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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fraunhofer_UK_Research_Ltd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fraunhofer_UK_Research_Ltd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Fraunhofer UK Research Ltd</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fraunhofer_UK_Research_Ltd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notable projects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Image_gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Image gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Image_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Presidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft" title="Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Дружество Фраунхофер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дружество Фраунхофер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_Fraunhofer" title="Institut Fraunhofer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Institut Fraunhofer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunhoferova_spole%C4%8Dnost" title="Fraunhoferova společnost – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fraunhoferova společnost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft" title="Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft" title="Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft" title="Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft" title="Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societo_Fraunhofer" title="Societo Fraunhofer – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Societo Fraunhofer" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B1" title="جامعه فراونهوفر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جامعه فراونهوفر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft" title="Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft" title="Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B4%ED%98%B8%ED%8D%BC_%ED%98%91%ED%9A%8C" title="프라운호퍼 협회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프라운호퍼 협회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft" title="Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="फ्राउनहोफर गेजेलशाफ्ट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फ्राउनहोफर गेजेलशाफ्ट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft" title="Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8B" title="フラウンホーファー研究機構 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フラウンホーファー研究機構" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft" title="Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft" title="Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft" title="Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Общество Фраунгофера – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Общество Фраунгофера" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoq%C3%ABria_Fraunhofer" title="Shoqëria Fraunhofer – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shoqëria Fraunhofer" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunhofer-instituutti" title="Fraunhofer-instituutti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fraunhofer-instituutti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunhoferinstitutet" title="Fraunhoferinstitutet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fraunhoferinstitutet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="สมาคมเฟราน์โฮเฟอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมาคมเฟราน์โฮเฟอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft" title="Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Товариство імені Фраунгофера – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Товариство імені Фраунгофера" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AB%E7%90%85%E5%92%8C%E8%B4%B9%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A" title="夫琅和费协会 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="夫琅和费协会" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q161057#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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searchaux" style="display:none">Research organization</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Fraunhofer Society</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname" lang="de">Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e. V.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Fraunhofer-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Fraunhofer-logo.svg/220px-Fraunhofer-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Fraunhofer-logo.svg/330px-Fraunhofer-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Fraunhofer-logo.svg/440px-Fraunhofer-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="258" data-file-height="45" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">26 March 1949<span class="noprint"> (75 years ago)</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">26 March 1949</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Applied_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Applied research">Applied research</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, Germany</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holger_Hanselka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holger Hanselka (page does not exist)">Holger Hanselka</a> (<a href="/wiki/President_(corporate_title)" title="President (corporate title)">President</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Budget</th><td class="infobox-data">€3.0 billion (2022)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Staff</th><td class="infobox-data">30,800 (2022)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fraunhofer.de/">www<wbr />.fraunhofer<wbr />.de</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Fraunhofer Society</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e. V.</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Fraunhofer Society for the Advancement of Applied Research'<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a German publicly-owned research organization with 76<span class="nowrap"> </span>institutes spread throughout Germany, each focusing on different fields of <a href="/wiki/Applied_science" title="Applied science">applied science</a> (as opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Society" title="Max Planck Society">Max Planck Society</a>, which works primarily on <a href="/wiki/Basic_research" title="Basic research">basic science</a>). With some 30,800 employees, mainly <a href="/wiki/Scientist" title="Scientist">scientists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineers</a>, and with an annual research budget of about €3.0<span class="nowrap"> </span>billion,<sup id="cite_ref-Facts_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Facts-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is the biggest organization for applied research and development services in Europe. It is named after <a href="/wiki/Joseph_von_Fraunhofer" title="Joseph von Fraunhofer">Joseph von Fraunhofer</a> who, as a scientist, an engineer, and an entrepreneur, is said to have superbly exemplified the goals of the society. </p><p>Some basic funding for the Fraunhofer Society is provided by the state (the German public, through the federal government together with the states or <i><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">Länder</a></i>, "owns" the Fraunhofer Society), but more than 70% of the funding is earned through contract work, either for government-sponsored projects or from industry.<sup id="cite_ref-Facts_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Facts-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 1990s the organization has also internationalized, establishing various centers in the United States, Asia and other European countries.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2010, Fraunhofer announced that it would open its first research center in South America.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fraunhofer UK Research Ltd was established as a legally independent affiliate along with its Fraunhofer Centre for Applied Photonics, in Glasgow, Scotland, in March 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fraunhofer_model">Fraunhofer model</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraunhofer_Society&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Fraunhofer model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The so-called "Fraunhofer model" has been in existence since 1973 and has led to the society's continuing growth. Under the model, the Fraunhofer Society earns about 70% of its income through contracts with industry or specific government projects. The other 30% of the budget is sourced in the proportion 9:1 from federal and state (Land) government grants and is used to support preparatory research. </p><p>Thus the size of the society's budget depends largely on its success in maximizing revenue from commissions. This funding model applies not just to the central society itself but also to the individual institutes. This serves both to drive the realization of the Fraunhofer Society's strategic direction of becoming a leader in applied research and to encourage a flexible, autonomous, and entrepreneurial approach to the society's research priorities. </p><p>The institutes are not legally independent units.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Fraunhofer model grants a very high degree of independence to the institutes in terms of project results, scientific impact and above all for their own funding.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the one hand, this results in a high degree of independence in terms of technical focus, distribution of resources, project acquisition, and project management. On the other hand, this also generates a certain economic pressure and a compulsion to customer and market orientation. In this sense, the institutes and their employees act in an entrepreneurial manner and ideally combine research, innovation, and entrepreneurship. </p><p>Numerous innovations are the result of research and development work at the Fraunhofer institutes. The institutes work on practically all application-relevant technology fields, i.e. microelectronics, information and communication technology, life sciences, materials research, energy technology or medical technology.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the best known Fraunhofer developments is the <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a> audio data compression process.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft reported 734 new inventions. This corresponds to about three inventions per working day. Of these, 612 developments were registered for patents.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent studies have shown that the presence of a Fraunhofer center can boost the patent output of local firms and inventors in at least 13%.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Institutes">Institutes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraunhofer_Society&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Institutes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Fraunhofer Society currently operates 76 institutes and research units. These are <b>Fraunhofer Institutes</b> for:<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Algorithms and <a href="/wiki/Scientific_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific computing">Scientific Computing</a></li> <li>Applied <a href="/wiki/Information_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Information Technology">Information Technology</a></li> <li>Applied and Integrated Security</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraunhofer_Institute_for_Applied_Optics_and_Precision_Engineering" title="Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering">Applied Optics and Precision Engineering</a></li> <li>Applied Polymer Research</li> <li>Applied <a href="/wiki/Solid_State_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid State Physics">Solid State Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_cell" title="Electrochemical cell">Battery Cell</a> Production</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomedical Engineering">Biomedical Engineering</a></li> <li>Building Physics</li> <li>Cell Therapy and Immunology</li> <li>Ceramic Technologies and Systems</li> <li>Chemical Technology</li> <li>Communication, Information Processing and Ergonomics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer Graphics">Computer Graphics</a> Research</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Media">Digital Media</a> Technology</li> <li>Digital Medicine</li> <li>Electron Beam and Plasma Technology</li> <li>Electronic Nano Systems</li> <li>Energy Economics and Energy System Technology</li> <li>Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology</li> <li>Embedded Systems and Communication</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraunhofer_Institute_for_Experimental_Software_Engineering_IESE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental Software Engineering IESE (page does not exist)">Experimental Software Engineering</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunhofer-Institut_f%C3%BCr_Experimentelles_Software_Engineering_IESE" class="extiw" title="de:Fraunhofer-Institut für Experimentelles Software Engineering IESE">de</a>]</span></li> <li>Factory Operation and Automation</li> <li>High-Frequency Physics and Radar Techniques</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraunhofer_Institute_for_High-Speed_Dynamics" title="Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics">High-Speed Dynamics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ernst-Mach-Institut" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernst-Mach-Institut">Ernst-Mach-Institut</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial Engineering">Industrial Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraunhofer_Institute_for_Industrial_Mathematics_ITWM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Mathematics ITWM (page does not exist)">Industrial Mathematics</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunhofer-Institut_f%C3%BCr_Techno-_und_Wirtschaftsmathematik" class="extiw" title="de:Fraunhofer-Institut für Techno- und Wirtschaftsmathematik">de</a>]</span></li> <li>Information Center for Regional Planning and Building Construction</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Circuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Circuits">Integrated Circuits</a></li> <li>Integrated Systems and Device Technology</li> <li>Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems</li> <li>Interfacial Engineering and <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li>International Management and Knowledge Economy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">Laser</a> Technology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_tool" title="Machine tool">Machine Tools</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metal_foam" title="Metal foam">Forming Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_engineering" title="Manufacturing engineering">Manufacturing Engineering</a> and Applied Materials Research</li> <li>Manufacturing Engineering and Automation</li> <li>Material and Beam Technology</li> <li>Material Flow and <a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">Logistics</a></li> <li>Materials Recycling and Resource Strategies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraunhofer_Institute_for_Mechanics_of_Materials" title="Fraunhofer Institute for Mechanics of Materials">Mechanics of Materials</a></li> <li>Microelectronic Circuits and Systems</li> <li>Microstructure of Materials and Systems</li> <li>Microsystems and Solid State Technologies EMFT</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_Biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular Biology">Molecular Biology</a> and Applied <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondestructive_testing" title="Nondestructive testing">Non-Destructive Testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Optronics">Optronics</a>, System Technologies and Image Exploitation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraunhofer_Institute_for_Open_Communication_Systems" title="Fraunhofer Institute for Open Communication Systems">Open Communication Systems</a></li> <li>Photonic Microsystems</li> <li>Physical Measurement Techniques</li> <li>Process Engineering and Packaging</li> <li>Production Systems and Design Technology</li> <li>Production Technology</li> <li>Reliability and Microintegration</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraunhofer_Institute_for_Secure_Information_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fraunhofer Institute for Secure Information Technology (page does not exist)">Secure Information Technology</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunhofer-Institut_f%C3%BCr_Sichere_Informationstechnologie" class="extiw" title="de:Fraunhofer-Institut für Sichere Informationstechnologie">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">Silicate</a> Research</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> Technology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraunhofer_Institute_for_Solar_Energy_Systems" title="Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems">Solar Energy Systems</a></li> <li>Structural Durability and System Reliability</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_engineering" title="Surface engineering">Surface Engineering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thin_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Thin films">Thin Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraunhofer_Institute_for_Systems_and_Innovation_Research_ISI" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research ISI">Systems and Innovation Research</a></li> <li>Technological Trend Analysis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraunhofer_Institute_for_Telecommunications" title="Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz" title="Heinrich Hertz">Heinrich-Hertz</a>-Institut</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxicology" title="Toxicology">Toxicology</a> and Experimental Medicine</li> <li>Transportation and Infrastructure Systems</li> <li>Wind Energy Systems</li> <li>Wood Research, Wilhelm-Klauditz-Institut</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fraunhofer_USA">Fraunhofer USA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraunhofer_Society&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fraunhofer USA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to its German institutes, the Fraunhofer Society operates five US-based Centers through its American subsidiary, Fraunhofer USA:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Coatings and Diamond Technologies</li> <li>Experimental Software Engineering</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">Laser</a> Applications</li> <li>Manufacturing Innovation</li> <li>Digital Media Technologies</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fraunhofer_Singapore">Fraunhofer Singapore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraunhofer_Society&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fraunhofer Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2017 Fraunhofer Society launched its first direct subsidiary in Asia:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Fraunhofer Singapore – Visual and Medical Computing, Cognitive Human-Machine Interaction, Cyber- and Information Security, Visual Immersive Mathematics</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fraunhofer_UK_Research_Ltd">Fraunhofer UK Research Ltd</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraunhofer_Society&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fraunhofer UK Research Ltd"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the invitation of the UK Government, Fraunhofer UK Research Ltd was established in partnership with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Strathclyde" title="University of Strathclyde">University of Strathclyde</a>. The UK's first Fraunhofer Centre, Fraunhofer Centre for Applied Photonics, was established and quickly recognised as a world-leading<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> centre in lasers and optical systems. The UK Government commented on the significance of Fraunhofer CAP in quantum technology innovation.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ongoing core funding is received from Scottish Government and Scottish Enterprise.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_projects">Notable projects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraunhofer_Society&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notable projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a> compression algorithm was invented and patented by Fraunhofer IIS.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its license revenues generated about €100 million in revenue for the society in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Fraunhofer_Institute_for_Telecommunications" title="Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications">Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute</a> (HHI) was a significant contributor to the <a href="/wiki/H.264/MPEG-4_AVC" class="mw-redirect" title="H.264/MPEG-4 AVC">H.264/MPEG-4 AVC</a> video compression standard, a technology recognized with two Emmy awards in 2008 and 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes the <a href="/wiki/Fraunhofer_FDK_AAC" title="Fraunhofer FDK AAC">Fraunhofer FDK AAC library</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>As of May 2010, a metamorphic triple-junction <a href="/wiki/Solar_cell" title="Solar cell">solar cell</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Fraunhofer_Institute_for_Solar_Energy_Systems_ISE" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE">Fraunhofer's Institute for Solar Energy Systems</a> holds the world record for solar energy conversion efficiency with 41.1%, nearly twice that of a standard silicon-based cell.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fraunhofer is developing a program for use at <a href="/wiki/IKEA" title="IKEA">IKEA</a> stores, which would allow people to take a picture of their home into a store to view a fully assembled, digital adaptation of their room.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>E-puzzler, a pattern-recognition machine to digitally put back together even the most finely shredded papers. The E-puzzler uses a computerized conveyor belt that runs shards of shredded and torn paper through a digital scanner, automatically reconstructing original documents.<sup id="cite_ref-popplewell-2008_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popplewell-2008-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was hoped in 2013 that the machine would be able to reconstruct 16,000 bags of torn-up documents, but by 2014 only 23 bags had been reconstructed and the project stalled. In 2024 faster technology was being sought to prepare the vast number of fragments for scanning.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>OpenIMS, an Open Source implementation of IMS Call Session Control Functions (CSCFs) and a lightweight Home Subscriber Server (HSS), which together form the core elements of all IMS/NGN architectures as specified today within 3GPP, 3GPP2, ETSI TISPAN and the PacketCable initiative.</li> <li>Roborder, an autonomous border surveillance system that uses unmanned mobile robots including aerial, water surface, underwater and ground vehicles which incorporate multi-modal sensors as part of an interoperable network.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraunhofer_Society&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_Germany_1999_MiNr2038_Fraunhofer_Gesellschaft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Stamp_Germany_1999_MiNr2038_Fraunhofer_Gesellschaft.jpg/220px-Stamp_Germany_1999_MiNr2038_Fraunhofer_Gesellschaft.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Stamp_Germany_1999_MiNr2038_Fraunhofer_Gesellschaft.jpg/330px-Stamp_Germany_1999_MiNr2038_Fraunhofer_Gesellschaft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Stamp_Germany_1999_MiNr2038_Fraunhofer_Gesellschaft.jpg/440px-Stamp_Germany_1999_MiNr2038_Fraunhofer_Gesellschaft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="887" data-file-height="873" /></a><figcaption>A German stamp: 50 years of the Fraunhofer Society</figcaption></figure> <p>The Fraunhofer Society was founded in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> on March 26, 1949, by representatives of industry and academia, the government of <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, and the nascent <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Germany">Federal Republic</a>. </p><p>In 1952, the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs declared the Fraunhofer Society to be the third part of the non-university German research landscape (alongside the <a href="/wiki/German_Research_Foundation" title="German Research Foundation">German Research Foundation</a> (DFG) and the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Planck Institute">Max Planck Institutes</a>). Whether the Fraunhofer Society should support applied research through its own facilities was, however, the subject of a long-running dispute. </p><p>From 1954, the Society's first institutes developed. By 1956, it was developing research facilities in cooperation with the Ministry of Defense. In 1959, the Fraunhofer Society comprised nine institutes with 135 coworkers and a budget of 3.6 million <a href="/wiki/German_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="German mark">Deutsche Mark</a>. </p><p>In 1965, the Fraunhofer Society was identified as a sponsor organization for applied research. </p><p>In 1968, the Fraunhofer Society became the target of public criticism for its role in military research. The criticism continued in the following decades and became a topic of public debate, including the need to improve resilience, defence capabilities and the protection of civilians and against cyber-attacks. In 2022, Fraunhofer also benefited from the € 100 billion in special funding for the German armed forces.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1969, Fraunhofer had more than 1,200 employees in 19 institutes. The budget stood at 33 million <a href="/wiki/German_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="German mark">Deutsche Mark</a>. At this time, a "commission for the promotion of the development of the Fraunhofer Society" planned the further development of the Fraunhofer Society (FhG). The commission developed a financing model that would make the Society dependent on its commercial success. This would later come to be known as the "Fraunhofer Model". </p><p>The Model was agreed to by the Federal Cabinet and the Bund-Länder-Kommission in 1973. In the same year, the executive committee and central administration moved into joint accommodation at Leonrodstraße 54 in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>. </p><p>The Fraunhofer program for the promotion of consulting research for <a href="/wiki/Small_and_medium_enterprises" title="Small and medium enterprises">SMEs</a> was established, and has gained ever more significance in subsequent years. </p><p>In 1977, the political ownership of the society was shared by the Ministries of Defense and Research. </p><p>By 1984, the Fraunhofer Society had 3,500 employees in 33 institutes and a research budget of 360 million <a href="/wiki/German_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="German mark">Deutsche Mark</a>. </p><p>By 1988, defence research represented only about 10% of the entire expenditure of the Fraunhofer Society. </p><p>By 1989, the Fraunhofer Society had nearly 6,400 employees in 37 institutes, with a total budget of 700 million <a href="/wiki/German_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="German mark">Deutsche Mark</a>. </p><p>In 1991, the Fraunhofer Society faced the challenge of integrating numerous research establishments in former East Germany as branch offices of already-existing institutes in the Fraunhofer Society. </p><p>In 1993, the Fraunhofer Society's total budget exceeded 1 billion <a href="/wiki/German_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="German mark">Deutsche Mark</a>. </p><p>In 1994, the Society founded a US-based subsidiary, Fraunhofer USA, Inc., to extend the outreach of Fraunhofer's R&D network to American clients. </p><p>Its mission statement of 2000 committed the Fraunhofer Society to being a market and customer-oriented, nationally and internationally active sponsor organization for institutes of applied research. </p><p>In 1999, Fraunhofer initiated Fraunhofer Venture, a <a href="/wiki/University_technology_transfer_offices" title="University technology transfer offices">technology transfer office</a>, to advance the transfer of its scientific research findings and meet the growing entrepreneurial spirit in the Fraunhofer institutes. </p><p>Between 2000 and 2001, the institutes and IT research centres of the GMD (Gesellschaft für Mathematik und Datenverarbeitung – Society for Mathematics and Information technology) were integrated into the Fraunhofer Society at the initiative of the Federal Ministry for Education and Research. </p><p>The year 2000 marked a noteworthy success at Fraunhofer-Institut for Integrated Circuits (IIS): <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">lossy</a> audio format which they developed. For many years afterwards,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (July 2020)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup> MP3 was the most widely adopted method for compressing and decompressing digital audio.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2002, ownership of the Heinrich-Hertz-Institut for Communications Technology Berlin GmbH (HHI), which belonged to the Gottfried William Leibniz Society e. V. (GWL), was transferred to the Fraunhofer Society. With this integration, the Fraunhofer Society budget exceeded €1 billion for the first time. </p><p>In 2003, the Fraunhofer Society headquarters moved to its own building in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>. </p><p>The Fraunhofer Society developed and formulated a firm specific mission statement summarizing fundamental targets and codifying the desired "values and guidelines" of the society's "culture". Amongst these, the society committed itself to improving the opportunities for female employees and coworkers to identify themselves with the enterprise and to develop their own creative potential. </p><p>In 2004, the former "Fraunhofer Working Group for Electronic Media Technology" at the Fraunhofer-Institut for Integrated Circuits (IIS) gained the status of an independent institute. It becomes Fraunhofer-Institut for Digital Media Technology IDMT. </p><p>New alliances and topic groups helped to strengthen the market operational readiness level of the institutes for Fraunhofer in certain jurisdictions. </p><p>In 2005, two new institutes, the Leipzig Fraunhofer-Institut for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), and the Fraunhofer Center for Nano-electronic technologies CNT in <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, were founded. </p><p>In 2006, the Fraunhofer Institute for Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems (IAIS) was founded as a merger between the Institute for Autonomous Intelligent Systems (AIS), and the Institute for Media Communication (IMK). </p><p>In 2009, the former FGAN Institutes were converted into Fraunhofer Institutes, amongst them the Fraunhofer Institute for Communication, Information Processing and Ergonomics FKIE and the Fraunhofer Institute for Radar and High Frequency Technology FHR.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, the cooperation of Fraunhofer with selected research-oriented universities of applied sciences based on the "Application Center" model started. The first cooperation was started with the <a href="/wiki/Technische_Hochschule_OWL" title="Technische Hochschule OWL">Technische Hochschule OWL</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lemgo" title="Lemgo">Lemgo</a> and led to the foundation of the Fraunhofer IOSB-INA in late 2011. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Image_gallery">Image gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraunhofer_Society&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Image gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schmallenberg-Grafschaft_Fraunhofer-Institut_Sauerland-Ost_094.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fraunhofer-Institut (IME) in Schmallenberg"><img alt="Fraunhofer-Institut (IME) in Schmallenberg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Schmallenberg-Grafschaft_Fraunhofer-Institut_Sauerland-Ost_094.jpg/120px-Schmallenberg-Grafschaft_Fraunhofer-Institut_Sauerland-Ost_094.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Schmallenberg-Grafschaft_Fraunhofer-Institut_Sauerland-Ost_094.jpg/180px-Schmallenberg-Grafschaft_Fraunhofer-Institut_Sauerland-Ost_094.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Schmallenberg-Grafschaft_Fraunhofer-Institut_Sauerland-Ost_094.jpg/240px-Schmallenberg-Grafschaft_Fraunhofer-Institut_Sauerland-Ost_094.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fraunhofer-Institut (IME) in <a href="/wiki/Schmallenberg" title="Schmallenberg">Schmallenberg</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fraunhofer_-_Dresden_-_FEP_-_IFAM_-_IKTS_-_IWS.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fraunhofer - Dresden - FEP - IFAM - IKTS - IWS"><img alt="Fraunhofer - Dresden - FEP - IFAM - IKTS - IWS" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Fraunhofer_-_Dresden_-_FEP_-_IFAM_-_IKTS_-_IWS.jpg/120px-Fraunhofer_-_Dresden_-_FEP_-_IFAM_-_IKTS_-_IWS.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Fraunhofer_-_Dresden_-_FEP_-_IFAM_-_IKTS_-_IWS.jpg/180px-Fraunhofer_-_Dresden_-_FEP_-_IFAM_-_IKTS_-_IWS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Fraunhofer_-_Dresden_-_FEP_-_IFAM_-_IKTS_-_IWS.jpg/240px-Fraunhofer_-_Dresden_-_FEP_-_IFAM_-_IKTS_-_IWS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5355" data-file-height="3071" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fraunhofer - Dresden - FEP - IFAM - IKTS - IWS</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidents">Presidents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraunhofer_Society&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Presidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Gerlach" title="Walther Gerlach">Walther Gerlach</a> (1949–1951)</li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Roelen" class="extiw" title="de:Wilhelm Roelen">Wilhelm Roelen</a> (1951–1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Siemens" title="Hermann von Siemens">Hermann von Siemens</a> (1955–1964)</li> <li>Franz Kollmann (1964–1968)</li> <li>Christian Otto Mohr (1968–1974)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Heinz Keller (1974–1982)</li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Syrbe" class="extiw" title="de:Max Syrbe">Max Syrbe</a> (1982–1993)</li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Warnecke" class="extiw" title="de:Hans-Jürgen Warnecke">Hans-Jürgen Warnecke</a> (1993–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-J%C3%B6rg_Bullinger" title="Hans-Jörg Bullinger">Hans-Jörg Bullinger</a> (2002–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reimund_Neugebauer" title="Reimund Neugebauer">Reimund Neugebauer</a> (2012–2023)<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Prof. Holger Hanselka (2023-Now) <sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraunhofer_Society&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Network_for_Manufacturing_Innovation" class="mw-redirect" title="National Network for Manufacturing Innovation">National Network for Manufacturing Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Germany" title="Open access in Germany">Open access in Germany</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraunhofer_Society&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/aʊ/: 'ou' in 'mouth'">aʊ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈfraʊnˌhoːfɐ]</a></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraunhofer_Society&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Facts-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Facts_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Facts_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fraunhofer.de/en/about-fraunhofer.html">"Facts and Figures"</a>. <i>Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft&rft.atitle=Facts+and+Figures&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fraunhofer.de%2Fen%2Fabout-fraunhofer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFraunhofer+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStaff2006" class="citation web cs1">Staff (March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111117101245/http://www.fraunhofer.de/en/institutes-research-establishments/international.html">"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft: International Locations"</a>. <i>Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft organizational web site</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fraunhofer.de/en/institutes-research-establishments/international.html">the original</a> on 17 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft+organizational+web+site&rft.atitle=Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft%3A+International+Locations&rft.date=2006-03&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fraunhofer.de%2Fen%2Finstitutes-research-establishments%2Finternational.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFraunhofer+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStaff2010" class="citation web cs1">Staff (October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101028103434/http://www.fraunhofer.de/en/press/research-news/2010/10/chile-systems-biotechnology.jsp">"Fraunhofer in Chile"</a>. <i>Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft organizational web site</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fraunhofer.de/en/press/research-news/2010/10/chile-systems-biotechnology.jsp">the original</a> on 28 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft+organizational+web+site&rft.atitle=Fraunhofer+in+Chile&rft.date=2010-10&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fraunhofer.de%2Fen%2Fpress%2Fresearch-news%2F2010%2F10%2Fchile-systems-biotechnology.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFraunhofer+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spie.org/about-spie/press-room/press-releases/fraunhofer-launch-rae-5-24-2013?SSO=1">"Photonics leaders gather for launch of Fraunhofer UK Research"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Photonics+leaders+gather+for+launch+of+Fraunhofer+UK+Research&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspie.org%2Fabout-spie%2Fpress-room%2Fpress-releases%2Ffraunhofer-launch-rae-5-24-2013%3FSSO%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFraunhofer+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fraunhofer.de/content/dam/zv/de/ueber-fraunhofer/Satzung-Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft.pdf">"Satzung von Fraunhofer (German)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Satzung+von+Fraunhofer+%28German%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fraunhofer.de%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fzv%2Fde%2Fueber-fraunhofer%2FSatzung-Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFraunhofer+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fraunhofer.de/en/institutes/institutes-and-research-establishments-in-germany/fraunhofer-groups.html">"Fraunhofer Groups"</a>. <i>Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft&rft.atitle=Fraunhofer+Groups&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fraunhofer.de%2Fen%2Finstitutes%2Finstitutes-and-research-establishments-in-germany%2Ffraunhofer-groups.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFraunhofer+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid_M._Ewalt" class="citation web cs1">David M. Ewalt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/graphics/AMERS-REUTERS-RANKING-INNOVATIVE-INSTITUTIONS/0100B2B11D7/">"The World's Most Innovative Research Institutions 2019"</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=The+World%27s+Most+Innovative+Research+Institutions+2019&rft.au=David+M.+Ewalt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fgraphics%2FAMERS-REUTERS-RANKING-INNOVATIVE-INSTITUTIONS%2F0100B2B11D7%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFraunhofer+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140101070826/http://www.mp3-history.com/en/the_mp3_history.html">"The mp3 History"</a>. Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mp3-history.com/en/the_mp3_history.html">the original</a> on 1 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+mp3+History&rft.pub=Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mp3-history.com%2Fen%2Fthe_mp3_history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFraunhofer+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fraunhofer.jp/content/dam/japan/ja/documents/media/AnnualReport/Fraunhofer-Annual-Report-2018.pdf">"Annual Report 2018"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft</i>. p. 30<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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<i>Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft&rft.atitle=President%2C+Corporate+Strategy%2C+Research+and+Communications%3A+Prof.+Holger+Hanselka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fraunhofer.de%2Fen%2Fabout-fraunhofer%2Fprofile-structure%2Fexecutive-board%2Fhanselka.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFraunhofer+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraunhofer_Society&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fraunhofer.de/">Official 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161057#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1692" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161057#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1692" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161057#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000092613939">ISNI</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121783604">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/146002376">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/39089-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81082566">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124844105">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124844105">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01138978">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0035384&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90758370">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000575034&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007439178105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" 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