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id="toc-Previous_legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Previous_legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Previous legislation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Previous_legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constituent_Assembly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constituent_Assembly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Constituent Assembly</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Constituent_Assembly-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Constituent Assembly subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Constituent_Assembly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Timeline_of_formation_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline_of_formation_of_the_Constitution_of_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Timeline of formation of the Constitution of India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline_of_formation_of_the_Constitution_of_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Membership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drafting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drafting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Drafting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drafting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_of_other_constitutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_of_other_constitutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Influence of other constitutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_of_other_constitutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Schedules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schedules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Schedules</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schedules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appendices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appendices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Appendices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appendices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governmental_sources_of_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governmental_sources_of_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Governmental sources of power</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governmental_sources_of_power-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Governmental sources of power subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Governmental_sources_of_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_legislature_and_amendments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_legislature_and_amendments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>The legislature and amendments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_legislature_and_amendments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Limitations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_judiciary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_judiciary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>The judiciary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_judiciary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judicial_review" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_review"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Judicial review</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_review-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_executive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_executive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>The executive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_executive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dismissal_of_the_Prime_Minister" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dismissal_of_the_Prime_Minister"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Dismissal of the Prime Minister</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dismissal_of_the_Prime_Minister-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_power_to_legislate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_power_to_legislate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Presidential power to legislate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_power_to_legislate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Federalism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Federalism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Federalism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Federalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-State_powers_in_the_Constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_powers_in_the_Constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>State powers in the Constitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_powers_in_the_Constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rajya_Sabha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rajya_Sabha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Rajya Sabha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rajya_Sabha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_List" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_List"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>State List</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_List-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amendments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amendments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Amendments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amendments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limitations_on_state_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitations_on_state_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Limitations on state powers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limitations_on_state_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Union_and_Concurrent_Lists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union_and_Concurrent_Lists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Union and Concurrent Lists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Union_and_Concurrent_Lists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appointment_of_governors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appointment_of_governors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Appointment of governors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appointment_of_governors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creation_of_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation_of_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>Creation of states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation_of_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federalism_and_the_courts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federalism_and_the_courts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Federalism and the courts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federalism_and_the_courts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>International law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flexibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flexibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Flexibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flexibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations_into_Indian_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations_into_Indian_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Translations into Indian languages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Translations_into_Indian_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Translations into Indian languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Translations_into_Indian_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hindi_translation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindi_translation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Hindi translation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindi_translation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bengali_translation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bengali_translation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Bengali translation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bengali_translation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meitei_translation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meitei_translation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Meitei translation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meitei_translation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Odia_translation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odia_translation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Odia translation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Odia_translation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanskrit_translation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanskrit_translation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Sanskrit translation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanskrit_translation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tamil_translation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tamil_translation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Tamil translation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tamil_translation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maithili_translation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maithili_translation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.7</span> <span>Maithili translation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maithili_translation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Constitution of India</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="भारतीय संविधान – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="भारतीय संविधान" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="دستور الهند – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دستور الهند" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ভাৰতৰ সংবিধান – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভাৰতৰ সংবিধান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ভারতের সংবিধান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভারতের সংবিধান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Канстытуцыя Індыі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Канстытуцыя Індыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="भारतीय संविधान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="भारतीय संविधान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituci%C3%B3_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia" title="Constitució de l'Índia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Constitució de l'Índia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Astava_Indie" title="Ústava Indie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ústava Indie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiens_forfatning" title="Indiens forfatning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Indiens forfatning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verfassung_Indiens" title="Verfassung Indiens – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Verfassung Indiens" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%99%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Σύνταγμα της Ινδίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σύνταγμα της Ινδίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituci%C3%B3n_de_India" title="Constitución de India – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Constitución de India" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstitucio_de_Barato" title="Konstitucio de Barato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konstitucio de Barato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="قانون اساسی هند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قانون اساسی هند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_de_l%27Inde" title="Constitution de l'Inde – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Constitution de l'Inde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%82_%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A7%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A3" title="ભારતનું બંધારણ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ભારતનું બંધારણ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84%EC%9D%98_%ED%97%8C%EB%B2%95" title="인도의 헌법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인도의 헌법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="भारत का संविधान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भारत का संविधान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstitusi_India" title="Konstitusi India – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konstitusi India" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costituzione_dell%27India" title="Costituzione dell'India – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Costituzione dell'India" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95" title="חוקת הודו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוקת הודו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ಭಾರತದ ಸಂವಿಧಾನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭಾರತದ ಸಂವಿಧಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstitisyon_End" title="Konstitisyon End – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Konstitisyon End" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indijas_Konstit%C5%ABcija" title="Indijas Konstitūcija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Indijas Konstitūcija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="भारतक संविधान – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="भारतक संविधान" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%98%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A8" title="ഇന്ത്യയുടെ ഭരണഘടന – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇന്ത്യയുടെ ഭരണഘടന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="भारताचे संविधान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भारताचे संविधान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlembagaan_India" title="Perlembagaan India – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perlembagaan India" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%9E%EA%AF%84_%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A0%EA%AF%85-%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯁꯨꯞꯄ ꯆꯠꯅ-ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯁꯨꯞꯄ ꯆꯠꯅ-ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D2%AE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Энэтхэгийн Үндсэн хууль – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Энэтхэгийн Үндсэн хууль" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%92%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6%E1%81%8F_%E1%80%96%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%B7%E1%80%85%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%A1%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%81%E1%80%B6%E1%80%A5%E1%80%95%E1%80%92%E1%80%B1" title="အိန္ဒိယနိုင်ငံ၏ ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အိန္ဒိယနိုင်ငံ၏ ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="भारतीय संविधान – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भारतीय संविधान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95" title="インド憲法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インド憲法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indias_grunnlov" title="Indias grunnlov – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Indias grunnlov" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_indiske_grunnloven" title="Den indiske grunnloven – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den indiske grunnloven" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%80%E0%AD%9F_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A7%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ଭାରତୀୟ ସମ୍ବିଧାନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଭାରତୀୟ ସମ୍ବିଧାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindiston_Konstitutsiyasi" title="Hindiston Konstitutsiyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hindiston Konstitutsiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਭਾਰਤ ਦਾ ਸੰਵਿਧਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭਾਰਤ ਦਾ ਸੰਵਿਧਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بھارتی آئين – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بھارتی آئين" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="د هند اساسي قانون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د هند اساسي قانون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstytucja_Indii" title="Konstytucja Indii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konstytucja Indii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Конституция Индии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Конституция Индии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="भारतस्य संविधानम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="भारतस्य संविधानम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A7%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9B_%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9C_%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9B" title="ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱠᱤᱛ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱠᱤᱛ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Constitution of India" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intian_perustuslaki" title="Intian perustuslaki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Intian perustuslaki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiens_grundlag" title="Indiens grundlag – Swedish" lang="sv" 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data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="รัฐธรรมนูญอินเดีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐธรรมนูญอินเดีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ಭಾರತ ಸಂವಿಧಾನ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಭಾರತ ಸಂವಿಧಾನ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="text-align:center;background: #ededed;">Constitution of India</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Constitution_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Constitution_of_India.jpg/220px-Constitution_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Constitution_of_India.jpg/330px-Constitution_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Constitution_of_India.jpg/440px-Constitution_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2985" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2672/view/1/1/">Original text</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Preamble to the Constitution of India">preamble</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;">Overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ratification" title="Ratification">Ratified</a></th><td class="infobox-data">26 November 1949<span class="noprint">; 75 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1949-11-26</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Effective_date" class="mw-redirect" title="Effective date">Date effective</a></th><td class="infobox-data">26 January 1950<span class="noprint">; 75 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1950-01-26</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">System</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional republic">constitutional republic</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;">Government structure</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Government_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Government branch">Branches</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Three (Executive, Legislature and Judiciary)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Legislative_chamber" title="Legislative chamber">Chambers</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Two</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Executive_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive government">Executive</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a>–led cabinet responsible to the <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">lower house</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">parliament</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme court</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_India" title="High courts of India">high courts</a> and <a href="/wiki/District_courts_of_India" title="District courts of India">district courts</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Federal<sup id="cite_ref-structure_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-structure-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_college" title="Electoral college">Electoral college</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(India)" title="Electoral College (India)">Yes</a>, for <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_presidential_elections" title="List of Indian presidential elections">presidential</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_vice_presidential_elections" title="List of Indian vice presidential elections">vice presidential elections</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Entrenched_clause" title="Entrenched clause">Entrenchments</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_amendment" title="Constitutional amendment">Amendments</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_amendments_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="List of amendments of the Constitution of India">106</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last amended</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_and_Sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="One Hundred and Sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India">28 September 2023 (106th)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200929185051/http://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/COI.pdf"><i>Constitution of India</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, 9 September 2020, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/COI.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 September 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+India&rft.date=2020-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegislative.gov.in%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FCOI.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Old_Parliament_House,_New_Delhi" title="Old Parliament House, New Delhi">Samvidhan Sadan</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signatories</th><td class="infobox-data">284 members of the Constituent Assembly</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Supersedes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Government of India Act 1935</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act 1947</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Constitution_of_India" title="Category:Constitution of India">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constitution of India</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/100px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/150px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/200px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="933" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Preamble to the Constitution of India">Preamble</a></b></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Parts">Parts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Part_I_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part I of the Constitution of India">I</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_II_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Part II of the Constitution of India">II</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_III_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Part III of the Constitution of India">III</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_IV_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Part IV of the Constitution of India">IV</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_IVA_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Part IVA of the Constitution of India">IVA</a> ∙ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Part_V_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Part V of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">V</a> ∙ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Part_VI_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Part VI of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">VI</a> ∙ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Part_VII_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Part VII of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">VII</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Part_VIII_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Part VIII of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">VIII</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_IX_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Part IX of the Constitution of India">IX</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_IXA_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Part IXA of the Constitution of India">IXA</a> ∙ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Part_IXB_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Part IXB of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">IXB</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_X_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part X of the Constitution of India">X</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_XI_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part XI of the Constitution of India">XI</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_XII_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part XII of the Constitution of India">XII</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_XIII_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part XIII of the Constitution of India">XIII</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_XIV_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part XIV of the Constitution of India">XIV</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Part_XIVA_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Part XIVA of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)"> XIVA</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_XV_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part XV of the Constitution of India">XV</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_XVI_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part XVI of the Constitution of India">XVI</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_XVII_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part XVII of the Constitution of India">XVII</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_XVIII_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part XVIII of the Constitution of India">XVIII</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_XIX_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part XIX of the Constitution of India">XIX</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_XX_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Part XX of the Constitution of India">XX</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_XXI_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part XXI of the Constitution of India">XXI</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Part_XXII_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part XXII of the Constitution of India">XXII</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Schedules">Schedules</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Schedule to the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">First</a> ∙ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Schedule to the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">Second</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Third_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Schedule to the Constitution of India">Third</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Schedule to the Constitution of India">Fourth</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Fifth Schedule to the Constitution of India">Fifth</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Sixth Schedule to the Constitution of India">Sixth</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India">Seventh</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India">Eighth</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth Schedule to the Constitution of India">Ninth</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Tenth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenth Schedule to the Constitution of India">Tenth</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleventh Schedule to the Constitution of India">Eleventh</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelfth Schedule to the Constitution of India">Twelfth</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Appendices">Appendices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix_I_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Appendix I of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">I</a> ∙ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix_II_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Appendix II of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">II</a> ∙ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix_III_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Appendix III of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">III</a> ∙ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix_IV_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Appendix IV of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">IV</a> ∙ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix_V_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Appendix V of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">V</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Amendment of the Constitution of India">Amendments</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_amendments_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="List of amendments of the Constitution of India">List</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="First Amendment of the Constitution of India">1</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Second Amendment of the Constitution of India">2</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Third Amendment of the Constitution of India">3</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India">4</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India">5</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India">6</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India">7</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India">8</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India">9</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Tenth Amendment of the Constitution of India">10</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eleventh Amendment of the Constitution of India">11</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Twelfth Amendment of the Constitution of India">12</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India">13</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India">14</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India">15</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India">16</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventeenth Amendment of the Constitution of India">17</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eighteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India">18</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India">19</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Twentieth Amendment of the Constitution of India">20</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India">21</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Twenty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India">22</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Twenty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India">23</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India">24</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India">25</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India">26</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India">27</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Twenty-eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India">28</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Twenty-ninth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India">29</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirtieth Amendment of the Constitution of India">30</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India">31</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Thirty-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India">32</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Thirty-third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India">33</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Thirty-fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India">34</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Thirty-fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India">35</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Thirty-sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India">36</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Thirty-seventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India">37</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Thirty-eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Thirty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India">38</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Thirty-ninth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Thirty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India">39</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fortieth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortieth Amendment of the Constitution of India">40</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Forty-first_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Forty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India">41</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Forty-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India">42</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Forty-third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Forty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India">43</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Forty-fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Forty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India">44</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Forty-fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Forty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India">45</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Forty-sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Forty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India">46</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Forty-seventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Forty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India">47</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Forty-eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Forty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India">48</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Forty-ninth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Forty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India">49</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fiftieth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiftieth Amendment of the Constitution of India">50</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fifty-first_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India">51</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fifty-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India">52</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fifty-third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India">53</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fifty-fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India">54</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fifty-fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India">55</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fifty-sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India">56</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fifty-seventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India">57</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fifty-eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India">58</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fifty-ninth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India">59</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Sixtieth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Sixtieth Amendment of the Constitution of India">60</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Sixty-first_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Sixty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India">61</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Sixty-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Sixty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India">62</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Sixty-third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India">63</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Sixty-fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India">64</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Sixty-fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India">65</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Sixty-sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India">66</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Sixty-seventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India">67</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Sixty-eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India">68</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Sixty-ninth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India">69</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Seventieth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventieth Amendment of the Constitution of India">70</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Seventy-first_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Seventy-first Amendment of the Constitution of India">71</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Seventy-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventy-second Amendment of the Constitution of India">72</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Seventy-third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventy-third Amendment of the Constitution of India">73</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Seventy-fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Seventy-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India">74</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Seventy-fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventy-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India">75</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Seventy-sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventy-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India">76</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Seventy-seventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventy-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India">77</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Seventy-eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventy-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India">78</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Seventy-ninth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Seventy-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India">79</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Eightieth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Eightieth Amendment of the Constitution of India">80</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Eighty-first_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India">81</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Eighty-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India">82</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Eighty-third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India">83</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Eighty-fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India">84</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Eighty-fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India">85</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Eighty-sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eighty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India">86</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Eighty-seventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India">87</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Eighty-eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India">88</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Eighty-ninth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India">89</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Ninetieth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninetieth Amendment of the Constitution of India">90</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Ninety-first_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninety-first Amendment of the Constitution of India">91</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Ninety-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Ninety-second Amendment of the Constitution of India">92</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Ninety-third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Ninety-third Amendment of the Constitution of India">93</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Ninety-fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Ninety-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India">94</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Ninety-fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Ninety-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India">95</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Ninety-sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninety-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India">96</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Ninety-seventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninety-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India">97</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Ninety-eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Ninety-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India">98</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Ninety-ninth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Ninety-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India">99</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/One_Hundredth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="One Hundredth Amendment of the Constitution of India">100</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_and_First_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="One Hundred and First Amendment of the Constitution of India">101</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_and_Second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="One Hundred and Second Amendment of the Constitution of India">102</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_and_Third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="One Hundred and Third Amendment of the Constitution of India">103</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_and_Fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="One Hundred and Fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India">104</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_and_Fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="One Hundred and Fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India">105</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Reservation_Bill_2023" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Reservation Bill 2023">106</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_India" title="Constituent Assembly of India">Constituent Assembly of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_bench_(India)" title="Constitution bench (India)">Constitution bench (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_List" title="Union List">Union List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_List" title="State List">State List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_List" title="Concurrent List">Concurrent List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_review_in_India" title="Judicial review in India">Judicial review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_structure_doctrine" title="Basic structure doctrine">Basic structure doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_civil_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform civil code">Uniform civil code</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Constitution_of_India" title="Template:Constitution of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Constitution_of_India" title="Template talk:Constitution of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Constitution_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Constitution of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Constitution of India</b> is the supreme <a href="/wiki/Law_of_India" title="Law of India">legal document of India</a>, and the longest written national constitution in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-original_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-original-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The document lays down the framework that demarcates fundamental political code, structure, procedures, powers, and duties of government institutions and sets out <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_rights_in_India" title="Fundamental rights in India">fundamental rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Directive_Principles" title="Directive Principles">directive principles</a>, and the duties of citizens. </p><p>It espouses <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_autochthony" title="Constitutional autochthony">constitutional supremacy</a> (not <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_sovereignty" title="Parliamentary sovereignty">parliamentary supremacy</a> found in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, since it was created by a <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_India" title="Constituent Assembly of India">constituent assembly</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament</a>) and was adopted with a declaration in <a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Preamble to the Constitution of India">its preamble</a>. Although the Indian Constitution does not contain a provision to limit the powers of the parliament to amend the constitution, The Supreme Court in <a href="/wiki/Kesavananda_Bharati_v._State_of_Kerala" title="Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala">Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala</a> held that there were certain features of the Indian constitution so integral to its functioning and existence that they could never be cut out of the constitution. This is known as the <a href="/wiki/Basic_structure_doctrine" title="Basic structure doctrine">'Basic Structure' Doctrine.</a> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr._Ambedkar_and_the_constitution_2015_stamp_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Dr._Ambedkar_and_the_constitution_2015_stamp_of_India.jpg/220px-Dr._Ambedkar_and_the_constitution_2015_stamp_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Dr._Ambedkar_and_the_constitution_2015_stamp_of_India.jpg/330px-Dr._Ambedkar_and_the_constitution_2015_stamp_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Dr._Ambedkar_and_the_constitution_2015_stamp_of_India.jpg/440px-Dr._Ambedkar_and_the_constitution_2015_stamp_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="662" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a> and Constitution of India on a 2015 postage stamp of India</figcaption></figure> <p>It was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_India" title="Constituent Assembly of India">Constituent Assembly of India</a> on 26 November 1949 and became effective on 26 January 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-law_min_intro_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law_min_intro-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The constitution replaced the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Government of India Act 1935</a> as the country's fundamental governing document, and the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion of India</a> became the <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Republic of India</a>. To ensure <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_autochthony" title="Constitutional autochthony">constitutional autochthony</a>, its framers repealed prior acts of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">British parliament</a> in Article 395.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India celebrates its constitution on 26 January as <a href="/wiki/Republic_Day_(India)" title="Republic Day (India)">Republic Day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hari_Das_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hari_Das-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The constitution declares India a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gandhian_socialism" title="Gandhian socialism">socialist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>, assures its citizens <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">equality</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">liberty</a>, and endeavours to promote <a href="/wiki/Fraternity_(philosophy)" title="Fraternity (philosophy)">fraternity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original 1950 constitution is preserved in a <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>-filled case at the Parliament Library Building in <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr._Babasaheb_Ambedkar,_chairman_of_the_Drafting_Committee,_presenting_the_final_draft_of_the_Indian_Constitution_to_Dr._Rajendra_Prasad_on_25_November,_1949.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A smiling Babasaheb Ambedkar and Rajendra Prasad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Dr._Babasaheb_Ambedkar%2C_chairman_of_the_Drafting_Committee%2C_presenting_the_final_draft_of_the_Indian_Constitution_to_Dr._Rajendra_Prasad_on_25_November%2C_1949.jpg/260px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Dr._Babasaheb_Ambedkar%2C_chairman_of_the_Drafting_Committee%2C_presenting_the_final_draft_of_the_Indian_Constitution_to_Dr._Rajendra_Prasad_on_25_November%2C_1949.jpg/390px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Dr._Babasaheb_Ambedkar%2C_chairman_of_the_Drafting_Committee%2C_presenting_the_final_draft_of_the_Indian_Constitution_to_Dr._Rajendra_Prasad_on_25_November%2C_1949.jpg/520px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Babasaheb_Ambedkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Babasaheb Ambedkar">Babasaheb Ambedkar</a>, chairman of the drafting committee, presenting the final draft of the Indian constitution to Constituent Assembly president <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a> on 25 November 1949</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1928, the <a href="/wiki/All_Parties_Conference" title="All Parties Conference">All Parties Conference</a> convened a committee in <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a> to prepare the Constitution of India, which was known as the <a href="/wiki/Nehru_Report" title="Nehru Report">Nehru Report</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ElsterGargarellaNareshRasch2018_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ElsterGargarellaNareshRasch2018-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the exception of scattered <a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese</a> exclaves, <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a> was under the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British rule</a> from 1858 to 1947. From 1947 to 1950, the same legislation continued to be implemented as India was a <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">dominion</a> of <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> for these three years, as each princely state was convinced by <a href="/wiki/Sardar_Patel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardar Patel">Sardar Patel</a> and <a href="/wiki/V._P._Menon" title="V. P. Menon">V. P. Menon</a> to sign the <a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">articles of integration</a> with India, and the British Government continued to be responsible for the external security of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-menon_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-menon-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the constitution of India repealed the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act 1947</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Government of India Act 1935</a> when it became effective on 26 January 1950. India ceased to be a <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">British Crown</a> and became a sovereign, democratic republic with the constitution. Articles 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 60, 324, 366, 367, 379, 380, 388, 391, 392, 393, and 394 of the constitution came into force on 26 November 1949, and the remaining articles became effective on 26 January 1950 which is celebrated every year in India as <a href="/wiki/Republic_Day_(India)" title="Republic Day (India)">Republic Day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cameintoforce_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cameintoforce-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Previous_legislation_used_as_sources"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Previous_legislation">Previous legislation</h3></div> <p>The constitution was drawn from a number of sources. Mindful of India's needs and conditions, its framers borrowed features of previous legislation such as the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1858" title="Government of India Act 1858">Government of India Act 1858</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Councils_Act_1861" title="Indian Councils Act 1861">Indian Councils Acts of 1861</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Councils_Act_1892" title="Indian Councils Act 1892">1892</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Councils_Act_1909" title="Indian Councils Act 1909">1909</a>, the Government of India Acts <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1919" title="Government of India Act 1919">1919</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">1935</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act 1947</a>. The latter, which led to the creation of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, divided the former Constituent Assembly in two. The Amendment act of 1935 is also a very important step for making the constitution for two new born countries. Each new assembly had sovereign power to draft and enact a new constitution for the separate states.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Constituent_assembly"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constituent_Assembly">Constituent Assembly</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_India" title="Constituent Assembly of India">Constituent Assembly of India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Constituent_Assembly_of_India_meeting_in_1950.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Many men in a room" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/A_Constituent_Assembly_of_India_meeting_in_1950.jpg/260px-A_Constituent_Assembly_of_India_meeting_in_1950.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/A_Constituent_Assembly_of_India_meeting_in_1950.jpg/390px-A_Constituent_Assembly_of_India_meeting_in_1950.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/A_Constituent_Assembly_of_India_meeting_in_1950.jpg/520px-A_Constituent_Assembly_of_India_meeting_in_1950.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption>1950 Constituent Assembly meeting</figcaption></figure> <p>The constitution was drafted by the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_India" title="Constituent Assembly of India">Constituent Assembly</a>, which was elected by elected members of the <a href="/wiki/1946_Indian_provincial_elections" title="1946 Indian provincial elections">provincial assemblies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Degbate_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degbate-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 389-member assembly (reduced to 299 after the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of India</a>) took almost three years to draft the constitution holding eleven sessions over a 165-day period.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the constitution assembly, a member of the drafting committee, <a href="/wiki/T._T._Krishnamachari" title="T. T. Krishnamachari">T. T. Krishnamachari</a> said: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Mr. President, Sir, I am one of those in the House who have listened to Dr. Ambedkar very carefully. I am aware of the amount of work and enthusiasm that he has brought to bear on the work of drafting this Constitution. At the same time, I do realise that that amount of attention that was necessary for the purpose of drafting a constitution so important to us at this moment has not been given to it by the Drafting Committee. The House is perhaps aware that of the seven members nominated by you, one had resigned from the House and was replaced. One died and was not replaced. One was away in America and his place was not filled up and another person was engaged in State affairs, and there was a void to that extent. One or two people were far away from Delhi and perhaps reasons of health did not permit them to attend. So it happened ultimately that the burden of drafting this constitution fell on Dr. Ambedkar and I have no doubt that we are grateful to him for having achieved this task in a manner which is undoubtedly commendable.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a> in his concluding speech in constituent assembly on 25 November 1949 stated that:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The credit that is given to me does not really belong to me. It belongs partly to <a href="/wiki/B._N._Rau" title="B. N. Rau">Sir B.N. Rau</a> the Constitutional Advisor to the Constituent Assembly who prepared a rough draft of the Constitution for the consideration of Drafting Committee. A part of the credit must go to the members of the Drafting Committee who, as I have said, have sat for 141 days and without whose ingenuity to devise new formulae and capacity to tolerate and to accommodate different points of view, the task of framing the Constitution could not have come to so successful a conclusion. Much greater share of the credit must go to Mr. S. N. Mukherjee , the Chief Draftsman of the Constitution. His ability to put the most intricate proposals in the simplest and clearest legal form can rarely be equalled, nor his capacity for hard work. He has been an acquisition to the Assembly. Without his help this Assembly would have taken many more years to finalise the Constitution. I must not omit to mention the members of the staff working under Mr. Mukherjee. For, I known how hard they worked and how long they have toiled sometimes even beyond midnight. I want to thank them all for their effort and their co-operation. </p></blockquote><p>While deliberating the revised draft constitution, the assembly moved, discussed and disposed off 2,473 amendments out of a total of 7,635.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timeline_of_formation_of_the_Constitution_of_India">Timeline of formation of the Constitution of India</h3></div> <ul><li><b>6 December 1946:</b> Formation of the Constitution Assembly (in accordance with French practice).<sup id="cite_ref-:1000_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1000-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>9 December 1946:</b> The first meeting was held in the constitution hall (now the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Central Hall of Parliament House</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:1000_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1000-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1st person to address was <a href="/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">J. B. Kripalani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sachchidananda_Sinha" title="Sachchidananda Sinha">Sachchidananda Sinha</a> became temporary president. (Demanding a separate state, the Muslim League boycotted the meeting.)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>11 December 1946:</b> The Assembly appointed <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a> as its president,<sup id="cite_ref-:8_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Harendra_Coomar_Mookerjee" title="Harendra Coomar Mookerjee">H. C. Mukherjee</a> as its vice-president and, <a href="/wiki/B._N._Rau" title="B. N. Rau">B. N. Rau</a> as constitutional legal adviser. (There were initially 389 members in total, which declined to 299 after <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition</a>, out of the 389 members, 292 were from government provinces, four from chief commissioner provinces and 93 from princely states.)</li> <li><b>13 December 1946:</b> An "Objective Resolution" was presented by <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, laying down the underlying principles of the constitution. This later became the Preamble of the Constitution.</li> <li><b>22 January 1947:</b> Objective resolution unanimously adopted.</li> <li><b>22 July 1947:</b> <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_India" title="Flag of India">National flag</a> adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>15 August 1947:</b> Achieved independence. India split into the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion of India</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1000_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1000-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>29 August 1947:</b> Drafting Committee appointed with <a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a> as its chairman. The other six members of committee were <a href="/wiki/Kanaiyalal_Maneklal_Munshi" title="Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi">K.M. Munshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammed_Saadulah" title="Muhammed Saadulah">Muhammed Sadulla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alladi_Krishnaswamy_Iyer" title="Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer">Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/N._Gopalaswami_Ayyangar" title="N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar">N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar</a>, Devi Prasad Khaitan<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and BL Mitter.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>16 July 1948:</b> Along with <a href="/wiki/Harendra_Coomar_Mookerjee" title="Harendra Coomar Mookerjee">Harendra Coomar Mookerjee</a>, <a href="/wiki/V._T._Krishnamachari" title="V. T. Krishnamachari">V. T. Krishnamachari</a> was also elected as second vice-president of Constituent Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>26 November 1949:</b> The Constitution of India was passed and adopted by the assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>24 January 1950:</b> Last meeting of Constituent Assembly. The Constitution was signed and accepted (with 395 Articles, 8 Schedules, and 22 Parts).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>26 January 1950:</b> The Constitution came into force. (The process took 2 years, 11 months and 18 days<sup id="cite_ref-:1000_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1000-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—at a total expenditure of ₹6.4 million to finish.)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Vasudev_Mavalankar" title="Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar">G. V. Mavlankar</a> was the first <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Lok_Sabha" title="Speaker of the Lok Sabha">Speaker of the Lok Sabha</a> (the lower house of Parliament) after India turned into a republic.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Membership_and_structure"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Membership">Membership</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a>, Sanjay Phakey, <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, <a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanaiyalal_Maneklal_Munshi" title="Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi">Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Vasudev_Mavalankar" title="Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar">Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar</a>, Sandipkumar Patel, <a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mookerjee" class="mw-redirect" title="Syama Prasad Mookerjee">Shyama Prasad Mukherjee</a>, <a href="/wiki/N._R._Ghosh" title="N. R. Ghosh">Nalini Ranjan Ghosh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Balwantrai_Mehta" title="Balwantrai Mehta">Balwantrai Mehta</a> were key figures in the assembly,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had over 30 representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">scheduled classes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Frank_Anthony" title="Frank Anthony">Frank Anthony</a> represented the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Indian">Anglo-Indian community</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Parsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsi">Parsis</a> were represented by H. P. Modi.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Harendra_Coomar_Mookerjee" title="Harendra Coomar Mookerjee">Harendra Coomar Mookerjee</a>, a Christian assembly vice-president, chaired the minorities committee and represented non-Anglo-Indian Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ari Bahadur Gurung represented the Gorkha community.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judges, such as <a href="/wiki/Alladi_Krishnaswamy_Iyer" title="Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer">Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/B._N._Rau" title="B. N. Rau">Benegal Narsing Rau</a>, <a href="/wiki/K._M._Munshi" class="mw-redirect" title="K. M. Munshi">K. M. Munshi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Mavlankar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganesh Mavlankar">Ganesh Mavlankar</a> were members of the assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Female members included <a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hansa_Jivraj_Mehta" title="Hansa Jivraj Mehta">Hansa Mehta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durgabai_Deshmukh" title="Durgabai Deshmukh">Durgabai Deshmukh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amrit_Kaur" title="Amrit Kaur">Amrit Kaur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vijaya_Lakshmi_Pandit" title="Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit">Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first, two-day president of the assembly was <a href="/wiki/Sachchidananda_Sinha" title="Sachchidananda Sinha">Sachchidananda Sinha</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a> was later elected president.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Degbate_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degbate-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It met for the first time on 9 December 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Degbate_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degbate-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drafting">Drafting</h3></div> <p>Sir <a href="/wiki/B._N._Rau" title="B. N. Rau">B. N. Rau</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Indian_Civil_Service_(British_India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Civil Service (British India)">civil servant</a> who became the first <a href="/wiki/Judges_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice" title="Judges of the International Court of Justice">Indian judge</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> and was <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the United Nations Security Council">president of the United Nations Security Council</a>, was appointed as the assembly's constitutional advisor in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Responsible for the constitution's general structure, Rau prepared its initial draft in February 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The draft of B.N. Rau consisted of 243 articles and 13 schedules which came to 395 articles and 8 schedules after discussions, debates and amendments.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At 14 August 1947 meeting of the assembly, committees were proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-Degbate_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degbate-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rau's draft was considered, debated and amended by the seven-member drafting committee, which was appointed on 29 August 1947 with <a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a> as chair.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A revised draft constitution was prepared by the committee and submitted to the assembly on 4 November 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before adopting the constitution, the assembly held eleven sessions in 165 days.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 26 November 1949, it adopted the constitution,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was signed by 284 members.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The day is celebrated as National Law Day,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Day_(India)" title="Constitution Day (India)">Constitution Day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The day was chosen to spread the importance of the constitution and to spread thoughts and ideas of Ambedkar.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jawaharlal_Nehru_signing_Indian_Constitution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A bespectacled Jawaharlal Nehru bending over a large book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Jawaharlal_Nehru_signing_Indian_Constitution.jpg/220px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_signing_Indian_Constitution.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Jawaharlal_Nehru_signing_Indian_Constitution.jpg/330px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_signing_Indian_Constitution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Jawaharlal_Nehru_signing_Indian_Constitution.jpg/440px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_signing_Indian_Constitution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> signing the constitution</figcaption></figure> <p>The assembly's final session convened on 24 January 1950. Each member signed two copies of the constitution, one in <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> and the other in English.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original constitution is hand-written, with each page decorated by artists from <a href="/wiki/Santiniketan" class="mw-redirect" title="Santiniketan">Shantiniketan</a> including <a href="/wiki/Beohar_Rammanohar_Sinha" title="Beohar Rammanohar Sinha">Beohar Rammanohar Sinha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nandalal_Bose" title="Nandalal Bose">Nandalal Bose</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_33-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligrapher</a> was <a href="/wiki/Prem_Behari_Narain_Raizada" title="Prem Behari Narain Raizada">Prem Behari Narain Raizada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_33-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The constitution was published in <a href="/wiki/Dehradun" title="Dehradun">Dehradun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Photolithography" title="Photolithography">photolithographed</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Survey_of_India" title="Survey of India">Survey of India</a>. Production of the original constitution took nearly five years. Two days later, on 26 January 1950, it became the law of <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_33-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The estimated cost of the Constituent Assembly was <span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>6.3 <a href="/wiki/Crore" title="Crore">crore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The constitution has had <a href="/wiki/List_of_amendments_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="List of amendments of the Constitution of India">more than 100 amendments</a> since it was enacted.<sup id="cite_ref-amendments_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amendments-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_of_other_constitutions">Influence of other constitutions</h2></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Government </th> <th>Influence </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a><sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CoI_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoI-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Parliamentary government</a></li> <li>Nominal <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of the state</a><sup id="cite_ref-CoI_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoI-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Post of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister">Prime Minister</a></li> <li>More powerful <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">lower house</a><sup id="cite_ref-CoI_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoI-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Concept of single citizenship</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawmaking_procedure_in_India" title="Lawmaking procedure in India">Legislative procedure</a><sup id="cite_ref-CoI_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoI-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">Bicameral legislature</a><sup id="cite_ref-CoI_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoI-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">Cabinet system</a><sup id="cite_ref-CoI_44-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoI-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Lok_Sabha" title="Speaker of the Lok Sabha">legislative speaker</a> and their role</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prerogative_writ" title="Prerogative writ">Prerogative writ</a><sup id="cite_ref-CoI_44-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoI-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_privilege" title="Parliamentary privilege">Parliamentary privilege</a><sup id="cite_ref-CoI_44-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoI-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fundamental_rights#India" title="Fundamental rights">Fundamental rights</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_33-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Written constitution<sup id="cite_ref-CoI_44-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoI-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Preamble to the Constitution of India">Preamble to the Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federal structure of government</a><sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_India#Impeachment" title="President of India">Impeachment of the President</a><sup id="cite_ref-CoI_44-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoI-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Post of the <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_India" title="Vice President of India">Vice President</a> and his functions<sup id="cite_ref-CoI_44-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoI-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The institution of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court</a><sup id="cite_ref-CoI_44-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoI-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Removal of Supreme Court and <a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_India" title="High courts of India">High courts</a> judges<sup id="cite_ref-CoI_44-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoI-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(India)" title="Electoral College (India)">Electoral College</a></li> <li>Independent judiciary and separation of powers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_review_in_India" title="Judicial review in India">Judicial review</a></li> <li>President as commander-in-chief of the armed forces</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal protection under law</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India" title="Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India">Directive principles of state policy</a><sup id="cite_ref-:5_33-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nominated_members_of_the_Rajya_Sabha" title="List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha">Nomination of members</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a> by the President<sup id="cite_ref-CoI_44-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoI-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Method of election of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_India#Election_process" title="President of India">President</a><sup id="cite_ref-CoI_44-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoI-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Australia</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>Freedom of trade between states<sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Federal legislative power to implement treaties, even on matters outside normal federal jurisdiction</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_List" title="Concurrent List">Concurrent List</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Provision of <a href="/wiki/Joint_Session_of_the_Parliament_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Session of the Parliament of India">Joint Session of the Parliament</a><sup id="cite_ref-CoI_44-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoI-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Preamble terminology</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_France" title="Constitution of France">France</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>Notions of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">liberté, égalité, fraternité</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">liberty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">equality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraternity_(philosophy)" title="Fraternity (philosophy)">fraternity</a>) in the preamble<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_33-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The ideals of <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> in the preamble<sup id="cite_ref-CoI_44-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoI-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>Quasi-federal government—a federal system with a strong central government<sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Distribution of powers between the <a href="/wiki/Union_List" title="Union List">central</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_List" title="State List">state</a> governments<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserved_powers" title="Reserved powers">Residual powers</a>, retained by the central government<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Appointment of <a href="/wiki/Governor_(India)" title="Governor (India)">Governor of states</a> by Centre<sup id="cite_ref-CoI_44-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoI-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court<sup id="cite_ref-CoI_44-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoI-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Constitution of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a><sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India#Fundamental_Duties" title="Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India">Fundamental Duties</a> under article 51-A.</li> <li>Mandated <a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_India" title="Five-Year Plans of India">planning commission</a> to oversee economic development<sup id="cite_ref-CoI_44-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoI-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ideals of justice (social, economic and political) in the preamble<sup id="cite_ref-CoI_44-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoI-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Constitution" title="Weimar Constitution">Weimar Republic</a><sup id="cite_ref-:5_33-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li>Suspension of fundamental rights during <a href="/wiki/Emergency_provisions_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Emergency provisions of the Constitution of India">emergency</a><sup id="cite_ref-CoI_44-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoI-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Africa" title="Constitution of South Africa">South Africa</a> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Amendment of the Constitution of India">Amendment procedure of the constitution</a></li> <li>Election of members of <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a><sup id="cite_ref-CoI_44-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoI-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Japan</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>Procedure established by law</li> <li>Laws on which the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court</a> functions<sup id="cite_ref-CoI_44-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoI-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Constitution_of_India" title="Category:Constitution of India">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constitution of India</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/100px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/150px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/200px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="933" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Preamble to the Constitution of India">Preamble</a></b></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Parts">Parts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Part_I_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part I of the Constitution of India">I</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_II_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Part II of the Constitution of India">II</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_III_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Part III of the Constitution of India">III</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_IV_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Part IV of the Constitution of India">IV</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_IVA_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Part IVA of the Constitution of India">IVA</a> ∙ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Part_V_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Part V of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">V</a> ∙ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Part_VI_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Part VI of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">VI</a> ∙ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Part_VII_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Part VII of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">VII</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Part_VIII_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Part VIII of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">VIII</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_IX_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Part IX of the Constitution of India">IX</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_IXA_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Part IXA of the Constitution of India">IXA</a> ∙ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Part_IXB_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Part IXB of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">IXB</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_X_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part X of the Constitution of India">X</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_XI_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part XI of the Constitution of India">XI</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_XII_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part XII of the Constitution of India">XII</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_XIII_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part XIII of the Constitution of India">XIII</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_XIV_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part XIV of the Constitution of India">XIV</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Part_XIVA_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Part XIVA of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)"> XIVA</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_XV_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part XV of the Constitution of India">XV</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_XVI_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part XVI of the Constitution of India">XVI</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_XVII_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part XVII of the Constitution of India">XVII</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_XVIII_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part XVIII of the Constitution of India">XVIII</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_XIX_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part XIX of the Constitution of India">XIX</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_XX_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Part XX of the Constitution of India">XX</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_XXI_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part XXI of the Constitution of India">XXI</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Part_XXII_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part XXII of the Constitution of India">XXII</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Schedules">Schedules</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Schedule to the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">First</a> ∙ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Schedule to the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">Second</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Third_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Schedule to the Constitution of India">Third</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Schedule to the Constitution of India">Fourth</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Fifth Schedule to the Constitution of India">Fifth</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Sixth Schedule to the Constitution of India">Sixth</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India">Seventh</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India">Eighth</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth Schedule to the Constitution of India">Ninth</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Tenth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenth Schedule to the Constitution of India">Tenth</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleventh Schedule to the Constitution of India">Eleventh</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelfth Schedule to the Constitution of India">Twelfth</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Appendices">Appendices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix_I_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Appendix I of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">I</a> ∙ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix_II_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Appendix II of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">II</a> ∙ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix_III_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Appendix III of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">III</a> ∙ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix_IV_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Appendix IV of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">IV</a> ∙ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix_V_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Appendix V of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">V</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Amendment of the Constitution of India">Amendments</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_amendments_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="List of amendments of the Constitution of India">List</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="First Amendment of the Constitution of India">1</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Second Amendment of the Constitution of India">2</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Third Amendment of the Constitution of India">3</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India">4</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India">5</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India">6</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India">7</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India">8</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India">9</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Tenth Amendment of the Constitution of India">10</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eleventh Amendment of the Constitution of India">11</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Twelfth Amendment of the Constitution of India">12</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India">13</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India">14</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India">15</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India">16</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventeenth Amendment of the Constitution of India">17</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eighteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India">18</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India">19</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Twentieth Amendment of the Constitution of India">20</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India">21</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Twenty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India">22</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Twenty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India">23</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India">24</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India">25</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India">26</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India">27</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Twenty-eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India">28</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Twenty-ninth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India">29</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirtieth Amendment of the Constitution of India">30</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India">31</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Thirty-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India">32</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Thirty-third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India">33</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Thirty-fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India">34</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Thirty-fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India">35</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Thirty-sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India">36</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Thirty-seventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India">37</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Thirty-eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Thirty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India">38</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Thirty-ninth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Thirty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India">39</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fortieth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortieth Amendment of the Constitution of India">40</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Forty-first_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Forty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India">41</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Forty-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India">42</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Forty-third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Forty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India">43</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Forty-fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Forty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India">44</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Forty-fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Forty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India">45</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Forty-sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Forty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India">46</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Forty-seventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Forty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India">47</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Forty-eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Forty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India">48</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Forty-ninth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Forty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India">49</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fiftieth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiftieth Amendment of the Constitution of India">50</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fifty-first_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India">51</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fifty-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India">52</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fifty-third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India">53</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fifty-fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India">54</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fifty-fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India">55</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fifty-sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India">56</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fifty-seventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India">57</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fifty-eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India">58</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fifty-ninth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India">59</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Sixtieth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Sixtieth Amendment of the Constitution of India">60</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Sixty-first_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Sixty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India">61</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Sixty-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Sixty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India">62</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Sixty-third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India">63</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Sixty-fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India">64</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Sixty-fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India">65</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Sixty-sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India">66</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Sixty-seventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India">67</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Sixty-eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India">68</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Sixty-ninth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India">69</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Seventieth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventieth Amendment of the Constitution of India">70</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Seventy-first_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Seventy-first Amendment of the Constitution of India">71</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Seventy-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventy-second Amendment of the Constitution of India">72</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Seventy-third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventy-third Amendment of the Constitution of India">73</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Seventy-fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Seventy-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India">74</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Seventy-fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventy-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India">75</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Seventy-sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventy-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India">76</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Seventy-seventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventy-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India">77</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Seventy-eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventy-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India">78</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Seventy-ninth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Seventy-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India">79</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Eightieth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Eightieth Amendment of the Constitution of India">80</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Eighty-first_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India">81</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Eighty-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India">82</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Eighty-third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India">83</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Eighty-fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India">84</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Eighty-fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India">85</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Eighty-sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eighty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India">86</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Eighty-seventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India">87</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Eighty-eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India">88</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Eighty-ninth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India">89</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Ninetieth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninetieth Amendment of the Constitution of India">90</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Ninety-first_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninety-first Amendment of the Constitution of India">91</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Ninety-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Ninety-second Amendment of the Constitution of India">92</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Ninety-third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Ninety-third Amendment of the Constitution of India">93</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Ninety-fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Ninety-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India">94</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Ninety-fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Ninety-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India">95</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Ninety-sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninety-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India">96</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Ninety-seventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninety-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India">97</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Ninety-eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Ninety-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India">98</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Ninety-ninth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Ninety-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India">99</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/One_Hundredth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="One Hundredth Amendment of the Constitution of India">100</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_and_First_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="One Hundred and First Amendment of the Constitution of India">101</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_and_Second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="One Hundred and Second Amendment of the Constitution of India">102</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_and_Third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="One Hundred and Third Amendment of the Constitution of India">103</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_and_Fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="One Hundred and Fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India">104</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_and_Fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="One Hundred and Fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India">105</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Reservation_Bill_2023" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Reservation Bill 2023">106</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_India" title="Constituent Assembly of India">Constituent Assembly of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_bench_(India)" title="Constitution bench (India)">Constitution bench (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_List" title="Union List">Union List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_List" title="State List">State List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_List" title="Concurrent List">Concurrent List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_review_in_India" title="Judicial review in India">Judicial review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_structure_doctrine" title="Basic structure doctrine">Basic structure doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_civil_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform civil code">Uniform civil code</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Constitution_of_India" title="Template:Constitution of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Constitution_of_India" title="Template talk:Constitution of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Constitution_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Constitution of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Indian constitution is the world's longest for a sovereign nation.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At its enactment, it had 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules.<sup id="cite_ref-Yugoslavian_constitution_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yugoslavian_constitution-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At about 145,000 words, it is the second-longest active constitution—after the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Alabama" title="Constitution of Alabama">Constitution of Alabama</a>—in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The amended constitution has a preamble and 470 articles,<sup id="cite_ref-prashant_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prashant-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are grouped into 25 parts.<sup id="cite_ref-Parts_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parts-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_33-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With 12 schedules<sup id="cite_ref-Schedules_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schedules-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and five appendices,<sup id="cite_ref-:5_33-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it has been amended <a href="/wiki/List_of_amendments_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="List of amendments of the Constitution of India">105 times</a>; the <a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_and_Fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="One Hundred and Fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India">latest amendment</a> became effective on 15 August 2021. </p><p>The constitution's articles are grouped into the following parts: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Preamble to the Constitution of India">Preamble</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the words "socialist", "secular" and 'integrity' added in 1976 by the 42nd amendment<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42_amend_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42_amend-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Part_I_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part I of the Constitution of India">Part I</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">The Union and its Territory</a> – Articles 1 to 4</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Part II</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Indian_nationality_law" title="Indian nationality law">Citizenship</a> – Articles 5 to 11</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_rights_in_India" title="Fundamental rights in India">Part III</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India#Fundamental_Rights" title="Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India">Fundamental Rights</a> – Articles 12 to 35</li> <li><i>Part IV</i> – <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India#Directive_Principles_of_State_Policy" title="Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India">Directive Principles of State Policy</a> – Articles 36 to 51</li> <li><i>Part IVA</i> – <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India#Fundamental_Duties" title="Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India">Fundamental Duties</a> – Article 51A</li> <li><i>Part V</i> – The Union – Articles 52 to 151</li> <li><i>Part VI</i> – The States – Articles 152 to 237</li> <li><i>Part VII</i> – States in the B part of the first schedule <i>(repealed)</i> – Article 238</li> <li><i>Part VIII</i> – Union Territories – Articles 239 to 242</li> <li><i>Part IX</i> – Panchayats – Articles 243 to 243(O)</li> <li><i>Part IXA</i> – Municipalities – Articles 243(P) to 243(ZG)</li> <li><i>Part IXB</i> – Co-operative societies<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – Articles 243(ZH) to 243(ZT)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Part_X_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part X of the Constitution of India">Part X</a></i> – Scheduled and tribal areas – Articles 244 to 244A</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Part_XI_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part XI of the Constitution of India">Part XI</a></i> – Relations between the Union and the States – Articles 245 to 263</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Part_XII_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part XII of the Constitution of India">Part XII</a></i> – Finance, <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a>, contracts and suits – Articles 264 to 300A</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Part_XIII_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part XIII of the Constitution of India">Part XIII</a></i> – Trade and commerce within India – Articles 301 to 307</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Part_XIV_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part XIV of the Constitution of India">Part XIV</a></i> – Services under the union and states – Articles 308 to 323</li> <li><i> Part XIVA</i> – Tribunals – Articles 323A to 323B</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Part_XV_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part XV of the Constitution of India">Part XV</a></i> – Elections – Articles 324 to 329A</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Part_XVI_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part XVI of the Constitution of India">Part XVI</a></i> – Special provisions relating to certain classes – Articles 330 to 342</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Part_XVII_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part XVII of the Constitution of India">Part XVII</a></i> – Languages – Articles 343 to 351</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Part_XVIII_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part XVIII of the Constitution of India">Part XVIII</a></i> – Emergency provisions – Articles 352 to 360</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Part_XIX_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part XIX of the Constitution of India">Part XIX</a></i> – Miscellaneous – Articles 361 to 367</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Amendment of the Constitution of India">Part XX</a></i> – Amendment of the Constitution – Articles 368</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Part_XXI_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part XXI of the Constitution of India">Part XXI</a></i> – Temporary, transitional and special provisions – Articles 369 to 392</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Part_XXII_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part XXII of the Constitution of India">Part XXII</a></i> – Short title, date of commencement, authoritative text in <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> and repeals – Articles 393 to 395</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schedules">Schedules</h3></div> <p>Schedules are lists in the constitution which categorise and tabulate bureaucratic activity and government policy. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Schedule </th> <th>Article(s) </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>First </td> <td>1 and 4 </td> <td>Lists India's states and territories, changes in their borders and the laws used to make that change. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Second </td> <td>59(3), 65(3), 75(6), 97, 125, 148(3), 158(3), 164(5), 186 and 221 </td> <td>Lists the salaries of public officials, judges, and the <a href="/wiki/Comptroller_and_Auditor_General_of_India" title="Comptroller and Auditor General of India">comptroller and auditor general</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Third </td> <td>75(4), 99, 124(6), 148(2), 164(3), 188 and 219 </td> <td>Forms of oaths – Lists the oaths of office for elected officials and judges </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fourth </td> <td>4(1) and 80(2) </td> <td>Details the allocation of seats in the <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a> (upper house of Parliament) by state or union territory. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Fifth Schedule to the Constitution of India">Fifth</a> </td> <td>244(1) </td> <td>Provides for the administration and control of <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Areas" title="Scheduled Areas">Scheduled Areas</a><sup id="cite_ref-SA_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SA-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scheduled_Tribes_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Scheduled Tribes in India">Scheduled Tribes</a><sup id="cite_ref-ST_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ST-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (areas and tribes requiring special protection). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sixth </td> <td>244(2) and 275(1) </td> <td>Provisions made for the administration of tribal areas in <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India">Seventh</a> </td> <td>246 </td> <td>Central government, state, and concurrent lists of responsibilities </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India">Eighth</a> </td> <td>344(1) and 351 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled languages of India">Official languages</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ninth </td> <td>31-B </td> <td>Validation of certain acts and regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tenth </td> <td>102(2) and 191(2) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system#Characteristics" title="Parliamentary system">Anti-defection</a> provisions for members of Parliament and state legislatures. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eleventh </td> <td>243-G </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Panchayati_raj_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchayati raj (India)">Panchayat Raj</a> (rural local government) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Twelfth </td> <td>243-W </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Municipal_governance_in_India" title="Municipal governance in India">Municipalities</a> (urban local government) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appendices">Appendices</h3></div> <ul><li><i>Appendix I</i> – The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954</li> <li><i>Appendix II</i> – Re-statement, referring to the constitution's present text, of exceptions and modifications applicable to the state of Jammu and Kashmir</li> <li><i>Appendix III</i> – Extracts from the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978</li> <li><i>Appendix IV</i> – The Constitution (Eighty-sixth Amendment) Act, 2002</li> <li><i>Appendix V</i> – The Constitution (Eighty-eighth Amendment) Act, 2003</li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="The_constitution_and_the_government"></span><span class="anchor" id="Constitution_and_government"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governmental_sources_of_power">Governmental sources of power</h2></div> <p>The executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government receive their power from the constitution and are bound by it.<sup id="cite_ref-MadhavaMenon_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MadhavaMenon-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the aid of its constitution, India is governed by a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a> of government with the <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a> directly accountable to the <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a>. </p> <ul><li>Under Articles 52 and 53: the <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">president of India</a> is head of the executive branch</li> <li>Under <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_V" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of India/Part V">Article 60</a>: the duty of preserving, protecting, and defending the constitution and the law.</li> <li>Under <a href="/wiki/Article_74_(Constitution_of_India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Article 74 (Constitution of India)">Article 74</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">prime minister</a> is the head of the <a href="/wiki/Union_Council_of_Ministers" title="Union Council of Ministers">Council of Ministers</a>, which aids and advises the president in the performance of their constitutional duties.</li> <li>Under Article 75(3): the Council of Ministers is answerable to the <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">lower house</a>.</li></ul> <p>The constitution is considered <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federal</a> in nature, and <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary</a> in spirit. It has features of a federation, including a <a href="/wiki/Codified_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Codified constitution">codified</a>, supreme constitution; a three-tier governmental structure (central, state and local); <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">division of powers</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameralism</a>; and an independent <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_India" title="Judiciary of India">judiciary</a>. It also possesses unitary features such as a single constitution, single <a href="/wiki/Indian_nationality_law" title="Indian nationality law">citizenship</a>, an integrated judiciary, a flexible constitution, a strong <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">central government</a>, appointment of <a href="/wiki/Governor_(Indian_states)" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor (Indian states)">state governors</a> by the central government, <a href="/wiki/All_India_Services" title="All India Services">All India Services</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Administrative_Service" title="Indian Administrative Service">IAS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Forest_Service" title="Indian Forest Service">IFS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Police_Service" title="Indian Police Service">IPS</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Emergency_provisions_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Emergency provisions of the Constitution of India">emergency provisions</a>. This unique combination makes it quasi-federal in form.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each state and <a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">union territory</a> has its own government. Analogous to the president and prime minister, each has a <a href="/wiki/Governor_(Indian_states)" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor (Indian states)">governor</a> or (in union territories) a <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Governor (India)">lieutenant governor</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister (India)">chief minister</a>. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_XVIII" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of India/Part XVIII">Article 356</a> permits the president to dismiss a state government and assume direct authority if a situation arises in which state government cannot be conducted in accordance with constitution. This power, known as <a href="/wiki/President%27s_rule" title="President's rule">president's rule</a>, was abused as state governments came to be dismissed on flimsy grounds for political reasons. After <i><a href="/wiki/S._R._Bommai_v._Union_of_India" title="S. R. Bommai v. Union of India">S. R. Bommai v. Union of India</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such a course of action is more difficult since the courts have asserted their right of review.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 73rd and 74th Amendment Acts introduced the system of <a href="/wiki/Panchayati_raj" title="Panchayati raj">panchayati raj</a> in rural areas and <a href="/wiki/Nagar_Palika" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagar Palika">Nagar Palikas</a> in urban areas.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_33-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Article_370_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Article 370 of the Constitution of India">Article 370</a> gave special status to the state of <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="The_constitution_and_the_legislature"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_legislature_and_amendments">The legislature and amendments</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Amendment of the Constitution of India">Amendment of the Constitution of India</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_amendments_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="List of amendments of the Constitution of India">List of amendments of the Constitution of India</a></div> <p><b>Article 368</b> dictates the procedure for <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_amendment" title="Constitutional amendment">constitutional amendments</a>. Amendments are additions, variations or repeal of any part of the constitution by Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-cpower_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cpower-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An amendment bill must be passed by each house of Parliament by a two-thirds majority of its total membership when at least two-thirds are present and vote. Certain amendments pertaining to the constitution's federal nature must also be ratified by a majority of state legislatures. </p><p>Unlike ordinary bills in accordance with <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_XI" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of India/Part XI">Article 245</a> (except for <a href="/wiki/Money_bill" title="Money bill">money bills</a>), there is no provision for a joint session of the <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a> to pass a constitutional amendment. During a parliamentary recess, the president cannot promulgate <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_(India)" title="Ordinance (India)">ordinances</a> under his legislative powers under <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_V" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of India/Part V">Article 123, Chapter III</a>. </p><p>Despite the <a href="/wiki/Supermajority" title="Supermajority">supermajority</a> requirement for amendments to pass, the Indian constitution is the world's most frequently-amended national governing document.<sup id="cite_ref-Krishnamurthy2009_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krishnamurthy2009-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The constitution is so specific in spelling out government powers that many amendments address issues dealt with by statute in other democracies. </p><p>In 2000, the <a href="/wiki/National_Commission_to_review_the_working_of_the_Constitution" title="National Commission to review the working of the Constitution">Justice Manepalli Narayana Rao Venkatachaliah Commission</a> was formed to examine a constitutional update. The commission submitted its report on 31 March 2002. However, the recommendations of this report have not been accepted by the consecutive governments. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">government of India</a> establishes term-based <a href="/wiki/Law_Commission_of_India" title="Law Commission of India">law commissions</a> to recommend legal reforms, facilitating the rule of law. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Limitations_of_the_legislature"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Limitations">Limitations</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Basic_structure_doctrine" title="Basic structure doctrine">Basic structure doctrine</a></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Kesavananda_Bharati_v._State_of_Kerala" title="Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala">Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court</a> ruled that an amendment cannot destroy what it seeks to modify; it cannot tinker with the constitution's basic structure or framework, which are immutable. Such an amendment will be declared invalid, although no part of the constitution is protected from amendment; the basic structure doctrine does not protect any one provision of the constitution. According to the doctrine, the constitution's basic features (when "read as a whole") cannot be abridged or abolished. These "basic features" have not been fully defined,<sup id="cite_ref-MadhavaMenon_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MadhavaMenon-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and whether a particular provision of the constitution is a "basic feature" is decided by the courts.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala</i> decision laid down the constitution's basic structure:<sup id="cite_ref-structure_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-structure-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Supremacy of the constitution</li> <li>Republican, democratic form of government</li> <li>Its secular nature</li> <li>Separation of powers</li> <li>Its federal character<sup id="cite_ref-structure_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-structure-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>This implies that Parliament can only amend the constitution to the limit of its basic structure. The Supreme Court or a <a href="/wiki/List_of_high_courts_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of high courts in India">high court</a> may declare the amendment null and void if this is violated, after a <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review_in_India" title="Judicial review in India">judicial review</a>. This is typical of parliamentary governments, where the judiciary checks parliamentary power. </p><p>In its 1967 <i><a href="/wiki/I.C._Golaknath_and_Ors._v._State_of_Punjab_and_Anrs." title="I.C. Golaknath and Ors. v. State of Punjab and Anrs.">Golak Nath v. State of Punjab</a></i> decision, the Supreme Court ruled that the state of Punjab could not restrict any fundamental rights protected by the basic structure doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobsohn_52_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobsohn_52-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extent of land ownership and practice of a profession, in this case, were considered fundamental rights.<sup id="cite_ref-lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruling was overturned with the ratification of the 24th Amendment in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="The_constitution_and_the_judiciary"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_judiciary">The judiciary</h3></div> <p>The judiciary is the final arbiter of the constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its duty (mandated by the constitution) is to act as a watchdog, preventing any legislative or executive act from overstepping constitutional bounds.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The judiciary protects the fundamental rights of the people (enshrined in the constitution) from infringement by any state body, and balances the conflicting exercise of power between the central government and a state (or states). </p><p>The courts are expected to remain unaffected by pressure exerted by other branches of the state, citizens or interest groups. An independent judiciary has been held as a basic feature of the constitution,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which cannot be changed by the legislature or the executive.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 50 of the Constitution provides that the state must take measures to separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judicial_review">Judicial review</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review_in_India" title="Judicial review in India">Judicial review in India</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">Judicial review</a> was adopted by the constitution of India from <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review_in_the_United_States" title="Judicial review in the United States">judicial review in the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Indian constitution, <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review_in_India" title="Judicial review in India">judicial review</a> is dealt with in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_III" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of India/Part III">Article 13</a>. The constitution is the supreme power of the nation, and governs all laws. According to <b>Article 13</b>: </p> <ol><li>All pre-constitutional laws, if they conflict wholly or in part with the constitution, shall have all conflicting provisions deemed ineffective until an amendment to the constitution ends the conflict; the law will again come into force if it is compatible with the constitution as amended (the Doctrine of Eclipse).<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Laws made after the adoption of the constitution must be compatible with it, or they will be deemed void <i><a href="/wiki/Ab_initio" title="Ab initio">ab initio</a></i>.</li> <li>In such situations, the Supreme Court (or a high court) determines if a law is in conformity with the constitution. If such an interpretation is not possible because of inconsistency (and where separation is possible), the provision which is inconsistent with the constitution is considered void. In addition to Article 13, Articles 32, 226 and 227 provide the constitutional basis for judicial review.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Due to the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty-eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Thirty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India">Thirty-eighth Amendment</a>, the Supreme Court was not allowed to preside over any laws adopted during a state of emergency which infringe <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_rights" title="Fundamental rights">fundamental rights</a> under article 32 (the right to constitutional remedies).<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Forty-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India">Forty-second Amendment</a> widened Article 31C and added Articles 368(4) and 368(5), stating that any law passed by Parliament could not be challenged in court. The Supreme Court ruled in <i><a href="/wiki/Minerva_Mills_v._Union_of_India" title="Minerva Mills v. Union of India">Minerva Mills v. Union of India</a></i> that judicial review is a basic characteristic of the constitution, overturning Articles 368(4), 368(5) and 31C.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="The_constitution_–_a_living_document"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_executive">The executive</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a></div> <p>Chapter 1 of the Constitution of India creates a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a>, with a Prime Minister who, in practice, exercises most executive power. The prime minister must have the support of a majority of the members of the <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a>, or lower House of Parliament. If the Prime Minister does not have the support of a majority, the Lok Sabha can pass a motion of no confidence, removing the Prime Minister from office. Thus the Prime Minister is the member of parliament who leads the majority party or a coalition comprising a majority.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Prime Minister governs with the aid of a <a href="/wiki/Union_Council_of_Ministers" title="Union Council of Ministers">Council of Ministers</a>, which the Prime Minister appoints and whose members head ministries. Importantly, Article 75 establishes that "the Council of Ministers shall be <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_collective_responsibility" title="Cabinet collective responsibility">collectively responsible</a> to the House of the People" or Lok Sabha.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lok Sabha interprets this article to mean that the entire Council of Ministers can be subjected to a no confidence motion.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a no confidence motion succeeds, the entire Council of Ministers must resign. </p><p>Despite the Prime Minister exercising executive power in practice, the constitution bestows all the national government's executive power in the office of the President.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This de jure power is not exercised in reality, however. Article 74 requires the President follow the "aid and advice" of the council, headed by the Prime Minister.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, this means that President's role is mostly ceremonial, with the Prime Minister exercising executive power because the President is obligated to act on the Prime Minister's wishes.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The President does retain the power to ask the council to reconsider its advice, however, an action the President may take publicly. The council is not required to make any changes before resubmitting the advice to the President, in which case the President is constitutionally required to adhere to it, overriding the President's discretion.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previous Presidents have used this occasion to make public statements about their reasoning for sending a decision back to the council, in an attempt to sway public opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This system, with an executive who only possesses nominal power and an official "advisor" who possess actual power, is based on the British system and is a result of colonial influences on India before and during the writing of its constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The President is chosen by an electoral college composed of the members of both the national and state legislatures. Article 55 outlines the specifics of the electoral college. Half of the votes in the electoral college are assigned to state representatives in proportion to the population of each state and the other half are assigned to the national representatives. The voting is conducted using a secret, <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">single transferable vote</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the Constitution gives the legislative powers to the two Houses of Parliament, Article 111 requires the President's signature for a bill to become law. Just as with the advice of the council, the President can refuse to sign and send it back to the Parliament, but the Parliament can in turn send it back to the President who must then sign it.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dismissal_of_the_Prime_Minister">Dismissal of the Prime Minister</h4></div> <p>Despite the President's mandate to obey the advice of the Prime Minister and the council, Article 75 declares that both "shall hold office during the pleasure of the President."<sup id="cite_ref-:22_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means the President has the constitutional power to dismiss the Prime Minister or Council at anytime. If the Prime Minister still retained a majority vote in the Lok Sabha, however, this could trigger a constitutional crisis because the same article of the Constitution states that the Council of Ministers is responsible to the Lok Sabha and must command a majority in it. In practice the issue has never arisen, though President <a href="/wiki/Zail_Singh" title="Zail Singh">Zail Singh</a> threatened to remove Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi from office in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Presidential_power_to_legislate">Presidential power to legislate</h4></div> <p>When either or both Houses of Parliament are not in session, the Prime Minister, acting via the President, can unilaterally exercise the legislative power, creating <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_(India)" title="Ordinance (India)">ordinances</a> that have the force of law. These ordinances expire six weeks after Parliament reconvenes or sooner if both Houses disapprove.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Constitution declares that ordinances should only be issued when circumstances arise that require "immediate action." Because this term is not defined, governments have begun abusing the ordinance system to enact laws that could not pass both Houses of Parliament, according to some commentators.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This appears to be more common with divided government; when the Prime Minister's party controls the lower house but not the upper house, ordinances can be used to avoid needing the approval of the opposition in the upper house. In recent years, around ten ordinances have been passed annually, though at the peak of their use, over 30 were passed in a single year.<sup id="cite_ref-:72_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ordinances can vary widely on their topic; recent examples of ordinances include items as varied as modifications to land owner rights, emergency responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, and changes to banking regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-:72_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Federalism">Federalism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_India" title="Federalism in India">Federalism in India</a></div> <p>The first article of the Constitution declares that India is a "Union of States".<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the Constitution, the States retain key powers for themselves and have a strong influence over the national government via the Rajya Sabha. However, the Constitution does provide key limits on their powers and gives final say in many cases to the national government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_powers_in_the_Constitution">State powers in the Constitution</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rajya_Sabha">Rajya Sabha</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a></div> <p>At the Union level, the States are represented in the Rajya Sabha or Council of States. The Fourth Schedule of the Constitution lays out the number of seats that each State controls in the Council of States, and they are based roughly on each State's population.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The members of each state legislature elect and appoint these representatives in the Council of States.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On most topics the Rajya Sabha is coequal with the lower house or Lok Sabha, and its consent is required for a bill to become a law.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, as one of the Houses of Parliament, any amendment to the Constitution requires a two-thirds majority in the Rajya Sabha to go into effect.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These provisions allow the States significant impact on national politics through their representation in the "federal chamber".<sup id="cite_ref-:42_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="State_List">State List</h4></div> <p>The Constitution provides the States with a long list of powers exclusive to their jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally only State Legislatures are capable of passing laws implementing these powers; the Union government is prohibited from doing so. These powers are contained in the second list of the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution, known as the State List. The areas on the State List are wide-ranging and include topics like public health and order and a variety of taxes. The State List grants the states control over the police, healthcare, agriculture, elections, and more.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Powers can only be permanently removed from the State List via a constitutional amendment approved by a majority of the states. The Rajya Sabha, as the representative of the States, can temporarily remove an item from the State List so the Union parliament can legislate on it. This requires a two-thirds vote and lasts for a renewable one-year period.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_99-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Amendments">Amendments</h4></div> <p>In addition to exerting influence over the amendment process via the Rajya Sabha, the States are sometimes involved in the amendment process. This special, <a href="/wiki/Entrenched_clause" title="Entrenched clause">entrenched</a> process is triggered when an amendment to the Constitution specifically concerns the States by modifying the legislature or the powers reserved to the states in the Seventh Schedule. When this occurs, an amendment must be ratified by a majority of state legislatures for the amendment to go into effect.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limitations_on_state_powers">Limitations on state powers</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Union_and_Concurrent_Lists">Union and Concurrent Lists</h4></div> <p>While the State List mentioned above provides powers for the States, there are two other lists in the Seventh Schedule that generally weaken them. These are the Union and Concurrent lists. The Union List is the counterpart to the State List, containing the areas of exclusive jurisdiction of the Union government, where the states are prohibited from legislating.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Items on the Union List include the national defense, international relations, immigration, banking, and interstate commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The final list is the Concurrent List which contains the topics on which <i>both</i> the Union and State-level governments may legislate on. These topics include courts and criminal law, unions, social security, and education.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_103-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, when the Union and State laws on a Concurrent List item conflict, the Union-level laws prevail. The only way for the State-level law to override the national one is with the consent of the President, acting on the advice of the Prime Minister.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, any powers not on any of the three lists are reserved for the Union government and not for the states.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Appointment_of_governors">Appointment of governors</h4></div> <p>The Governor of each State is given the executive power of the respective State by the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These Governors are appointed directly by the President of the central government. Because the Prime Minister acts via the President, the Prime Minister is the one who chooses the Governors in practice.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once appointed, a Governor serves for a five-year term or can be replaced by the President at any time, if asked to do so by the Prime Minister.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the Union government can remove a Governor at any time, it is possible that Governors may act in a way the Union Government wants, to the detriment of their state, so that they can maintain their office. This has become a larger issue as the State Legislatures are often controlled by different parties than that of the Union Prime Minister, unlike the early years of the constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Governors have used stalling tactics to delay giving their assent to legislation that the Union Government disapproves of.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In general the influence of the Union on State politics via the Governor is limited, however, by the fact that the Governor must listen to the advice of the Chief Minister of the State who needs to command a majority in the State Legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are key areas where the Governor does not need to heed the advice of the Chief Minister. For example, the Governor can send a bill to president for consideration instead of signing it into law.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Creation_of_states">Creation of states</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Proposed_states_and_union_territories_of_India" title="Proposed states and union territories of India">Proposed states and union territories of India</a></div> <p>Perhaps the most direct power over the States is the Union's ability to unilaterally create new states out of territories or existing states and to modify and diminish the boundaries of existing states.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To do so, Parliament must pass a simple law with no supermajority requirements. The States involved do not have a say on the outcome but the State Legislature must be asked to comment.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most recent state to be created was <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a> in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a> was created as a new Union Territory after being split off from <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> in 2019, and <a href="/wiki/Daman_and_Diu" title="Daman and Diu">Daman and Diu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli">Dadra and Nagar Haveli</a> were combined into a <a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu">single Union Territory</a> in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former was particularly opposed by some e.g. Arundhati Roy. In her opinion, Jammu and Kashmir was a full state, and the legislation creating Ladakh stripped the area of its status as a state and downgraded it to a Union Territory, allowing the Union Government to directly control it. This required no input from Jammu and Kashmir.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federalism_and_the_courts">Federalism and the courts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_India" title="Judiciary of India">Judiciary of India</a></div> <p>While the states have separate legislative and executive branches, they share the judiciary with the Union government. This is different from other federal court systems, such as the United States, where state courts mainly apply state law and federal courts mainly apply federal law.<sup id="cite_ref-:82_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:82-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the Indian constitution, the High Courts of the States are directly constituted by the national constitution. The constitution also allows states to set up lower courts under and controlled by the state's High Court.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cases heard at or appealed to the High Courts can be furter appealed to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> in some cases.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All cases, whether dealing with federal or state laws, move up the same judicial hierarchy, creating a system sometimes termed integrated federalism.<sup id="cite_ref-:82_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:82-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_law">International law</h2></div> <p>The Constitution includes treaty making as part of the executive power given to the President.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the President must act in accordance with the advice of the Council of Ministers, the Prime Minister is the chief party responsible for making international treaties in the Constitution. Because the legislative power rests with Parliament, the President's signature on an international agreement does not bring it into effect domestically or enable courts to enforce its provisions. Article 253 of the Constitution bestows this power on Parliament, enabling it to make laws necessary for implementing international agreements and treaties.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These provisions indicate that the Constitution of India is <a href="/wiki/Dualism_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualism (law)">dualist</a>, that is, treaty law only takes effect when a domestic law passed using the normal processes incorporates it into domestic law.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recent Supreme Court decisions have begun to change this convention, incorporating aspects of international law without enabling legislation from parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in <i>Gramophone Company of India Ltd. v Birendra Bahadur Pandey</i>, the Court held that "the rules of international law are incorporated into national law and considered to be part of the national law, unless they are in conflict with an Act of Parliament."<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In essence, this implies that international law applies domestically <i>unless</i> parliament says it does not.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This decision moves the Indian Constitution to a more hybrid regime, but not to a fully <a href="/wiki/Monism_and_dualism_in_international_law" title="Monism and dualism in international law">monist</a> one. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_constitution_in_Rashtrapati_Bhavan_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Indian_constitution_in_Rashtrapati_Bhavan_Museum.jpg/220px-Indian_constitution_in_Rashtrapati_Bhavan_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Indian_constitution_in_Rashtrapati_Bhavan_Museum.jpg/330px-Indian_constitution_in_Rashtrapati_Bhavan_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Indian_constitution_in_Rashtrapati_Bhavan_Museum.jpg/440px-Indian_constitution_in_Rashtrapati_Bhavan_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2368" data-file-height="4208" /></a><figcaption>The Constitution on display in <a href="/wiki/Rashtrapati_Bhavan_Museum" title="Rashtrapati Bhavan Museum">Rashtrapati Bhavan Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flexibility">Flexibility</h2></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Granville_Austin" title="Granville Austin">Granville Austin</a>, "The Indian constitution is first and foremost a social document, and is aided by its Parts III & IV (Fundamental Rights & Directive Principles of State Policy, respectively) acting together, as its chief instruments and its conscience, in realising the goals set by it for all the people."<sup id="cite_ref-Cornerstone_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornerstone-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The constitution has deliberately been worded in generalities (not in vague terms) to ensure its flexibility.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a>, the fourth <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">chief justice of the United States</a>, said that a constitution's "great outlines should be marked, its important objects designated, and the minor ingredients which compose those objects be deduced from the nature of the objects themselves."<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A document "intended to endure for ages to come",<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it must be interpreted not only based on the intention and understanding of its framers, but in the existing social and political context. </p><p>The "<a href="/wiki/Right_to_Life_and_Personal_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to Life and Personal Liberty">right to life</a>" guaranteed under Article 21<sup id="cite_ref-Art21_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Art21-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been expanded to include a number of human rights, including:<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>the right to a speedy trial;<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the right to water;<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the right to earn a livelihood,</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">right to health</a>, and</li> <li>the right to education.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>At the conclusion of his book, <i>Making of India's Constitution</i>, retired Supreme Court Justice <a href="/wiki/Hans_Raj_Khanna" title="Hans Raj Khanna">Hans Raj Khanna</a> wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If the Indian constitution is our heritage bequeathed to us by our founding fathers, no less are we, the people of India, the trustees and custodians of the values which pulsate within its provisions! A constitution is not a parchment of paper, it is a way of life and has to be lived up to. Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty and in the final analysis, its only keepers are the people.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translations_into_Indian_languages">Translations into Indian languages <span class="anchor" id="Translations"></span><span class="anchor" id="Translation"></span></h2></div> <p>The Constitution of India is translated into only a few of the <a href="/wiki/Languages_with_legal_status_in_India" title="Languages with legal status in India">22 scheduled languages of the Indian Republic</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hindi_translation">Hindi translation <span class="anchor" id="In_Hindi_language"></span><span class="anchor" id="In_Hindi"></span></h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> translation of the Indian Constitution is notably the first translation among Indian languages. This task was undertaken by <a href="/wiki/Raghu_Vira" title="Raghu Vira">Raghu Vira</a>, a distinguished linguist, scholar, politician, and member of the Constituent Assembly. </p><p>In 1948, nearly two years after the formation of the Constituent Assembly, Rajendra Prasad entrusted Raghu Vira and his team to translate the English text of the Constitution into Hindi.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raghu Vira, using Sanskrit as a common base akin to the role of Latin in European languages, applied the rules of <i><a href="/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi">sandhi</a></i> (joining), <i><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_compound" title="Sanskrit compound">samasa</a></i> (compounding), <i><a href="/wiki/Upasarga" title="Upasarga">upasarga</a></i> (prefix), and <i>pratyaya</i> (suffix) to develop several new terms for scientific and parliamentary use. The terminology was subsequently approved by an All India Committee of Linguistic Experts, representing thirteen languages: Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Odia (then spelled as Oriya), Assamese, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Punjabi, Kashmiri, and Urdu. The vocabulary developed for Hindi later served as a base for translating the constitution into several other Indic languages.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bengali_translation">Bengali translation <span class="anchor" id="In_Bengali_language"></span><span class="anchor" id="In_Bengali"></span></h3></div> <p>The Constitution of India was first translated from English into <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a> and published in 1983, as <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1094882035">.mw-parser-output .script-Cprt{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Cypriot",Code2001}.mw-parser-output .script-Hano{font-size:125%;font-family:"Noto Sans Hanunoo",FreeSerif,Quivira}.mw-parser-output .script-Latf,.mw-parser-output .script-de-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Breitkopf Fraktur",UnifrakturCook,UniFrakturMaguntia,MarsFraktur,"MarsFraktur OT",KochFraktur,"KochFraktur OT",OffenbacherSchwabOT,"LOB.AlteSchwabacher","LOV.AlteSchwabacher","LOB.AtlantisFraktur","LOV.AtlantisFraktur","LOB.BreitkopfFraktur","LOV.BreitkopfFraktur","LOB.FetteFraktur","LOV.FetteFraktur","LOB.Fraktur3","LOV.Fraktur3","LOB.RochFraktur","LOV.RochFraktur","LOB.PostFraktur","LOV.PostFraktur","LOB.RuelhscheFraktur","LOV.RuelhscheFraktur","LOB.RungholtFraktur","LOV.RungholtFraktur","LOB.TheuerbankFraktur","LOV.TheuerbankFraktur","LOB.VinetaFraktur","LOV.VinetaFraktur","LOB.WalbaumFraktur","LOV.WalbaumFraktur","LOB.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOV.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOB.WieynckFraktur","LOV.WieynckFraktur","LOB.ZentenarFraktur","LOV.ZentenarFraktur"}.mw-parser-output .script-en-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:Cankama,"Old English Text MT","Textura Libera","Textura Libera Tenuis",London}.mw-parser-output .script-it-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Rotunda Pommerania",Rotunda,"Typographer Rotunda"}.mw-parser-output .script-Lina{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear A"}.mw-parser-output .script-Linb{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear B"}.mw-parser-output .script-Ugar{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Ugaritic",Aegean}.mw-parser-output .script-Xpeo{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Old Persian",Artaxerxes,Xerxes,Aegean}</style><span class="Unicode">ভারতের সংবিধান</span> (romanised: <i>"Bharoter Songbidhan"</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, through the collective efforts of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_West_Bengal" title="Government of West Bengal">Government of West Bengal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Union_Government_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Government of India">Union Government of India</a>. Its second edition was published in 1987, and third in 2022. It contains up to the One hundred and fifth Amendment of the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meitei_translation">Meitei translation <span class="anchor" id="Manipuri_translation"></span><span class="anchor" id="In_Meitei_language"></span><span class="anchor" id="In_Manipuri_language"></span><span class="anchor" id="In_Meitei"></span><span class="anchor" id="In_Manipuri"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Manipur_State_Constitution_Act_1947" title="Manipur State Constitution Act 1947">Manipur State Constitution Act 1947</a> or <a href="/wiki/Constitution_in_Meitei_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution in Meitei civilization">Constitution in Meitei civilization</a>.</div> <p>The Constitution of India was first translated from English into <a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei language</a> (officially known as <a href="/wiki/Manipuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Manipuri language">Manipuri language</a>) and published on 3 January 2019, as <span title="Meitei-language text"><span lang="mni"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">ভারতকী সংবিধান</span></span></span>, in <a href="/wiki/Imphal" title="Imphal">Imphal</a>, through the collective efforts of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Manipur" title="Government of Manipur">Government of Manipur</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Union_Government_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Government of India">Union Government of India</a>. It was written in <a href="/wiki/Bengali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali script">Bengali script</a>. It contains up to the Ninety-fifth Amendment of the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The translation project was started in 2016 by the Directorate of Printing & Stationery of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Manipur" title="Government of Manipur">Government of Manipur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 19 November 2023, <a href="/wiki/Nongthombam_Biren_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nongthombam Biren Singh">Nongthombam Biren Singh</a>, the then <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Manipur" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister of Manipur">Chief Minister of Manipur</a> declared that it will be transliterated into <span title="Meitei-language text"><i lang="mni"><a href="/wiki/Meetei_Mayek" class="mw-redirect" title="Meetei Mayek">Meetei Mayek</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a> for '<a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei script</a>') in digital edition.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 November 2023, <a href="/wiki/Nongthombam_Biren_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nongthombam Biren Singh">Nongthombam Biren Singh</a>, the then <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Manipur" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister of Manipur">Chief Minister</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Manipur" title="Government of Manipur">Government of Manipur</a>, officially released the <a href="/wiki/Diglot" class="mw-redirect" title="Diglot">diglot edition</a> of the Constitution of India, in the <span title="Meitei-language text"><i lang="mni"><a href="/wiki/Meetei_Mayek" class="mw-redirect" title="Meetei Mayek">Meetei Mayek</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a> for 'Meitei writing system') in <a href="/wiki/Manipuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Manipuri language">Manipuri language</a> and English,<sup id="cite_ref-indiatoday.in_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indiatoday.in-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the Cabinet hall of the CM Secretariat in <a href="/wiki/Imphal" title="Imphal">Imphal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Day_(India)" title="Constitution Day (India)">Constitution Day celebrations (National Law Day)</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of India">Republic of India</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> containing up to the <a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_and_Fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="One Hundred and Fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India">105th Amendment of the Constitution</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-english.jagran.com_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-english.jagran.com-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-indiatoday.in_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indiatoday.in-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the first time in its history.<sup id="cite_ref-english.jagran.com_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-english.jagran.com-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was made to be available in all educational institutions, government offices, and public libraries across the <a href="/wiki/Manipur_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Manipur state">Manipur state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Odia_translation">Odia translation <span class="anchor" id="In_Odia_language"></span><span class="anchor" id="In_Odia"></span></h3></div> <p>The Constitution of India was first translated from English into <a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia language</a> and published on 1 April 1981, as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">ଭାରତର ସମ୍ବିଧାନ</span> (romanised: <i>"Bharatara Sambidhana"</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Bhubaneswar" title="Bhubaneswar">Bhubaneswar</a>, through the collective efforts of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Odisha" title="Government of Odisha">Government of Odisha</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Union_Government_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Government of India">Union Government of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sanskrit_translation">Sanskrit translation <span class="anchor" id="In_Sanskrit_language"></span><span class="anchor" id="In_Sanskrit"></span></h3></div> <p>The Constitution of India was first translated from English into <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit language</a> and published on 1 April 1985, as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">भारतस्य संविधानम्</span> (romanised: <i>"Bhartasya Samvidhanam"</i>) in <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tamil_translation">Tamil translation <span class="anchor" id="In_Tamil_language"></span><span class="anchor" id="In_Tamil"></span></h3></div> <p>The 4th edition of Constitution of India in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil language</a> was published in 2021, as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">இந்திய அரசியலமைப்பு</span> (romanised: <i>"Intiya araciyalamaippu"</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, through the collective efforts of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Government of Tamil Nadu</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Union_Government_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Government of India">Union Government of India</a>. It contains up to the One hundred and fifth Amendment of the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maithili_translation">Maithili translation <span class="anchor" id="In_Maithili_language"></span><span class="anchor" id="In_Maithili"></span></h3></div> <p>In the year 2010, Maithili Sahitya Sansthan secretary Bhairava Lal Das published a Maithili version of the Indian Constitution by his own self.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly on 26 November 2024 during the occasion of the Constitution Day, the President of India officially launched the <a href="/wiki/Maithili_version_of_Indian_Constitution" title="Maithili version of Indian Constitution">Maithili version of the Indian Constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Day_(India)" title="Constitution Day (India)">Constitution Day (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_economics" title="Constitutional economics">Constitutional economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_democracy" title="History of democracy">History of democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_constitutions" title="List of national constitutions">List of national constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loiyumpa_Silyel" title="Loiyumpa Silyel">Loiyumpa Silyel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_according_to_higher_law" title="Rule according to higher law">Rule according to higher law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Civil_Code" title="Uniform Civil Code">Uniform Civil Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._N._Rau" title="B. N. Rau">B. N. Rau</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Yugoslavian_constitution-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yugoslavian_constitution_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although the last article of the 1974 Constitution of Yugoslavia was Article 406, the Yugoslav constitution contained about 56,000 words in its English translation</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prashant-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-prashant_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although the last article of the constitution is Article 395, the total number in March 2013 was 465. New articles added through amendments have been inserted in the relevant location of the original constitution. To not disturb the original numbering, new articles are inserted alphanumerically; Article 21A, pertaining to the right to education, was inserted by the 86th Amendment Act.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parts-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Parts_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Constitution was in 22 Parts originally. Part VII & IX (older) was repealed in 1956, whereas newly added Part IVA, IXA, IXB & XIVA by Amendments to the Constitution in different times (lastly added IXB by the 97th Amendment).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schedules-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schedules_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">By the 73rd and 74th Amendments, the lists of administrative subjects of Panchayat raj & Municipality were included in the Constitution as Schedules 11 and 12 respectively in the year 1993.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SA-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SA_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheduled Areas are autonomous areas within a state, administered federally and usually mainly populated by a Scheduled Tribe.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ST-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ST_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheduled Tribes are groups of <a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">indigenous people</a>, identified in the Constitution, who are struggling <a href="/wiki/Socio-economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socio-economics">socioeconomically</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Originally Articles mentioned here were immune from judicial review on the ground that they violated fundamental rights, but in a landmark judgement in 2007, the Supreme Court of India held in I.R. Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu and others that laws included in the 9th schedule can be subject to judicial review if they violated the fundamental rights guaranteed under Article 14, 15, 19, 21 or the basic structure of the Constitution<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag is ambiguous, and needs clarification. (August 2021)">ambiguous</span></a></i>]</sup> – I.R. Coelho (dead) by L.Rs. v. State of Tamil Nadu and others(2007) 2 S.C.C. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cornerstone-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cornerstone_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These lines by <a href="/wiki/Granville_Austin" title="Granville Austin">Granville Austin</a> from his book <i>The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation</i> at p. 50, have been authoritatively quoted many times</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Art21-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Art21_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Art. 21 – "No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law"</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-structure-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-structure_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-structure_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-structure_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legalserviceindia.com/articles/thyg.htm">"Doctrine of Basic Structure – Constitutional Law"</a>. <i>www.legalserviceindia.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160321214815/http://www.legalserviceindia.com/articles/thyg.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.legalserviceindia.com&rft.atitle=Doctrine+of+Basic+Structure+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3BConstitutional+Law&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legalserviceindia.com%2Farticles%2Fthyg.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrithika2016" class="citation news cs1">Krithika, R. (21 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/features/kids/Celebrate-the-supreme-law/article14011992.ece">"Celebrate the supreme law"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13119119">13119119</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161221074638/http://www.thehindu.com/features/kids/Celebrate-the-supreme-law/article14011992.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Celebrate+the+supreme+law&rft.date=2016-01-21&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13119119&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Krithika&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ffeatures%2Fkids%2FCelebrate-the-supreme-law%2Farticle14011992.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPylee1994" class="citation book cs1">Pylee, Moolamattom Varkey (1994). <i>India's Constitution</i> (5th rev. and enl. ed.). <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>: R. Chand & Company. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8121904032" title="Special:BookSources/978-8121904032"><bdi>978-8121904032</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35022507">35022507</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Constitution&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=3&rft.edition=5th+rev.+and+enl.&rft.pub=R.+Chand+%26+Company&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35022507&rft.isbn=978-8121904032&rft.aulast=Pylee&rft.aufirst=Moolamattom+Varkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-original-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-original_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2672/view/1/1/"><i>Original edition with original artwork - The Constitution of India</i></a>. New Delhi: Government of India. 26 November 1949. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190322045811/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2672/view/1/1/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Original+edition+with+original+artwork+-+The+Constitution+of+India&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Government+of+India&rft.date=1949-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F2672%2Fview%2F1%2F1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:9_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_preface.pdf">"Preface, The constitution of India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Government of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150331033925/http://india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_preface.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 31 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Preface%2C+The+constitution+of+India&rft.pub=Government+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findia.gov.in%2Fsites%2Fupload_files%2Fnpi%2Ffiles%2Fcoi_preface.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-law_min_intro-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-law_min_intro_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/introd.htm">"Introduction to Constitution of India"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Constitution+of+India&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Law+and+Justice+of+India&rft.date=2008-07-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findiacode.nic.in%2Fcoiweb%2Fintrod.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSwaminathan2013" class="citation news cs1">Swaminathan, Shivprasad (26 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/indias-benign-constitutional-revolution/article4345212.ece">"India's benign constitutional revolution"</a>. <i>The Hindu: Opinion</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130301174137/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/indias-benign-constitutional-revolution/article4345212.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aruna+Roy+%26+Ors.+v.+Union+of+India+%26+Ors.&rft.pages=18%2F30&rft.pub=Supreme+Court+of+India&rft.date=2002-09-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncert.nic.in%2Fhtml%2Fpdf%2Fschoolcurriculum%2Fncfsc%2Fjudge51_80.pdf%23page%3D18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171009180953/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/Const.Pock%202Pg.Rom8Fsss%283%29.pdf">"Preamble of the Constitution of India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-42752-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-42752-4"><bdi>978-1-108-42752-4</bdi></a>. <q>Nevertheless, partition increased the dominance of the Congress Party in the constituent assembly, which in turn made it easier for its leadership to incorporate in the constitution elements of its vision of Indian unity. This vision was based on a decades-long period of Congress-led consultation concerning the future independent constitution. More importantly, it rested on a detailed draft constitution adopted in 1928 by the All Parties Conference that met in Lucknow. The draft, known as the "Nehru Report," was written by a seven-member committee, chaired by Motilal Nehru. ... The committee was appointed during the May 1928 meeting of the All Parties Conference, which included representatives of all the major political organizations in India, including the All-India Hindu Mahasabha, the All-India Muslim League, the All-India Liberal Federation, the States' Peoples Conference, The Central Khalifat Committee, the All-India Conference of Indian Christians, and others.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constituent+Assemblies&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-108-42752-4&rft.aulast=Elster&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft.au=Gargarella%2C+Roberto&rft.au=Naresh%2C+Vatsal&rft.au=Rasch%2C+Bj%C3%B8rn+Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-menon-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-menon_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMenon1955" class="citation book cs1">Menon, V.P. 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Josephine Ayers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190517050147/https://www.annistonstar.com/is-the-alabama-constitution-the-longest-constitution-in-the-world/article_c928bd51-fbf1-5056-a30c-1bf4b19eb012.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Anniston+Star&rft.atitle=Is+the+Alabama+Constitution+the+longest+constitution+in+the+world%3FTruth+Rating%3A+4+out+of+5&rft.date=2012-11-18&rft.aulast=Lockette&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.annistonstar.com%2Fis-the-alabama-constitution-the-longest-constitution-in-the-world%2Farticle_c928bd51-fbf1-5056-a30c-1bf4b19eb012.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160325025912/http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/contents.htm">"Constitution of india"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Law_and_Justice_(India)" title="Ministry of Law and Justice (India)">Ministry of Law and Justice, Govt. of India</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+india&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Law+and+Justice%2C+Govt.+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flawmin.nic.in%2Fcoi%2Fcontents.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaruah2007" class="citation book cs1">Baruah, Aparijita (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aPujAJ1UVqUC&pg=PA177"><i>Preamble of the Constitution of India: An Insight and Comparison with Other Constitutions</i></a>. New Delhi: Deep & Deep. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7629-996-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7629-996-1"><bdi>978-81-7629-996-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230917112522/https://books.google.com/books?id=aPujAJ1UVqUC&pg=PA177">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preamble+of+the+Constitution+of+India%3A+An+Insight+and+Comparison+with+Other+Constitutions&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Deep+%26+Deep&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-7629-996-1&rft.aulast=Baruah&rft.aufirst=Aparijita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaPujAJ1UVqUC%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChishtiAnand2015" class="citation news cs1">Chishti, Seema; Anand, Utkarsh (30 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/legal-experts-say-debating-preamble-pointless-needless">"Legal experts say debating Preamble of Constitution pointless, needless"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151027155509/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/legal-experts-say-debating-preamble-pointless-needless/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Legal+experts+say+debating+Preamble+of+Constitution+pointless%2C+needless&rft.date=2015-01-30&rft.aulast=Chishti&rft.aufirst=Seema&rft.au=Anand%2C+Utkarsh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Findia-others%2Flegal-experts-say-debating-preamble-pointless-needless&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42_amend-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42_amend_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend42.htm">"Forty-Second Amendment to the Constitution"</a>. Ministry of Law and Justice of India. 28 August 1976. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150328040620/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend42.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forty-Second+Amendment+to+the+Constitution&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Law+and+Justice+of+India&rft.date=1976-08-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findiacode.nic.in%2Fcoiweb%2Famend%2Famend42.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_I" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of India/Part I">Part I</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend97.pdf">"The Constitution (Ninety Seventh Amendment)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120522144037/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend97.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Madhava (26 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20161116034308/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/09/26/stories/2004092600481600.htm">"Parliament and the Judiciary"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/2004/09/26/stories/2004092600481600.htm">the original</a> on 16 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Parliament+and+the+Judiciary&rft.date=2004-09-26&rft.aulast=Menon&rft.aufirst=N.R.+Madhava&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2F2004%2F09%2F26%2Fstories%2F2004092600481600.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLaxmikanth2013" class="citation book cs1">Laxmikanth, M (2013). "3". <i>Indian Polity</i> (4th ed.). 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Vol. 15, no. 14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160330070338/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1514/15140240.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=Article+356+should+be+abolished&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=14&rft.aulast=Krishnakumar&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frontline.in%2Fstatic%2Fhtml%2Ffl1514%2F15140240.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRajendra_Prasad" class="citation news cs1">Rajendra Prasad, R.J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1514/15140220.htm">"Bommai verdict has checked misuse of Article 356"</a>. <i>Frontline</i>. Vol. 15, no. 14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191220055328/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1514/15140220.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=Bommai+verdict+has+checked+misuse+of+Article+356&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=14&rft.aulast=Rajendra+Prasad&rft.aufirst=R.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frontline.in%2Fstatic%2Fhtml%2Ffl1514%2F15140220.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSwami" class="citation news cs1">Swami, Praveen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1422/14220170.htm">"Protecting secularism and federal fair play"</a>. <i>Frontline</i>. Vol. 14, no. 22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140219010353/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1422/14220170.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=Protecting+secularism+and+federal+fair+play&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=22&rft.aulast=Swami&rft.aufirst=Praveen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frontline.in%2Fstatic%2Fhtml%2Ffl1422%2F14220170.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cpower-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cpower_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiankanoon.org/doc/875590/">"Pages 311 & 312 of original judgement: A. K. Roy, Etc vs Union Of India And Anr on 28 December, 1981"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826161710/http://indiankanoon.org/doc/875590/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pages+311+%26+312+of+original+judgement%3A+A.+K.+Roy%2C+Etc+vs+Union+Of+India+And+Anr+on+28+December%2C+1981&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findiankanoon.org%2Fdoc%2F875590%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krishnamurthy2009-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Krishnamurthy2009_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrishnamurthi2009" class="citation journal cs1">Krishnamurthi, Vivek (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075730/http://www.yale.edu/yjil/files_PDFs/vol34/Krishnamurthy.pdf">"Colonial Cousins: Explaining India and Canada's Unwritten Constitutional Principles"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Yale_Journal_of_International_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale Journal of International Law">Yale Journal of International Law</a></i>. <b>34</b> (1): 219. 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Wadhwa and Company. p. 568. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788180382536" title="Special:BookSources/9788180382536"><bdi>9788180382536</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230917112521/https://books.google.com/books?id=YHxUPgAACAAJ&q=ashok+dhamija">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/constitutionalid00jaco/page/n72">52</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674047662" title="Special:BookSources/9780674047662"><bdi>9780674047662</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutional+Identity&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780674047662&rft.aulast=Jacobsohn&rft.aufirst=Gary+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconstitutionalid00jaco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDalal2008" class="citation journal cs1">Dalal, Milan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/iclr/vol31/iss2/4">"India's New Constitutionalism: Two Cases That Have Reshaped Indian Law"</a>. <i>Boston College International Comparative Law Review</i>. <b>31</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">258–</span>260. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018054027/http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/iclr/vol31/iss2/4/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MO3NiIV_4bUC&pg=PA187"><i>Article – The Inner Conflict of Constitutionalism: Judicial Review and the 'Basic Structure' (Book – India's Kiving Constitution: Ideas, Practices, Controversies)</i></a> ((2006)Second Impression (2002)First ed.). Delhi: Permanent Black. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7824-087-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-7824-087-4"><bdi>81-7824-087-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230917112522/https://books.google.com/books?id=MO3NiIV_4bUC&pg=PA187">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Article+%E2%80%93+The+Inner+Conflict+of+Constitutionalism%3A+Judicial+Review+and+the+%27Basic+Structure%27+%28Book+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3BIndia%27s+Kiving+Constitution%3A+Ideas%2C+Practices%2C+Controversies%29&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=187&rft.edition=%282006%29Second+Impression+%282002%29First&rft.pub=Permanent+Black&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=81-7824-087-4&rft.au=Mehta%2C+Pratap+Bhanu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMO3NiIV_4bUC%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBhattacharyya" class="citation news cs1">Bhattacharyya, Bishwajit. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505192102/http://www.dayafterindia.com/magz_detail_news.php?id=4202">"Supreme Court Shows Govt Its LoC"</a>. <i>the day after</i>. No. 1–15 Nov 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dayafterindia.com/magz_detail_news.php?id=4202">the original</a> on 5 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oxon(UK), New York (US): Routledge. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-40867-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-40867-7"><bdi>978-0-415-40867-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230917112558/https://books.google.com/books?id=kOGWI1BOjOUC&pg=PA103">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=Three+doctrines&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=5&rft.date=2012-03-10%2F2012-03-23&rft.issn=0970-1710&rft.aulast=Venkatesan&rft.aufirst=V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.frontline.in%2Fstatic%2Fhtml%2Ffl2905%2Fstories%2F20120323290507900.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJain2010" class="citation book cs1">Jain, Mahabir Prashad (2010). <i>Indian Constitutional Law</i> (6th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Gurgaon" title="Gurgaon">Gurgaon</a>: LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur. p. 921. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8038-621-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8038-621-3"><bdi>978-81-8038-621-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/650215045">650215045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Constitutional+Law&rft.place=Gurgaon&rft.pages=921&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=LexisNexis+Butterworths+Wadhwa+Nagpur&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F650215045&rft.isbn=978-81-8038-621-3&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Mahabir+Prashad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lectures By Professor Parmanad Singh, Jindal Global Law School.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJacobsohn2010" class="citation book cs1">Jacobsohn, Gary (2010). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/constitutionalid00jaco"><i>Constitutional Identity</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/constitutionalid00jaco/page/n77">57</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674047662" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674047662"><bdi>978-0674047662</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/939085793">939085793</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutional+Identity&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F939085793&rft.isbn=978-0674047662&rft.aulast=Jacobsohn&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconstitutionalid00jaco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChandrachud2015" class="citation news cs1">Chandrachud, Chintan (6 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/indias-deceptive-constitution/article7295299.ece">"India's deceptive Constitution"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13119119">13119119</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180625123629/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/indias-deceptive-constitution/article7295299.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Hindu+%3A+Front+Page+%3A+President+appoints+Manmohan+Prime+Minister&rft.date=2012-06-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2004%2F05%2F20%2Fstories%2F2004052007550100.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_V#Article_75_{Other_provisions_as_to_Ministers}">"Part V, Article 75"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://en.wikisource.org:80/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_V">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Part+V%2C+Article+75&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FConstitution_of_India%2FPart_V%23Article_75_%7BOther_provisions_as_to_Ministers%7D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/rules.aspx">"Parliament of India, Lok Sabha"</a>. <i>164.100.47.194</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121080129/http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/rules.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=164.100.47.194&rft.atitle=Parliament+of+India%2C+Lok+Sabha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F164.100.47.194%2Floksabha%2Frules.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_V#Article_53_{Executive_power_of_the_Union}">"Part V, Article 53"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://en.wikisource.org:80/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_V">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Part+V%2C+Article+53&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FConstitution_of_India%2FPart_V%23Article_53_%7BExecutive_power_of_the_Union%7D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_V#Article_74_{Council_of_Ministers_to_aid_and_advise_President}">"Part V, Article 74"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://en.wikisource.org:80/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_V">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Part+V%2C+Article+74&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FConstitution_of_India%2FPart_V%23Article_74_%7BCouncil_of_Ministers_to_aid_and_advise_President%7D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-40772945">"What is India's president actually for?"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2 August 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180602231458/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-40772945">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=What+is+India%27s+president+actually+for%3F&rft.date=2017-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-india-40772945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanherald.com/national/parts-of-the-indian-constitution-that-were-inspired-by-others-943077.html">"Parts of the Indian Constitution that were 'inspired by' others"</a>. <i>Deccan Herald</i>. 25 January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220111043024/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/parts-of-the-indian-constitution-that-were-inspired-by-others-943077.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Herald&rft.atitle=Parts+of+the+Indian+Constitution+that+were+%27inspired+by%27+others&rft.date=2021-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fnational%2Fparts-of-the-indian-constitution-that-were-inspired-by-others-943077.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGo2002" class="citation journal cs1">Go, Julian (March 2002). "Modeling the State". <i>Southeast Asian Studies</i>. <b>39</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">558–</span>583.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Modeling+the+State&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E558-%3C%2Fspan%3E583&rft.date=2002-03&rft.aulast=Go&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_V#Article_55_{Manner_of_election_of_President}">"Part V, Article 55"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://en.wikisource.org:80/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_V">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Part+V%2C+Article+55&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FConstitution_of_India%2FPart_V%23Article_55_%7BManner_of_election_of_President%7D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_V#Article_111_{Assent_to_Bills}">"Part V, Article 111"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://en.wikisource.org:80/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_V">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Part+V%2C+Article+111&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FConstitution_of_India%2FPart_V%23Article_111_%7BAssent_to_Bills%7D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDas_GuptaBadhwar1987" class="citation web cs1">Das Gupta, Surajeet; Badhwar, Inderjit (15 May 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19870515-under-the-constitution-does-the-president-have-the-right-to-remove-the-prime-minister-798837-1987-05-15">"Under the Constitution, does the President have the right to remove the Prime Minister?"</a>. <i>India Today</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806141528/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19870515-under-the-constitution-does-the-president-have-the-right-to-remove-the-prime-minister-798837-1987-05-15">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Under+the+Constitution%2C+does+the+President+have+the+right+to+remove+the+Prime+Minister%3F&rft.date=1987-05-15&rft.aulast=Das+Gupta&rft.aufirst=Surajeet&rft.au=Badhwar%2C+Inderjit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fmagazine%2Fcover-story%2Fstory%2F19870515-under-the-constitution-does-the-president-have-the-right-to-remove-the-prime-minister-798837-1987-05-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_V#Article_123_{Power_of_President_to_promulgate_Ordinances_during_recess_of_Parliament}">"Part V, Article 123"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://en.wikisource.org:80/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_V">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Part+V%2C+Article+123&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FConstitution_of_India%2FPart_V%23Article_123_%7BPower_of_President_to_promulgate_Ordinances_during_recess_of_Parliament%7D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-edit-page/repeated-promulgation-of-ordinances-because-a-bill-is-held-up-in-the-rajya-sabha-is-a-violation-of-constitutional-principles/">"Repeated promulgation of ordinances because a bill is held up in the Rajya Sabha is a violation of constitutional principles"</a>. <i>Times of India Blog</i>. 27 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220219083542/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-edit-page/repeated-promulgation-of-ordinances-because-a-bill-is-held-up-in-the-rajya-sabha-is-a-violation-of-constitutional-principles/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+of+India+Blog&rft.atitle=Repeated+promulgation+of+ordinances+because+a+bill+is+held+up+in+the+Rajya+Sabha+is+a+violation+of+constitutional+principles&rft.date=2016-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fblogs%2Ftoi-edit-page%2Frepeated-promulgation-of-ordinances-because-a-bill-is-held-up-in-the-rajya-sabha-is-a-violation-of-constitutional-principles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:72-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:72_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:72_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAneyDam2021" class="citation journal cs1">Aney, Madhav S.; Dam, Shubhankar (1 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/715060">"Decree Power in Parliamentary Systems: Theory and Evidence from India"</a>. <i>The Journal of Politics</i>. <b>83</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">1432–</span>1449. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F715060">10.1086/715060</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3816">0022-3816</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235567253">235567253</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220111091938/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/715060">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Politics&rft.atitle=Decree+Power+in+Parliamentary+Systems%3A+Theory+and+Evidence+from+India&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1432-%3C%2Fspan%3E1449&rft.date=2021-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235567253%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-3816&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F715060&rft.aulast=Aney&rft.aufirst=Madhav+S.&rft.au=Dam%2C+Shubhankar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.1086%2F715060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/the-ordinance-raj-of-the-bharatiya-janata-party/story-NlVvn0pm6updxwYlj0gSvJ.html">"The ordinance raj of the Bharatiya Janata Party"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>. 11 September 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220111043023/https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/the-ordinance-raj-of-the-bharatiya-janata-party/story-NlVvn0pm6updxwYlj0gSvJ.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=The+ordinance+raj+of+the+Bharatiya+Janata+Party&rft.date=2020-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fanalysis%2Fthe-ordinance-raj-of-the-bharatiya-janata-party%2Fstory-NlVvn0pm6updxwYlj0gSvJ.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_I#Article_1_{India_and_union_of_state}">"Part I, Article 1"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://en.wikisource.org:80/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_I">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Part+I%2C+Article+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FConstitution_of_India%2FPart_I%23Article_1_%7BIndia_and_union_of_state%7D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:42_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_99-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_99-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rajya_sabha/council_state.aspx">"Rajya Sabha"</a>. <i>rajyasabha.nic.in</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220126135325/https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rajya_sabha/council_state.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rajyasabha.nic.in&rft.atitle=Rajya+Sabha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frajyasabha.nic.in%2Frajya_sabha%2Fcouncil_state.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_V#Article_80_{Composition_of_the_Council_of_States}">"Part V, Article 80"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://en.wikisource.org:80/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_V">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Part+V%2C+Article+80&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FConstitution_of_India%2FPart_V%23Article_80_%7BComposition_of_the_Council_of_States%7D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_V#Article_107_{Provisions_as_to_introduction_and_passing_of_Bills}">"Part V, Article 107"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://en.wikisource.org:80/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_V">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Part+V%2C+Article+107&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FConstitution_of_India%2FPart_V%23Article_107_%7BProvisions_as_to_introduction_and_passing_of_Bills%7D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:52-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:52_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_XX">"Part XX, Article 368"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://en.wikisource.org:80/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_XX">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Part+XX%2C+Article+368&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FConstitution_of_India%2FPart_XX&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:62-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:62_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:62_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:62_103-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/India_2016?lang=en">"Constitution of India"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180622123934/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/India_2016?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FIndia_2016%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_XI#Article_246_{Subject-matter_of_laws_made_by_Parliament_and_by_the_Legislatures_of_States}">"Part XI, Article 246"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://en.wikisource.org:80/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_XI">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Part+XI%2C+Article+246&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FConstitution_of_India%2FPart_XI%23Article_246_%7BSubject-matter_of_laws_made_by_Parliament_and_by_the_Legislatures_of_States%7D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstpost.com/politics/congress-mulls-using-article-2542-to-bypass-farm-laws-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-rarely-used-provision-8861611.html">"Congress mulls using Article 254(2) to bypass farm laws: All you need to know about the rarely-used provision"</a>. <i>Firstpost</i>. 29 September 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207083450/https://www.firstpost.com/politics/congress-mulls-using-article-2542-to-bypass-farm-laws-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-rarely-used-provision-8861611.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Firstpost&rft.atitle=Congress+mulls+using+Article+254%282%29+to+bypass+farm+laws%3A+All+you+need+to+know+about+the+rarely-used+provision&rft.date=2020-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Fcongress-mulls-using-article-2542-to-bypass-farm-laws-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-rarely-used-provision-8861611.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_XI#Article_248_{Residuary_powers_of_legislation}">"Part XI, Article 248"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://en.wikisource.org:80/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_XI">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Part+XI%2C+Article+248&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FConstitution_of_India%2FPart_XI%23Article_248_%7BResiduary_powers_of_legislation%7D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_VI#Article_154_{Executive_power_of_State}">"Part VI, Article 154"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://en.wikisource.org:80/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_VI">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Part+VI%2C+Article+154&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FConstitution_of_India%2FPart_VI%23Article_154_%7BExecutive_power_of_State%7D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_VI#Article_155_{Appointment_of_Governor}">"Part VI, Article 155"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://en.wikisource.org:80/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_VI">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Part+VI%2C+Article+155&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FConstitution_of_India%2FPart_VI%23Article_155_%7BAppointment_of_Governor%7D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_VI#Article_156_{Term_of_office_of_Governor}">"Part VI, Article 156"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://en.wikisource.org:80/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_VI">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Part+VI%2C+Article+156&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FConstitution_of_India%2FPart_VI%23Article_156_%7BTerm_of_office_of_Governor%7D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReddy2001" class="citation web cs1">Reddy, Jeevan (11 May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legalaffairs.gov.in/sites/default/files/The%20Institution%20of%20Governor%20under%20the%20Constitution.pdf">"The Institution of Governor Under the Constitution"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181123123638/http://legalaffairs.gov.in:80/sites/default/files/The%20Institution%20of%20Governor%20under%20the%20Constitution.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Institution+of+Governor+Under+the+Constitution&rft.date=2001-05-11&rft.aulast=Reddy&rft.aufirst=Jeevan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegalaffairs.gov.in%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FThe%2520Institution%2520of%2520Governor%2520under%2520the%2520Constitution.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChatterji2020" class="citation web cs1">Chatterji, Rakhahari (6 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legalaffairs.gov.in/sites/default/files/The%20Institution%20of%20Governor%20under%20the%20Constitution.pdf">"Recurring Controversy About Governor's Role in State Politics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181123123638/http://legalaffairs.gov.in:80/sites/default/files/The%20Institution%20of%20Governor%20under%20the%20Constitution.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recurring+Controversy+About+Governor%27s+Role+in+State+Politics&rft.date=2020-06-06&rft.aulast=Chatterji&rft.aufirst=Rakhahari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegalaffairs.gov.in%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FThe%2520Institution%2520of%2520Governor%2520under%2520the%2520Constitution.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_VI#Article_163_{Council_of_Ministers_to_aid_and_advise_Governor}">"Part VI, Article 163"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://en.wikisource.org:80/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_VI">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Part+VI%2C+Article+163&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FConstitution_of_India%2FPart_VI%23Article_163_%7BCouncil_of_Ministers_to_aid_and_advise_Governor%7D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_VI#Article_200_{Assent_to_Bills}">"Part VI"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://en.wikisource.org:80/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_VI">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Part+VI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FConstitution_of_India%2FPart_VI%23Article_200_%7BAssent_to_Bills%7D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_I#Article_2_{Admission_or_establishment_of_new_States}">"Part I, Article 2"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://en.wikisource.org:80/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_I">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Part+I%2C+Article+2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FConstitution_of_India%2FPart_I%23Article_2_%7BAdmission_or_establishment_of_new_States%7D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_I#Article_3_{Formation_of_new_States_and_alteration_of_areas,_boundaries_or_names_of_existing_States}">"Part I, Article 3"</a>. <a 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140327091502/http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/158365.pdf">"New State Formation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/158365.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+State+Formation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.egazette.nic.in%2FWriteReadData%2F2014%2F158365.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ladakh.nic.in/about-department/introduction/">"Introduction | The Administration of Union Territory of Ladakh | India"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220118154821/https://ladakh.nic.in/about-department/introduction/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+%7C+The+Administration+of+Union+Territory+of+Ladakh+%7C+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fladakh.nic.in%2Fabout-department%2Fintroduction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ddd.gov.in/introduction/">"About UT Administration | UT of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu | India"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220111043025/https://ddd.gov.in/introduction/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+UT+Administration+%7C+UT+of+Dadra+and+Nagar+Haveli+and+Daman+and+Diu+%7C+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fddd.gov.in%2Fintroduction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoy2019" class="citation news cs1">Roy, Arundhati (15 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/15/opinion/sunday/kashmir-siege-modi.html">"Opinion | The Silence Is the Loudest Sound"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027001028/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/15/opinion/sunday/kashmir-siege-modi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Opinion+%7C+The+Silence+Is+the+Loudest+Sound&rft.date=2019-08-15&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Arundhati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F08%2F15%2Fopinion%2Fsunday%2Fkashmir-siege-modi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:82-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:82_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:82_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDam1964" class="citation journal cs1">Dam, Sukumar (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41854040">"Judiciary in India"</a>. <i>The Indian Journal of Political Science</i>. <b>25</b> (3/4): <span class="nowrap">276–</span>281. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-5510">0019-5510</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41854040">41854040</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220111050953/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41854040">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Judiciary+in+India&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E276-%3C%2Fspan%3E281&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41854040%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0019-5510&rft.aulast=Dam&rft.aufirst=Sukumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41854040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_VI#Chapter_V_{The_High_Courts_in_the_States}">"Part VI, Article 214"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://en.wikisource.org:80/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_VI">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Part+VI%2C+Article+214&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FConstitution_of_India%2FPart_VI%23Chapter_V_%7BThe_High_Courts_in_the_States%7D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_VI#Article_235_{Control_over_subordinate_courts}">"Part VI, Article 235"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://en.wikisource.org:80/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_VI">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Part+VI%2C+Article+235&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FConstitution_of_India%2FPart_VI%23Article_235_%7BControl_over_subordinate_courts%7D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_V#Article_132_{Appellate_jurisdiction_of_Supreme_Court_in_appeals_from_High_Court_in_certain_cases}">"Part V, Article 133-134"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://en.wikisource.org:80/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_V">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Part+V%2C+Article+133-134&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FConstitution_of_India%2FPart_V%23Article_132_%7BAppellate_jurisdiction_of_Supreme_Court_in_appeals_from_High_Court_in_certain_cases%7D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_V#Article_73_{Extent_of_executive_power_of_the_Union}">"Part V, Article 73"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://en.wikisource.org:80/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_V">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Part+V%2C+Article+73&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FConstitution_of_India%2FPart_V%23Article_73_%7BExtent_of_executive_power_of_the_Union%7D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_XI#Article_253_{Legislation_for_giving_effect_to_international_agreements}">"Part XI, Article 253"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://en.wikisource.org:80/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_XI">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Part+XI%2C+Article+253&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FConstitution_of_India%2FPart_XI%23Article_253_%7BLegislation_for_giving_effect_to_international_agreements%7D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:32_126-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_126-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChandra2017" class="citation journal cs1">Chandra, Aparna (1 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s40901-017-0069-0">"India and international law: formal dualism, functional monism"</a>. <i>Indian Journal of International Law</i>. <b>57</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">25–</span>45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40901-017-0069-0">10.1007/s40901-017-0069-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2199-7411">2199-7411</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID 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Not Quite So"</a>. <i>The RMLNLU Law Review Blog</i>. 31 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021045247/https://rmlnlulawreview.com/2020/04/01/are-the-indian-courts-still-following-the-constitutional-principle-of-dualism-not-quite-so/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+RMLNLU+Law+Review+Blog&rft.atitle=Are+the+Indian+Courts+Still+Following+the+Constitutional+Principle+of+Dualism%3F+Not+Quite+So&rft.date=2020-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frmlnlulawreview.com%2F2020%2F04%2F01%2Fare-the-indian-courts-still-following-the-constitutional-principle-of-dualism-not-quite-so%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/383397/">"Gramophone Company of India Ltd. v Birendra Bahadur Pandey"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090318014638/http://indiankanoon.org:80/doc/383397/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gramophone+Company+of+India+Ltd.+v+Birendra+Bahadur+Pandey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findiankanoon.org%2Fdoc%2F383397%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaghavan2010" class="citation web cs1">Raghavan, Vikram (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.india-seminar.com/2010/615/615_comment.htm">"The biographer of the Indian constitution"</a>. <i>Seminar</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150919234837/http://www.india-seminar.com/2010/615/615_comment.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Seminar&rft.atitle=The+biographer+of+the+Indian+constitution&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Raghavan&rft.aufirst=Vikram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.india-seminar.com%2F2010%2F615%2F615_comment.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDharmadhikari" class="citation journal cs1">Dharmadhikari, D. 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Eastern Book Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7629-996-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7629-996-1"><bdi>978-81-7629-996-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preamble+of+the+Constitution+of+India+%3A+An+Insight+%26+Comparison&rft.pub=Eastern+Book+Co&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-7629-996-1&rft.aulast=Baruah&rft.aufirst=Aparajita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBasu1965" class="citation book cs1">Basu, Durga Das (1965). <i>Commentary on the constitution of India : (being a comparative treatise on the universal principles of justice and constitutional government with special reference to the organic instrument of India)</i>. Vol. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>2. S. C. Sarkar & Sons (Private) Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentary+on+the+constitution+of+India+%3A+%28being+a+comparative+treatise+on+the+universal+principles+of+justice+and+constitutional+government+with+special+reference+to+the+organic+instrument+of+India%29&rft.pub=S.+C.+Sarkar+%26+Sons+%28Private%29+Ltd&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Basu&rft.aufirst=Durga+Das&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBasu1981" class="citation book cs1">—— (1981). <i>Shorter Constitution of India</i>. Prentice-Hall of India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87692-200-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87692-200-2"><bdi>978-0-87692-200-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shorter+Constitution+of+India&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall+of+India&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-87692-200-2&rft.aulast=Basu&rft.aufirst=Durga+Das&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBasu1984" class="citation book cs1">—— (1984). <i>Introduction to the Constitution of India</i> (10th ed.). South Asia Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8364-1097-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8364-1097-1"><bdi>0-8364-1097-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Constitution+of+India&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=South+Asia+Books&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-8364-1097-1&rft.aulast=Basu&rft.aufirst=Durga+Das&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDas2002" class="citation book cs1">—— (2002). <i>Political System of India</i>. Anmol Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7488-690-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-7488-690-7"><bdi>81-7488-690-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+System+of+India&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=81-7488-690-7&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Hari+Hara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDash1968" class="citation book cs1">Dash, Shreeram Chandra (1968). <i>The Constitution of India; a Comparative Study</i>. Chaitanya Pub. House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+India%3B+a+Comparative+Study&rft.pub=Chaitanya+Pub.+House&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Dash&rft.aufirst=Shreeram+Chandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDhamija2007" class="citation book cs1">Dhamija, Dr. Ashok (2007). <i>Need to Amend a Constitution and Doctrine of Basic Features</i>. Wadhwa and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788180382536" title="Special:BookSources/9788180382536"><bdi>9788180382536</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Need+to+Amend+a+Constitution+and+Doctrine+of+Basic+Features&rft.pub=Wadhwa+and+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9788180382536&rft.aulast=Dhamija&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Ashok&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGhosh1966" class="citation book cs1">Ghosh, Pratap Kumar (1966). <i>The Constitution of India: How it Has Been Framed</i>. World Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+India%3A+How+it+Has+Been+Framed&rft.pub=World+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=Pratap+Kumar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJayapalan1998" class="citation book cs1">Jayapalan, N. (1998). <i>Constitutional History of India</i>. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7156-761-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-7156-761-4"><bdi>81-7156-761-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutional+History+of+India&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=81-7156-761-4&rft.aulast=Jayapalan&rft.aufirst=N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKhanna1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Raj_Khanna" title="Hans Raj Khanna">Khanna, Hans Raj</a> (1981). <i>Making of India's Constitution</i>. Eastern Book Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7012-108-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7012-108-4"><bdi>978-81-7012-108-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+of+India%27s+Constitution&rft.pub=Eastern+Book+Co&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-81-7012-108-4&rft.aulast=Khanna&rft.aufirst=Hans+Raj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKhanna2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Raj_Khanna" title="Hans Raj Khanna">Khanna, Justice H. R.</a> (2015) [2008]. <i>Making of India's Constitution</i> (reprint) (2nd ed.). Eastern Book Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7012-188-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7012-188-6"><bdi>978-81-7012-188-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+of+India%27s+Constitution&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Eastern+Book+Company&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-81-7012-188-6&rft.aulast=Khanna&rft.aufirst=Justice+H.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRahulrai1984" class="citation book cs1">Rahulrai, Durga Das (1984). <i>Introduction to the Constitution of India</i> (10th ed.). South Asia Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8364-1097-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8364-1097-1"><bdi>0-8364-1097-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Constitution+of+India&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=South+Asia+Books&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-8364-1097-1&rft.aulast=Rahulrai&rft.aufirst=Durga+Das&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPylee1997" class="citation book cs1">Pylee, M.V. (1997). <i>India's Constitution</i>. S. Chand & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-219-0403-X" title="Special:BookSources/81-219-0403-X"><bdi>81-219-0403-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Constitution&rft.pub=S.+Chand+%26+Co.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=81-219-0403-X&rft.aulast=Pylee&rft.aufirst=M.V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPylee2004" class="citation book cs1">—— (2004). <i>Constitutional Government in India</i>. S. Chand & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-219-2203-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-219-2203-8"><bdi>81-219-2203-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutional+Government+in+India&rft.pub=S.+Chand+%26+Co.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=81-219-2203-8&rft.aulast=Pylee&rft.aufirst=M.V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSen2007" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Sarbani (2007). <i>The Constitution of India: Popular Sovereignty and Democratic Transformations</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-568649-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-568649-4"><bdi>978-0-19-568649-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+India%3A+Popular+Sovereignty+and+Democratic+Transformations&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-568649-4&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Sarbani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSharmaSingh,_JayaMaganathan,_R.2002" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Dinesh; Singh, Jaya; Maganathan, R.; et al. (2002). <i>Indian Constitution at Work</i>. Political Science, Class XI. <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Educational_Research_and_Training" title="National Council of Educational Research and Training">NCERT</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Constitution+at+Work&rft.series=Political+Science%2C+Class+XI&rft.pub=NCERT&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Dinesh&rft.au=Singh%2C+Jaya&rft.au=Maganathan%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929102902/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/debates.htm">"The Constituent Assembly Debates (Proceedings): 9 December 1946 to 24 January 1950"</a>. The Parliament of India Archive. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/debates.htm">the original</a> on 29 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Constituent+Assembly+Debates+%28Proceedings%29%3A+9+December+1946+to+24+January+1950&rft.pub=The+Parliament+of+India+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fparliamentofindia.nic.in%2Fls%2Fdebates%2Fdebates.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Constitution_of_India" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Constitution of India">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" 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class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of India">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India" class="extiw" title="b:Constitution of India">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Constitution_of_India" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Constitution of India">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislative.gov.in/constitution-of-india">The Constitution of India</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1949/E-2358-1949-0000-109779.pdf">Original as published in the Gazette of India</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2672/">Original Unamended version of the Constitution of India</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140909230437/http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf">Constitution of India as of 29 July 2008</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.india-seminar.com/1999/484/484%20chiriyankandath.htm">Constitutional predilections</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081022080607/http://www.commonlii.org/in/legis/const/2004/index.html">"Constitution of India"</a>. <i>Commonwealth Legal Information Institute</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commonlii.org/in/legis/const/2004/index.html">the original</a> on 22 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Commonwealth+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commonlii.org%2Fin%2Flegis%2Fconst%2F2004%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+India" class="Z3988"></span> – online copy</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Union_List" title="Union List">Union List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_List" title="State List">State List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_List" title="Concurrent List">Concurrent List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="State Emblem of India"><img alt="State Emblem of India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/100px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/150px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/200px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="933" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_India" title="List of presidents of India">list</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_India" title="Vice President of India">Vice President</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_India" title="List of vice presidents of India">list</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Union government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_Council_of_Ministers" title="Union Council of Ministers">Union Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_India" title="List of prime ministers of India">list</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Deputy Prime Minister of India">Deputy Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Services_of_India" title="Civil Services of India">Civil services</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Services" title="All India Services">All India Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Civil_Services" title="Central Civil Services">Central Civil Services</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_(India)" title="Cabinet Secretary (India)">Cabinet Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_to_the_Government_of_India" title="Secretary to the Government of India">Secretaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Secretary_(India)" title="Defence Secretary (India)">Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance_Secretary_(India)" title="Finance Secretary (India)">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary_(India)" title="Foreign Secretary (India)">Foreign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary_(India)" title="Home Secretary (India)">Home</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attorney-General_for_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney-General for India">Attorney General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_India" title="Solicitor General of India">Solicitor General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_India" title="State governments of India">State governments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(India)" title="Governor (India)">Governors</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Indian_governors" title="List of current Indian governors">list</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Indian_lieutenant_governors_and_administrators" title="List of current Indian lieutenant governors and administrators">Lieutenant governors and administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_minister_(India)" title="Chief minister (India)">Chief ministers</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Indian_chief_ministers" title="List of current Indian chief ministers">list</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Indian_deputy_chief_ministers" title="List of current Indian deputy chief ministers">Deputy chief ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_secretary_(India)" title="Chief secretary (India)">Chief secretaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principal_secretary_(India)" title="Principal secretary (India)">Principal secretaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advocate_general_(India)" title="Advocate general (India)">Advocate generals</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Lok_Sabha" title="Speaker of the Lok Sabha">Speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Speaker_of_the_Lok_Sabha" title="Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha">Deputy speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Lok_Sabha" title="Secretary General of the Lok Sabha">Secretary General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament,_Lok_Sabha" title="Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha">Member</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_in_Lok_Sabha" title="Leader of the House in Lok Sabha">Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(India)" title="Leader of the Opposition (India)">Leader of the Opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_India" title="Vice President of India">Chairman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Chairperson_of_the_Rajya_Sabha" title="Deputy Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha">Deputy Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament,_Rajya_Sabha" title="Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha">Member</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_in_Rajya_Sabha" title="Leader of the House in Rajya Sabha">Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(India)" title="Leader of the Opposition (India)">Leader of the Opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(India)" title="State legislature (India)">State legislature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_India" title="State legislative assemblies of India">State legislative assemblies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_councils_of_India" title="State legislative councils of India">State legislative councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Indian_legislative_speakers_and_chairpersons" title="List of current Indian legislative speakers and chairpersons">Speakers and Chairpersons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Legislative_Assembly_(India)" title="Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)">Members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Indian_opposition_leaders" title="List of current Indian opposition leaders">Leaders of the Opposition</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Judiciary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_India" title="Chief Justice of India">Chief Justice of India</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_justices_of_India" title="List of chief justices of India">list</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sitting_judges_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_India" title="List of sitting judges of the Supreme Court of India">Sitting judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_India" title="High courts of India">High courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Indian_chief_justices" title="List of current Indian chief justices">Chief justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sitting_judges_of_the_high_courts_of_India" title="List of sitting judges of the high courts of India">Sitting judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_courts_of_India" title="District courts of India">District courts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Judiciary_of_India384" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Judiciary_of_India" title="Template:Judiciary of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Judiciary_of_India" title="Template talk:Judiciary of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Judiciary_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Judiciary of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Judiciary_of_India384" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_India" title="Judiciary of India">Judiciary of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_India" title="Law of India">Law of India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_amendments_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="List of amendments of the Constitution of India">Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_structure_doctrine" title="Basic structure doctrine">Basic structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directive_Principles" title="Directive Principles">Directive Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India" title="Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India">Fundamental Duties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_rights_in_India" title="Fundamental rights in India">Fundamental Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_review_in_India" title="Judicial review in India">Judicial Review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">Criminal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Nyaya_Sanhita" title="Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita">Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Nagarik_Suraksha_Sanhita" title="Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita">Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Sakshya_Adhiniyam" title="Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam">Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_India" title="Capital punishment in India">Capital Punishment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(common_law)" title="Civil law (common law)">Civil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Personal_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal law">Personal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Civil_Procedure_(India)" title="Code of Civil Procedure (India)">Code of Civil Procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hindu_law" title="Modern Hindu law">Modern Hindu law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_personal_law" title="Christian personal law">Christian Personal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Personal_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Personal Law">Muslim Personal Law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Criminal_Procedure_(India)" title="Code of Criminal Procedure (India)">Code of Criminal Procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Personal_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Personal Law">Hindu Personal Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_law" title="History of Indian law">History of Indian law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Penal_Code" title="Indian Penal Code">Indian Penal Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Supreme_Court_of_India_(emblem).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Supreme_Court_of_India_%28emblem%29.png/100px-Supreme_Court_of_India_%28emblem%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Supreme_Court_of_India_%28emblem%29.png/150px-Supreme_Court_of_India_%28emblem%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Supreme_Court_of_India_%28emblem%29.png/200px-Supreme_Court_of_India_%28emblem%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2352" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Law_and_Justice_(India)" title="Ministry of Law and Justice (India)">Ministry of Law and Justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_Commission_of_India" title="Law Commission of India">Law Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Law_and_Justice" title="Minister of Law and Justice">Minister of Law and Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_India" title="List of acts of the Parliament of India">Parliamentary Acts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_India" title="Chief Justice of India">Chief Justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_justices_of_India" title="List of chief justices of India">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sitting_judges_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_India" title="List of sitting judges of the Supreme Court of India">Judges</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_judges_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_India" title="List of female judges of the Supreme Court of India">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_judges_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_India" title="List of former judges of the Supreme Court of India">Former</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_India" title="High courts of India">High Courts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Indian_chief_justices" title="List of current Indian chief justices">Chief Justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sitting_judges_of_High_Courts_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sitting judges of High Courts of India">Judges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/District_courts_of_India" title="District courts of India">District</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subordinate_judge" title="Subordinate judge">Subordinate Courts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district_courts_in_India" title="List of district courts in India">District Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Judicial_Magistrate_Court" title="Chief Judicial Magistrate Court">Chief Judicial Magistrate Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Judicial_Magistrate_of_First_Class" title="Courts of Judicial Magistrate of First Class">First Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Judicial_Magistrate_of_Second_Class" title="Courts of Judicial Magistrate of Second Class">Second Class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_Munsiff_Court" title="District Munsiff Court">District Munsiff Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternative dispute resolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gram_Nyayalayas_Act,_2008" title="Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008">Gram Nyayalayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lok_Adalat" title="Lok Adalat">Lok Adalat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tribunals_in_India" title="Tribunals in India">Tribunals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Tribunal" title="Armed Forces Tribunal">Armed Forces Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Green_Tribunal" title="National Green Tribunal">National Green Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Company_Law_Tribunal" title="National Company Law Tribunal">National Company Law Tribunal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Appointment of Judges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Judicial_Appointments_Commission" title="National Judicial Appointments Commission">National Judicial Appointments Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Judges_Cases" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Judges Cases">Collegium System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legal_education_in_India" title="Legal education in India">Bar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Council_of_India" title="Bar Council of India">Bar Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_India" title="Attorney General of India">Attorney General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_India" title="Solicitor General of India">Solicitor General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additional_Solicitor_General_of_India" title="Additional Solicitor General of India">Additional Solicitor General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advocate_general_(India)" title="Advocate general (India)">Advocate General</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_activism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial activism in India">Judicial activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_India" title="Law enforcement in India">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendency_of_court_cases_in_India" title="Pendency of court cases in India">Pendency of court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Civil_Code" title="Uniform Civil Code">Uniform Civil Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link 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topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="India_topics12" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">India topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History12" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indian_history" title="Timeline of Indian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_India" title="List of years in India">Years</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of clothing in the Indian subcontinent">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in India">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_India" title="Linguistic history of India">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_mathematics" title="Indian mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_India" title="Military history of India">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paper_currency_in_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of paper currency in Indian subcontinent">Paper currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_India" title="Postage stamps and postal history of India">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_on_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of science and technology on the Indian subcontinent">Science and technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Mahajanapadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Mauryas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavana_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavana Kingdom">Yavana Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley" title="Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley">Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid%E2%80%93Mauryan_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid–Mauryan war">Seleucid–Mauryan war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Marathas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">European trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_War" title="Bengal War">Bengal War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Late modern">Late modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">Princely state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">1857 rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India#History" title="Rail transport in India">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India_under_the_British_Raj" title="Economy of India under the British Raj">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_India" title="Commander-in-Chief, India">Commander-in-Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamindar#British_era" title="Zamindar">Zamindari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Councils_Act_1909" title="Indian Councils Act 1909">Political reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">1943 famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="India and the Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_India" title="Five-Year Plans of India">Five-Year Plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Indo-Pakistani wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Flood">White Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxalite">Naxal Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smiling_Buddha" title="Smiling Buddha">Smiling Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Space programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Peace_Keeping_Force" title="Indian Peace Keeping Force">Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">History of India (1947–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">Economic liberalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokhran-II" title="Pokhran-II">Pokhran-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography12" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_India" title="Geography of India">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_India" title="Category:Geology of India">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_Parks_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil Parks of India">Fossil Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Plate">Indian Plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heritage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Geological_Monuments_of_India" title="National Geological Monuments of India">National Geological Monuments of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_groves_of_India" title="Sacred groves of India">Sacred groves of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains#India" title="Sacred mountains">Sacred mountains of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River#Sacred" title="River">Sacred rivers of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stones_of_India" title="Stones of India">Stones of India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_India" title="Environment of India">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_classification_of_India" title="Biogeographic classification of India">Biogeographic classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_India" title="Biosphere reserves of India">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_India" title="Climate of India">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_India" title="Climate change in India">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_India" title="List of earthquakes in India">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_India" title="List of ecoregions in India">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_India" title="Environmental issues in India">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_India" title="Fauna of India">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forests_in_India" title="List of forests in India">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_India" title="Flora of India">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_India" title="Protected areas of India">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_India" title="Wildlife of India">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wildlife_sanctuaries_of_India" title="List of wildlife sanctuaries of India">sanctuaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_India" title="List of beaches in India">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_India" title="List of canals in India">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_India" title="Coastal India">Coasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_India" title="Exclusive economic zone of India">ECZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_India" title="List of extreme points of India">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of glaciers of India">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_highest_point" title="List of Indian states and union territories by highest point">Highest point by states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_India" title="List of islands of India">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_India" title="List of lakes of India">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_India" title="List of mountains in India">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes_of_India" title="List of mountain passes of India">Mountain passes</a></li> <li>Plains <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Coastal_Plains" title="Eastern Coastal Plains">Eastern coastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Coastal_Plains" title="Western Coastal Plains">Western coastal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_India" title="List of rivers of India">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_in_India" title="List of valleys in India">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_India" title="List of volcanoes in India">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waterfalls of India">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_India" title="Central India">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_India" title="Northwest India">Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest India">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast India">Southeast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_India" title="Western India">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Autonomous administrative divisions of India">Autonomous administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_India" title="Template:Borders of India">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_India_by_population" title="List of towns in India by population">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_India" title="List of districts in India">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_governance_in_India" title="Municipal governance in India">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States and union territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_National_Importance_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Monuments of National Importance of India">National monuments of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature worship</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian-origin religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites in India">World Heritage Sites in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Culture of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics12" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agencies_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of agencies of the government of India">Agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_India" title="Energy policy of India">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Foreign relations of India">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_India" title="Vice President of India">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Council_of_Ministers" title="Union Council of Ministers">Union Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Services_of_India" title="Civil Services of India">Civil Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_(India)" title="Cabinet Secretary (India)">Cabinet Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_India" title="State governments of India">State governments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_India" title="State legislative assemblies of India">State legislative assemblies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_councils_of_India" title="State legislative councils of India">State legislative councils</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(India)" title="Governor (India)">Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_minister_(India)" title="Chief minister (India)">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_secretary_(India)" title="Chief secretary (India)">Chief Secretaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_India" title="Law of India">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Penal_Code" title="Indian Penal Code">Penal Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India" title="Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India">Fundamental rights, principles and duties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_India" title="Human rights in India">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in India">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_India" title="Chief Justice of India">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_India" title="High courts of India">High Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_courts_of_India" title="District courts of India">District Courts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_India" title="Law enforcement in India">Enforcement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Federal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Security_Force" title="Border Security Force">Border Security Force (BSF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Industrial_Security_Force" title="Central Industrial Security Force">Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Police_Force" title="Central Reserve Police Force">Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Tibetan_Border_Police" title="Indo-Tibetan Border Police">Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Guard" title="National Security Guard">National Security Guard (NSG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Protection_Force" title="Railway Protection Force">Railway Protection Force (RPF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sashastra_Seema_Bal" title="Sashastra Seema Bal">Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Protection_Group" title="Special Protection Group">Special Protection Group (SPG)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_intelligence_agencies" title="List of Indian intelligence agencies">Intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Police_Research_and_Development" title="Bureau of Police Research and Development">Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Central Bureau of Investigation">Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Revenue_Intelligence" title="Directorate of Revenue Intelligence">Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directorate" title="Enforcement Directorate">Enforcement Directorate (ED)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(India)" title="Intelligence Bureau (India)">Intelligence Bureau (IB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(India)" title="National Security Council (India)">Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotics_Control_Bureau" title="Narcotics Control Bureau">Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Investigation_Agency" title="National Investigation Agency">National Investigation Agency (NIA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Wing" title="Research and Analysis Wing">Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_India" title="Censorship in India">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationality_law" title="Indian nationality law">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_India" title="Elections in India">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_India" title="Democracy in India">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_India" title="List of political parties in India">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_in_India" title="Reservation in India">Reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scandals_in_India" title="List of scandals in India">Scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">Scheduled groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_India" title="Secularism in India">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_political_participation_in_India" title="Women's political participation in India">Women in politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy12" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_India" title="List of companies of India">Companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BSE_SENSEX" title="BSE SENSEX">BSE SENSEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIFTY_50" title="NIFTY 50">NIFTY 50</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(India)" title="Ministry of Finance (India)">Ministry of Finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(India)" title="Minister of Finance (India)">Finance ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(India)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)">Ministry of Commerce and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance_Commission" title="Finance Commission">Finance Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Advisory_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Advisory Council">Economic Advisory Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Statistics_Office_(India)" title="Central Statistics Office (India)">Central Statistical Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Board_of_India" title="Securities and Exchange Board of India">Securities and Exchange Board of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directorate" title="Enforcement Directorate">Enforcement Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_debt_of_India" title="External debt of India">External debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_India" title="Foreign trade of India">Foreign trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_India" title="Foreign direct investment in India">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign-exchange_reserves_of_India" title="Foreign-exchange reserves of India">Foreign exchange reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remittances_to_India" title="Remittances to India">Remittances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_India" title="Taxation in India">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidies_in_India" title="Subsidies in India">Subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_licensing_in_India" title="Industrial licensing in India">Industrial licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voluntary_Guidelines_on_Social,_Environmental_and_Economic_Responsibilities_of_Business" title="National Voluntary Guidelines on Social, Environmental and Economic Responsibilities of Business">Voluntary guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NITI_Aayog" title="NITI Aayog">NITI Aayog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_in_India" title="Make in India">Make in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmanirbhar_Bharat" title="Atmanirbhar Bharat">Atmanirbhar Bharat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee_sign" title="Indian rupee sign">Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_rupee" title="History of the rupee">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate_history_of_the_Indian_rupee" title="Exchange rate history of the Indian rupee">Historical Forex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rupee" title="Digital rupee">Digital rupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_paisa" title="Indian paisa">Paisa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="List of governors of the Reserve Bank of India">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Government_Mint" title="India Government Mint">Mint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflation_in_India" title="Inflation in India">Inflation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_India" title="Banking in India">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_India" title="Insurance in India">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi_Commodity_Exchange" title="Multi Commodity Exchange">Multi Commodity Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gold_(Control)_Act,_1968" title="The Gold (Control) Act, 1968">Bullion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_black_money" title="Indian black money">Black money</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange" title="Bombay Stock Exchange">Bombay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Stock_Exchange_of_India" title="National Stock Exchange of India">National</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development_in_India" title="Economic development in India">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">Liberalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licence_Raj" title="Licence Raj">Licence Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schemes_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of schemes of the government of India">Government initiatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_numbering_system" title="Indian numbering system">Numbering system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indians_by_net_worth" title="List of Indians by net worth">By net worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_India" title="Income in India">Income</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">Poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_labour_law" title="Indian labour law">Labour law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_India" title="Pensions in India">Pensions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Employees%27_Provident_Fund_Organisation" title="Employees' Provident Fund Organisation">EPFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pension_Scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="National Pension Scheme">NPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Provident_Fund_(India)" title="Public Provident Fund (India)">PPF</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Economy of Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Assam" title="Economy of Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bihar" title="Economy of Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Delhi" title="Economy of Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gujarat" title="Economy of Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Haryana" title="Economy of Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Economy of Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jharkhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Karnataka" title="Economy of Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kerala" title="Economy of Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ladakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Economy of Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Maharashtra" title="Economy of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mizoram" title="Economy of Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Odisha" title="Economy of Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Punjab,_India" title="Economy of Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Rajasthan" title="Economy of Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Economy of Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Telangana" title="Economy of Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttarakhand" title="Economy of Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Economy of Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_West_Bengal" title="Economy of West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_India" title="Agriculture in India">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_India" title="Animal husbandry in India">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_India" title="Fishing in India">Fishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_India" title="Automotive industry in India">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry_in_India" title="Chemical industry in India">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_India" title="Construction industry of India">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_industry_of_India" title="Defence industry of India">Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_India" title="Energy in India">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_India" title="Electricity sector in India">Electricity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_India" title="Nuclear power in India">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_India" title="Oil and gas industry in India">Oil and gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_India" title="Solar power in India">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_India" title="Wind power in India">Wind</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_and_semiconductor_manufacturing_industry_in_India" title="Electronics and semiconductor manufacturing industry in India">Electronics and semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_industry_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Entertainment industry in India">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_India" title="Forestry in India">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_India" title="Gambling in India">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_India" title="Healthcare in India">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_India" title="List of hospitals in India">Hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_in_India" title="Information technology in India">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of India">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting_in_India" title="FM broadcasting in India">FM Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_India" title="Television in India">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_industry_in_India" title="Printing industry in India">Printing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_India" title="Mining in India">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_India" title="Coal in India">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_and_steel_industry_in_India" title="Iron and steel industry in India">Iron and Steel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_India" title="Pharmaceutical industry in India">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_India" title="Pulp and paper industry in India">Pulp and paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retailing_in_India" title="Retailing in India">Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_India" title="Science and technology in India">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_in_India" title="Biotechnology in India">Biotechnology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_India" title="Space industry of India">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_India" title="Telecommunications in India">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_India" title="Textile industry in India">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_India" title="Transport in India">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_India" title="Aviation in India">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_in_India" title="Civil aviation in India">Civil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_India" title="List of ports in India">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India" title="Rail transport in India">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_India" title="Roads in India">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electricity_organisations_in_India" title="List of electricity organisations in India">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_India" title="Water supply and sanitation in India">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_sector_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Power sector in India">Power</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulator</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_Regulatory_and_Development_Authority" title="Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority">IRDAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">RBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEBI" class="mw-redirect" title="SEBI">SEBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Board_of_India" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India">IBBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_Fund_Regulatory_and_Development_Authority" title="Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority">PFRDA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Company_Law_Tribunal" title="National Company Law Tribunal">NCLT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Company_Law_Appellate_Tribunal" title="National Company Law Appellate Tribunal">NCLAT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_for_Industrial_and_Financial_Reconstruction" title="Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction">BIFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Board_of_India" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India">IBBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Code,_2016" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016">IBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securitisation_and_Reconstruction_of_Financial_Assets_and_Enforcement_of_Security_Interest_Act,_2002" title="Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002">SARFESI Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income-tax_Act,_1961" class="mw-redirect" title="Income-tax Act, 1961">Income Tax Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companies_Act,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Companies Act, 2013">Companies Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_Regulation_Act,_1949" title="Banking Regulation Act, 1949">Banking Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_Act,_1938" title="Insurance Act, 1938">Insurance Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Exchange_Management_Act" title="Foreign Exchange Management Act">FEMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Consensus" title="Mumbai Consensus">Mumbai Consensus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_culture12" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Society and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">Caste system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_India" title="Corruption in India">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_India" title="Crime in India">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_India" title="List of universities in India">Universities in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_colleges_in_India" title="List of medical colleges in India">Medical colleges in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_schools_in_India" title="List of law schools in India">Law colleges in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_education_in_India" title="Engineering education in India">Engineering colleges in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_relations_in_India" title="Ethnic relations in India">Ethnic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_India" title="Health in India">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_by_life_expectancy_at_birth" title="List of Indian states by life expectancy at birth">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_India" title="Literacy in India">Literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_India" title="Prisons in India">Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issue#India" title="Social issue">Socio-economic issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_India" title="Standard of living in India">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_India" title="Water supply and sanitation in India">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_India" title="Women in India">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_India" title="Sexuality in India">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_India" title="Youth in India">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_entertainment_in_India" title="Arts and entertainment in India">Arts and entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_blogosphere" title="Indian blogosphere">Blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_comics" title="Indian comics">Comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Webcomics_in_India" title="Webcomics in India">Webcomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_wine" title="Indian wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_India" title="Clothing in India">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_India" title="Folklore of India">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_India" title="List of festivals in India">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_India" title="Mass media in India">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_India" title="Television in India">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_painting" title="Indian painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_physical_culture" title="Indian physical culture">Physical culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_India" title="Public holidays in India">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Sculpture in the Indian subcontinent">Sculpture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_tallest_statues_in_India" title="List of the tallest statues in India">tallest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_India" title="Sport in India">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_India" title="Traditional games of India">Traditional</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Constitutions_of_Asia412" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Constitutions_of_Asia" title="Template:Constitutions of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Constitutions_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Constitutions of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Constitutions_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Constitutions of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Constitutions_of_Asia412" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Constitutions of Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Armenia" title="Constitution of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Azerbaijan" title="Constitution of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bahrain" title="Constitution of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bangladesh" title="Constitution of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bhutan" title="Constitution of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brunei" title="Constitution of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Cyprus" title="Constitution of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Egypt" title="Constitution of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Constitution of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Indonesia" title="Constitution of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq" title="Constitution of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Jordan" title="Constitution of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kazakhstan" title="Constitution of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_North_Korea" title="Constitution of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Korea" title="Constitution of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kuwait" title="Constitution of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Constitution of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Laos" title="Constitution of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Lebanon" title="Constitution of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="Constitution of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Maldives" title="Constitution of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mongolia" title="Constitution of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Myanmar" title="Constitution of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nepal" title="Constitution of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Qatar" title="Constitution of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Constitution of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Constitution of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Syria" title="Constitution of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Tajikistan" title="Constitution of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand" title="Constitution of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Timor-Leste" title="Constitution of Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste (East Timor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkmenistan" title="Constitution of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Constitution of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Uzbekistan" title="Constitution of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Vietnam" title="Constitution of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Yemen" title="Constitution of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Abkhazia" title="Constitution of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Constitution of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Ossetia" title="Constitution of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_independence_movement250" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template talk:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_independence_movement250" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Indian_independence_movement_(1885–1947)" title="History of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">Porto Grande de Bengala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Dutch Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Battle of Buxar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="First Anglo-Mysore War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth</a></li></ul></li> <li>Anglo-Maratha Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwalior_campaign" title="Gwalior campaign">Gwalior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygar_Wars" title="Polygar Wars">Polygar Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellore_Mutiny" title="Vellore Mutiny">Vellore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasi_rebellion" title="Sannyasi rebellion">Sannyasi rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:British_India" title="Category:British India">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophies<br />and ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim nationalism in South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">Swaraj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and<br /> movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_conspiracy_case" title="Delhi conspiracy case">Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Sociologist" title="The Indian Sociologist">The Indian Sociologist</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Singapore_Mutiny" title="1915 Singapore Mutiny">Singapore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Hindu–German Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">Champaran Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha_of_1918" title="Kheda Satyagraha of 1918">Kheda Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Committee" title="Rowlatt Committee">Rowlatt Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Act" title="Rowlatt Act">Rowlatt Bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)">Non-cooperation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_Plot" title="Christmas Day Plot">Christmas Day Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie-Begar_movement" title="Coolie-Begar movement">Coolie-Begar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauri_Chaura_incident" title="Chauri Chaura incident">Chauri Chaura incident, 1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakori_conspiracy" title="Kakori conspiracy">Kakori conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qissa_Khwani_massacre" title="Qissa Khwani massacre">Qissa Khwani massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Satyagraha" title="Flag Satyagraha">Flag Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardoli_Satyagraha" title="Bardoli Satyagraha">Bardoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Commission" title="Simon Commission">1928 Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Report" title="Nehru Report">Nehru Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Fourteen Points of Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purna_Swaraj" title="Purna Swaraj">Purna Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharasana_Satyagraha" title="Dharasana Satyagraha">Dharasana Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedaranyam_March" title="Vedaranyam March">Vedaranyam March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_armoury_raid" title="Chittagong armoury raid">Chittagong armoury raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi%E2%80%93Irwin_Pact" title="Gandhi–Irwin Pact">Gandhi–Irwin Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Round table conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Act of 1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aundh_Experiment" title="Aundh Experiment">Aundh Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Legion" title="Indian Legion">Indian Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripps_Mission" title="Cripps Mission">Cripps Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy_mutiny" title="Royal Indian Navy mutiny">Bombay Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_strikes_of_1946" title="Royal Air Force strikes of 1946">Royal Air Force strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_Yanaon" title="Coup d'état of Yanaon">Coup d'état of Yanaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_India" title="Provisional Government of India">Provisional Government of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_States_Peoples%27_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="All India States Peoples' Conference">Praja Mandala movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow_Pact" title="Lucknow Pact">Lucknow Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Kisan_Sabha" title="All India Kisan Sabha">All India Kisan Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Movement" title="Ghadar Movement">Ghadar Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Association" title="Hindustan Socialist Republican Association">Hindustan Socialist Republican Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_House" title="India House">India House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Home_Rule_movement" title="Indian Home Rule movement">Indian Home Rule movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_League" title="Indian Independence League">Indian Independence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaksar_movement" title="Khaksar movement">Khaksar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj_Party" title="Swaraj Party">Swaraj Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_movement" title="Category:Indian independence movement">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social<br />reformers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Vaidyanatha_Iyer" title="A. Vaidyanatha Iyer">A. Vaidyanatha Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayya_Vaikundar" title="Ayya Vaikundar">Ayya Vaikundar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyankali" title="Ayyankali">Ayyankali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Amte" title="Baba Amte">Baba Amte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhondo_Keshav_Karve" title="Dhondo Keshav Karve">Dhondo Keshav Karve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Subramania_Iyer" title="G. Subramania Iyer">G. Subramania Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazulu_Lakshminarasu_Chetty" title="Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty">Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Ganesh_Agarkar" title="Gopal Ganesh Agarkar">Gopal Ganesh Agarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Hari_Deshmukh" title="Gopal Hari Deshmukh">Gopal Hari Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopaldas_Ambaidas_Desai" title="Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai">Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">J. B. Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotirao_Phule" title="Jyotirao Phule">Jyotirao Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandukuri_Veeresalingam" title="Kandukuri Veeresalingam">Kandukuri Veeresalingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadev_Govind_Ranade" title="Mahadev Govind Ranade">Mahadev Govind Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthulakshmi_Reddy" title="Muthulakshmi Reddy">Muthulakshmi Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niralamba_Swami" title="Niralamba Swami">Niralamba Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandita_Ramabai" title="Pandita Ramabai">Pandita Ramabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periyar" title="Periyar">Periyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rettamalai_Srinivasan" title="Rettamalai Srinivasan">Rettamalai Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitribai_Phule" title="Savitribai Phule">Savitribai Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahu_of_Kolhapur" title="Shahu of Kolhapur">Shahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Syed Ahmad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakkom_Moulavi" title="Vakkom Moulavi">Vakkom Moulavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitthal_Ramji_Shinde" title="Vitthal Ramji Shinde">Vitthal Ramji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence<br /> activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accamma_Cherian" title="Accamma Cherian">Accamma Cherian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achyut_Patwardhan" title="Achyut Patwardhan">Achyut Patwardhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alluri_Sitarama_Raju" title="Alluri Sitarama Raju">Alluri Sitarama Raju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna_Maharana" title="Annapurna Maharana">Annapurna Maharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunwar_Singh" title="Kunwar Singh">Babu Kunwar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakht_Khan" title="Bakht Khan">Bakht Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basawon_Singh" title="Basawon Singh">Basawon Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begum_Hazrat_Mahal" title="Begum Hazrat Mahal">Begum Hazrat Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharathidasan" title="Bharathidasan">Bharathidasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavabhushan_Mitra" title="Bhavabhushan Mitra">Bhavabhushan Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikaiji_Cama" title="Bhikaiji Cama">Bhikaiji Cama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendra_Kumar_Datta" title="Bhupendra Kumar Datta">Bhupendra Kumar Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">Bipin Chandra Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar_Azad" title="Chandra Shekhar Azad">Chandra Shekhar Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetram_Jatav" title="Chetram Jatav">Chetram Jatav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhan_Singh" title="Dhan Singh">Dhan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkipati_Nageswara_Rao" title="Dukkipati Nageswara Rao">Dukkipati Nageswara Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh Pant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemu_Kalani" title="Hemu Kalani">Hemu Kalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inayatullah_Khan_Mashriqi" title="Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi">Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Mohan_Sengupta" title="Jatindra Mohan Sengupta">Jatindra Mohan Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Nath_Das" title="Jatindra Nath Das">Jatindra Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaiyalal_Maneklal_Munshi" title="Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi">Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudiram_Bose" title="Khudiram Bose">Khudiram Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Krishna_Sinha" title="Shri Krishna Sinha">Shri Krishna Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Bhaktavatsalam" title="M. Bhaktavatsalam">M. Bhaktavatsalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghfoor_Ahmad_Ajazi" title="Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi">Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadaji_Shinde" title="Mahadaji Shinde">Mahadaji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Pandey" title="Mangal Pandey">Mangal Pandey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Qasim" title="Mir Qasim">Mir Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithuben_Petit" title="Mithuben Petit">Mithuben Petit‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jauhar" title="Mohammad Ali Jauhar">Mohammad Ali Jauhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mian_Mansoor_Ansari" title="Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari">Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagnath_Naikwadi" title="Nagnath Naikwadi">Nagnath Naikwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Fadnavis" title="Nana Fadnavis">Nana Fadnavis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Saheb_Peshwa_II" title="Nana Saheb Peshwa II">Nana Saheb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Kakkan" title="P. Kakkan">P. Kakkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Chaki" title="Prafulla Chaki">Prafulla Chaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritilata_Waddedar" title="Pritilata Waddedar">Pritilata Waddedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Das_Tandon" title="Purushottam Das Tandon">Purushottam Das Tandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_Ahmed_Kidwai" title="Rafi Ahmed Kidwai">Rafi Ahmed Kidwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaswamy_Venkataraman" title="Ramaswamy Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Sankrityayan" title="Rahul Sankrityayan">Rahul Sankrityayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Prasad_Bismil" title="Ram Prasad Bismil">Ram Prasad Bismil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_of_Jhansi" title="Rani of Jhansi">Rani Lakshmibai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangolli_Rayanna" title="Sangolli Rayanna">Sangolli Rayanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyapal_Dang" title="Satyapal Dang">Satyapal Dang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuja-ud-Daula" title="Shuja-ud-Daula">Shuja-ud-Daula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyamji_Krishna_Varma" title="Shyamji Krishna Varma">Shyamji Krishna Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_of_Pagaro_VI" title="Pir of Pagaro VI">Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraj_ud-Daulah" class="mw-redirect" title="Siraj ud-Daulah">Siraj ud-Daulah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramania_Bharati" title="Subramania Bharati">Subramania Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramaniya_Siva" title="Subramaniya Siva">Subramaniya Siva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya_Sen" title="Surya Sen">Surya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Syama Prasad Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Rani_Srivastava" title="Tara Rani Srivastava">Tara Rani Srivastava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarak_Nath_Das" title="Tarak Nath Das">Tarak Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatya_Tope" title="Tatya Tope">Tatya Tope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppur_Kumaran" title="Tiruppur Kumaran">Tiruppur Kumaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaidullah_Sindhi" title="Ubaidullah Sindhi">Ubaidullah Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._O._Chidambaram_Pillai" title="V. O. Chidambaram Pillai">V. O. Chidamabaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">V. K. Krishna Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanchinathan" title="Vanchinathan">Vanchinathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeran_Sundaralingam" title="Veeran Sundaralingam">Veeran Sundaralingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">Virendranath Chattopadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Holkar" title="Yashwantrao Holkar">Yashwantrao Holkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogendra_Shukla" title="Yogendra Shukla">Yogendra Shukla</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_activists" title="Category:Indian independence activists">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Wavell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Canning,_1st_Earl_Canning" title="Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_1st_Viscount_Chelmsford" title="Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_1st_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto">Minto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">Dalhousie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Bentinck" title="Lord William Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">Mountbatten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Wellesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bulwer-Lytton,_1st_Earl_of_Lytton" title="Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton">Lytton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Clive" title="Robert Clive">Clive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Outram,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet">Outram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hope,_2nd_Marquess_of_Linlithgow" title="Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow">Linlithgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings">Hastings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Cabinet_Mission_to_India" title="1946 Cabinet Mission to India">Cabinet Mission</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">Republic of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Indian annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Political integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simla_Conference" title="Simla Conference">Simla Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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