosaur of the Late Cretaceous Period (99.6 million...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Euparkeria" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Euparkeria</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Euparkeria, extinct genus of reptile very closely related to the ancestral archosaurs (a group containing present-day...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Euphemites" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Euphemites</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Euphemites, extinct genus of gastropods (snails) abundant during the Late Carboniferous Period (between 320 and...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Europasaurus" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Europasaurus</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Europasaurus, genus representing one of the smallest known sauropod dinosaurs, characterized by a distinctive arched...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Eusthenopteron" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Eusthenopteron</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Eusthenopteron, genus of extinct lobe-finned fishes (crossopterygians) preserved as fossils in rocks of the late...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/law-of-faunal-succession" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>faunal succession, law of</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> law of faunal succession, observation that assemblages of fossil plants and animals follow or succeed each other...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Favosites" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Favosites</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Favosites, extinct genus of corals found as fossils in marine rocks from the Ordovician to the Permian periods...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/feathered-dinosaur" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>feathered dinosaur</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> feathered dinosaur, any of a group of theropod (carnivorous) dinosaurs, including birds, that evolved feathers...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Fenestella-paleontology" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Fenestella</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Fenestella, genus of extinct bryozoans, small colonial animals, especially characteristic of the Early Carboniferous...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/Fig-Tree-microfossils" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Fig Tree microfossils</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Fig Tree microfossils, assemblage of microscopic structures uncovered in the Fig Tree Series, a rock layer at least...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/fission-track-dating" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>fission-track dating</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> fission-track dating, method of age determination that makes use of the damage done by the spontaneous fission...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/place/Fontechevade" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Font茅chevade</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Font茅chevade, a cave site in southwestern France known for the 1947 discovery of ancient human remains and tools...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100"> <span class="adm-1"></span> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/fossil" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>fossil</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> fossil, remnant, impression, or trace of an animal or plant of a past geologic age that has been preserved in Earth鈥檚...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/fossil-record" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>fossil record</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> fossil record, history of life as documented by fossils, the remains or imprints of organisms from earlier geological...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/Fusulina" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Fusulina</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Fusulina, genus of extinct fusulinid foraminiferans (protozoans with a shell) found as fossils in marine rocks...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/Fusulinella" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Fusulinella</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Fusulinella, genus of extinct fusulinid foraminiferans (protozoans with a shell) found as fossils in Late Carboniferous...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/fusulinid" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>fusulinid</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> fusulinid, any of a large group of extinct foraminiferans (single-celled organisms related to the modern amoebas...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Ganlea-megacanina" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Ganlea megacanina</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Ganlea megacanina, extinct primate species belonging to the family Amphipithecidae and known only from fossils...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Gastrioceras" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Gastrioceras</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Gastrioceras, genus of extinct cephalopods (animals related to the modern squid, octopus, and nautilus), found...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/geochronology" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>geochronology</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> geochronology, field of scientific investigation concerned with determining the age and history of Earth鈥檚 rocks...... </div> <ul class="mt-10 font-14 pl-20 mb-0"> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/science/geochronology/Introduction" style="text-decoration: underline">Introduction</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/science/geochronology/The-principle-of-superposition-of-rock-strata" style="text-decoration: underline">Superposition, Strata, Rock</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/science/geochronology/James-Huttons-recognition-of-the-geologic-cycle" style="text-decoration: underline">James Hutton, Geologic Cycle, Time</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/science/geochronology/Determining-the-relationships-of-fossils-with-rock-strata" style="text-decoration: underline">Fossils, Rock Strata, Dating</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/science/geochronology/The-concepts-of-facies-stages-and-zones" style="text-decoration: underline">Facies, Stages, Zones</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/science/geochronology/Completion-of-the-Phanerozoic-time-scale" style="text-decoration: underline">Dating, Stratigraphy, Phanerozoic</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/science/geochronology/Development-of-radioactive-dating-methods-and-their-application" style="text-decoration: underline">Radioactive Dating, Isotopes, Applications</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/science/geochronology/Nonradiometric-dating" style="text-decoration: underline">Stratigraphy, Correlation, Chronostratigraphy</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/science/geochronology/Geomagnetic-variations" style="text-decoration: underline">Geomagnetic, Stratigraphic, Radiometric</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/geologic-time" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>geologic time</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> geologic time, the extensive interval of time occupied by the geologic history of Earth. Formal geologic time begins...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/biography/Paul-Gervais" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Gervais, Paul</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Paul Gervais was a paleontologist and zoologist who succeeded Georges Cuvier and Henri de Blainville as the principal...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/giant-water-scorpion" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>giant water scorpion</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> giant water scorpion, any member of the extinct subclass Eurypterida of the arthropod group Merostomata, a lineage...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/Gibraltar-remains" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Gibraltar remains</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Gibraltar remains, Neanderthal fossils and associated materials found at Gibraltar, on the southern tip of Spain....... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Giganotosaurus" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Giganotosaurus</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Giganotosaurus, (Giganotosaurus carolinii), genus of a large theropod dinosaur in the family Carcharodontosauridae...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Gigantopithecus" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Gigantopithecus</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Gigantopithecus, (Gigantopithecus blacki), genus of large extinct apes represented by a single species, Gigantopithecus...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/Glossopteris" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Glossopteris</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Glossopteris, genus of fossilized woody plants known from rocks that have been dated to the Permian and Triassic...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Glyptodon" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Glyptodon</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Glyptodon, genus of extinct giant mammals related to modern armadillos and found as fossils in deposits in North...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/gomphothere" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>gomphothere</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> gomphothere, any member of a line of extinct elephants that formed the most numerous group of the order Proboscidea...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Goniophora" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Goniophora</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Goniophora, extinct genus of clams found in Silurian to Devonian rocks (the Silurian Period began 444 million years...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/Gorstian-Stage" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Gorstian Stage</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Gorstian Stage, first of two stages of the Ludlow Series, made up of all rocks deposited during the Gorstian Age...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/biography/Stephen-Jay-Gould" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Gould, Stephen Jay</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Stephen Jay Gould was an American paleontologist, evolutionary biologist, and science writer. Gould graduated from...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100"> <span class="adm-2"></span> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/biography/Amadeus-William-Grabau" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Grabau, Amadeus William</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Amadeus William Grabau was an American geologist and paleontologist, known for his works on paleoecology and Chinese...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/Grand-Canyon-Series" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Grand Canyon Series</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Grand Canyon Series, major division of rocks in northern Arizona dating from Precambrian time (about 3.8 billion...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/graptolite" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>graptolite</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> graptolite, any member of an extinct group of small, aquatic colonial animals that first became apparent during...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Greenops" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Greenops</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Greenops, genus of trilobites (extinct arthropods) found as fossils in Middle and Upper Devonian deposits (the...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/biography/Sir-Richard-John-Griffith-1st-Baronet" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Griffith, Sir Richard John, 1st Baronet</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Sir Richard John Griffith, 1st Baronet was an Irish geologist and civil engineer who has sometimes been called...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/Gunflint-microfossils" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Gunflint microfossils</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Gunflint microfossils, assemblage of microscopic fossils uncovered in the Gunflint Iron Formation, a rock layer...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/Gzhelian-Stage" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Gzhelian Stage</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Gzhelian Stage, last of four internationally defined stages of the Pennsylvanian Subsystem of the Carboniferous...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/Hadean-Eon" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Hadean Eon</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Hadean Eon, informal division of Precambrian time occurring between about 4.6 billion and about 4.0 billion years...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/biography/James-Hall-American-geologist" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Hall, James</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> James Hall was an American geologist and paleontologist who was a major contributor to the geosynclinal theory...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Hallopora" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Hallopora</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Hallopora, genus of extinct bryozoans (moss animals) found as fossils in Ordovician to Silurian marine rocks (from...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Halysites" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Halysites</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Halysites, extinct genus of corals found as fossils in marine rocks from the Late Ordovician Period to the end...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/biography/Emile-Haug" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Haug, 脡mile</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> 脡mile Haug was a French geologist and paleontologist known for his contributions to the theory of geosynclines...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/biography/Oliver-Perry-Hay" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Hay, Oliver Perry</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Oliver Perry Hay was an American paleontologist who did much to unify existing knowledge of North American fossil...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Heliophyllum" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Heliophyllum</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Heliophyllum, genus of extinct coral found as fossils in Devonian marine rocks (the Devonian Period began 416 million...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/helium-dating" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>helium dating</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> helium dating, method of age determination that depends on the production of helium during the decay of the radioactive...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Herrerasaurus" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Herrerasaurus</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Herrerasaurus, (genus Herrerasaurus), primitive carnivorous dinosaur or close relative of dinosaurs found as fossils...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Hesperornis" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Hesperornis</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Hesperornis, (genus Hesperornis), extinct birds found as fossils in Late Cretaceous Period deposits dating from...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Hesperorthis" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Hesperorthis</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Hesperorthis, extinct genus of brachiopods, or lamp shells, which as fossils are especially characteristic of Ordovician...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/Holocene-Epoch" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Holocene Epoch</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Holocene Epoch, younger of the two formally recognized epochs that constitute the Quaternary Period and the latest...... </div> <ul class="mt-10 font-14 pl-20 mb-0"> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/science/Holocene-Epoch/Introduction" style="text-decoration: underline">Introduction</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/science/Holocene-Epoch/The-Pleistocene-Holocene-boundary" style="text-decoration: underline">Climate Change, Human Impact, 11,700 Years</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/science/Holocene-Epoch/Continental-shelf-and-coastal-regions" style="text-decoration: underline">Coastal Ecosystems, Sea Level Rise, Climate Change</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/science/Holocene-Epoch/Holocene-environment-and-biota" style="text-decoration: underline">Climate, Biota, Human Impact</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/science/Holocene-Epoch/Holocene-climatic-trends-and-chronology" style="text-decoration: underline">Climate, Chronology, Trends</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/science/Holocene-Epoch/Classical-Roman-Period" style="text-decoration: underline">Classical Roman, Climate Change, Human Impact</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/science/Holocene-Epoch/Medieval-Cool-Period" style="text-decoration: underline">Medieval Cool, Climate Change, Human Impact</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/Homo-erectus" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Homo erectus</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Homo erectus, extinct species of the human genus (Homo), perhaps an ancestor of modern humans (Homo sapiens). H....... </div> <ul class="mt-10 font-14 pl-20 mb-0"> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/topic/Homo-erectus/Introduction" style="text-decoration: underline">Introduction</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/topic/Homo-erectus/Fossil-evidence" style="text-decoration: underline">Fossils, Asia, Africa</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/topic/Homo-erectus/Body-structure" style="text-decoration: underline">Bipedalism, Brain Size, Tools</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/topic/Homo-erectus/Behavioral-inferences" style="text-decoration: underline">Toolmaking, Fire Use, Migration</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/topic/Homo-erectus/Relationship-to-Homo-sapiens" style="text-decoration: underline">Ancestor, Evolution, Migration</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100"> <span class="adm-3"></span> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/Homo-floresiensis" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Homo floresiensis</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Homo floresiensis, taxonomic name given to an extinct hominin (member of the human lineage) that is presumed to...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/Homo-habilis" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Homo habilis</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Homo habilis, extinct species of human, the most ancient representative of the human genus, Homo. Homo habilis...... </div> <ul class="mt-10 font-14 pl-20 mb-0"> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/topic/Homo-habilis/Introduction" style="text-decoration: underline">Introduction</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/topic/Homo-habilis/Body-structure" style="text-decoration: underline">Bipedalism, Small Brain, Robust Jaw</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/topic/Homo-habilis/Evolutionary-implications" style="text-decoration: underline">Early Human, Tool Use, Bipedalism</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/Homo-heidelbergensis" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Homo heidelbergensis</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Homo heidelbergensis, extinct species of archaic human (genus Homo) known from fossils dating from 600,000 to 200,000...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/Homo-naledi" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Homo naledi</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Homo naledi, extinct species of human, initially thought to have evolved about the same time as the emergence of...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/horn-coral" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>horn coral</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> horn coral, any coral of the order Rugosa, which first appeared in the geologic record during the Ordovician Period,...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/biography/Ales-Hrdlicka" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Hrdli膷ka, Ale拧</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Ale拧 Hrdli膷ka was a physical anthropologist known for his studies of Neanderthal man and his theory of the migration...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/Huronian-System" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Huronian System</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Huronian System, major division of Precambrian rocks in North America (the Precambrian began about 3.8 billion...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/biography/Thomas-Henry-Huxley" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Huxley, Thomas Henry</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Thomas Henry Huxley was an English biologist, educator, and advocate of agnosticism (he coined the word). Huxley鈥檚...... </div> <ul class="mt-10 font-14 pl-20 mb-0"> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/biography/Thomas-Henry-Huxley/Introduction" style="text-decoration: underline">Introduction</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/biography/Thomas-Henry-Huxley/Darwins-bulldog" style="text-decoration: underline">Darwin's Bulldog, Evolutionary Biology, Naturalist</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/biography/Thomas-Henry-Huxley/The-old-lion" style="text-decoration: underline">Evolutionary Biologist, Educator, Debater</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Hyaenodon" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Hyaenodon</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Hyaenodon, extinct genus of carnivorous mammals that first appeared in the fossil record about 42 million years...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/biography/Alpheus-Hyatt" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Hyatt, Alpheus</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Alpheus Hyatt was an American zoologist and paleontologist who achieved eminence in the study of invertebrate fossil...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Hypsilophodon" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Hypsilophodon</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Hypsilophodon, (genus Hypsilophodon), small to medium-sized herbivorous dinosaurs that flourished about 115 million...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Icadyptes-fossil-bird-genus" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Icadyptes</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Icadyptes, genus of extinct giant penguin that lived about 37 million to 35 million years ago, during the second...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Ichthyornis" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Ichthyornis</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Ichthyornis, (order Ichthyornithiformes), extinct seabird of the Late Cretaceous Period (99.6 million to 66 million...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/ichthyosaur" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>ichthyosaur</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> ichthyosaur, any member of an extinct group of aquatic reptiles, most of which were very similar to porpoises in...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Ichthyostega" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Ichthyostega</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Ichthyostega, genus of extinct animals, closely related to tetrapods (four-legged land vertebrates) and found as...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Ida-fossil" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Ida</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Ida, (Darwinius masillae), nickname for the remarkably complete but nearly two-dimensional skeleton of an adapiform...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Iguanodon" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Iguanodon</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Iguanodon, (genus Iguanodon), large herbivorous dinosaurs found as fossils from the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/index-fossil" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>index fossil</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> index fossil, any animal or plant preserved in the rock record of the Earth that is characteristic of a particular...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Indricotherium" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Indricotherium</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Indricotherium, genus of giant browsing perissodactyls found as fossils in Asian deposits of the Late Oligocene...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/ionium-thorium-dating" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>ionium-thorium dating</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> ionium-thorium dating, method of establishing the time of origin of marine sediments according to the amount of...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100"> <span class="adm-4"></span> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Irish-elk" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Irish elk</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Irish elk, (Megaloceros giganteus), extinct species of deer, characterized by immense body size and wide antlers,...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Isotelus" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Isotelus</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Isotelus, genus of trilobites (extinct arthropods) restricted to Europe and North America during the Ordovician...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/place/John-Day-Fossil-Beds-National-Monument" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>John Day Fossil Beds National Monument</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, series of rock formations in north-central Oregon, U.S., consisting of...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/Jurassic-Period" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Jurassic Period</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Jurassic Period, second of three periods of the Mesozoic Era. Extending from 201.3 million to 145 million years...... </div> <ul class="mt-10 font-14 pl-20 mb-0"> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/science/Jurassic-Period/Introduction" style="text-decoration: underline">Introduction</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/science/Jurassic-Period/Paleoclimate" style="text-decoration: underline">Climate, Flora, Fauna</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/science/Jurassic-Period/Vertebrates" style="text-decoration: underline">Dinosaurs, Reptiles, Amphibians</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/science/Jurassic-Period/Jurassic-geology" style="text-decoration: underline">Geology, Fossils, Climate</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/science/Jurassic-Period/Occurrence-and-distribution-of-Jurassic-rocks" style="text-decoration: underline">Rocks, Distribution, Occurrence</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/Kabwe-cranium" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Kabwe cranium</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Kabwe cranium, fossilized skull of an extinct human species (genus Homo) found near the town of Kabwe, Zambia (formerly...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/place/Karoo-System" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Karoo System</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Karoo System, geologic system of rocks outcropping over a 1,560,000-square-kilometer (600,000-square-mile) area...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/Kasimovian-Stage" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Kasimovian Stage</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Kasimovian Stage, third of four internationally defined stages of the Pennsylvanian Subsystem of the Carboniferous...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/Katangan-Complex" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Katangan Complex</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Katangan Complex, major division of late Precambrian rocks (the Precambrian era began about 4.6 billion years ago...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/place/Kebara" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Kebara</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Kebara, paleoanthropological site on Mount Carmel in northern Israel that has yielded a trove of Neanderthal bones...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/Keweenawan-System" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Keweenawan System</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Keweenawan System, division of late Precambrian rocks and time in North America (the Precambrian began about 4.6...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/biography/Robert-Kidston" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Kidston, Robert</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Robert Kidston was an English paleobotanist, noted for his discoveries and descriptions of plant fossils from the...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/biography/Frank-Hall-Knowlton" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Knowlton, Frank Hall</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Frank Hall Knowlton was a U.S. paleobotanist and pioneer in the study of prehistoric climates based on geologic...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/place/Koro-Toro" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Koro Toro</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Koro Toro, site of paleoanthropological excavations in central Chad, best known for a fossilized fragment of a...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/Krapina-remains" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Krapina remains</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Krapina remains, fossilized remains of at least 24 early Neanderthal adults and children, consisting of skulls,...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/Kungurian-Stage" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Kungurian Stage</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Kungurian Stage, last of the four stages of the Lower Permian (Cisuralian) Series, encompassing all rocks deposited...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/place/La-Brea-Tar-Pits" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>La Brea Tar Pits</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> La Brea Tar Pits, tar (Spanish brea) pits, in Hancock Park (Rancho La Brea), Los Angeles, California, U.S. The...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/place/La-Chapelle-aux-Saints" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>La Chapelle-aux-Saints</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> La Chapelle-aux-Saints, cave site near the village of La Chapelle-aux-Saints in central France where the bones...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/place/La-Ferrassie" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>La Ferrassie</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> La Ferrassie, paleoanthropological site in the Dordogne region of France where Neanderthal fossils were found in...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/place/Lagar-Velho" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Lagar Velho</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Lagar Velho, site near Leiria, central Portugal, where the buried skeleton of a four-year-old child, dating to...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Lambeosaurus" class="font-weight-bold 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