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Irak – Wikipedia

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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Logg inn</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Fleire val" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personlege verktøy" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personlege verktøy</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Brukarmeny" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_nn.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=nn"><span>Gåver</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Opprett_konto&amp;returnto=Irak" title="Me oppfordrar til at du oppretter ein konto og loggar inn, men det er ikkje påkravd."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Opprett konto</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Logg_inn&amp;returnto=Irak" title="Det er ikkje obligatorisk å logga inn, men medfører mange fordelar. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Logg inn</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Sider for utlogga bidragsytarar <a href="/wiki/Hjelp:Introduksjon" aria-label="Lær meir om redigering"><span>lær meir</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bidraga_mine" title="Liste over endringar gjorde frå denne IP-adressa [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bidrag</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Diskusjonssida_mi" title="Diskusjon om endringar gjorde av denne ip-adressa [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskusjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Nettstad"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Innhald" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innhald</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">gøym</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Byrjinga</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Namn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Namn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Namn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Namn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Historie</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Førhistorisk_tid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Førhistorisk_tid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Førhistorisk tid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Førhistorisk_tid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irak_i_antikken" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irak_i_antikken"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Irak i antikken</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irak_i_antikken-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bronsealderen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronsealderen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Bronsealderen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronsealderen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jernalderen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jernalderen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Jernalderen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jernalderen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Babylonarar_og_persarar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Babylonarar_og_persarar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Babylonarar og persarar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Babylonarar_og_persarar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mellomalderen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mellomalderen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Mellomalderen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mellomalderen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Osmansk_Irak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Osmansk_Irak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Osmansk Irak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Osmansk_Irak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Britisk_styre_og_sjølvstendig_kongedøme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britisk_styre_og_sjølvstendig_kongedøme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Britisk styre og sjølvstendig kongedøme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britisk_styre_og_sjølvstendig_kongedøme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republikk_og_ba&#039;athist-Irak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republikk_og_ba&#039;athist-Irak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Republikk og ba'athist-Irak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republikk_og_ba&#039;athist-Irak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2003–2007" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2003–2007"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>2003–2007</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2003–2007-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008_til_i_dag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008_til_i_dag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>2008 til i dag</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008_til_i_dag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geografi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geografi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Geografi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Klima" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klima"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Klima</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klima-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Styre_og_politikk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Styre_og_politikk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Styre og politikk</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Styre_og_politikk-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Styre og politikk</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Styre_og_politikk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rettsvesen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rettsvesen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Rettsvesen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rettsvesen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forsvaret" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forsvaret"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Forsvaret</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forsvaret-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utanrikspolitikk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utanrikspolitikk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Utanrikspolitikk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utanrikspolitikk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Menneskerettar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Menneskerettar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Menneskerettar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Menneskerettar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrativ_inndeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrativ_inndeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Administrativ inndeling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrativ_inndeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Økonomi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Økonomi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Økonomi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Økonomi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Økonomi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Økonomi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Olje_og_energi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Olje_og_energi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Olje og energi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Olje_og_energi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vassforsyning_og_reinhald" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vassforsyning_og_reinhald"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Vassforsyning og reinhald</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vassforsyning_og_reinhald-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastruktur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastruktur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Infrastruktur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastruktur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Demographics</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Folkegrupper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folkegrupper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Folkegrupper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folkegrupper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Språk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Språk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Språk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Språk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diaspora_og_flyktningar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaspora_og_flyktningar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Diaspora og flyktningar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaspora_og_flyktningar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Helse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Helse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Helse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Helse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utdanning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utdanning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Utdanning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utdanning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kultur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kultur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Kultur</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kultur-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Kultur</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kultur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Musikk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musikk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Musikk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musikk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kunst_og_arkitektur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kunst_og_arkitektur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Kunst og arkitektur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kunst_og_arkitektur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Mat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Idrett" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Idrett"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Idrett</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Idrett-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teknologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teknologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Teknologi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Teknologi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Teknologi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Teknologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mobiltelefonar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobiltelefonar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Mobiltelefonar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobiltelefonar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Undersjøisk_kabel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Undersjøisk_kabel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Undersjøisk kabel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Undersjøisk_kabel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kjelder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kjelder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Kjelder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kjelder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bakgrunnsstoff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bakgrunnsstoff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bakgrunnsstoff</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bakgrunnsstoff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhald" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innhaldslista" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innhaldslista</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Irak</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til ein artikkel på eit anna språk. Tilgjengeleg på 265 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-265" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">265 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – norsk bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norsk bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – achinesisk" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="achinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Иракъ – kabardisk" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Иракъ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="kabardisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – adygeisk" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="adygeisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – sveitsertysk" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="sveitsertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%88%AB%E1%89%85" title="ኢራቅ – amharisk" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኢራቅ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – enaresamisk" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="enaresamisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="इराक – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="इराक" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irac" title="Irac – gammalengelsk" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Irac" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="gammalengelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%9F" title="Ираҟ – abkhasisk" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ираҟ" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abkhasisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="god artikkel"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="العراق – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العراق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – aragonsk" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A5%DC%9D%DC%AA%DC%90%DC%A9" title="ܥܝܪܐܩ – arameisk" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܥܝܪܐܩ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="arameisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%84" title="Իրաք – vestarmensk" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Իրաք" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="vestarmensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irac" title="Irac – arumensk" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Irac" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="arumensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – arpitansk" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="arpitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95" title="ইৰাক – assamesisk" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইৰাক" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="ईराक – avadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="ईराक" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="avadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A1ke" title="Iráke – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Iráke" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="ГӀиракъ – avarisk" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ГӀиракъ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0raq" title="İraq – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İraq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عراق – søraserbajdsjansk" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عراق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="søraserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – balinesisk" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95" title="ইরাক – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইরাক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="betre artikkel"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%A1" title="Ираҡ – basjkirsk" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ираҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="basjkirsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ірак – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ірак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ірак – belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ірак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="ईराक – bihari" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ईराक" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="bihari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – sentralbikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="sentralbikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – bairisk" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bairisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%A0%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="ཡི་ལའ་ཁོ། – tibetansk" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཡི་ལའ་ཁོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – bosnisk" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – bretonsk" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – burjatisk" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="burjatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – tsjuvansk" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tsjuvansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="betre artikkel"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A1k" title="Irák – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Irák" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraki" title="Iraki – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Iraki" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraccu" title="Iraccu – korsikansk" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Iraccu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsikansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irac" title="Irac – walisisk" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Irac" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="لعراق – marokkansk-arabisk" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لعراق" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="marokkansk-arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – nordsamisk" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="nordsamisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraek" title="Iraek – pennsylvaniatysk" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Iraek" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="pennsylvaniatysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%A2%DE%A8%DE%83%DE%A7%DE%A4%DE%AA" title="ޢިރާޤު – divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޢިރާޤު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honooj%C3%ADtah_Tooh_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Honoojítah Tooh Dineʼé Bikéyah – navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Honoojítah Tooh Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – lågsorbisk" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="lågsorbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="इराक – doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="इराक" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraak" title="Iraak – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Iraak" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BA" title="Ιράκ – gresk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιράκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gresk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Ирак Мастор – erzia" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ирак Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irako" title="Irako – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Irako" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – ekstremaduransk" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="ekstremaduransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عراق – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عراق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – fijiansk hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="fijiansk hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – færøysk" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="færøysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – vestfrisisk" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="vestfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – fulfulde" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="fulfulde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Iar%C3%A1ic" title="An Iaráic – irsk" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Iaráic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Earack" title="Yn Earack – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Earack" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0rak" title="İrak – gagausisk" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="İrak" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="gagausisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ior%C3%A0c" title="Ioràc – skotsk-gælisk" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ioràc" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skotsk-gælisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – galisisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – ingusjisk" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingusjisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克 – gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="伊拉克" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%88%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%95" title="ઈરાક – gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઈરાક" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BA" title="𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌺 – gotisk" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌺" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="gotisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="इराक – goansk konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="इराक" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="goansk konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%9D%BC%ED%81%AC" title="이라크 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이라크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira%C6%99i" title="Iraƙi – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Iraƙi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBIlaka" title="ʻIlaka – hawaiisk" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻIlaka" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="hawaiisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%84" title="Իրաք – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իրաք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BC" title="इराक़ – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इराक़" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – høgsorbisk" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="høgsorbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95" title="ইরাক – bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ইরাক" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%83%E1%95%89%E1%92%83" title="ᐃᕉᒃ – inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐃᕉᒃ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – ossetisk" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossetisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Iraki" title="I-Iraki – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="I-Iraki" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Drak" title="Írak – islandsk" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Írak" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A7" title="עיראק – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עיראק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – javanesisk" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak%C9%A9" title="Irakɩ – kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Irakɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D" title="ಇರಾಕ್ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇರಾಕ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A7%E1%83%98" title="ერაყი – georgisk" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ერაყი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%90%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عِراق – kasjmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="عِراق" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kasjmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – kasjubisk" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="kasjubisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – kasakhisk" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakhisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – kornisk" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irake" title="Irake – kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Irake" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – kikongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="kikongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraka" title="Iraka – kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Iraka" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – haitisk" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – franskguyansk kreol" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="franskguyansk kreol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – kurdisk" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – kirgisisk" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irach" title="Irach – ladinsk" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Irach" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="ladinsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraca" title="Iraca – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iraca" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C4%81ka" title="Irāka – latvisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Irāka" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – luxemburgsk" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irakas" title="Irakas – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Irakas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – ligurisk" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ligurisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – limburgsk" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irac" title="Irac – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Irac" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – livvisk" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="livvisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/raksygu%27e" title="raksygu&#039;e – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="raksygu&#039;e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – lombardisk" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – maduresisk" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="maduresisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="इराक – maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="इराक" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A0ka" title="Iràka – madagassisk" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Iràka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="madagassisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%96%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ഇറാഖ്‌ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇറാഖ്‌" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – maltesisk" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AAr%C4%81ki" title="Īrāki – maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Īrāki" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="इराक – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इराक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A7%E1%83%98" title="ერაყი – mingrelsk" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ერაყი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="العراق – egyptisk arabisk" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="العراق" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عیراق – mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="عیراق" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – malayisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malayisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9B" title="ꯏꯔꯥꯛ – manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯔꯥꯛ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiraque" title="Eiraque – mirandesisk" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Eiraque" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – moksja" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="moksja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – mongolsk" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9B%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="အီရတ်နိုင်ငံ – burmesisk" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အီရတ်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – lågsaksisk" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="lågsaksisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="इराक – nepalsk" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इराक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="इराक – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="इराक" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AF" title="イラク – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イラク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Ӏиракъ – tsjetsjensk" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ӏиракъ" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tsjetsjensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraak" title="Iraak – nordfrisisk" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Iraak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="nordfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eraak" title="Eraak – pitkairnsk" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Eraak" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="pitkairnsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – oksitansk" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – austmarisk" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="austmarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%95" title="ଇରାକ – odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଇରାକ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraaq" title="Iraaq – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Iraaq" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroq" title="Iroq – usbekisk" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Iroq" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbekisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BC" title="ਇਰਾਕ਼ – panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਰਾਕ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="ईराक – pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="ईराक" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عراق – vestpunjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عراق" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="vestpunjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9B%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="အီရတ်ခမ်းထီ – pa&#039;o" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အီရတ်ခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="pa&#039;o" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عراق – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="عراق" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – jamaicansk kreolengelsk" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="jamaicansk kreolengelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%8B" title="អ៊ីរ៉ាក់ – khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អ៊ីរ៉ាក់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – pikardisk" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="pikardisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – piemontesisk" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – tok pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tok pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – lågtysk" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="lågtysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraque" title="Iraque – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Iraque" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – karakalpakisk" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – krimtatarisk" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="krimtatarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – rumensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ірак – rusinsk" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ірак" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="rusinsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ираак – sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ираак" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraki" title="Iraki – samoansk" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Iraki" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="samoansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D" title="इराक् – sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="इराक्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A0" title="ᱤᱨᱟᱠ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱨᱟᱠ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عراق – saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="عراق" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – sardinsk" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardinsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – skotsk" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – saterfrisisk" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraku" title="Iraku – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Iraku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – siciliansk" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%BA" title="ඉරාක ජනරජය – singalesisk" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉරාක ජනරජය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – enkel engelsk" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="enkel engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عراق – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="عراق" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Irakhi" title="I-Irakhi – swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="I-Irakhi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – schlesisk" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="schlesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciraaq" title="Ciraaq – somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ciraaq" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عێراق – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="عێراق" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – sundanesisk" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%88%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="ஈராக்கு – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஈராக்கு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%90iraq" title="Ɛiraq – kabylsk" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ɛiraq" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabylsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – tarantinsk" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="tarantinsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Гыйрак – tatarisk" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гыйрак" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A2%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%9B%E1%81%A2%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88" title="မိူင်းဢီႇရၢၵ်ႈ – shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းဢီႇရၢၵ်ႈ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D" title="ఇరాక్ – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇరాక్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irake" title="Irake – tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Irake" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81" title="ประเทศอิรัก – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศอิรัก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BE%D2%9B" title="Ироқ – tadsjikisk" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ироқ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadsjikisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBIlaaki" title="ʻIlaaki – tongansk" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻIlaaki" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="tongansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A2%E1%8E%B3%E1%8E%A9" title="ᎢᎳᎩ – cherokesisk" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎢᎳᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cherokesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yrak" title="Yrak – turkmensk" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Yrak" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак – udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%91%E1%A8%80" title="ᨕᨗᨑᨀ – buginesisk" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨕᨗᨑᨀ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="buginesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ірак – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ірак" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="god artikkel"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عراق – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عراق" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="ئىراق – uigurisk" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىراق" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigurisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – venetiansk" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venetiansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – vepsisk" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepsisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lirak%C3%A4n" title="Lirakän – volapyk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lirakän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraak" title="Iraak – sørestisk" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Iraak" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="sørestisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – vallonsk" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克 – klassisk kinesisk" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="伊拉克" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="klassisk kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – vestflamsk" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="vestflamsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraak" title="Iraak – wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Iraak" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伊拉克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A7" title="איראק – jiddisk" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="איראק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – joruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="joruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克 – kantonesisk" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="伊拉克" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0raq" title="İraq – dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İraq" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – zeeuws" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="zeeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraks" title="Iraks – samogitisk" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Iraks" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊拉克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A2k" title="Irâk – obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Irâk" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak – mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – sentraldusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="sentraldusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irag" title="Irag – talysj" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Irag" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="talysj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q796#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Endra mellomspråklege lenkjer" class="wbc-editpage">Endra lenkjer</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namnerom"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Vis innhaldssida [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikkel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskusjon:Irak" rel="discussion" title="Diskusjon om innhaldssida [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskusjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Endre språkvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">norsk nynorsk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visningar"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Irak"><span>Les</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;veaction=edit" title="Endre sida [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Endre</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;action=edit" title="Endre kjeldekoden til sida [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Endre wikiteksten</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;action=history" title="Eldre versjonar av sida [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Sjå historikken</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideverktøy"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verktøy" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Verktøy</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Verktøy</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">gøym</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Flere alternativer" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Handlingar </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Irak"><span>Les</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;veaction=edit" title="Endre sida [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Endre</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;action=edit" title="Endre kjeldekoden til sida [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Endre wikiteksten</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;action=history"><span>Sjå historikken</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ålment </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Lenkjer_hit/Irak" title="Liste over alle wikisidene som har lenkjer hit [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Lenkjer hit</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Relaterte_endringar/Irak" rel="nofollow" title="Nylege endringar på sider denne sida lenkjar til [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Relaterte endringar</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=nn" title="Last opp filer [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Last opp fil</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Spesialsider" title="Liste over spesialsider [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Spesialsider</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;oldid=3433777" title="Fast lenkje til denne versjonen av sida"><span>Fast lenkje</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;action=info" title="Meir informasjon om sida"><span>Sideinformasjon</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Siter&amp;page=Irak&amp;id=3433777&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasjon om korleis ein siterer denne sida"><span>Siter denne sida</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIrak"><span>Hent kort URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIrak"><span>Last ned QR-kode</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Skriv ut/eksporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Bok&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Irak"><span>Opprett ei bok</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Irak&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Last ned som PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;printable=yes" title="Utskriftsversjon av sida [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Utskriftsversjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideverktøy"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utsjånad"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Utsjånad</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">gøym</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Frå Wikipedia – det frie oppslagsverket</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nn" dir="ltr"><div align="right"><span class="noprint plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:smaller;">[<a class="external text" href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mal:Fakta_om_Irak&amp;action=edit">endre</a>]</span></div> <table class="infoboks geografi infobox" style="width:46ex; margin-top:0.75em;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="mergedrow" colspan="2"><span style="font-size: larger;">Al-Jumhuriyah Al-Iraqiyah</span> <p><span style="font-weight: lighter;">(norsk: Irak, irakisk)</span> </p> </th></tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td align="center" colspan="2"> <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"> <table style="width: 23em; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="vertical-align: middle; align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Flag_of_Iraq.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Det irakiske flagget"><img alt="Det irakiske flagget" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/125px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/188px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/250px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td style="vertical-align: middle; align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Det irakiske riksvåpenet"><img alt="Det irakiske riksvåpenet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="787" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Det_irakiske_flagget&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Det irakiske flagget (sida finst ikkje)">Flagg</a></small> </td> <td><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Det_irakiske_riksv%C3%A5penet&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Det irakiske riksvåpenet (sida finst ikkje)">Riksvåpen</a></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Nasjonalsong" title="Nasjonalsong">Nasjonalsong</a></b> </td> <td>«<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mawtini&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mawtini (sida finst ikkje)">Mawtini</a>» </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">Motto</a></b></td> <td style="font-style: italic;">Allahu Akbar (Gud er stor) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ffffff; color:black;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Iraq_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Geografisk plassering av Irak"><img alt="Geografisk plassering av Irak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Iraq_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Iraq_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Iraq_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Iraq_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Iraq_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Iraq_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="680" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Offisielt_spr%C3%A5k" title="Offisielt språk">Offisielle språk</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabisk" title="Arabisk">Arabisk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdisk" title="Kurdisk">kurdisk</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Hovudstad" title="Hovudstad">Hovudstad</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><b><a href="/wiki/Styresett" title="Styresett">Styresett</a></b> <br /> <div style="text-align: right"><a href="/wiki/President" title="President">President</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Statsminister" title="Statsminister">Statsminister</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republikk" title="Republikk">Republikk</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuad_Masum&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fuad Masum (sida finst ikkje)">Fuad Masum</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haider_al-Abadi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Haider al-Abadi (sida finst ikkje)">Haider al-Abadi</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Verdas_land_etter_flatevidd" title="Verdas land etter flatevidd">Flatevidd</a></b> <br /> &#160;– Totalt <br /> &#160;– Andel vatn </td> <td>&#160;<br />438&#160;317 km² (<a href="/wiki/Verdas_land_etter_flatevidd" title="Verdas land etter flatevidd">58.</a>)<br /> 0&#160;% </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><b><a href="/wiki/Verdas_land_etter_folketal" title="Verdas land etter folketal">Folketal</a></b> <br /> &#160;– Estimert (2017) <br /> &#160;– Tettleik </td> <td>&#160;<br />39&#160;192&#160;111 (<a href="/wiki/Verdas_land_etter_folketal" title="Verdas land etter folketal">36.</a>) <br /> 89,4&#160;/km² (<a href="/wiki/Verdas_land_etter_folketettleik" title="Verdas land etter folketettleik">95.</a>) </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b>Sjølvstende</b> <br /> &#160; - Dato </td> <td valign="bottom">Frå <a href="/wiki/Storbritannia" title="Storbritannia">Storbritannia</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/3._oktober" title="3. oktober">3. oktober</a> <a href="/wiki/1932" title="1932">1932</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Nasjonaldag" title="Nasjonaldag">Nasjonaldag</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/3._oktober" title="3. oktober">3. oktober</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Bruttonasjonalprodukt" title="Bruttonasjonalprodukt">BNP</a></b> <br /> &#160;– Totalt (2015) <br /> &#160;– Per innbyggjar </td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;">&#160;<br />531 400 <a href="/wiki/Million" title="Million">mill.</a> <a href="/wiki/USA-amerikansk_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="USA-amerikansk dollar">USD</a> (<a href="/wiki/Verdas_land_etter_bruttonasjonalprodukt" title="Verdas land etter bruttonasjonalprodukt">36.</a>) <br /> 15 800 <a href="/wiki/US_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="US dollar">USD</a> (<a href="/wiki/Verdas_land_etter_bruttonasjonalprodukt_per_innbyggjar" title="Verdas land etter bruttonasjonalprodukt per innbyggjar">81.</a>) </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Valuta" title="Valuta">Valuta</a></b> </td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irakisk_dinar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Irakisk dinar (sida finst ikkje)">Irakisk dinar</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Tidssone" title="Tidssone">Tidssone</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC" title="UTC">UTC</a> +3 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Internasjonal_telefonkode" title="Internasjonal telefonkode">Telefonkode</a></b> </td> <td>+964 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Toppniv%C3%A5domene" title="Toppnivådomene">Toppnivådomene</a></b> </td> <td>.iq <p><br /> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Irak</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabisk" title="Arabisk">arabisk</a> العراق, <i>al-‘Irāq</i>; <a href="/wiki/Kurdisk" title="Kurdisk">kurdisk</a> عێراق, <i>Eraq</i>), offisielt <b>Republikken Irak</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabisk" title="Arabisk">arabisk</a> جمهورية العـراق, <i>Jumhūrīyyat al-‘Irāq</i>; <a href="/wiki/Kurdisk" title="Kurdisk">kurdisk</a> كۆماريى عێراق, <i>Komari Eraq</i>) er eit land i <a href="/wiki/Vest-Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vest-Asia">Vest-Asia</a>. Det grensa til <a href="/wiki/Tyrkia" title="Tyrkia">Tyrkia</a> i nord, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> i aust, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> i søraust, <a href="/wiki/Saudi-Arabia" title="Saudi-Arabia">Saudi-Arabia</a> i sør, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> i sørvest og <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> i vest. Hovudstaden og den største byen er <a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a>. Dei største folkegruppene er <a href="/wiki/Arabarar" title="Arabarar">arabarar</a> og <a href="/wiki/Kurdarar" title="Kurdarar">kurdarar</a>, og andre grupper er <a href="/wiki/Assyrarar" title="Assyrarar">assyrarar</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Irakiske_turkmenarar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Irakiske turkmenarar (sida finst ikkje)">turkmenarar</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shabakar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Shabakar (sida finst ikkje)">shabakar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesidiar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesidiar">jesidiar</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenarar_i_Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Armenarar i Irak (sida finst ikkje)">armenarar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandearar" title="Mandearar">mandearar</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjerkessarar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsjerkessarar (sida finst ikkje)">tsjerkessarar</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawliya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawliya (sida finst ikkje)">Kawliya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kring 95&#160;% av landet, 36 millionar innbyggjarar, er <a href="/wiki/Muslimar" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslimar">muslimar</a>, men <a href="/wiki/Kristendom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristendom">kristendom</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yarsanisme&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Yarsanisme (sida finst ikkje)">yarsanisme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesidisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesidisme">jesidisme</a> og <a href="/wiki/Mandeisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandeisme">mandeisme</a> finst òg. Det offisielle språket i Irak er <a href="/wiki/Arabisk" title="Arabisk">arabisk</a> og <a href="/wiki/Kurdisk" title="Kurdisk">kurdisk</a>. </p><p>Irak har ei 58 km lang kystlinje heilt nord i <a href="/wiki/Persiabukta" title="Persiabukta">Persiabukta</a> og omfattar <a href="/wiki/Tigris-Eufrat-systemet" title="Tigris-Eufrat-systemet">den mesopotamiske elvesletta</a>, nordvestenden av <a href="/wiki/Zagrosfjella" class="mw-redirect" title="Zagrosfjella">Zagrosfjella</a> og den austlege delen av <a href="/wiki/Den_syriske_%C3%B8rkenen" title="Den syriske ørkenen">Den syriske ørkenen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> To store elvar, <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> og <a href="/wiki/Eufrat" title="Eufrat">Eufrat</a> renn sørover gjennom Irak og ut i <a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Shatt al-Arab</a> nær Persiabukta. Desse elvane dannar viktig jordbruksland i Irak. </p><p>Regionen <a href="/wiki/Tigris-Eufrat-systemet" title="Tigris-Eufrat-systemet">mellom Tigris og Eufrat</a>, historisk kjend som <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, vert ofte omtalt som <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vogga_til_sivilisasjonen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vogga til sivilisasjonen (sida finst ikkje)">vogga til sivilisasjonen</a>. Det var her mennesket først byrja å lese, skrive, skape lover og bu i byar under eit organisert styre - særleg <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uruk&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Uruk (sida finst ikkje)">Uruk</a> som namnet «Irak» kjem frå. Fleire siviliasjonar har følgd kvarandre i dette området sidan 5000-talet fvt. Irak var senteret i Dei <a href="/wiki/Det_akkadiske_riket" title="Det akkadiske riket">akkadiske</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Det_nysumeriske_riket&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Det nysumeriske riket (sida finst ikkje)">sumeriske</a>, <a href="/wiki/Det_nyassyriske_riket" title="Det nyassyriske riket">assyriske</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Det_nybabylonske_riket&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Det nybabylonske riket (sida finst ikkje)">babylonske</a> rika. Det var òg ein del av dei <a href="/wiki/Medarar" title="Medarar">medeiske</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akamenidsk_Assyria&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Akamenidsk Assyria (sida finst ikkje)">akamenidiske</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selevkidriket" title="Selevkidriket">hellenistisk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Partia" title="Partia">partiske</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sasanideriket" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasanideriket">sasanidiske</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romarriket" title="Romarriket">romerske</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rashidun-kalifatet" title="Rashidun-kalifatet">Rashidun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omajadekalifatet" title="Omajadekalifatet">omajadiske</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbasidane" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasidane">abbasidiske</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ajjubide-dynastiet" title="Ajjubide-dynastiet">ajjubidiske</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilkhanatet&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilkhanatet (sida finst ikkje)">mongolske</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safavidane" title="Safavidane">safavidiske</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Afsharid-dynastiet&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Afsharid-dynastiet (sida finst ikkje)">afsharidiske</a> og <a href="/wiki/Det_osmanske_riket" title="Det osmanske riket">osmanske</a> rika.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dei moderne grensene til Irak vart stort sett trekte i 1920 av <a href="/wiki/Folkeforbundet" title="Folkeforbundet">Folkeforbundet</a> då Det osmanske riket vart delt etter <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A8vres-traktaten&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sèvres-traktaten (sida finst ikkje)">Sèvres-traktaten</a>. Irak vart sett under styret til Storbritannia som <a href="/w/index.php?title=Det_britiske_mandatet_for_Mesopotamia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Det britiske mandatet for Mesopotamia (sida finst ikkje)">Det britiske mandatet for Mesopotamia</a>. Eit monarki vart grunnlagd i 1921 og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konged%C3%B8met_Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kongedømet Irak (sida finst ikkje)">Kongedømet Irak</a> fekk sjølvstende frå Storbritannia i 1932. I 1958 vart monarkiet styrta og den irakiske republikken vart skapt. Irak vart <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ba%27athist-Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ba&#39;athist-Irak (sida finst ikkje)">kontrollert av</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ba%27ath-partiet&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ba&#39;ath-partiet (sida finst ikkje)">det arabiske, sosialistiske Ba'ath-partiet</a> frå 1968 til 2003. Etter USA og deira allierte <a href="/w/index.php?title=Invasjonen_av_Irak_i_2003&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Invasjonen av Irak i 2003 (sida finst ikkje)">invaderte landet</a> i 2003, vart Ba'ath-partiet til <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> fjerna frå makta og eit parlamentarisk val for fleire parti vart halde i 2005. <a href="/wiki/Irakkrigen" class="mw-redirect" title="Irakkrigen">Amerikanarane trekte seg ut av Irak</a> i 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-cnn-dec11_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn-dec11-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> men <a href="/w/index.php?title=Det_irakiske_oppr%C3%B8ret_(2011%E2%80%9313)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Det irakiske opprøret (2011–13) (sida finst ikkje)">det irakiske opprøret</a> heldt fram og intensiverte seg då kampane under <a href="/wiki/Den_syriske_borgarkrigen" title="Den syriske borgarkrigen">den syriske borgarkrigen</a> spreidde seg inn i landet. Ut av opprøret kom ein av dei mest destruktive gruppene gjennom tidene, <a href="/wiki/Den_islamske_staten_av_Irak_og_Levanten" class="mw-redirect" title="Den islamske staten av Irak og Levanten">ISIL</a>, som tok over store delar av nord og vest. Gruppa har sidan stort sett blitt fjerna og har berre att små område. Striden om suvereniteten over <a href="/wiki/Irakisk_Kurdistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Irakisk Kurdistan">Irakisk Kurdistan</a> har halde fram. </p><p>Irak har vore medlemsland i <a href="/wiki/Dei_sameinte_nasjonane" title="Dei sameinte nasjonane">Dei sameinte nasjonane</a> frå starten av, i tillegg til <a href="/wiki/Den_arabiske_ligaen" title="Den arabiske ligaen">Den arabiske ligaen</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Organisasjonen_for_islamsk_samarbeid&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Organisasjonen for islamsk samarbeid (sida finst ikkje)">Organisasjonen for islamsk samarbeid</a> (OIC), <a href="/wiki/Organisasjonen_av_alliansefrie_nasjonar" title="Organisasjonen av alliansefrie nasjonar">Organisasjonen av alliansefrie nasjonar</a> og <a href="/wiki/Det_internasjonale_pengefondet" title="Det internasjonale pengefondet">Det internasjonale pengefondet</a> (IMF). Landet er ein <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B8derasjon" title="Føderasjon">føderal</a> <a href="/wiki/Parlamentarisk_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Parlamentarisk system">parlamentarisk</a> <a href="/wiki/Republikk" title="Republikk">republikk</a> som består av <a href="/wiki/Guvernement_i_Irak" title="Guvernement i Irak">19 guvernement (provinsar)</a> og ein sjølvstyrt region (<a href="/wiki/Irakisk_Kurdistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Irakisk Kurdistan">Irakisk Kurdistan</a>). Statsreligionen er <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_i_Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam i Irak (sida finst ikkje)">islam</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kultur_i_Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kultur i Irak (sida finst ikkje)">Kulturelt</a> har Irak ei særs rik arv og hyllar bragdene som vart gjort i førislamsk tid og er kjend for diktarane sine. Målarane og biletkunstnarane er blant dei beste i <a href="/wiki/Den_arabiske_verda" title="Den arabiske verda">Den arabiske verda</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Namn">Namn</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Endre bolk: Namn" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Namn"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Det <a href="/wiki/Arabisk" title="Arabisk">arabiske</a> namnet العراق (<i>al-ʿIrāq</i>) har vore i bruk sidan før 500-talet. Det finst fleire forslag til namneopphavet. Eit går attende til den <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">sumeriske</a> byen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uruk&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Uruk (sida finst ikkje)">Uruk</a> (I Bibelen <i>Erek</i>) og vil dermed ha eit <a href="/wiki/Sumerisk" title="Sumerisk">sumerisk</a> opphav, sidan <i>Uruk</i> var det <a href="/wiki/Akkadisk" title="Akkadisk">akkadiske</a> namnet på den sumeriske byen <i>Urug</i>, med det sumeriske ordet for «by», <a href="/wiki/Oldtidsbyen_Ur" class="mw-redirect" title="Oldtidsbyen Ur">Ur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ein arabisk folketradisjon er at namnet tyder «med djupe røter, godt vatna, frodig».<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>I mellomalderen var det ein region kalla <i>ʿIrāq ʿArabī</i> («Arabisk Irak») i Nedre <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> og <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persisk_Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Persisk Irak (sida finst ikkje)">ʿIrāq ʿajamī</a></i> («Utanlandsk Irak»),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> for regionen som no ligg i det sentrale og vestlege Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-ʿERĀQ-EʿAJAMĪ_Persian_Iraq_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ʿERĀQ-EʿAJAMĪ_Persian_Iraq-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Omgrepet omfatta historisk sletta sør for <a href="/wiki/Hamrinfjella" title="Hamrinfjella">Hamrinfjella</a> og omfatta ikkje dei nordlegaste og <a href="/wiki/Al-Jazira_i_Mesopotamia" title="Al-Jazira i Mesopotamia">vestlegaste</a> delane av dagens Irak.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernhardsson-97_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernhardsson-97-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Før midten av 1800-talet vart omgrepet <b>Eyraca Arabic</b> ofte nytta for å skildre Irak.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Omgrepet <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sawad&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sawad (sida finst ikkje)">Sawad</a></i> vart òg nytta i tidleg islamsk tid om regionen på elvesletta mellom Tigris og Eufrat, som stod i kontrast til den tørre arabiske ørkenen. Som arabisk ord, عراق, tyder det «breidd» eller «kant», så på folkemunne vart tolkinga «skrenten», som ligg sør og aust for <a href="/wiki/Al-Jazira_i_Mesopotamia" title="Al-Jazira i Mesopotamia">Jazira</a>-platået, nord og vest i «al-Iraq arabi»-området.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historie">Historie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Endre bolk: Historie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Historie"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Førhistorisk_tid"><span id="F.C3.B8rhistorisk_tid"></span>Førhistorisk tid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Endre bolk: Førhistorisk tid" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Førhistorisk tid"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For 65&#160;000 til 35&#160;000 år sidan budde det <a href="/wiki/Neandertalar" class="mw-redirect" title="Neandertalar">neandertalar</a> nord i Irak, og det er gjort arkeologiske funn etter dei i <a href="/wiki/Shanidargrotta" title="Shanidargrotta">Shanidargrotta</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Det er gjort funn av fleire graver frå før <a href="/wiki/Yngre_steinalder" title="Yngre steinalder">yngre steinalder</a>, kring 11&#160;000 år fvt.<sup id="cite_ref-Ralph_S._Solecki_2004_s._3_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ralph_S._Solecki_2004_s._3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sidan kring 10&#160;000 fvt. var Irak (i lag med <a href="/wiki/Vesleasia" title="Vesleasia">Vesleasia</a> og <a href="/wiki/Levanten" title="Levanten">Levanten</a>) eit av sentera for ein <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaukasisk&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaukasisk (sida finst ikkje)">kaukasisk</a> <a href="/wiki/Yngre_steinalder" title="Yngre steinalder">yngre steinalderkultur</a> (kjend som <a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%B8r-keramisk_yngre_steinalder_A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Før-keramisk yngre steinalder A (sida finst ikkje)">før-keramisk yngre steinalder A</a>) der ein først byrja med jordbruk og kvegavl i verda. Den neste perioden (<a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%B8r-keramisk_yngre_steinalder_B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Før-keramisk yngre steinalder B (sida finst ikkje)">før-keramisk yngre steinalder B</a>) er representert av firkanta hus. Folk i denne tida brukte ilåt av stein, gips og brend kalk. Funn av reiskap av <a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">obsidian</a> frå Anatolia er bevis på tidleg handel. </p><p>Andre viktige stader for tidlege menneskelege framsteg var <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jarmo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jarmo (sida finst ikkje)">Jarmo</a> (kring 7100 fvt,),<sup id="cite_ref-Ralph_S._Solecki_2004_s._3_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ralph_S._Solecki_2004_s._3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Halaf-kulturen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Halaf-kulturen (sida finst ikkje)">Halaf-kulturen</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ubaid-perioden&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ubaid-perioden (sida finst ikkje)">Ubaid-perioden</a> (mellom 6500 fvt. og 3800 fvt.).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> I desse periodane vart det gjort stadige framsteg innan jordbruk, reiskap og arkitektur. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irak_i_antikken">Irak i antikken</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Endre bolk: Irak i antikken" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Irak i antikken"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Cylinder_Seal,_Old_Babylonian,_formerly_in_the_Charterhouse_Collection_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cylinder_Seal%2C_Old_Babylonian%2C_formerly_in_the_Charterhouse_Collection_09.jpg/220px-Cylinder_Seal%2C_Old_Babylonian%2C_formerly_in_the_Charterhouse_Collection_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cylinder_Seal%2C_Old_Babylonian%2C_formerly_in_the_Charterhouse_Collection_09.jpg/330px-Cylinder_Seal%2C_Old_Babylonian%2C_formerly_in_the_Charterhouse_Collection_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cylinder_Seal%2C_Old_Babylonian%2C_formerly_in_the_Charterhouse_Collection_09.jpg/440px-Cylinder_Seal%2C_Old_Babylonian%2C_formerly_in_the_Charterhouse_Collection_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1747" data-file-height="978" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylindersegl&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sylindersegl (sida finst ikkje)">Sylindersegl</a>, frå gammalbabylonsk tid, kring 1800 fvt., <a href="/wiki/Hematitt" title="Hematitt">hematitt</a>. Kongen gjev eit dyreoffer til <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shamash&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Shamash (sida finst ikkje)">Shamash</a>. Dette segleg vart truleg laga i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sippar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sippar (sida finst ikkje)">Sippar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>Den historiske perioden i Irak byrjar truleg under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uruk-tida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Uruk-tida (sida finst ikkje)">Uruk-tida</a> (4000 fvt. til 3100 fvt.) då fleire <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">sumeriske</a> <a href="/wiki/By" title="By">byar</a> vart grunnlagde, og det vart nytta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biletskrift&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Biletskrift (sida finst ikkje)">biletskrift</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylindersegl&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sylindersegl (sida finst ikkje)">sylindersegl</a> og masseproduserte varer.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>«<a href="/w/index.php?title=Krybba_til_sivilisasjonen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Krybba til sivilisasjonen (sida finst ikkje)">Krybba til sivilisasjonen</a>» er eit vanleg omgrep om området som i dag utgjer Irak og som var heimstad for dei tidlegaste kjende <a href="/wiki/Sivilisasjon" title="Sivilisasjon">sivilisasjonen</a>, den <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">sumeriske sivilisasjonen</a>, som oppstod i den frodige <a href="/wiki/Tigris-Eufrat-systemet" title="Tigris-Eufrat-systemet">Tigris-Eufrat-dalen</a> i Sør-Irak i <a href="/wiki/Koparsteinalderen" title="Koparsteinalderen">koparsteinalderen</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ubaid-perioden&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ubaid-perioden (sida finst ikkje)">Ubaid-perioden</a>). </p><p>Det var her, seint på 3000-talet fvt, at det første <a href="/wiki/Kileskrift" title="Kileskrift">skrivesystemet</a> og den skriftlege historia oppstod. <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerarane</a> var òg blant dei første som nytta <a href="/wiki/Hjul" title="Hjul">hjulet</a> og skapte <a href="/wiki/Bystat" title="Bystat">bystatar</a>. Dei nedteikna òg dei første bevisa på <a href="/wiki/Matematikk" title="Matematikk">matematikk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi">astronomi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrologi" title="Astrologi">astrologi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skriven_rett&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Skriven rett (sida finst ikkje)">skriven rett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medisin" title="Medisin">medisin</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Organisert_religion&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Organisert religion (sida finst ikkje)">organisert religion</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sumerisk" title="Sumerisk">Språket</a> til sumerarane er eit <a href="/wiki/Isolert_spr%C3%A5k" class="mw-redirect" title="Isolert språk">isolert språk</a>. Dei store bystatane i den tidlege sumeriske perioden var <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eridu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eridu (sida finst ikkje)">Eridu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bad-tibira&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bad-tibira (sida finst ikkje)">Bad-tibira</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Larsa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Larsa (sida finst ikkje)">Larsa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sippar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sippar (sida finst ikkje)">Sippar</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuruppak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Shuruppak (sida finst ikkje)">Shuruppak</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uruk&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Uruk (sida finst ikkje)">Uruk</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kish_i_Sumer&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kish i Sumer (sida finst ikkje)">Kish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oldtidsbyen_Ur" class="mw-redirect" title="Oldtidsbyen Ur">Ur</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nippur&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nippur (sida finst ikkje)">Nippur</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lagash&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lagash (sida finst ikkje)">Lagash</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Girsu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Girsu (sida finst ikkje)">Girsu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Umma&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Umma (sida finst ikkje)">Umma</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamazi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamazi (sida finst ikkje)">Hamazi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adab_i_Sumer&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Adab i Sumer (sida finst ikkje)">Adab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mari_i_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mari i Syria">Mari</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Isin (sida finst ikkje)">Isin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kutha&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kutha (sida finst ikkje)">Kutha</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Der_i_Sumer&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Der i Sumer (sida finst ikkje)">Der</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akshak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Akshak (sida finst ikkje)">Akshak</a>. </p><p>Byar i nord, som <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashur&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashur (sida finst ikkje)">Ashur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arbil" title="Arbil">Arbela</a> (dagens <a href="/wiki/Irbil" class="mw-redirect" title="Irbil">Irbil</a>) og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arrapkha&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Arrapkha (sida finst ikkje)">Arrapkha</a> (dagens <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>) eksisterte òg i det som kom til å bli Assyria frå 2400-talet fvt., men i den første tida var dei sumeriske bystatar. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:P1150890_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_de_victoire_Akkad_AO2678_rwk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/P1150890_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_de_victoire_Akkad_AO2678_rwk.jpg/220px-P1150890_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_de_victoire_Akkad_AO2678_rwk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/P1150890_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_de_victoire_Akkad_AO2678_rwk.jpg/330px-P1150890_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_de_victoire_Akkad_AO2678_rwk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/P1150890_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_de_victoire_Akkad_AO2678_rwk.jpg/440px-P1150890_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_de_victoire_Akkad_AO2678_rwk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1873" /></a><figcaption>Sigersstele av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Naram-Sin_av_Akkad&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Naram-Sin av Akkad (sida finst ikkje)">Naram-Sin av Akkad</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bronsealderen">Bronsealderen</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Endre bolk: Bronsealderen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Bronsealderen"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>På 2500-talet fvt. skapte <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eannatum&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eannatum (sida finst ikkje)">Eannatum</a> av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lagash&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lagash (sida finst ikkje)">Lagash</a> det kanskje første <a href="/wiki/Rike" title="Rike">riket</a> i historia, sjølv om det var kortvarig. Seinare styrta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lugal-Zage-Si&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lugal-Zage-Si (sida finst ikkje)">Lugal-Zage-Si</a>, prestekongen av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Umma&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Umma (sida finst ikkje)">Umma</a>, overhovudet i Lagash-dynastiet i området, og erobra så <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uruk&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Uruk (sida finst ikkje)">Uruk</a>, som vart hovudstaden hans, og gjorde krav på eit rike som strekte seg frå <a href="/wiki/Persiabukta" title="Persiabukta">Persiabukta</a> til <a href="/wiki/Middelhavet" title="Middelhavet">Middelhavet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Det var på denne tida at <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesj" title="Gilgamesj">Gilgamesj</a> oppstod med soga om <a href="/wiki/Syndefloden" class="mw-redirect" title="Syndefloden">Syndefloden</a>. </p><p>Frå 2800-talet fvt. byrja akkadiske, semittiske namn å dukke opp på kongelister og administrative dokument i dei forskjellige bystatane. Opphavet til Akkadia er ukjend, som heilt nøyaktig kvar det låg og korleis det kom til makta. Folket her snakka <a href="/wiki/Akkadisk" title="Akkadisk">akkadisk</a>, eit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aust-semittisk&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aust-semittisk (sida finst ikkje)">aust-semittisk</a> språk.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>På 2000-talet fvt., utvikla det seg ein kulturell symbiose mellom sumerarane og akkadiarane, som mellom anna med ein omfattande <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilingvisme&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bilingvisme (sida finst ikkje)">bilingvisme</a>. Påverknaden frå <a href="/wiki/Sumerisk" title="Sumerisk">sumerisk</a> og <a href="/wiki/Akkadisk" title="Akkadisk">akkadisk</a> er tydeleg i alle område, mellom anna ordlåning på massiv skala - og syntaktisk, morfologisk og fonologisk samanfall. Denne felles påverknaden har gjort at forskarar omtalar sumerisk og akkadisk på 2000-talet fvt. som eit <a href="/wiki/Sprachbund" title="Sprachbund">sprachbund</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Frå denne perioden vart sivilisasjonen i Irak kalla <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumer-akkadisk&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumer-akkadisk (sida finst ikkje)">sumer-akkadisk</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Bill_of_sale_Louvre_AO3765.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bill_of_sale_Louvre_AO3765.jpg/220px-Bill_of_sale_Louvre_AO3765.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bill_of_sale_Louvre_AO3765.jpg/330px-Bill_of_sale_Louvre_AO3765.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bill_of_sale_Louvre_AO3765.jpg/440px-Bill_of_sale_Louvre_AO3765.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Skøyte for ein mannleg slave og ein bygning i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuruppak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Shuruppak (sida finst ikkje)">Shuruppak</a>, sumerisk steintalve, kring 2600 fvt.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mellom 2800- og 2300-taet fvt., byrja fleire kongedøme og bystatar i Irak å ha akkadisktalande dynasti, inkludert <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekallatum&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekallatum (sida finst ikkje)">Ekallatum</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Isin (sida finst ikkje)">Isin</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Larsa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Larsa (sida finst ikkje)">Larsa</a>. </p><p>Men sumerarane vart verande den dominerande makta før <a href="/wiki/Det_akkadiske_riket" title="Det akkadiske riket">Det akkadiske riket</a> (2335–2124 fvt.) tok over, basert i byen <a href="/wiki/Akkad" title="Akkad">Akkad</a> ssentralt i Irak. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sargon_av_Akkad&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sargon av Akkad (sida finst ikkje)">Sargon av Akkad</a>, opphavleg ein <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabshakeh&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rabshakeh (sida finst ikkje)">rabshakeh</a> for ein sumerisk konge, grunnla riket, og erobra alle bystatane i det sørlege og sentrale Irak, og tvang under seg kongane av Assyria. Slik vart sumerarane og akkadiarane samla i ein stat. Han byrja så å utvide riket sitt, erobra <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gutium&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gutium (sida finst ikkje)">Gutium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a> og hadde sigrar som ikkje førte til ei full erobring mot <a href="/wiki/Amorittane" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorittane">amorittane</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebla&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ebla (sida finst ikkje)">eblaittane</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Syria_i_antikken&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Syria i antikken (sida finst ikkje)">Syria</a>. </p><p>Etter Det akkadiske riket kollapsa seint på 2100-talet fvt, okkuperte <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gutianarane&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gutianarane (sida finst ikkje)">gutianarane</a> dei sørlege områda eit par tiår, medan Assyria på nytt fekk sjølvstende i nord. Dette vart følgd av ein sumerisk renessanse i form av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Det_nysumeriske_riket&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Det nysumeriske riket (sida finst ikkje)">Det nysumeriske riket</a>. Sumerarane under kong <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shulgi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Shulgi (sida finst ikkje)">Shulgi</a> erobra nesten heile Irak, utanom dei nordlegaste områda av Assyria, og hevda seg over <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gutianarane&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gutianarane (sida finst ikkje)">gutianarane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elamittane" class="mw-redirect" title="Elamittane">elamittane</a> og <a href="/wiki/Amorittane" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorittane">amorittane</a> ved å drepe dei første og halde andre borte. </p><p>Ein <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">elamittisk</a> invasjon i 2004 fvt førte til slutten for sumerarane. Midt på 2000-talet fvt. hadde det akkadisktalande kongedømet <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> teke over nord i Irak. Assyria utvida områda sine inn i den nordaustlege <a href="/wiki/Levanten" title="Levanten">Levanten</a>, sentrale Irak og austlege <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, og danna <a href="/w/index.php?title=Det_gammalassyriske_riket&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Det gammalassyriske riket (sida finst ikkje)">Det gammalassyriske riket</a> (kring 2035–1750 fvt.) under kongar som <a href="/w/index.php?title=Puzur-Ashur_I&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Puzur-Ashur I (sida finst ikkje)">Puzur-Ashur I</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sargon_I&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sargon I (sida finst ikkje)">Sargon I</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilushuma&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilushuma (sida finst ikkje)">Ilushuma</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erishum_I&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Erishum I (sida finst ikkje)">Erishum I</a>. Erishum I skreiv ned den mest detaljerte lovsamlinga verda hadde sett til då<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kjelder" title="Wikipedia:Kjelder"><span title="Det som står før denne taggen bør ha ei kjelde.">treng kjelde</span></a></i>&#93;</sup>. Dei sørlege områda braut saman til fleire akkadisktalande statar, der <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Isin (sida finst ikkje)">Isin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Larsa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Larsa (sida finst ikkje)">Larsa</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eshnunna&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eshnunna (sida finst ikkje)">Eshnunna</a> var dei største. </p><p>På 1900-talet fvt. byrja dei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanaanittisk&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanaanittisk (sida finst ikkje)">kanaanittisktalande</a> <a href="/wiki/Amorittane" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorittane">amorittane</a> å flytte inn i det sørlege Mesopotamia. Etter kvart byrja dei å sette opp små småkongedøme i sør, og reiv til seg trona i eksisterande bystatar som <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Isin (sida finst ikkje)">Isin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Larsa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Larsa (sida finst ikkje)">Larsa</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eshnunna&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eshnunna (sida finst ikkje)">Eshnunna</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:P1050771_Louvre_code_Hammurabi_bas_relief_rwk.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/P1050771_Louvre_code_Hammurabi_bas_relief_rwk.JPG/220px-P1050771_Louvre_code_Hammurabi_bas_relief_rwk.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/P1050771_Louvre_code_Hammurabi_bas_relief_rwk.JPG/330px-P1050771_Louvre_code_Hammurabi_bas_relief_rwk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/P1050771_Louvre_code_Hammurabi_bas_relief_rwk.JPG/440px-P1050771_Louvre_code_Hammurabi_bas_relief_rwk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1609" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> får sine kongelege emblem frå <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shamash&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Shamash (sida finst ikkje)">Shamash</a>. Relieff på den øvre delen av ein stele som syner <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lovboka_til_Hammurabi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lovboka til Hammurabi (sida finst ikkje)">lovboka til Hammurabi</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Eit av desse små, amorittiske kongedøma vart grunnlagd i 1894 fvt. og med den vesle administrative byen <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> innafor grensene sine. Han vart verande ein uviktig by i over eit hundreår, og stod i skuggen til eldre og mektigare statar som Assyria, Elam, Isin, Ehnunna og Larsa. </p><p>I 1792 fvt. kom ein amorittisk herskar kalla <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> til makta i denne staten, og byrja raskt å utvide Babylon til ein storby, og erklærte seg sjølv konge. Hammurabi erobra heile det sørlege og sentrale Irak, i tillegg til Elam i aust og Mari i vest, og starta ein langvarig krig med den assyriske kongen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishme-Dagan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ishme-Dagan (sida finst ikkje)">Ishme-Dagan</a> om heile regionen. Slik skapte han det kortvarige <a href="/w/index.php?title=Det_babylonske_riket&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Det babylonske riket (sida finst ikkje)">babylonske riket</a>. Han vann til slutt krigen over etterfølgjaren til Ishme-Dagan og la under seg Assyria og koloniane deira i Antolia. </p><p>Det er frå tida til Hammurabi at det sørlege Irak vart kjend som <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>, medan dei nordlege områda hadde blitt samla saman til <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> hundrevis av år tidlegare. Riket hans vart kortvarig, og kollapsa raskt etter han døydde, og både Assyria og det sørlege Irak, i form av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Havland-dynastiet&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Havland-dynastiet (sida finst ikkje)">Havland-dynastiet</a>, fall attende i akkadiske hender. Dei utanlandske amorittane klamra seg fast til makta i eit lite og svakt Babylonia før det vart plyndra av det <a href="/wiki/Indoeuropeisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Indoeuropeisk">indoeuropeisk</a>-talande <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hittitane&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hittitane (sida finst ikkje)">hittitane</a> frå <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> i 1595 fvt. Etter dette tok eit anna utanlandsk folk, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kassittane&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kassittane (sida finst ikkje)">kassittane</a>, som kom frå <a href="/wiki/Zagrosfjella" class="mw-redirect" title="Zagrosfjella">Zagrosfjella</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_i_antikken&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Iran i antikken (sida finst ikkje)">Iran</a>, kontroll over Babylonia, der dei styrte i nesten 600 år, det klårt lengste dynastiet som styrte Babylon. </p><p>Irak var frå denne tida delt i tre statar: <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> i nord, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kassitisk&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kassitisk (sida finst ikkje)">kassitisk</a> <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a> i sør og sentral, og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Havland-dynastiet&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Havland-dynastiet (sida finst ikkje)">Havland-dynastiet</a> lengst sør. Havlanddynatiet art til slutt erobra av Babylonia kring 1380 fvt. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Det_mellomassyriske_riket&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Det mellomassyriske riket (sida finst ikkje)">Det mellomassyriske riket</a> (1365–1020 fvt.) vart den mektigaste nasjonen i den kjende verda. Frå og med felttoga til <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashur-uballit_I&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashur-uballit I (sida finst ikkje)">Ashur-uballit I</a>, øydela Assyria det rivaliserande riket til <a href="/wiki/Hurrittane" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurrittane">hurrittane</a> og <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a>, og annekterte store område som hadde høyrt til hittitane, det nordlege Babylonia frå kassittane, tvang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Det_egyptiske_riket&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Det egyptiske riket (sida finst ikkje)">Det egyptiske riket</a> bort frå området og slo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elamittar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elamittar (sida finst ikkje)">elamittar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frygarar" title="Frygarar">frygarar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanaanittar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanaanittar">kanaanittar</a>, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B8nikarar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fønikarar">fønikarar</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kilikiarar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kilikiarar (sida finst ikkje)">kilikiarar</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gutianarane&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gutianarane (sida finst ikkje)">gutianarane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dilmun" title="Dilmun">dilmunittar</a> og <a href="/wiki/Aramearar" title="Aramearar">aramearar</a>. På det største strekte <a href="/w/index.php?title=Det_mellomassyriske_riket&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Det mellomassyriske riket (sida finst ikkje)">Det mellomassyriske riket</a> seg frå <a href="/wiki/Kaukasus" title="Kaukasus">Kaukasus</a> til <a href="/wiki/Dilmun" title="Dilmun">Dilmun</a> (dagens <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>) og frå <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B8nikia" title="Fønikia">Fønikia</a> ved kysten av <a href="/wiki/Middelhavet" title="Middelhavet">Middelhavet</a> til <a href="/wiki/Zagrosfjella" class="mw-redirect" title="Zagrosfjella">Zagrosfjella</a> i <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. I 1235 fvt. tok <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tukulti-Ninurta_I&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tukulti-Ninurta I (sida finst ikkje)">Tukulti-Ninurta I</a> av Assyria over trona i <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, og vart der med den aller første <i>innfødde mesopotamiaren</i> som styrte staten. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Jehu-Obelisk-cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jehu-Obelisk-cropped.jpg/220px-Jehu-Obelisk-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jehu-Obelisk-cropped.jpg/330px-Jehu-Obelisk-cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jehu-Obelisk-cropped.jpg/440px-Jehu-Obelisk-cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1557" data-file-height="999" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jehu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jehu (sida finst ikkje)">Jehu</a>, kongen av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konged%C3%B8met_Israel_(Samaria)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kongedømet Israel (Samaria) (sida finst ikkje)">Israel</a>, bukkar for Shalmaneser III av <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, 825 fvt.</figcaption></figure> <p>Under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronsealderkollapsen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bronsealderkollapsen (sida finst ikkje)">bronsealderkollapsen</a> (1200–900 fvt) var Babylonia i ein kaostilstand, og var i lange periodar dominert av Assyria og <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a>. Kassittane vart drivne frå makta av Assyria og Elam, og tillegg innfødde, sørmesopotamiske kongar å styre Babylonia for første gongen, sjølv om dei var underlagt dei assyriske og elamittiske herskarane. Men dese <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aust-semittisk&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aust-semittisk (sida finst ikkje)">austsemittisk</a>-akkadiske kongane, klarte ikkje å hindre nye bølgjer av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vestsemittisk&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vestsemittisk (sida finst ikkje)">vestsemittiske</a> innflyttarar å kome inn i Sør-Irak, og på 1000-talet fvt. kom <a href="/wiki/Aramearar" title="Aramearar">aramearar</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suteanarar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Suteanarar (sida finst ikkje)">suteanarar</a> inn i Babylonia frå <a href="/wiki/Levanten" title="Levanten">Levanten</a>, og desse vart etterfølgd seint på 900- til tidleg på 800-talet fvt. av immigrantar frå <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khaldea&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Khaldea (sida finst ikkje)">Khaldea</a>, som hadde nære band til dei tidlegare <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aramearane&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aramearane (sida finst ikkje)">aramearane</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jernalderen">Jernalderen</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Endre bolk: Jernalderen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Jernalderen"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Etter ei nedgangstid i Assyria, byrja riket på ny å vekse med <a href="/wiki/Det_nyassyriske_riket" title="Det nyassyriske riket">Det nyassyriske riket</a> (935–605 fvt.). Dette var det største riket som hadde vore til då i regionen, og under herskarar som <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adad-Nirari_II&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Adad-Nirari II (sida finst ikkje)">Adad-Nirari II</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashurnasirpal_I&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashurnasirpal I (sida finst ikkje)">Ashurnasirpal</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shalmaneser_III&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Shalmaneser III (sida finst ikkje)">Shalmaneser III</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Semiramis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Semiramis (sida finst ikkje)">Semiramis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiglath-pileser_III&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiglath-pileser III (sida finst ikkje)">Tiglath-pileser III</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sargon_II&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sargon II (sida finst ikkje)">Sargon II</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sennacherib&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sennacherib (sida finst ikkje)">Sennacherib</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Esarhaddon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Esarhaddon (sida finst ikkje)">Esarhaddon</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashurbanipal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashurbanipal (sida finst ikkje)">Ashurbanipal</a>, vart Irak senteret i eit rike som strekte seg frå <a href="/wiki/Persia" title="Persia">Persia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Partia" title="Partia">Partia</a> og <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a> i aust, til <a href="/wiki/Kypros" title="Kypros">Kypros</a> og <a href="/wiki/Antiokia" title="Antiokia">Antiokia</a> i vest og frå <a href="/wiki/Kaukasus" title="Kaukasus">Kaukasus</a> i nord til <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a> og <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-disambig" title="Arabia">Arabia</a> i sør. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Arabarar" title="Arabarar">Arabarar</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khaldea&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Khaldea (sida finst ikkje)">khaldearar</a> er først nemnde i skriftleg historie (kring 850 fvt) i annalane til <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shalmaneser_III&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Shalmaneser III (sida finst ikkje)">Shalmaneser III</a>. </p><p>Det vart på denne tida at ei akkadisk-påverka form av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Austarameisk&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Austarameisk (sida finst ikkje)">austarameisk</a> vart teken opp av assyrarane som <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fellesspr%C3%A5k&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fellesspråk (sida finst ikkje)">fellesspråk</a> i det vidstrekte riket, og mesopotamisk arameisk byrja å fortrengje akkadisk som talespråk i den generelle ålmogen i både Assyria og Babylonia. Etterkomande dialektar av dette språket har overlevd blant <a href="/wiki/Mandearar" title="Mandearar">mandearar</a> i Sør-Irak og <a href="/wiki/Assyrarar" title="Assyrarar">assyrarar</a> i Nord-Irak heilt fram til i dag. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Loewenjagd_-645-635_Niniveh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Loewenjagd_-645-635_Niniveh.JPG/220px-Loewenjagd_-645-635_Niniveh.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Loewenjagd_-645-635_Niniveh.JPG/330px-Loewenjagd_-645-635_Niniveh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Loewenjagd_-645-635_Niniveh.JPG/440px-Loewenjagd_-645-635_Niniveh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Relieff som syner <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%B8vejakt&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Løvejakt (sida finst ikkje)">løvejakt</a>, frå det nordlege palasset i <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>, 645–635 fvt.</figcaption></figure> <p>Seint på 600-talet fvt., vart Det assyriske riket rive sunt av ei rekkje brutale borgarkrigar,, og svekte seg sjølv så mykje at ein koalisjon av tidlegare undersåttar, babylonarar, khaldearar, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Medearar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Medearar (sida finst ikkje)">medearar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persia" title="Persia">persarar</a>, partarar, <a href="/wiki/Skytia" title="Skytia">skytarar</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimmeriarar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimmeriarar (sida finst ikkje)">kimmeriarar</a>, klarte å gå til åtak på Assyria, og styrta riket i 605 fvt.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Babylonarar_og_persarar">Babylonarar og persarar</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Endre bolk: Babylonarar og persarar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Babylonarar og persarar"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Det kortvarige <a href="/w/index.php?title=Det_nybabylonske_riket&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Det nybabylonske riket (sida finst ikkje)">Nybabylonske riket</a> (620–539 fvt.) overtok etter Assyria. Det klarte ikkje å bli like stort, mektig og langvarig som føregangaren, men dominerte <a href="/wiki/Levanten" title="Levanten">Levanten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanaan" title="Kanaan">Kanaan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-disambig" title="Arabia">Arabia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konged%C3%B8met_Israel_(Samaria)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kongedømet Israel (Samaria) (sida finst ikkje)">Israel</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konged%C3%B8met_Judea&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kongedømet Judea (sida finst ikkje)">Judea</a> og slo <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. I starten vart Babylon styrt av nok eit anna utanlandsk dynasti, det frå <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khaldea&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Khaldea (sida finst ikkje)">Khaldea</a>, som hadde flytta inn i regionen seint på 900- eller tidleg på 800-talet. Den største kongen, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nebukhadnezzar_II&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nebukhadnezzar II (sida finst ikkje)">Nebukhadnezzar II</a>, rivaliserte med ein annan utanlandsk herskar, den <a href="/wiki/Amorittar" title="Amorittar">amorittiske</a> kongen <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a>, om å vere den største kongen i Babylon. Men i 556 fvt hadde khaldearane blitt fjerna frå makta av den assyrisk fødde <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nabonidus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nabonidus (sida finst ikkje)">Nabonidus</a> og sonen hans og regenten <a href="/w/index.php?title=Belshazzar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Belshazzar (sida finst ikkje)">Belshazzar</a>. </p><p>På 500-talet fvt. slo <a href="/wiki/Kyros_den_store" title="Kyros den store">Kyros den store</a> frå nabostaten <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akamenide-dynastiet&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Akamenide-dynastiet (sida finst ikkje)">Persia</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Det_nybabylonske_riket&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Det nybabylonske riket (sida finst ikkje)">Det nybabylonske riket</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slaget_ved_Opis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Slaget ved Opis (sida finst ikkje)">slaget ved Opis</a> og Irak vart ein del av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akamenide-dynastiet&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Akamenide-dynastiet (sida finst ikkje)">Akamenide-dynastiet</a> i nesten to hundreår. Akamenidane gjorde <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> til hovudstaden sin. Khaldearane og Khaldea forsvann på denne tida, men både Assyria og Babylonia bestod og treivst under akamenide-styret (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Akamenidsk_Assyria&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Akamenidsk Assyria (sida finst ikkje)">Akamenidsk Assyria</a>). Lite endra seg under persarane, som hadde vore tre hundreår under assyrisk styre, og kongane deira såg på seg sjølv som etterfølgjarane til Ashurbanipal, og dei heldt assyrisk arameisk som språk i riket. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Diadochen1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Diadochen1.png/220px-Diadochen1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Diadochen1.png/330px-Diadochen1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Diadochen1.png/440px-Diadochen1.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="961" /></a><figcaption>Det greskstyrte <a href="/wiki/Selevkidriket" title="Selevkidriket">Selevkidriket</a> (i gult) med hovudstad i <a href="/wiki/Selevkia" class="mw-redirect" title="Selevkia">Selevkia</a> ved Tigris, nord for Babylon.</figcaption></figure> <p>Seint på 300-talet fvt. erobra <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_den_store" title="Aleksander den store">Aleksander den store</a> regionen og la det under det <a href="/wiki/Hellenistisk_sivilisasjon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistisk sivilisasjon">hellenistisk</a> <a href="/wiki/Selevkidriket" title="Selevkidriket">selevkidstyre</a> i over to hundreår.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Selevkidane innførte det <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indoanatolisk&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Indoanatolisk (sida finst ikkje)">indoanatoliske</a> og <a href="/wiki/Gresk" title="Gresk">greske</a> omgrepet <i>Syria</i> om regionen. Dette namnet hadde i mange hundreår vore det indoeuropeiske ordet for <i>Assyria</i> og hadde berre denne tydinga. Men selevkidane brukte òg omgrepet om <a href="/wiki/Levanten" title="Levanten">Levanten</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aramea&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aramea (sida finst ikkje)">Aramea</a>), slik at både Assyria og assyrarane i Irak og <a href="/wiki/Aramearar" title="Aramearar">aramearar</a> og Levanten vart kalla Syria og syrarar i den <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greskromersk&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Greskromersk (sida finst ikkje)">greskromerske</a> verda.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Hatra_ruins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Hatra_ruins.jpg/220px-Hatra_ruins.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Hatra_ruins.jpg/330px-Hatra_ruins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Hatra_ruins.jpg/440px-Hatra_ruins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>Den sterkt festningsverna partiske byen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatra&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hatra (sida finst ikkje)">Hatra</a> blømde på 100-talet og syner ei unik blanding av både klassisk og iransk arkitektur.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Partia" title="Partia">Partiarar</a> (247 fvt. – 224 evt.) frå Persia erobra regionen under regjeringstida til <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mithridates_I_av_Partia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mithridates I av Partia (sida finst ikkje)">Mithridates I av Partia</a> (regjerte 171–138 fvt.). Frå <a href="/w/index.php?title=Syria_i_Romarriket&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Syria i Romarriket (sida finst ikkje)">Syria</a> invaderte <a href="/wiki/Romarriket" title="Romarriket">romarane</a> vestlege delar av regionen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dei_romersk-partiske_krigane&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dei romersk-partiske krigane (sida finst ikkje)">fleire gonger</a>, og grunnla for ein kort periode <i>Assyria Provincia</i> i Assyria. <a href="/wiki/Kristendom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristendom">Kristendom</a> byrja å få feste i Irak (særleg i <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>) mellom det første og tredje hundreåret, og Assyria vart eit senter for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gammalsyrisk_kristendom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gammalsyrisk kristendom (sida finst ikkje)">gammalsyrisk kristendom</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_austlege_kyrkja&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Den austlege kyrkja (sida finst ikkje)">den austlege kyrkja</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gammalsyrisk_litteratur&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gammalsyrisk litteratur (sida finst ikkje)">gammalsyrisk litteratur</a>. Fleire innfødde, sjølvstendige <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyassyrisk&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nyassyrisk (sida finst ikkje)">nyassyriske</a> statar utvikla seg i nord under Partia, som <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adiabene&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Adiabene (sida finst ikkje)">Adiabene</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Assur&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Assur (sida finst ikkje)">Assur</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osroene&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Osroene (sida finst ikkje)">Osroene</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatra&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hatra (sida finst ikkje)">Hatra</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sasanidedynastiet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasanidedynastiet">Sasanidane</a> frå Persia under <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a> øydela det partiske riket og erobra regionen i 224 evt. I 240- og 250-åra evt. erobra sasanidane gradvis dei vesle nyassyriske statane og kulminerte med Assur i 256 evt. Regionen var dermed ein provins i <a href="/wiki/Sasanideriket" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasanideriket">Sasanideriket</a> i over fire hundreår, og vart eit grenseområde og slagmark mellom Sasanideriket og <a href="/wiki/Austromarriket" title="Austromarriket">Austromarriket</a>, og begge rika svekte kvarandre, og bana veg for den <a href="/wiki/Arabisk" title="Arabisk">arabisk</a>-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslimsk_erobringa_av_Persia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Muslimsk erobringa av Persia (sida finst ikkje)">muslimsk erobringa av Persia</a> midt på 600-talet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mellomalderen">Mellomalderen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Endre bolk: Mellomalderen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Mellomalderen"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Abbasids850.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Abbasids850.png/220px-Abbasids850.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Abbasids850.png/330px-Abbasids850.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Abbasids850.png/440px-Abbasids850.png 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="902" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abbasidane" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasidane">Abbasidane</a> på det største kring år 850.</figcaption></figure> <p>Den arabisk-islamske erobringa midt på 600-talet etablerte <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islam</a> i Irak og mange <a href="/wiki/Arabarar" title="Arabarar">arabarar</a> flytta inn i området. Under <a href="/wiki/Rashidun-kalifatet" title="Rashidun-kalifatet">Rashidun-kalifatet</a> flytta syskenbarnet og svigersonen til <a href="/wiki/Muhammed" title="Muhammed">Muhammed</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali (sida finst ikkje)">Ali</a>, hovudstaden til <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a> der han vart den fjerde <a href="/wiki/Kalif" title="Kalif">kalifen</a>. <a href="/wiki/Omajadekalifatet" title="Omajadekalifatet">Omajadekalifatet</a> styrte provinsen Irak frå <a href="/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus">Damaskus</a> på 600-talet. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Abbasidane" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasidane">Abbasidane</a> bygde byen <a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a> på 700-talet som hovudstaden sin, og byen vart den leiande metropolen i den <a href="/wiki/Den_arabiske_verda" title="Den arabiske verda">arabiske</a> og <a href="/wiki/Den_muslimske_verda" title="Den muslimske verda">muslimske verda</a> i fem hundreår. Bagdad var den største multikulturelle byen i <a href="/wiki/Mellomalderen" title="Mellomalderen">mellomalderen</a> og hadde meir enn ein million innbyggjarar,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> og var eit sentrum for læring under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_islamske_gullalderen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Den islamske gullalderen (sida finst ikkje)">den islamske gullalderen</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mongolriket" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolriket">Mongolane</a> øydla byen og brende biblioteket her under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kringsetjinga_av_Bagdad_(1258)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kringsetjinga av Bagdad (1258) (sida finst ikkje)">kringsetjinga av Bagdad</a> på 1200-talet.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>I 1257 samla <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hulagu_Khan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hulagu Khan (sida finst ikkje)">Hulagu Khan</a> ein uvanleg stor armé, ein stor del av dei mongolske styrkane, for å erobre Bagdad. Då dei kom fram til den islamske hovudstaden, kravde Hulagu Khan at dei overgav seg, men den siste abbaside-kalifen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Musta%27sim&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Musta&#39;sim (sida finst ikkje)">Al-Musta'sim</a> nekta. Hulagu vart sint og som mongolane ofte gjorde for å hindre motstand, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kringsetjinga_av_Bagdad_i_1258&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kringsetjinga av Bagdad i 1258 (sida finst ikkje)">kringsette han Bagdad</a>, plyndra byen og massakrerte mange av innbyggjarane.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Estimat på dødstala varierer frå 200&#160;000 til ein million.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Bagdad1258.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bagdad1258.jpg/220px-Bagdad1258.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bagdad1258.jpg/330px-Bagdad1258.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bagdad1258.jpg/440px-Bagdad1258.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1969" data-file-height="1478" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kringsetjinga_av_Bagdad_(1258)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kringsetjinga av Bagdad (1258) (sida finst ikkje)">Den mongolske plyndring av Bagdad</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mongolane utsletta abbasidane og øydela <a href="/w/index.php?title=Visdomshuset&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Visdomshuset (sida finst ikkje)">Visdomshuset</a> i Bagdad, som inneheld tallause dyrebare og historiske dokument. Byen fekk aldri attende den tidlegare stordomen som eit stort kultursenter med stor påverknad. Somme historikarar meiner at den mongolske invasjonen øydela mykje av vatningssystemet som hadde gjort Mesopotamia berekraftig i tusenvis av år. Andre historikarar meiner at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jordforsalting&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jordforsalting (sida finst ikkje)">jordforsalting</a> førte til nedgang i jordbruket.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Midt på 1300-talet herja <a href="/wiki/Svartedauden" title="Svartedauden">svartedauden</a> det meste av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_islamske_verda&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Den islamske verda (sida finst ikkje)">den islamske verda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dei beste estimata for Midtausten er at kring ein tredjedel av folkesetnaden døydde.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>I 1401 invaderte ein krigsherre av mongolsk avstamming, <a href="/wiki/Timur_Lenk" title="Timur Lenk">Timur Lenk</a>, Irak. Etter Bagdad var erobra, vart 20&#160;000 av innbyggjarane massakrerte.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Timur gav ordre om at kvar soldat måtte kome attende og vise han han minst to avhogde menneskehovud kvar. Fleire av soldatane var så redde at dei drap fangar fanga tidlegare i felttoget for å sikre eg at dei hadde hovud å vise Timur.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Timur utførte òg massakrar på dn innfødde <a href="/wiki/Assyrarar" title="Assyrarar">assyriske</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kristne" title="Kristne">kristne</a> folkesetnaden, som fram til då framleis var den største folkesetnaden i det nordlege Mesopotamia, og det var på denne tida at den gamle assyriske byen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Assur&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Assur (sida finst ikkje)">Assur</a> omsider vart fråflytta.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Osmansk_Irak">Osmansk Irak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Endre bolk: Osmansk Irak" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Osmansk Irak"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Cedid_Atlas_(Middle_East)_1803.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Cedid_Atlas_%28Middle_East%29_1803.jpg/220px-Cedid_Atlas_%28Middle_East%29_1803.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Cedid_Atlas_%28Middle_East%29_1803.jpg/330px-Cedid_Atlas_%28Middle_East%29_1803.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Cedid_Atlas_%28Middle_East%29_1803.jpg/440px-Cedid_Atlas_%28Middle_East%29_1803.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10840" data-file-height="8199" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cedid-atlaset&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cedid-atlaset (sida finst ikkje)">Cedid-atlaset</a> frå 1803 syner området i dag kjend som Irak delt mellom <a href="/wiki/%C3%98vre_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Øvre Mesopotamia">Al Jazira</a> (rosa), <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a> (blått), Irak (grønt) og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Sham&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al Sham (sida finst ikkje)">Al Sham</a> (gult).</figcaption></figure> <p>Seint på 1300- og tidleg på 1400-talet styrte dei tyrkiske <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kara_Koyunlu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kara Koyunlu (sida finst ikkje)">Kara Koyunlu</a> området som i dag vert kalla Irak. I 1466 slo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aq_Qoyunlu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aq Qoyunlu (sida finst ikkje)">Aq Qoyunlu</a> Kara Koyunlu og tok kontroll. Frå tidleg på 1500-talet, i 1508, hamna alle områda til dei tidlegare Aq Qoyunlu, inkludert Irak, i hendene på dei iranske <a href="/wiki/Safavidane" title="Safavidane">safavidane</a>. I den over hundre år lange tyrkisk-iranske striden mellom safavidane og dei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmanske_tyrkarar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Osmanske tyrkarar (sida finst ikkje)">osmanske tyrkarane</a> i naboområdet, var Irak ofte slagmark i dei mange <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmansk-persiske_krigar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Osmansk-persiske krigar (sida finst ikkje)">osmansk-persiske krigane</a>. </p><p>Etter <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zuhab-traktaten&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zuhab-traktaten (sida finst ikkje)">Zuhab-traktaten</a> i 1639 hamna det meste av dagens Irak til slutt under <a href="/wiki/Det_osmanske_riket" title="Det osmanske riket">Det osmanske riket</a> som <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bagdad_eyalet&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bagdad eyalet (sida finst ikkje)">Bagdad eyalet</a>. Gjennom det meste av perioden under osmansk styre (1533-1918) var dagens Irak ei slagmark mellom rivaliserande regionale rike og stammealliansar. </p><p>På 1600-talet hadde dei mange konfliktane med safavidane tappa Det osmanske riket for krefter og svekt kontrollen dei hadde over provinsane sine. Den nomadiske folkesetnaden auka då mange <a href="/wiki/Beduin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beduin">beduinar</a> frå <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a> kom inn i området. Beduinraid mot busetjingar vart umogeleg å hindre.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Layard_Nineveh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Layard_Nineveh.jpg/220px-Layard_Nineveh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Layard_Nineveh.jpg/330px-Layard_Nineveh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Layard_Nineveh.jpg/440px-Layard_Nineveh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Den engelske arkeologen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Austen_Henry_Layard&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Austen Henry Layard (sida finst ikkje)">Austen Henry Layard</a> i den eldgamle <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">assyriske</a> byen <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a> i 1852.</figcaption></figure> <p>I åra 1747–1831 vart Irak styrt av eit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamelukkdynastiet_i_Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mamelukkdynastiet i Irak (sida finst ikkje)">Mamelukk-dynasti</a> av <a href="/wiki/Georgiarar" title="Georgiarar">georgisk</a><sup id="cite_ref-bbs_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbs-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> opphav, som klarte å få sjølvstyre av den <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmansk_porte&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Osmansk porte (sida finst ikkje)">osmanske porten</a>, stoppa stammeopprøra, dempa makta til <a href="/wiki/Janitsjar" title="Janitsjar">janitsjarane</a>, innførte orden og moderniserte økonomi og forsvar. I 1831 klarte osmanarane å styrte Mamelukk-regimet og la Irak under direkte kontroll. Folketalet i Irak var estimert til å vere 30 millionar i 800 evt., men var berre fem millionar på byrjinga av 1900-talet.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under <a href="/wiki/Fyrste_verdskrigen" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyrste verdskrigen">fyrste verdskrigen</a> støtta osmanarane <a href="/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland">Tyskland</a> og <a href="/wiki/Sentralmaktene" title="Sentralmaktene">Sentralmaktene</a>. I <a href="/w/index.php?title=Det_mesopotamiske_felttoget&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Det mesopotamiske felttoget (sida finst ikkje)">det mesopotamiske felttoget</a> mot Sentralmaktene, invaderte <a href="/wiki/Storbritannia" title="Storbritannia">britiske</a> styrkar landet og leid først eit stort nederlag i møte med den tyrkiske hæren under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kringsetjinga_av_Kut&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kringsetjinga av Kut (sida finst ikkje)">kringsetjinga av Kut</a> (1915–1916). Men sidan fekk britane overtaket og fekk etter kvart støtte av lokale <a href="/wiki/Arabarar" title="Arabarar">arabarar</a> og <a href="/wiki/Assyrarar" title="Assyrarar">assyrarar</a>. I 1916 laga britane og franskmennene ein plan for delinga av <a href="/wiki/Vest-Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vest-Asia">Vest-Asia</a> etter krigen med <a href="/wiki/Sykes-Picot-avtalen" title="Sykes-Picot-avtalen">Sykes-Picot-avtalen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Britiske styrkar omgrupperte og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fallet_til_Bagdad_i_1917&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fallet til Bagdad i 1917 (sida finst ikkje)">erobra Bagdad</a> i 1917, og slo osmanarane. Ein våpenkvileavtale vart signert i 1918. </p><p>Under fyrste verdskrigen vart osmanarane slått og driven frå det meste av området av Storbritannia. Britane tapte 92&#160;000 soldatar i det mesopotamiske felttoget. Dei osmanske tapa er ukjende, men britane tok i alt 45&#160;000 <a href="/wiki/Krigsfange" title="Krigsfange">krigsfangar</a>. Mot slutten av 1918 hadde britane 410&#160;000 mann i området, og 112&#160;000 av desse var kamptroppar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Britisk_styre_og_sjølvstendig_kongedøme"><span id="Britisk_styre_og_sj.C3.B8lvstendig_konged.C3.B8me"></span>Britisk styre og sjølvstendig kongedøme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Endre bolk: Britisk styre og sjølvstendig kongedøme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Britisk styre og sjølvstendig kongedøme"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:BritsLookingOnBaghdad1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/BritsLookingOnBaghdad1941.jpg/220px-BritsLookingOnBaghdad1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/BritsLookingOnBaghdad1941.jpg/330px-BritsLookingOnBaghdad1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/BritsLookingOnBaghdad1941.jpg/440px-BritsLookingOnBaghdad1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption>Britiske soldatar i Bagdad, juni 1941.</figcaption></figure> <p>Den 11. november 1920 vart Irak eit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandat_i_Folkeforbundet&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mandat i Folkeforbundet (sida finst ikkje)">mandat i Folkeforbundet</a> under britisk kontroll med namnet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Det_britiske_mandatet_for_Mesopotamia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Det britiske mandatet for Mesopotamia (sida finst ikkje)">staten Irak</a>. Britane sette inn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasjimittane&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hasjimittane (sida finst ikkje)">hasjimitt</a>-kongen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Faisal_I_av_Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Faisal I av Irak (sida finst ikkje)">Faisal I av Irak</a>, som hadde blitt tvungen ut av <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> av franskmennene. Dei britiske styresmaktene valde òg den <a href="/wiki/Sunniislam" title="Sunniislam">sunni</a>-arabiske eliten til stillingar i staten og embetskontora.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>På grunn av stadig aukande kostnadaer og påverka av offentlege protestar frå krigshelten <a href="/w/index.php?title=T.E._Lawrence&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="T.E. Lawrence (sida finst ikkje)">T.E. Lawrence</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> i <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>, erstatta britane <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Wilson&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Arnold Wilson (sida finst ikkje)">Arnold Wilson</a> i oktober 1920 med ein ny kommissær, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Percy_Zachariah_Cox&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Percy Zachariah Cox (sida finst ikkje)">Sir Percy Cox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Cox klarte å roe eit opprør, men var òg ansvarleg for å setje i verk den lagnadstunge politikken med å ha nært samarbeid med den irakiske sunni-minoriteten.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Slaveri" title="Slaveri">Slaveriet</a> vart avskaffa i 1920-åra.<sup id="cite_ref-zanj_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zanj-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Storbritannia gav sjølvstende til <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konged%C3%B8met_Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kongedømet Irak (sida finst ikkje)">Kongedømet Irak</a> i 1932,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> etter innstendig oppfordring frå <a href="/w/index.php?title=Faisal_I_av_Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Faisal I av Irak (sida finst ikkje)">kong Faisal</a>, men britane heldt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Milit%C3%A6rbase&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Militærbase (sida finst ikkje)">militærbasane</a> sine, ein lokal milits i form av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_assysirke_h%C3%A6ren&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Den assysirke hæren (sida finst ikkje)">den assysirke hæren</a> og gjennomfartsrettar for styrkane sine. Kong <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghazi_av_Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghazi av Irak (sida finst ikkje)">Ghazi</a> styrte som gallionsfigur etter kong Faisal døydde i 1933, men vart underminert av forsøk på militære <a href="/wiki/Statskupp" class="mw-redirect" title="Statskupp">kupp</a> før han døydde i 1939. Ghazi vart etterfølgd av den mindreårige sonen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Faisal_II_av_Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Faisal II av Irak (sida finst ikkje)">Faisal II</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%27Abd_al-Ilah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="&#39;Abd al-Ilah (sida finst ikkje)">'Abd al-Ilah</a> tente som <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> før Faisal vart gammal nok. </p><p>1. april 1941 iverksette <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashid_Ali_al-Gaylani&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rashid Ali al-Gaylani (sida finst ikkje)">Rashid Ali al-Gaylani</a> og medlemmar av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Det_gylne_kvadratet_i_Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Det gylne kvadratet i Irak (sida finst ikkje)">Det gylne kvadratet</a> eit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Det_irakiske_statskuppet_i_1941&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Det irakiske statskuppet i 1941 (sida finst ikkje)">statskupp og styrta regjeringa til 'Abd al-Ilah</a>. Under den påfølgjande <a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_engelsk-irakiske_krigen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Den engelsk-irakiske krigen (sida finst ikkje)">engelsk-irakiske krigen</a>, invaderte <a href="/wiki/Storbritannia" title="Storbritannia">Storbritannia</a> (som framleis hadde flybasar i Irak) Irak i frykt for at Rashid Ali-regjeringa skulle kutte oljeforsyningane til vestlege nasjonar på grunn av banda hans til <a href="/wiki/Aksemaktene" title="Aksemaktene">Aksemaktene</a>. Krigen byrja 2. mai og britane, i lag med den lojale assyriske hæren,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> slo styrkane til Al-Gaylani, og tvang fram ein våpenkvile 31. mai. </p><p>Ein <a href="/w/index.php?title=Milit%C3%A6rokkupasjon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Militærokkupasjon (sida finst ikkje)">militærokkupasjon</a> følgde gjeninnsetjinga av det <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasjimittane&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hasjimittane (sida finst ikkje)">hasjimittiske</a> monariket. Okkupasjonen enda 26. oktober 1947, men Storbritannia heldt på militærbasane sine i Irak fram til 1954, då den assyriske militsen vart oppløyst. Statsleiarar under okkupasjon og det attverand hasjimittiske monarkiet var <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuri_as-Said&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuri as-Said (sida finst ikkje)">Nuri as-Said</a>, den autokratiske statsmininsteren som òg styrte frå 1930 til 1932, og 'Abd al-Ilah, den tidlegare regenten som tente som rådgjevar for kong Faisal II. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republikk_og_ba'athist-Irak"><span id="Republikk_og_ba.27athist-Irak"></span>Republikk og ba'athist-Irak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Endre bolk: Republikk og ba&#039;athist-Irak" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Republikk og ba&#039;athist-Irak"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:1958_revolution_in_Iraq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/1958_revolution_in_Iraq.jpg/220px-1958_revolution_in_Iraq.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/1958_revolution_in_Iraq.jpg/330px-1958_revolution_in_Iraq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/1958_revolution_in_Iraq.jpg/440px-1958_revolution_in_Iraq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=14._juli-revolusjonen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="14. juli-revolusjonen (sida finst ikkje)">14. juli-revolusjonen</a> i 1958.</figcaption></figure> <p>I 1958 vart eit statskupp kalla <a href="/w/index.php?title=14._juli-revolusjonen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="14. juli-revolusjonen (sida finst ikkje)">14. juli-revolusjonen</a> leia av brigadesjefen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abd_al-Karim_Qasim&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Abd al-Karim Qasim (sida finst ikkje)">Abd al-Karim Qasim</a>. Denne revolusjonen var sterkt antiimperialistisk og antimonarkisk og hadde sterke sosialistiske element. Mange vart drepne i kuppet, inkludert kong <a href="/w/index.php?title=Faysal_II&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Faysal II (sida finst ikkje)">Faysal II</a>, prins <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abd_al-Ilah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Abd al-Ilah (sida finst ikkje)">Abd al-Ilah</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuri_al-Sa%27id&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuri al-Sa&#39;id (sida finst ikkje)">Nuri al-Sa'id</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Qasim kontrollerte Irak gjennom militærstyre og i 1958 sette han i gang ein prosess for å redusere overskotsland som eit fåtal borgarar med tvang. Dette vart fordelt på ny av staten. Han styrta oberst <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Salam_Arif&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdul Salam Arif (sida finst ikkje)">Abdul Salam Arif</a> i eit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramadan-revolusjonen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramadan-revolusjonen (sida finst ikkje)">kupp i februar 1963</a>. Etter han døydde i 1966 vart han etterfølgd av broren <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Rahman_Arif&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdul Rahman Arif (sida finst ikkje)">Abdul Rahman Arif</a>, som vart <a href="/w/index.php?title=17._juli-revolusjonen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="17. juli-revolusjonen (sida finst ikkje)">styrta</a> av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Det_arabisk-sosialistiske_Ba%27ath-partiet_i_Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Det arabisk-sosialistiske Ba&#39;ath-partiet i Irak (sida finst ikkje)">Ba'ath-partiet</a> i 1968. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr (sida finst ikkje)">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a> vart den første Ba'ath-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidenten_av_Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidenten av Irak (sida finst ikkje)">presidenten av Irak</a>, men etter kvart kom rørsla gradvis under kontrollen til <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>, som tok over presidentskapet og kontrollen av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Det_irakiske_revolusjon%C3%A6re_kommandor%C3%A5det&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Det irakiske revolusjonære kommandorådet (sida finst ikkje)">Det revolusjonære kommandorådet</a> (RCC), som då var det øvste leiande organet i Irak, i juli 1979. </p><p>I 1979 skjedde <a href="/wiki/Den_iranske_revolusjonen" title="Den iranske revolusjonen">den iranske revolusjonen</a>. Etter månader med raid over grensene til dei to landa, erklærte Hussein krig mot Iran i september 1980, og sette i gang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_iransk-irakiske_krigen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Den iransk-irakiske krigen (sida finst ikkje)">den iransk-irakiske krigen</a> (eller den første Golfkrigen). Irak drog fordel av kaoset som oppstod i Iran etter revolusjonen og erobra somme området sørvest i Iran, men Iran tok attende dei tapte territoria i løpet av to år, og dei neste seks åra var Iran på offensiven.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Krigen, som gjekk i stå i 1988, hadde kravd mellom ein halv million og 1,5 millionar menneskeliv.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> I 1981 bomba israelske fly <a href="/w/index.php?title=Operasjon_Opera&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Operasjon Opera (sida finst ikkje)">ein irakisk testreaktor for kjernematerie i Osirak</a> og vart kraftig kritisert av Dei sameinte nasjonane.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Under den åtte år lange krigen med Iran, brukte Saddam Hussein ofte <a href="/wiki/Kjemisk_v%C3%A5pen" title="Kjemisk våpen">kjemiske våpen</a> mot iranarane.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> I dei siste etappane av den iransk-irakiske krigen leia Ba'athist-regimet i Irak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Anfal-felttoget&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Anfal-felttoget (sida finst ikkje)">Al-Anfal-felttoget</a>, eit <a href="/wiki/Folkemord" title="Folkemord">folkemord</a><sup id="cite_ref-hrw.org_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrw.org-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> mot irakiske kurdarar,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> og leia drapet på 50&#160;000 til 100&#160;000 sivile.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kjemiske våpen vart òg nytta mot <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjiaislam_i_Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjiaislam i Irak (sida finst ikkje)">irakiske sjiamuslimar</a> under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oppr%C3%B8ra_i_Irak_i_1991&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Opprøra i Irak i 1991 (sida finst ikkje)">opprøra i Irak i 1991</a>. </p><p>I august 1990 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Invasjonen_av_Kuwait&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Invasjonen av Kuwait (sida finst ikkje)">invaderte Irak og annekterte Kuwait</a>. Dette førte til <a href="/wiki/Golfkrigen" title="Golfkrigen">Golfkrigen</a> leia av <a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a>. Koalisjonsssstyrkane bomba militære mål<sup id="cite_ref-Crusade_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crusade-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arbuthnot_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arbuthnot-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CSM2002_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSM2002-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> og sette i gang eit 100 timar langt bakkeåtak mot irakiske styrkar i Sør-Irak og dei som okkuperte Kuwait. </p><p>Dei væpna styrkane i Irak vart øydelagde i krigen. Kort tid etter krigen slutta i 1991, leia sjiaer og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdarar_i_Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurdarar i Irak (sida finst ikkje)">kurdiske irakarar</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oppr%C3%B8ra_i_Irak_i_1991&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Opprøra i Irak i 1991 (sida finst ikkje)">fleire opprør</a> mot regimet til Saddam Hussein, men desse vart slått ned ved hjelp av irakiske tryggingsstyrkar og kjemiske våpen. Det er estimert at så mange som 100&#160;000 menneske, inkludert mange sivile, vart drepne.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Under opprøra oppretta USA, Storbritannia, Frankrike og Tyrkia, med støtte frå <a href="/wiki/Tryggingsr%C3%A5det" class="mw-redirect" title="Tryggingsrådet">Tryggingsrådet</a>, irakiske <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flyforbundssone&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Flyforbundssone (sida finst ikkje)">flyforbundssoner</a> for å verne dei kurdiske og sjiamuslimske innbyggjarane frå åtak frå Saddam-regimet sine fly (men ikkje helikopter). </p><p>Irak fekk ordre om å destruere alle kjemiske og biologiske våpen og SN prøvde å overtyde regjeringa til å nedruste og gå med på våpenkvile med å innføre fleire sanksjonar mot landet, i tillegg til dei første sanksjonane som vart innført etter den irakiske invasjonen av Kuwait. Den irakiske regjeringa verken nedrusta eller gjekk med på våpenkvile og dette førte til sanksjonane som vart verande fram til 2003. Effekten av sanksjonane for den sivile folkesetnaden i Irak er omstridd.<sup id="cite_ref-unicef99_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unicef99-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rubin_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rubin-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Det vart mykje trudd at sanksjonane førte til ein kraftig auke i barnedøydelegheit, men nyare forsking har vist at dei mykje siterte rapportane var fabrikkerte av dei irakiske styresmaktene og at det ikkje var noko auke i barnedøydelegheit i Irak etter 1990 og under sanksjonsperioden.<sup id="cite_ref-Spagat_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spagat-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ein olje-for-mat-plan vart oppretta i 1996 for å minke effekten av sanksjonane. </p><p>Etter <a href="/wiki/Terror%C3%A5taka_11._september_2001" title="Terroråtaka 11. september 2001">terroråtaka 11. september 2001</a> byrja president <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> ein plan for å styrte regimet til Saddam Hussein og i oktober 2002 vedtok den amerikanske kongressen planen. I november 2002 vedtok Tryggingsrådet i SN resolusjon 1441 og i mars 2003 invaderte USA og deira allierte Irak. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2003–2007"><span id="2003.E2.80.932007"></span>2003–2007</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Endre bolk: 2003–2007" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen 2003–2007"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:SaddamStatue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/SaddamStatue.jpg/170px-SaddamStatue.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/SaddamStatue.jpg/255px-SaddamStatue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/SaddamStatue.jpg/340px-SaddamStatue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1072" /></a><figcaption>I april 2003 vart statuen av <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> på <a href="/w/index.php?title=Firdosplassen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Firdosplassen (sida finst ikkje)">Firdosplassen</a> i <a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a> riven ned kort tid etter <a href="/wiki/Irakkrigen" class="mw-redirect" title="Irakkrigen">Irakkrigen</a> var i gang.</figcaption></figure> <p>20. mars 2003 invaderte ein USA-leia koalisjon Irak under påskot om at Irak ikkje hadde avslutta masseøydeleggingsvåpenprogrammet sitt og dermed brote SN-resolusjon 687. Dette påskotet var basert på dokumentasjon frå <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> og dei britiske styresmaktene<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> og viste seg seinare å vere upålitelege.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Etter invasjonen innførte USA eit mellombels koalisjonsstyre (CPA) i Irak. I mars 2003 gav <a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Paul_Bremer&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="L. Paul Bremer (sida finst ikkje)">L. Paul Bremer</a>, øvste leiar for CPA, ordre om å ekskludere Baath-medlemmar frå den nye irakiske regjeringa og oppløyse den irakiske hæren.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Avgjersla oppløyste den store sunni-irakiske hæren<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> og ekskluderte mange av dei tidlegare embetsmennene frå å delta i styret av landet, inkludert 40&#160;000 lærarar som hadde blitt medlemmar av Baath-partiet berre for å få halde jobbane sine.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dette var medverkande til ei kaotisk tid i landet etter invasjonen.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Det_irakiske_oppr%C3%B8ret_2003-2006&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Det irakiske opprøret 2003-2006 (sida finst ikkje)">Eit opprør</a> mot <a href="/w/index.php?title=Invasjonen_av_Irak_i_2003&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Invasjonen av Irak i 2003 (sida finst ikkje)">det USA-leia koalisjonsstyret</a> i Irak byrja sommaren 2003 blant element frå det tidlegare irakiske tryggingspolitiet og hæren, som danna geriljaeiningar. Hausten 2003 byrja sjølvoppnemnte «<a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihadist</a>»-grupper å målrette koalisjonsstyrkane. Forskjellige sunni-militsar vart oppretta i 2003, som <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jama%27at_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jama&#39;at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad (sida finst ikkje)">Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad</a> leia av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Musab_al-Zarqawi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Musab al-Zarqawi (sida finst ikkje)">Abu Musab al-Zarqawi</a>. Opprøret omfatta intens inter-etnisk vald mellom sunniar og sjiaer.<sup id="cite_ref-cnn.com_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn.com-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ghraib-skandalen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Ghraib-skandalen (sida finst ikkje)">Abu Ghraib-skandalen</a> vart kjend seint i 2003 i rapportar frå <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Associated_Press&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Associated Press (sida finst ikkje)">Associated Press</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:US_Navy_031016-N-3236B-043_A_marine_patrols_the_streets_of_Al_Faw,_Iraq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/US_Navy_031016-N-3236B-043_A_marine_patrols_the_streets_of_Al_Faw%2C_Iraq.jpg/220px-US_Navy_031016-N-3236B-043_A_marine_patrols_the_streets_of_Al_Faw%2C_Iraq.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/US_Navy_031016-N-3236B-043_A_marine_patrols_the_streets_of_Al_Faw%2C_Iraq.jpg/330px-US_Navy_031016-N-3236B-043_A_marine_patrols_the_streets_of_Al_Faw%2C_Iraq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/US_Navy_031016-N-3236B-043_A_marine_patrols_the_streets_of_Al_Faw%2C_Iraq.jpg/440px-US_Navy_031016-N-3236B-043_A_marine_patrols_the_streets_of_Al_Faw%2C_Iraq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption>Amerikanske marinesoldatar patruljerer gatene i <a href="/wiki/Al_Faw" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Faw">Al Faw</a>, oktober 2003.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahdi-h%C3%A6ren&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahdi-hæren (sida finst ikkje)">Mahdi-hæren</a>—ein sjiamilits oppretta sommaren 2003 av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muqtada_al-Sadr&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Muqtada al-Sadr (sida finst ikkje)">Muqtada al-Sadr</a><sup id="cite_ref-mehdi_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mehdi-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>—byrja å kjempe mot koalisjonsstyrkane i april 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-mehdi_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mehdi-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> I 2004 kjempa sunni- og sjiamilitante mot kvarandre og mot det nye irakiske interimstyret som vart innsett i i juni 2004, og mot koalisjonsstyrkane. I tillegg vart <a href="/w/index.php?title=Det_f%C3%B8rste_slaget_ved_Fallujah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Det første slaget ved Fallujah (sida finst ikkje)">det første slaget ved Fallujah</a> utkjempa i april og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Det_andre_slaget_ved_Fallujah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Det andre slaget ved Fallujah (sida finst ikkje)">det andre slaget ved Fallujah</a> i november. Sunni-militsen Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad vart <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Qaida_i_Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Qaida i Irak (sida finst ikkje)">Al-Qaida i Irak</a> i oktober 2004 og målretta koalisjonsstyrkar og sivile, hovudsakleg sjiamuslimar, og ytterlegare forverra dei etniske spaningane.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>I januar 2005 vart det første valet sidan invasjonen halde og i oktober vart <a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_irakiske_grunnlova&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Den irakiske grunnlova (sida finst ikkje)">ei ny grunnlov</a> vedteke. Eit nytt parlamentsval vart halde i desember. Men det var ofte åtak frå opprørarar og auka til 34&#160;131 i 2005 frå 26&#160;496 i 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>I 2006 heldt kampane fram og valdsbruken nådde eit topppunkt og fleire <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haditha-drapa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Haditha-drapa (sida finst ikkje)">krigslovbrotskandalar</a> vart avslørte. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Musab_al-Zarqawi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Musab al-Zarqawi (sida finst ikkje)">Abu Musab al-Zarqawi</a>, leiaren for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Qaida_i_Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Qaida i Irak (sida finst ikkje)">Al-Qaida i Irak</a> vart drepen av amerikanske styrkar og den tidlegare irakiske diktatoren, <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>, vart dømd til døden for lovbrot mot menneskeheita og hengd.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Seint i 2006 tilrådde dei amerikanske styresmaktene at USA skulle byrje å fokusere på opplæring av irakisk militærpersonell og i anuar 2007 annonserte president George W. Bush ei «bølgje» av nye, amerikanske soldatar til landet.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>I mai 2007 bad det irakiske parlamentet USA om å leggje ein plan for tilbaketrekking<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> og dei koalisjonspartnarane til USA, som Storbritannia og Danmark byrja å trekke soldatane sine ut av landet.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Krigen i Irak har ført til at mellom 151&#160;000 og 1,2 millionar irakarar har mista livet.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2008_til_i_dag">2008 til i dag</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Endre bolk: 2008 til i dag" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen 2008 til i dag"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I 2008 heldt kampane fram og dei nye opplærte irakiske styrkane utførte åtak mot militante. Den irakiske regjeringa signerte ein avtale om at USA skulle trekkje styrkane sine ut av irakiske byar innan 30. juni 2009 og trekkje seg heilt uta av Irak innan 31. desember 2011. </p><p>Amerikanske troppar gav frå seg tryggingoppgåvene til irakiske styrkar i juni 2009, men heldt fram å arbeide med irakiske styrkar etter dei trekte seg ut.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Morgonen den 18. desember 2011 trekte den siste kontingenten av amerikanske soldatar seg attende i ein seremoni på grensa til <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cnn-dec11_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn-dec11-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kriminalitet og vald auka i månadane etter amerikanarane trekte seg ut av byane i midten av 2009<sup id="cite_ref-The_Associated_Press_and_Yahoo.com_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Associated_Press_and_Yahoo.com-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> men trass i dette, rapporterte <a href="/w/index.php?title=Det_irakiske_innanriksdepartementet&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Det irakiske innanriksdepartementet (sida finst ikkje)">det irakiske innanriksdepartementet</a> i november 2009 at talet på sivile dødsoffer i Irak hadde falle til det lågaste nivået sidan invasjonen i 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Etter USA trekte ut soldatane sine i 2011, fortsette opprøra og Irak leid av politisk ustabilitet. I februar 2011 spreidde opprøra i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_arabiske_v%C3%A5ren&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Den arabiske våren (sida finst ikkje)">den arabiske våren</a> seg til Irak.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> men dei første demonstrasjonane velta ikkje regjeringa. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_irakiske_nasjonalr%C3%B8rsla&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Den irakiske nasjonalrørsla (sida finst ikkje)">Den irakiske nasjonalrørsla</a>, som visstnok representerte størsteparten av dei irakiske sunniane, boikotta parlamentet i fleire veker seint i 2011 og tidleg i 2012, og hevda at den sjia-dominerte regjeringa prøvde å setje sunniane på sidelinja. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Iraqi_Civil_War_map_(2014%E2%80%93present).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Iraqi_Civil_War_map_%282014%E2%80%93present%29.png/220px-Iraqi_Civil_War_map_%282014%E2%80%93present%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Iraqi_Civil_War_map_%282014%E2%80%93present%29.png/330px-Iraqi_Civil_War_map_%282014%E2%80%93present%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Iraqi_Civil_War_map_%282014%E2%80%93present%29.png/440px-Iraqi_Civil_War_map_%282014%E2%80%93present%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3360" data-file-height="3436" /></a><figcaption>Militærsituasjonen 11. juni 2017:<br /><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%; display:block;"><span style="border:none; background-color: #db8ca6; color: #db8ca6;">██</span>&#160;Kontrollert av dei irakiske styresmaktene</span><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%; display:block;"><span style="border:none; background-color: #b4b2ae; color: #b4b2ae;">██</span>&#160;kontrollert av <a href="/wiki/Den_islamske_staten_i_Irak_og_Levanten" class="mw-redirect" title="Den islamske staten i Irak og Levanten">Den islamske staten i Irak og Levanten</a> (ISIL)</span><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%; display:block;"><span style="border:none; background-color: #d7e074; color: #d7e074;">██</span>&#160;Kontrollert av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peshmerga&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Peshmerga (sida finst ikkje)">irakiske kurdarar</a></span></figcaption></figure> <p>I 2012 og 2013 auka valdsnivået og væpna grupper i Irak stadig meir oppildna av <a href="/wiki/Den_syriske_borgarkrigen" title="Den syriske borgarkrigen">den syriske borgarkrigen</a>. Både sunniar og sjiaer kryssa grensa for å kjempe i Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurd-Shiite-Sunni-Split_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurd-Shiite-Sunni-Split-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> I desember 2012 gjorde sunni-arabarar opprør mot styresmaktene og hevda at dei marginaliserte dei.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>I 2013 auka sunnimilitante grupper åtak mot sjiaene i Irak i eit forsøk på å underminere tiltrua til den <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nouri_al-Maliki&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nouri al-Maliki (sida finst ikkje)">Nouri al-Maliki</a>-leia regjeringa.<sup id="cite_ref-latimes2701_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes2701-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> I 2014 trok sunni-opprørarar som høyrde til terroritgruppa <a href="/wiki/Den_islamske_staten" title="Den islamske staten">Den islamske staten</a> (IS) kontroll over store landområde, inkludert fleire store irakiske byar, som <a href="/wiki/Tikrit" title="Tikrit">Tikrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fallujah" title="Fallujah">Fallujah</a> og <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> og førte hundretusenvis av folk på flukt mellom rapportar av grusame handlingar utført av IS.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Etter eit uavgjort val i april 2014, tente Nouri al-Maliki som førebels statsminister.<sup id="cite_ref-guar11-8-14_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guar11-8-14-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Den 11. august avgjorde den irakiske høgsteretten at blokka til Maliki var den største i parlamentet, og han kunne halde fram som statsminister.<sup id="cite_ref-guar11-8-14_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guar11-8-14-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Men innan 13. august hadde den irakiske presidenten bede <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haider_al-Abadi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Haider al-Abadi (sida finst ikkje)">Haider al-Abadi</a> om å danne ei ny regjering, og Dei sameinte nasjonane, USA, EU, Saudi-Arabia, Iran, og somme irakiske politikarar uttrykte ønske om eit nytt leiarskap i Irak, til dømes frå <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haider_al-Abadi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Haider al-Abadi (sida finst ikkje)">Haider al-Abadi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Den 14. august gjekk Maliki av som statsminister for å støtte al-Abadi og «trygge interessene til landet». Dei amerikanske styresmaktene omtalte dette som «eit stort steg framover» for eit samla Irak.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Den 9. september 2014 hadde <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haider_al-Abadi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Haider al-Abadi (sida finst ikkje)">Haider al-Abadi</a> danna ei ny regjering og vart den nye statsministeren. Stadige konfliktar mellom sunniane, sjiaane og kurdarane har ført til aukande debatt om å dele Irak i tre sjølvstyrte regionar, inkludert Kurdistan i nordaust, eit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunnistan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sunnistan (sida finst ikkje)">Sunnistan</a> i vest og eit Sjiastan i søraust.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geografi">Geografi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Endre bolk: Geografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Geografi"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Iraq.A2003060.0750.500m.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Iraq.A2003060.0750.500m.jpg/220px-Iraq.A2003060.0750.500m.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Iraq.A2003060.0750.500m.jpg/330px-Iraq.A2003060.0750.500m.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Iraq.A2003060.0750.500m.jpg/440px-Iraq.A2003060.0750.500m.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2600" /></a><figcaption>Satellittkart over Irak.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Iraq_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Iraq_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg/220px-Iraq_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Iraq_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg/330px-Iraq_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Iraq_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg/440px-Iraq_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1900" /></a><figcaption>Köppen si klimaklassifisering i Irak.</figcaption></figure> <div class="boilerplate seealso"> <dl><dd><i>For meir om dette emnet, sjå <a href="/wiki/Irakisk_geografi" title="Irakisk geografi">irakisk geografi</a>&#160;og <a href="/wiki/Guvernement_i_Irak" title="Guvernement i Irak">guvernement i Irak</a>.</i></dd></dl></div> <p>Irak ligg mellom <a href="/w/index.php?title=29._nordlege_breiddesirkelen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="29. nordlege breiddesirkelen (sida finst ikkje)">29°</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=38._parallelle_breiddesirkelen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="38. parallelle breiddesirkelen (sida finst ikkje)">38° N</a>, og lengdegradene <a href="/w/index.php?title=39._austlege_lengdegraden&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="39. austlege lengdegraden (sida finst ikkje)">39°</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=49._austlege_lengdegraden&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="49. austlege lengdegraden (sida finst ikkje)">49° E</a> (eit lite område ligg vest for 39°). Det dekkjer 437&#160;072&#160;<a href="/wiki/Kvadratkilometer" title="Kvadratkilometer">km²</a> og er det 58. største landet i verda. </p><p>Irak består hovudsakleg av <a href="/wiki/%C3%98rken" title="Ørken">ørken</a>, men nær dei to store elvane (<a href="/wiki/Eufrat" title="Eufrat">Eufrat</a> og <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a>) er det frodige <a href="/wiki/Elveslette" title="Elveslette">elvesletter</a>, og elva fører kring 60&#160;000&#160;000&#160;m³ <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a> kvart år til <a href="/wiki/Elvedelta" title="Elvedelta">deltaet</a>. Dei nordlege områda av landet består stort sett av fjellområde og det høgaste punktet ligg 3&#160;611&#160;moh, som lokalt vert kalla <a href="/wiki/Cheekah_Dar" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheekah Dar">Cheekah Dar</a> (Svart telt). Irak har ei lita, 58&#160;km lang kystlinje langs <a href="/wiki/Persiabukta" title="Persiabukta">Persiabukta</a>. Nær kysten og langs <a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Shatt al-Arab</a> brukte det å vere sumpland, men mange av sumpområda vart drenerte i 1990-åra. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Klima">Klima</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Endre bolk: Klima" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Klima"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I Irak finn ein nokre av dei høgaste <a href="/wiki/Temperatur" title="Temperatur">temperaturane</a> i verda, og særleg dei vestlege <a href="/wiki/%C3%98rken" title="Ørken">ørkenområda</a> har eit barskt <a href="/wiki/Klima" title="Klima">klima</a>. Den steikande varmen kjem i tillegg til ein nordvestleg vind, kalla <a href="/wiki/Shamal" title="Shamal">shamal</a>, som ofte fører til støvete forhold. Fjellområda i nordaust (<a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a>) har litt lågare temperaturar, og ein kan få snø i desse områda og Nord-Irak om vinteren. Vinteren i sør er derimot mild. </p><p>Det meste av landet har <a href="/wiki/%C3%98rken" title="Ørken">ørken</a> eller <a href="/wiki/Steppeklima" title="Steppeklima">steppeklima</a> med mindre enn 200&#160;mm kvart år. <a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a> har ein årleg nedbørsnormal på 140&#160;mm. Berre i dei nordlege områda, og i Kurdistanfjella får ein litt meir nedbør. Frå mai til september er det så godt som heilt tørt, og den våtaste tida på året er desember til mars. Smeltande snø i fjellområda i <a href="/wiki/Tyrkia" title="Tyrkia">Tyrkia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> og Kurdistan kan gje flaum i elvene <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> og <a href="/wiki/Eufrat" title="Eufrat">Eufrat</a> seint på våren eller tidleg på sommaren. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Styre_og_politikk">Styre og politikk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Endre bolk: Styre og politikk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Styre og politikk"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg/220px-Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg/330px-Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg/440px-Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption>Bagdad konferansesenter, den noverande møtestaden til <a href="/w/index.php?title=Representantr%C3%A5det_i_Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Representantrådet i Irak (sida finst ikkje)">Representantrådet i Irak</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forbundsregjeringa_i_Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Forbundsregjeringa i Irak (sida finst ikkje)">Forbundsregjeringa i Irak</a> er definert under den noverande <a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_irakiske_grunnlova&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Den irakiske grunnlova (sida finst ikkje)">grunnlova</a> som ein <a href="/wiki/Representativt_demokrati" title="Representativt demokrati">demokratisk</a>, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B8derasjon" title="Føderasjon">føderalt</a> <a href="/wiki/Parlamentarisk_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Parlamentarisk system">parlamentarisk</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamsk_republikk" title="Islamsk republikk">islamsk republikk</a>. Forbundsregjeringa består av ei <a href="/wiki/Ut%C3%B8vande_makt" class="mw-redirect" title="Utøvande makt">utøvande</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lovgjeande_makt&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lovgjeande makt (sida finst ikkje)">lovgjevande</a> og <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B8mande_makt" class="mw-redirect" title="Dømande makt">dømande</a> makt, i tillegg til fleire sjølvstendige komitear. Utanom forbundsregjeringa, er det regionar (som består av eit eller fleire guvernement), guvernement og distrikt i Irak som tek seg av forskjellige saker definert i lova. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasjonalalliansen_i_Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nasjonalalliansen i Irak (sida finst ikkje)">Nasjonalalliansen</a> er den største parlamentariske blokka til sjiamuslimane, og vart oppretta då partiet til statsministeren Nouri Maliki og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_irakiske_nasjonalalliansen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Den irakiske nasjonalalliansen (sida finst ikkje)">Den irakiske nasjonalalliansen</a> vart slått saman.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-gpi_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-gpi-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_irakiske_nasjonalr%C3%B8rsla&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Den irakiske nasjonalrørsla (sida finst ikkje)">Den irakiske nasjonalrørsla</a> er leia av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iyad_Allawi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Iyad Allawi (sida finst ikkje)">Iyad Allawi</a>, ein sekulær sjia som har stor støtte hos sunniane. Partiet har eit meir anti-sekterisk perspektiv enn dei fleste rivalane.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-gpi_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-gpi-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan-lista&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurdistan-lista (sida finst ikkje)">Kurdistan-lista</a> er dominert av to parti, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan_demokratiske_parti_i_Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurdistan demokratiske parti i Irak (sida finst ikkje)">Kurdistan demokratiske parti</a> leia av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Masood_Barzani&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Masood Barzani (sida finst ikkje)">Masood Barzani</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_patriotiske_unionen_fr%C3%A5_Kurdistan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Den patriotiske unionen frå Kurdistan (sida finst ikkje)">Den patriotiske unionen frå Kurdistan</a> leia av <a href="/wiki/Jalal_Talabani" title="Jalal Talabani">Jalal Talabani</a>. Begge partia er sekulære og har nære band til Vesten.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-gpi_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-gpi-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>I 2010 vart Irak rekna som det sjuande mest politisk ustabile landet i verda i følgje <a href="/w/index.php?title=Failed_States-indeksen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Failed States-indeksen (sida finst ikkje)">Failed States-indeksen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Maktkonsentasjonen i hendene til statsministeren <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nouri_al-Maliki&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nouri al-Maliki (sida finst ikkje)">Nouri al-Maliki</a> og aukande press frå opposisjonen har ført til auka uro om framtida for politiske rettar i Irak.<sup id="cite_ref-fh13_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fh13-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Likevel er det gjort framsteg og i 2013 var landet på 11. plassen.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> I august 2014 var regjeringstida til al-Maliki over. Han annonserte 14. august 2014 at han ville tre av og la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haider_Al-Abadi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Haider Al-Abadi (sida finst ikkje)">Haider Al-Abadi</a>, som vart nominert berre dagar tidlegare av den nyleg innsette presidenten <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuad_Masum&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fuad Masum (sida finst ikkje)">Fuad Masum</a>, ta over. Fram til då hadde al-Maliki halde fast på makta og til og med bede forbundsdomstolen om å forkaste nominasjonen til presidenten sidan han meinte det var eit brot på grunnlova.<sup id="cite_ref-NewPM_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewPM-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Transparency International rangerer den irakiske staten som den åttande mest korrupte staten i verda. Dei statlege tilsette har auka frå ein million tilsette under <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> til kring sju millionar tilsette i 2016. I samband med fallande oljeprisar, er det statlege underskotet på nesten 25&#160;% av BNP i 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Etter opprettinga av den irakiske flyforbodssonen etter Golfkrigen i 1990-1991, har kurdarane oppretta sin eigen sjølvstyrte region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rettsvesen">Rettsvesen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Endre bolk: Rettsvesen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Rettsvesen"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I oktober 2005 vart den nye irakiske grunnlova godkjend i ei folkeavstemming med eit fleirtal på 78&#160;%, men støtta til grunnlova varierte kraftig frå område til område.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Den nye grunnlova fekk støtte hos sjia- og kurdarsamfunna, men vart avvist av dei arabiske sunniane. Som følgje av grunnlova, utførte landet ei nytt parlamentarisk val den 15. desember 2005. Alle dei tre store folkegruppene i Irak stemnde langs etniske linjer, og det same gjorde dei assyriske og tyrkiske minoritetane. </p><p>Lov nr. 188 frå 1959 (Sivil status-lova)<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> gjorde polygami særs vanskeleg, gav mødre foreldreretten ved skilsmisse, gjorde forkasting av ekteskap (muslimske menn kan somme stader oppløyse ekteskap berre ved å uttale orda) og ekteskap til barn under 16 år ulovleg.<sup id="cite_ref-unesco1_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco1-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Paragraf 1 i sivilretten identifiserer islamsk lov som ei formell lovkjelde.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Irak hadde ikkje sjariadomstolar, men den sivile domstolen nytta sjaria for personlege saker som ekteskap og skilsmisse. I 1995 innførte Irak sjariastraff for somme lovbrot.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Rettsystemet er basert på fransk sivilrett, i tillegg til sunni- og sjiatolkingar av sjaria.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>I 2004 sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coalition_Provisional_Authority&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Coalition Provisional Authority (sida finst ikkje)">CPA</a>-leiaren L. Paul Bremer at han kom til å legge ned veto mot alle grunnlovsforslag som hadde sjaria som grunnlag for lovverket.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dette hissa opp mange lokale, geistlege sjiaer,<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> og innan 2005 gav USA etter og tillet ei rolle for sjaria i grunnlova for å få grunnlovsforhandlingane som hadde gått i stå i mål.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forsvaret">Forsvaret</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Endre bolk: Forsvaret" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Forsvaret"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:BMP-1_Iraq_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/BMP-1_Iraq_3.jpg/220px-BMP-1_Iraq_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/BMP-1_Iraq_3.jpg/330px-BMP-1_Iraq_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/BMP-1_Iraq_3.jpg/440px-BMP-1_Iraq_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1312" /></a><figcaption>Ein BMP-1 frå den irakiske hæren.</figcaption></figure> <p>Irakiske tryggingsstyrkar består av styrkar som tener under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Innanriksdepartement&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Innanriksdepartement (sida finst ikkje)">innanriksdepartementet</a> (som kontrollerer politiet og mobiliseringsstyrkar) og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Det_irakiske_forsvarsdepartementet&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Det irakiske forsvarsdepartementet (sida finst ikkje)">forsvarsdepartementet</a>, i tillegg til det irakiske <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiterrorismebyr%C3%A5et&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Antiterrorismebyrået (sida finst ikkje)">Antiterrorismebyrået</a>, som rapporterer direkte til statsministeren i Irak, og som har tilsyn med <a href="/w/index.php?title=Irakiske_spesialstyrkar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Irakiske spesialstyrkar (sida finst ikkje)">irakiske spesialstyrkar</a>. Det irakiske forsvaret består av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_irakiske_h%C3%A6ren&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Den irakiske hæren (sida finst ikkje)">den irakiske hæren</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Det_irakiske_flyv%C3%A5penet&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Det irakiske flyvåpenet (sida finst ikkje)">det irakiske flyvåpenet</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_irakiske_marinen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Den irakiske marinen (sida finst ikkje)">den irakiske marinen</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peshmerga&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Peshmerga (sida finst ikkje)">Peshmerga</a> er ein separat væpna styrke som er lojale til styret i <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a>. Det regionale styret og sentralstyret er ikkje samde om desse er underlagt styret i Bagdad og eventuelt i kva grad dei er det.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_irakiske_h%C3%A6ren&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Den irakiske hæren (sida finst ikkje)">Den irakiske hæren</a> er ein objektiv antiopprørsstyrke som frå november 2009 omfatta 14 divisjonar, der kvar divisjon bestod av fire brigadar.<sup id="cite_ref-ltcolswanson-040308_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ltcolswanson-040308-119"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Styrken er skildra som det viktigaste elementet i kampen mot opprørarar.<sup id="cite_ref-The_New_Iraqi_Security_Forces_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_Iraqi_Security_Forces-120"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Det irakiske flyvåpenet er oppretta for å støtte bakkestyrkane med overvaking, rekognosering og troppeforflytting. I dag tel personellet 3&#160;0000 menn, men det er planlagt auka til 18&#160;000 med 550 fly innan 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-The_New_Iraqi_Security_Forces_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_Iraqi_Security_Forces-120"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Den irakiske marinen er ein liten styrke med 2&#160;000-2&#160;500 matrosar og offiserar, inkludert 800 marinesoldatar. Marinen er ansvarleg for å trygge oljeplattformar til havs.<sup id="cite_ref-WSR070321_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSR070321-121"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utanrikspolitikk">Utanrikspolitikk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19" title="Endre bolk: Utanrikspolitikk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Utanrikspolitikk"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Barack_Obama_%26_Jalal_Talabani_in_Baghdad_4-7-09.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Barack_Obama_%26_Jalal_Talabani_in_Baghdad_4-7-09.JPG/220px-Barack_Obama_%26_Jalal_Talabani_in_Baghdad_4-7-09.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Barack_Obama_%26_Jalal_Talabani_in_Baghdad_4-7-09.JPG/330px-Barack_Obama_%26_Jalal_Talabani_in_Baghdad_4-7-09.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Barack_Obama_%26_Jalal_Talabani_in_Baghdad_4-7-09.JPG/440px-Barack_Obama_%26_Jalal_Talabani_in_Baghdad_4-7-09.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3410" data-file-height="2273" /></a><figcaption>Den amerikanske presidenten <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> samtalar med den irakiske presidenten <a href="/wiki/Jalal_Talabani" title="Jalal Talabani">Jalal Talabani</a> i 2009.</figcaption></figure> <p>17. november 2008 inngjekk USA og Irak ein <a href="/w/index.php?title=Status_of_forces-avtale&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Status of forces-avtale (sida finst ikkje)">Status of forces-avtale</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> som eit ledd i ein breiare strategisk rammeverksavtale.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Avtalen sa at «den irakiske staten bed» amerikanske styrkar om å mellombels vere i Irak for å «oppretthalde tryggleik og stabilitet» og at Irak har øvste ansvar for militære entreprenørar og amerikansk personell når dei ikkje er på amerikanske basar eller på vakt. </p><p>Den 12. februar 2009 vart Irak offisielt det 186. medlemslandet i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kjemiske_v%C3%A5pen-konvensjonen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kjemiske våpen-konvensjonen (sida finst ikkje)">Kjemiske våpen-konvensjonen</a>. I følgje denne avtalen vert Irak rekna som eit land med eit erklært lager av <a href="/wiki/Kjemiske_v%C3%A5pen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kjemiske våpen">kjemiske våpen</a>. Sidan dei kom seint inn i avtalen, er Irak det einaste landet som er unntaket tidsgrensa for å destruere dei kjemiske våpna sine.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Forholdet til Iran har betra seg sidan 2005. Den irakiske statsministeren Nouri al-Maliki vitja ofte Iran, i tillegg til at Jalal Talabani ofte var på besøk. Ein konflikt oppstod i desember 2009 då Irak skulda Iran for å ta ein oljebrunn på grensa.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Forholdet til Tyrkia er spent, hovudsakleg på grunn av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan_regionale_styresmakt&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurdistan regionale styresmakt (sida finst ikkje)">Kurdistan regionale styresmakt</a>, sidan striden mellom Tyrkia og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan_arbeidarparti&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurdistan arbeidarparti (sida finst ikkje)">PKK</a> heldt fram.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> I oktober 2011 fornya det tyrkiske parlamentet ei lov som gjev tyrkise styrkar høvet til å forfølgje opprørarar over grensa til Irak.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Menneskerettar">Menneskerettar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=20" title="Endre bolk: Menneskerettar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Menneskerettar"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Forholdet mellom Irak og den <a href="/wiki/Irakisk_Kurdistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Irakisk Kurdistan">kurdiske folkesetnaden</a> har vore dårleg i nyare historie, særleg med <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anfal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Anfal (sida finst ikkje)">folkemordet til Saddam Hussein</a> mot dei i 1980-åra. Etter <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oppr%C3%B8ra_i_Irak_i_1991&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Opprøra i Irak i 1991 (sida finst ikkje)">opprøra tidleg i 1990-åra</a>, flykta mange kurdarar frå heimlandet og ein flyforbodssone vart oppretta nord i Irak for å hindre fleire konfliktar. Trass i historisk dårleg forhold, er det gjort nokre framsteg, og Irak valde den første krudiske presidenten sin, <a href="/wiki/Jalal_Talabani" title="Jalal Talabani">Jalal Talabani</a>, i 2005. I tillegg er <a href="/wiki/Kurdisk" title="Kurdisk">kurdisk</a> no offisielt språk i Irak i lag med <a href="/wiki/Arabisk" title="Arabisk">arabisk</a> i følgje paragraf 4 i grunnlova.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIraqi_ConstitutionArticle_4_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIraqi_ConstitutionArticle_4-128"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>LHBT-rettar i Irak er avgrensa. Sjølv om <a href="/wiki/Homoseksualitet" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoseksualitet">homoseksualitet</a> er avkriminalisert, er det framleis <a href="/wiki/Homofobi" title="Homofobi">stigmatisert i det irakisk samfunnet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Det er ikkje uvanleg å hetse folk på grunn av kjønnsidentiteten sin eller seksuell orientering og vert vanlegvis utført som ei [[æresdrap|familieære]sak]. Folk kledde i <a href="/wiki/Emo" title="Emo">emostil</a> vert feilaktig knytt til homoseksualitet og kan lide same lagnad.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ein BBC-artikkel publisert i 009 med intervju av homoseksuelle og transkjønna irakarar, indikerer at LHBT-folk var mindre utsett for vald under regimet til Hussein.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrativ_inndeling">Administrativ inndeling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=21" title="Endre bolk: Administrativ inndeling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Administrativ inndeling"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="boilerplate seealso"> <dl><dd><i>For meir om dette emnet, sjå <a href="/wiki/Guvernement_i_Irak" title="Guvernement i Irak">guvernement i Irak</a>.</i></dd></dl></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Iraq,_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Iraq%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg/300px-Iraq%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Iraq%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg/450px-Iraq%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Iraq%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg/600px-Iraq%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1241" data-file-height="1264" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Irak er delt inn i nitten <a href="/wiki/Guvernement" title="Guvernement">guvernement</a> (eller <a href="/wiki/Provins" title="Provins">provinsar</a>) (arabisk <i>muhafadhat</i> (eintal <i>muhafadhah</i>); kurdisk پارێزگا <i>Pârizgah</i>). Guvernementa er vidare delt inn i <a href="/wiki/Distrikt_i_Irak" title="Distrikt i Irak">distrikt</a> (eller <i>qadhas</i>), som er vidare delt inn i <a href="/wiki/Nahiyah" title="Nahiyah">underdistrikt</a> (eller <i>nawāḥī</i>). <a href="/wiki/Irakisk_Kurdistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Irakisk Kurdistan">Irakisk Kurdistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Erbil_guvernement" title="Erbil guvernement">Erbil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dohuk_guvernement" title="Dohuk guvernement">Dohuk</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=As_Sulaymaniyah_guvernement&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="As Sulaymaniyah guvernement (sida finst ikkje)">Sulaymaniyah</a> og <a href="/wiki/Halabja_guvernement" title="Halabja guvernement">Halabja</a>) er den einaste lovleg definerte regionen i Irak, med si eiga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan_regionale_styresmakt&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurdistan regionale styresmakt (sida finst ikkje)">styresmakkt</a> og den halvoffisielle hæren <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peshmerga&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Peshmerga (sida finst ikkje)">Peshmerga</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3572132">.mw-parser-output .kolonner+ul,.mw-parser-output .kolonner+ol,.mw-parser-output ul.kolonner,.mw-parser-output ol.kolonner{column-width:18rem}.mw-parser-output .kolonner+ul li,.mw-parser-output .kolonner+ol li,.mw-parser-output ul.kolonner li,.mw-parser-output ol.kolonner li{break-inside:avoid}.mw-parser-output .kolonner.following-list-style-type-lower-alpha+ol{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .kolonner.following-list-style-type-upper-alpha+ol{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .kolonner.following-list-style-type-lower-roman+ol{list-style-type:lower-roman}.mw-parser-output .kolonner.following-list-style-type-upper-roman+ol{list-style-type:upper-roman}</style><div class="kolonner multicol ve-conditional-display-block"></div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Dohuk_guvernement" title="Dohuk guvernement">Dohuk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineveh_Province&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nineveh Province (sida finst ikkje)">Nineveh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erbil_Province&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Erbil Province (sida finst ikkje)">Erbil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kirkuk_Province&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kirkuk Province (sida finst ikkje)">Kirkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulaymaniyah_Province&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulaymaniyah Province (sida finst ikkje)">Sulaymaniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saladin_Province&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Saladin Province (sida finst ikkje)">Saladin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Anbar_guvernement" title="Al Anbar guvernement">Al Anbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagdad_guvernement" title="Bagdad guvernement">Bagdad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diyala_Province&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Diyala Province (sida finst ikkje)">Diyala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbala_Province&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Karbala Province (sida finst ikkje)">Karbala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babil_guvernement" title="Babil guvernement">Babil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wasit_Province&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wasit Province (sida finst ikkje)">Wasit</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Najaf_Province&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Najaf Province (sida finst ikkje)">Najaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Q%C4%81disiyyah_guvernement" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qādisiyyah guvernement">Al-Qādisiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maysan_Province&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Maysan Province (sida finst ikkje)">Maysan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muthanna_Province&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Muthanna Province (sida finst ikkje)">Muthanna</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dhi_Qar_Province&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dhi Qar Province (sida finst ikkje)">Dhi Qar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basra_Province&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Basra Province (sida finst ikkje)">Basra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halabja_guvernement" title="Halabja guvernement">Halabja</a> (ikkje vist)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Økonomi"><span id=".C3.98konomi"></span>Økonomi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=22" title="Endre bolk: Økonomi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Økonomi"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Iraq_GDP_per_capita_1950-2008.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Iraq_GDP_per_capita_1950-2008.png/220px-Iraq_GDP_per_capita_1950-2008.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Iraq_GDP_per_capita_1950-2008.png 1.5x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="237" /></a><figcaption>BNP per innbyggjar i Irak frå 1950 til 2008.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:2006Iraqi_exports.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/2006Iraqi_exports.PNG/220px-2006Iraqi_exports.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/2006Iraqi_exports.PNG/330px-2006Iraqi_exports.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/2006Iraqi_exports.PNG/440px-2006Iraqi_exports.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Global fordeling av irakisk eksportvarer i 2006.</figcaption></figure> <p>Irakisk økonomi er dominert av <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oljesektoren</a>, som tradisjonelt har stått for kring 95&#160;% inntektene frå utanlandshandelen. Mangelen på utvikling i andre sektorar har ført til ei arbeidsløyse på 18&#160;%–30&#160;% og ein nedtrykt BNP per innbyggjar på 4&#160;000 amerikanske dollar.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-132"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Offentlege tilsette stod for neste 60&#160;% av fulltidstilsette i 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-usaid11_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usaid11-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Oljeeksportindustrien, som dominerer irakisk økonomi, skapar få arbeidsplassar.<sup id="cite_ref-usaid11_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usaid11-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> I dag er det berre få kvinner i jobb (det høgaste estimatet for 2011 var 22&#160;%).<sup id="cite_ref-usaid11_133-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usaid11-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Før den amerikanske okkupasjonen, hindra <a href="/wiki/Plan%C3%B8konomi" title="Planøkonomi">planøkonomien</a> til Irak utanlandske eigarar av irakiske føretak, og styrte dei fleste industriane som statseigde selskap. I tillegg innførte dei høg toll på utanlandske varer.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Etter <a href="/w/index.php?title=Invasjonen_av_Irak_i_2003&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Invasjonen av Irak i 2003 (sida finst ikkje)">invasjonen av Irak i 2003</a>, sende koalisjonsstyresmakta raskt ut bindande ordrar som privatiserte den irakiske økonomien og opna opp for utanlandske investeringar. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Iraqi_Kurdish_villagers_in_field_near_Turkish_border.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Iraqi_Kurdish_villagers_in_field_near_Turkish_border.jpg/220px-Iraqi_Kurdish_villagers_in_field_near_Turkish_border.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Iraqi_Kurdish_villagers_in_field_near_Turkish_border.jpg/330px-Iraqi_Kurdish_villagers_in_field_near_Turkish_border.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Iraqi_Kurdish_villagers_in_field_near_Turkish_border.jpg/440px-Iraqi_Kurdish_villagers_in_field_near_Turkish_border.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2458" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Jordbruk er den vanlegaste næringa i landet.</figcaption></figure> <p>20. november 2004 vart kreditornasjonane i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parisklubben&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Parisklubben (sida finst ikkje)">Parisklubben</a> samde om å avskrive 80&#160;% (33 milliardar amerikanske dolar) av gjelda til Irak på 42 milliardar amerikanske dollar til medlemmar i klubben. Den totale gjelda til Irak var i 2003 120 milliardar amerikansk dollar.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>I februar 2011 inkluderte <a href="/w/index.php?title=Citigroup&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Citigroup (sida finst ikkje)">Citigroup</a> Irak på ei liste over land dei hevda ville oppleve kraftig økonomisk vekst i framtida.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Den offisiele valutaen i Irak er <a href="/w/index.php?title=Irakisk_dinar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Irakisk dinar (sida finst ikkje)">irakisk dinar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Olje_og_energi">Olje og energi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=23" title="Endre bolk: Olje og energi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Olje og energi"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Tankers_at_the_Iraqi_Al_Basra_Oil_Terminal_in_the_Northern_Arabian_Gulf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tankers_at_the_Iraqi_Al_Basra_Oil_Terminal_in_the_Northern_Arabian_Gulf.jpg/220px-Tankers_at_the_Iraqi_Al_Basra_Oil_Terminal_in_the_Northern_Arabian_Gulf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tankers_at_the_Iraqi_Al_Basra_Oil_Terminal_in_the_Northern_Arabian_Gulf.jpg/330px-Tankers_at_the_Iraqi_Al_Basra_Oil_Terminal_in_the_Northern_Arabian_Gulf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tankers_at_the_Iraqi_Al_Basra_Oil_Terminal_in_the_Northern_Arabian_Gulf.jpg/440px-Tankers_at_the_Iraqi_Al_Basra_Oil_Terminal_in_the_Northern_Arabian_Gulf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Tankskip ved <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basra_oljeterminal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Basra oljeterminal (sida finst ikkje)">Basra oljeterminal</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Med ein oljereserve på 143,1 milliardar fat, har Irak den nest største oljereserven i verda etter <a href="/wiki/Saudi-Arabia" title="Saudi-Arabia">Saudi-Arabia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Oljeproduskjonen nådde eit nivå på 3,4 millionar fat per dag i desember 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Irak auka produksjonen til 5 millionar fat olje kvar dag i 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Det er berre bora kring 2&#160;000 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oljebrunn&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Oljebrunn (sida finst ikkje)">oljebrunnar</a> i Irak, samanlikna med kring ein million brunnar i berre <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Irak var eit av dei første medlemmane i <a href="/wiki/OPEC" class="mw-redirect" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fram til minst 2010 produserte Irak berre kring halvparten av straumbehovet til landet, trass i betre tryggleik og milliardar i oljeinntekter, noko som førte til protestar i varme sommarmånader.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>I følgje ein amerikansk studie frå mai 2007, vart mellom 100&#160;000 og 300&#160;000 fat olje mellom 2003 og 2007 leia bort gjennom korrupsjon og smugling.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> I 2008 rapporterte Al Jazeera at irakiske oljeinntekter i amerikansk bevaring verdt 13 milliardar dollar ikkje er skikkeleg gjort reie for, og 2,6 milliardar er sporlaust forsvunne.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Somme rapporterer at staten har redusert korrupsjon i offentleg innkjøp av olje, men pålitelege rapportar om muting og pengar under bordet til embetsmenn held likevel fram.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Den 30. juni og 11. desember 2009 gav det irakiske oljedepartementet entrepenøravtalar til internasjonale oljeselskap for somme av dei mange oljefelta i Irak.<sup id="cite_ref-aljazeera091211_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aljazeera091211-149"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aljazeera090630_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aljazeera090630-150"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Oljefelta det gjaldt var mellom andre det enorme <a href="/w/index.php?title=Majnoonfeltet&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Majnoonfeltet (sida finst ikkje)">Majnoonfeltet</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Halfayafeltet&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Halfayafeltet (sida finst ikkje)">Halfayafeltet</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vest-Qurnafeltet&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vest-Qurnafeltet (sida finst ikkje)">Vest-Qurnafeltet</a> og <a href="/wiki/Rumailafeltet" title="Rumailafeltet">Rumailafeltet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-aljazeera090630_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aljazeera090630-150"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=China_National_Petroleum_Corporation&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="China National Petroleum Corporation (sida finst ikkje)">China National Petroleum Corporation</a> fekk jobben med utvikle Rumaila, det største oljefeltet i Irak.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Den 14. mars 2014 sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Energy_Agency&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="International Energy Agency (sida finst ikkje)">International Energy Agency</a> at den irakiske oljeproduksjonen steig med ein halv million fat per dag i februar til i snitt 3,6 millionar fat per dag. Landet hadde ikkje pumpa opp så mykje olje sidan 1979, då Saddam Hussein kom til makta.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Den 14. juli 2014 oppstod det ein sekterisk strid. Kurdiske styrkar tok kontroll over Bai Hassan- og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kirkukfeltet&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kirkukfeltet (sida finst ikkje)">Kirkukfeltet</a> i nord. Bagdad fordømde overtakinga og truga med «strenge tiltakt» om felta ikkje vart gjevne attende.<sup id="cite_ref-kurdararOilfields_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kurdararOilfields-154"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vassforsyning_og_reinhald">Vassforsyning og reinhald</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=24" title="Endre bolk: Vassforsyning og reinhald" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Vassforsyning og reinhald"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:20160104-Lake_in_Samawa_desert_Iraq_0356.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/20160104-Lake_in_Samawa_desert_Iraq_0356.jpg/220px-20160104-Lake_in_Samawa_desert_Iraq_0356.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/20160104-Lake_in_Samawa_desert_Iraq_0356.jpg/330px-20160104-Lake_in_Samawa_desert_Iraq_0356.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/20160104-Lake_in_Samawa_desert_Iraq_0356.jpg/440px-20160104-Lake_in_Samawa_desert_Iraq_0356.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>Eit reservoar i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samawa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Samawa (sida finst ikkje)">Samawaørkenen</a> i Sør-Irak.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vassforsyning&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vassforsyning (sida finst ikkje)">Vassforsyning</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanit%C3%A6rteknikk&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanitærteknikk (sida finst ikkje)">sanitærteknikk</a> i Irak er prega av dårleg vatn og låg kvalitet på tenestene. Tre tiår med krig, kombinert med lite omsyn til miljøet, har øydelagd systemet for vassforsyningsforvalting. Tilgang til drikkevatn varierer kraftig frå guvernement til guvernement og mellom by og landsbygd. 91&#160;% av heile folkesetnaden har tilgang til drikkevatn, men på landsbygda har berre 77&#160;% av innbyggjarane tilgang til drikkevatn, samanlikna med 98&#160;% i byområde.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Store vassmengder vert òg sløst bort under produksjon.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastruktur">Infrastruktur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=25" title="Endre bolk: Infrastruktur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Infrastruktur"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Mosul_Dam_USACE_NWD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Mosul_Dam_USACE_NWD.jpg/220px-Mosul_Dam_USACE_NWD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Mosul_Dam_USACE_NWD.jpg/330px-Mosul_Dam_USACE_NWD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Mosul_Dam_USACE_NWD.jpg/440px-Mosul_Dam_USACE_NWD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosuldammen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mosuldammen (sida finst ikkje)">Mosuldammen</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sjølv om det pågår mange prosjekt for å betre infrastrukturen i landet, har Irak stor bustadmangel, og innan 2016 var det venta at det krigsherja landet berre hadde fullført fem prosent av dei 2,5 millionar heimane dei trong.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=26" title="Endre bolk: Demographics" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Demographics"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="toccolours" style="clear: right; width: 15em; text-align: center; border-spacing: 0; float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><span style="font-size:110%;">Historiske folketal</span> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size: 95%;"> <th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 1px; width: 20%;">År </th> <th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 1px;">Folketal </th> <th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 1px;"><abbr title="Prosentvis endring">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr> <th style="text-align: center; padding: 1px;">1878 </th> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">2,0 </td><td style="text-align: center; padding: 1px;">—</td> </tr><tr> <th style="text-align: center; padding: 1px;">1947 </th> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">4,8 </td><td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">+140.0%</td> </tr><tr> <th style="text-align: center; padding: 1px;">1957 </th> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">6,3 </td><td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">+31.3%</td> </tr><tr> <th style="text-align: center; padding: 1px;">1977 </th> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">12,0 </td><td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">+90.5%</td> </tr><tr> <th style="text-align: center; padding: 1px; border-bottom: 1px solid #bbbbbb;">1987 </th> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px; border-bottom: 1px solid #bbbbbb;">16,3 </td><td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px; border-bottom: 1px solid #bbbbbb;">+35.8%</td> </tr><tr> <th style="text-align: center; padding: 1px;">1997 </th> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">22,0 </td><td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">+35.0%</td> </tr><tr> <th style="text-align: center; padding: 1px;">2009 </th> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">31,6 </td><td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">+43.6%</td> </tr><tr> <th style="text-align: center; padding: 1px;">2015 </th> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">37 </td><td style="text-align: right; padding: 1px;">+17.1%</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top: 1px solid black; font-size: 85%; text-align: left;"></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>I april 209 vart det estimert at det totale folketalet i Irak var 31&#160;234&#160;000.<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-159"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> I 1878 var folketalet estimert til kring to millionar.<sup id="cite_ref-Issawi1988_156-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Issawi1988-156"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> I etterkrigstida har folketalet no auka til over 35 millionar.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folkegrupper">Folkegrupper</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=27" title="Endre bolk: Folkegrupper" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Folkegrupper"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Arabarar" title="Arabarar">Arabarar</a> utgjer 75&#160;%–80&#160;% av folkesetnaden.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-132"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 15&#160;% av irakarane er <a href="/wiki/Kurdarar" title="Kurdarar">kurdarar</a>. <a href="/wiki/Assyrarar" title="Assyrarar">Assyrarar</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Irakiske_tyrkarar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Irakiske tyrkarar (sida finst ikkje)">irakiske tyrkarar</a> og andre mykje mindre minoritetar, som <a href="/wiki/Mandearar" title="Mandearar">mandearar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenarar" title="Armenarar">armenarar</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjerkassarar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsjerkassarar (sida finst ikkje)">tsjerkassarar</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranarar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Iranarar (sida finst ikkje)">iranarar</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shabaki&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Shabaki (sida finst ikkje)">shabakiar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesidiar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesidiar">jesidiar</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawliya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawliya (sida finst ikkje)">kawliya</a>, utgjer dei siste 5&#160;%–10&#160;% av folkesetnaden.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_132-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-132"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kring 20&#160;000 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumparabarar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumparabarar (sida finst ikkje)">sumparabarar</a> bur i Sør-Irak.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iraq har eit samfunn på 2&#160;500 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjetsjenarar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsjetsjenarar (sida finst ikkje)">tsjetsjenarar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> I Sør-Irak er det eit samfunn med irakarar av afrikansk avstamming, som går attende til <a href="/wiki/Slaveri" title="Slaveri">slaveriet</a> i dei islamske kalifata før <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zanj-oppr%C3%B8ret&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zanj-opprøret (sida finst ikkje)">Zanj-opprøret</a> på 800-talet og <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> si rolle som viktig hamneby.<sup id="cite_ref-zanj_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zanj-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Språk"><span id="Spr.C3.A5k"></span>Språk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=28" title="Endre bolk: Språk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Språk"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Children_puppy_sulaimania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Children_puppy_sulaimania.jpg/220px-Children_puppy_sulaimania.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Children_puppy_sulaimania.jpg/330px-Children_puppy_sulaimania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Children_puppy_sulaimania.jpg/440px-Children_puppy_sulaimania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1808" data-file-height="1436" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kurdarar" title="Kurdarar">Kurdiske</a> barn i <a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaymaniyah">Sulaymaniyah</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Arabisk" title="Arabisk">Arabisk</a> er det mest brukte språket i landet, <a href="/wiki/Kurdisk" title="Kurdisk">kurdisk</a> vert talt av kring 10–15&#160;% av innbyggjarane og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Irakiske_tyrkarar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Irakiske tyrkarar (sida finst ikkje)">irakiske tyrkarar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIraqi_ConstitutionArticle_4_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIraqi_ConstitutionArticle_4-128"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyarameisk&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nyarameisk (sida finst ikkje)">nyarameisk</a> av <a href="/wiki/Assyrarar" title="Assyrarar">assyrarar</a> og andre, i alt 5&#160;%.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_132-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-132"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Andre mindre språk er <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandaisk&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mandaisk (sida finst ikkje)">mandaisk</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shabaki&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Shabaki (sida finst ikkje)">shabaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armensk" title="Armensk">armensk</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjerkassisk&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsjerkassisk (sida finst ikkje)">tsjerkassisk</a> og <a href="/wiki/Persisk" title="Persisk">persisk</a>. Arabisk, kurdisk, persisk og tyrkisk er skriven med versjonar av <a href="/wiki/Arabisk_skrift" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabisk skrift">arabisk skrift</a>, nyarameisk i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gammalsyrisk_skrift&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gammalsyrisk skrift (sida finst ikkje)">gammalsyrisk skrift</a> og armensk med <a href="/wiki/Armensk_skrift" class="mw-redirect" title="Armensk skrift">armensk skrift</a>. </p><p>Før invasjonen i 2003 var <a href="/wiki/Arabisk" title="Arabisk">arabisk</a> det einaste offisielle språket. I den nye irakiske grunnlova frå juni 2004, er både arabisk og kurdisk offisielle språk<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIraqi_ConstitutionArticle_4,_1st_section_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIraqi_ConstitutionArticle_4,_1st_section-164"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>, medan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyarameisk&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nyarameisk (sida finst ikkje)">nyarameisk</a> og <a href="/wiki/Tyrkisk" title="Tyrkisk">tyrkisk</a> er respektert som regionale språk.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIraqi_ConstitutionArticle_4,_4th_section_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIraqi_ConstitutionArticle_4,_4th_section-165"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> I tillegg kan kvar region eller provins sjølv erklære andre offisielle språk, om dette blir vedteke i ei folkeavstemming.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIraqi_ConstitutionArticle_4,_5th_section_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIraqi_ConstitutionArticle_4,_5th_section-166"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=29" title="Endre bolk: Religion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Religion"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:ImamAliMosqueNajafIraq.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/ImamAliMosqueNajafIraq.JPG/220px-ImamAliMosqueNajafIraq.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/ImamAliMosqueNajafIraq.JPG/330px-ImamAliMosqueNajafIraq.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/ImamAliMosqueNajafIraq.JPG/440px-ImamAliMosqueNajafIraq.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1389" data-file-height="987" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imam_Ali-moskeen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Imam Ali-moskeen (sida finst ikkje)">Imam Ali-moskeen</a> i Najaf.</figcaption></figure> <p>Irak er eit land med ein muslimsk majoritet. <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslimane</a> utgjer kring 85&#160;% av innbyggjarane, medan ikkje-muslimar (hovudsakleg <a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyriske_kristne&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyriske kristne (sida finst ikkje)">assyriske kristne</a>) utgjer berre 15&#160;%.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_132-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-132"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Det er ei blanding av <a href="/wiki/Sjiaislam" title="Sjiaislam">sjiaer</a> og <a href="/wiki/Sunniislam" title="Sunniislam">sunniar</a>. CIA World Factbook estimerer at kring 65&#160;% av musliane i Irak er sjiamuslimar, og kring 35&#160;% er sunnimuslimar.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_132-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-132"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Estimat frå Pew Research Center frå 2011 at 51&#160;% av muslimane i Irak er sjiamuslimar, medan 42&#160;% er sunni. 5&#160;% identifiserte seg sjølv som «berre ein muslim».<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sunni-folkesetnaden klagar over diskriminering frå staten i nesten alle aspekt ved livet. Statsminister Nouri al-Maliki har derimot nekta for at det finst slik diskriminering.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristendom_i_Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kristendom i Irak (sida finst ikkje)">Kristne</a> har budd i området i kring to tusen år, og mange stammar frå <i>førarabiske</i> <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">mesopotamiaar</a>-<a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">assyrarar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dei talde 1,4 millionar i 1987 eller 8&#160;% av den estimerte folkesetnaden på 16,3 millionar og 550&#160;000 i 1947 eller 12&#160;% av folkesetnaden.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Innfødde <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyarameisk&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nyarameisk (sida finst ikkje)">nyarameisk</a>-talande <a href="/wiki/Assyrarar" title="Assyrarar">assyrarar</a>, som stort sett er tilslutta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_khaldeisk-katolske_kyrkja&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Den khaldeisk-katolske kyrkja (sida finst ikkje)">den khaldeisk-katolske kyrkja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Den_assyriske_kyrkja" class="mw-redirect" title="Den assyriske kyrkja">den assyriske kyrkja</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_assyriske_pinsekyrkja&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Den assyriske pinsekyrkja (sida finst ikkje)">den assyriske pinsekyrkja</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_gammalsyriske_ortodokse_kyrkja&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Den gammalsyriske ortodokse kyrkja (sida finst ikkje)">den gammalsyriske ortodokse kyrkja</a> utgjer det meste av den kristne folkesetnaden. Estimart for talet på kristne indikerer ein nedgang frå 8–12&#160;% midt på 1900-talet til 5&#160;% i 2008. Meir enn halvparten av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Irakiske_kristne&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Irakiske kristne (sida finst ikkje)">irakiske kristne</a> har flykta til nabolanda sidan starten av krigen, og mange har ikkje kome attende, sjølv om fleire har flytta attende til det tradisjonelle, assyriske heimlandet i Kurdistan.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Det finst òg små etnoreligiøse minoritetar av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandaeanisme&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mandaeanisme (sida finst ikkje)">mandearar</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shabakar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Shabakar (sida finst ikkje)">shabakar</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yarsanisme&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Yarsanisme (sida finst ikkje)">yarsanarar</a> og <a href="/wiki/Jesidiar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesidiar">jesidiar</a>. Det irakiske, jødiske samfunnet talte kring 150&#160;000 i 1941, men nesten alle har forlate landet.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iraq er heimstad til to av dei heilegaste plassane i verda blant sjiamuslimane: <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a> og <a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diaspora_og_flyktningar">Diaspora og flyktningar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=30" title="Endre bolk: Diaspora og flyktningar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Diaspora og flyktningar"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Iraqi_Refugees,_Damascus,_Syria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Iraqi_Refugees%2C_Damascus%2C_Syria.jpg/220px-Iraqi_Refugees%2C_Damascus%2C_Syria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Iraqi_Refugees%2C_Damascus%2C_Syria.jpg/330px-Iraqi_Refugees%2C_Damascus%2C_Syria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Iraqi_Refugees%2C_Damascus%2C_Syria.jpg/440px-Iraqi_Refugees%2C_Damascus%2C_Syria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="714" /></a><figcaption>Irakiske flyktningar i <a href="/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus">Damaskus</a> i Syria.</figcaption></figure> <p>Utbreiinga av innfødde irakarar til andre land er kjend som <a href="/w/index.php?title=Irakisk_diaspora&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Irakisk diaspora (sida finst ikkje)">irakisk diaspora</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B8gkommis%C3%A6ren_for_flyktningar_i_SN&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Høgkommisæren for flyktningar i SN (sida finst ikkje)">Høgkommisæren for flyktningar i SN</a> har estimert at nesten to millionar irakarar har flykta landet etter invasjonen av Irak i 2003, hovudsakleg til <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> og <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> I tillegg er det estimert at ytterlegare 1,9 millionar er forflytta internt i landet.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, the UN said that about 40&#160;% of Iraq's middle class is believed to have fled and that most are fleeing systematic persecution and have no desire to return.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Flyktningane er ført ut i fattigdom sidan dei ofte er hindra for å ta arbeid i landa dei har kome til.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> I nyare år har diasporaen byrja å vende heim att etter kvart som tryggleiken har auka. Dei irakiske styresmaktene estimerte at 46&#160;000 flyktningar kom heim att berre i oktober 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>I 2011 var nesten 3 millionar irakarar forflytta, 1,3 million innafor Irak og 1,6 millionar i nabolanda, hovudsakleg Jordan og Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Meir enn halvparten av irakiske kristne har flykta landet sidan den USA-leia invasjonen i 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>For å kome seg unna borgarkrigen har over 160&#160;000 syriske flyktningar flykta til Irak sidan 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Auka vald under <a href="/wiki/Den_syriske_borgarkrigen" title="Den syriske borgarkrigen">den syriske borgarkrigen</a> førte til at mange av irakarane òg vende attende til heimlandet.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Helse">Helse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=31" title="Endre bolk: Helse" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Helse"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I 2010 utgjorde helsevesenet 6,84&#160;% av bruttonasjonalproduktet til landet. I 2008 var det 6,96 legar og 13,92 sykepleiarar per 10&#160;000 innbyggjarar.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Forventa levealder ved fødselen var 68,49 år i 2010, eller 65,13 år for menn og 72,01 år for kvinner.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dette er ned frå ein venta levealder på 71,31 år i 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irak utvikla eit sentralisert, gratis helsevesen i 1970-åra med eit sjukehusbasert, kapitalintensiv modell for helsevesenet. Landet var avhengig av omfattande import av medisinar, medisinsk utstyr og sjølv sjukeplarar, betalt for av oljeinntektene i juli 2003. I motsetnad til andre, fattigare land, som fokuserer på helsevesen med primæromsorgsarbeidarar, har Irak utvikla eit meir vestleg system med sofistikerte sjukehus med avanserte medisinske prosedyrar og spesialiserte legar. <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a>/<a href="/wiki/WHO" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO">WHO</a> rapporterte at før 1990 hadde 97&#160;% av innbyggjarar i byar og 71&#160;% av innbyggjarar på landsbygda tilgang til gratisk helsetilbod, og berre 2&#160;% av sjukehussengene vart drivne privat.<sup id="cite_ref-corpwatch_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corpwatch-189"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utdanning">Utdanning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=32" title="Endre bolk: Utdanning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Utdanning"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Iraqi_medical_students_at_Basra_University_College_of_Medicine_(2010).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Iraqi_medical_students_at_Basra_University_College_of_Medicine_%282010%29.JPG/220px-Iraqi_medical_students_at_Basra_University_College_of_Medicine_%282010%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Iraqi_medical_students_at_Basra_University_College_of_Medicine_%282010%29.JPG/330px-Iraqi_medical_students_at_Basra_University_College_of_Medicine_%282010%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Iraqi_medical_students_at_Basra_University_College_of_Medicine_%282010%29.JPG/440px-Iraqi_medical_students_at_Basra_University_College_of_Medicine_%282010%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Studentar ved det medisinske fakultetet i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universitetet_i_Basra&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Universitetet i Basra (sida finst ikkje)">Universitetet i Basra</a> i 2010.</figcaption></figure> <p>CIA World Factbook estimerte at i 200 var <a href="/wiki/Lesekunne" title="Lesekunne">lesekunna</a> hos vaksne 84&#160;% for menn og 64&#160;% for kvinneer, og SN indikerete eit lite fall i lesekunna hos irakarar mellom 15 og 25 år gamle frå 2000 til 2008, frå 84,8&#160;% til 82,4&#160;%.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Det provisoriske koalisjonsstyret gjennomførte ein komplett reform av utdanningssystemet i Irak. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baathist&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Baathist (sida finst ikkje)">Baathist</a>-ideologien vart fjerna frå pensum og lærarløna vart auka kraftig. I 2003 vart det estimert at 80&#160;% av dei 15&#160;000 skulebygningane i Irak trengde rehabilitering og mangla grunnleggjande sanitære forhold, og dei lfeste skulane mangla bibliotek og laboratorium.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kjelder" title="Wikipedia:Kjelder"><span title="Det som står før denne taggen bør ha ei kjelde.">treng kjelde</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p><p>Utdanning er berre obligatorisk fram til sjette klasse, og etter dette avgjer nasjonale prøvar om ein for lov å fortsette. Sjølv om det er mogeleg å fortsette eit yrkesfagleg spor for dei som ikkje klarar prøven, er det få studentar som vel dette på grunn av låg kvalitet. Gutar og jenter går stort sett på separate skular frå og med sjuande klasse. </p><p>I følgje <a href="/w/index.php?title=Webometrics_Ranking_of_World_Universities&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Webometrics Ranking of World Universities (sida finst ikkje)">Webometrics Ranking of World Universities</a> er dei øvst rangerte universiteta i landet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universitetet_i_Dohuk&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Universitetet i Dohuk (sida finst ikkje)">Universitetet i Dohuk</a> (1717. plass i verda), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universitetet_i_Bagdad&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Universitetet i Bagdad (sida finst ikkje)">Universitetet i Bagdad</a> (3160. plass) og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Babylon_universitet&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Babylon universitet (sida finst ikkje)">Babylon universitet</a> (3946. plass).<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kultur">Kultur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=33" title="Endre bolk: Kultur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Kultur"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Offentlege fridagar i Irak omfattar Republikkdagen den 14. juli og <a href="/wiki/Nasjonaldag" title="Nasjonaldag">nasjonaldagen</a> den 3. oktober. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musikk">Musikk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=34" title="Endre bolk: Musikk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=34" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Musikk"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Al-Qubanchi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Al-Qubanchi.jpg/170px-Al-Qubanchi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Al-Qubanchi.jpg/255px-Al-Qubanchi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Al-Qubanchi.jpg/340px-Al-Qubanchi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="858" /></a><figcaption>Den irakisk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maqam_al-iraqi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Maqam al-iraqi (sida finst ikkje)">maqam</a>-artisten Muhammad al-Qubbanchi.</figcaption></figure> <p>Irak er hovudsakleg kjend for den rike <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabisk_maqam&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Arabisk maqam (sida finst ikkje)">maqamarva</a> som er overlevert munnleg frå maqam-meistrar i ei ubroten rekkje frå gamal tid til i dag. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maqam_al-Iraqi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Maqam al-Iraqi (sida finst ikkje)">Maqam al-Iraqi</a> vert rekna som den flottaste og mest perfekte forma av maqam. Al-maqam al-Iraqi er ei samlinga av sungne dikt skrivne anten i ein av dei seksten versemåla i klassisk arabisk eller i irakisk dialekt (Zuhayri).<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> UNESCO har anerkjent denne kunstforma som «ei uhandgripeleg menneskearv».<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tidleg på 1900-talet var mange av dei mest prominente musikarane i Irak <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8dar" title="Jødar">jødar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kojaman_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kojaman-194"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak_Radio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Irak Radio (sida finst ikkje)">Irak Radio</a> vart grunnlagd i 1936 med eit ensemble som berre bestod av jødar, medan unntak av ein perkusjonist. På nattklubbar i Bagdad betod banda av <a href="/wiki/Oud" title="Oud">oud</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qanun&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Qanun (sida finst ikkje)">qanun</a> og to perkusjonistar, medan det same formatet med ein <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ney&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ney (sida finst ikkje)">ney</a> og <a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cello</a> vart nytta på radio.<sup id="cite_ref-Kojaman_194-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kojaman-194"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Den mest kjende songaren frå 1930- og 1940-åra er kanskje den jødiske <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salima_Pasha&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Salima Pasha (sida finst ikkje)">Salima Pasha</a> (seinare Salima Murad).<sup id="cite_ref-Kojaman_194-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kojaman-194"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Manasseh_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manasseh-195"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Respekten og beundringa for Pasha var uvanleg for si tid, sidan offentlege framføringar av ei kvinne vart rekna som skamfullt, og fordi dei fleste kvinnelege songarane vart rekrutterte frå bordell.<sup id="cite_ref-Kojaman_194-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kojaman-194"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Den mest kjende, tidlege komponisten frå Irak var <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ezra_Aharon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ezra Aharon (sida finst ikkje)">Ezra Aharon</a>, ein <a href="/wiki/Oud" title="Oud">oud</a>-musikar, medan den mest kjende instrumentalisten var <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saleh_og_Daoud_Al-Kuwaity&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Saleh og Daoud Al-Kuwaity (sida finst ikkje)">Daoud Al-Kuwaiti</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kjelder" title="Wikipedia:Kjelder"><span title="Det som står før denne taggen bør ha ei kjelde.">treng kjelde</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> Daoud og broren <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saleh_and_Daoud_Al-Kuwaity&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Saleh and Daoud Al-Kuwaity (sida finst ikkje)">Saleh</a> danna ei offisiell gruppe for irakisk radio og var ansvarleg for å introdusere cello og ney i det tradisjonelle ensemblet.<sup id="cite_ref-Kojaman_194-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kojaman-194"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kunst_og_arkitektur">Kunst og arkitektur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=35" title="Endre bolk: Kunst og arkitektur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=35" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Kunst og arkitektur"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Ancient_ziggurat_at_Ali_Air_Base_Iraq_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ancient_ziggurat_at_Ali_Air_Base_Iraq_2005.jpg/220px-Ancient_ziggurat_at_Ali_Air_Base_Iraq_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ancient_ziggurat_at_Ali_Air_Base_Iraq_2005.jpg/330px-Ancient_ziggurat_at_Ali_Air_Base_Iraq_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ancient_ziggurat_at_Ali_Air_Base_Iraq_2005.jpg/440px-Ancient_ziggurat_at_Ali_Air_Base_Iraq_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Store_Ziggurat_i_Ur&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Store Ziggurat i Ur (sida finst ikkje)">Store Ziggurat i Ur</a> nær <a href="/wiki/Nasiriyah" title="Nasiriyah">Nasiriyah</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Viktige kulturinstitusjonar i hovudstaden er <a href="/w/index.php?title=Det_irakiske_nasjonale_symfoniorkesteret&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Det irakiske nasjonale symfoniorkesteret (sida finst ikkje)">Det irakiske nasjonale symfoniorkesteret</a>. Nasjonalteateret i Irak vart plyndra under invasjonen i 2003, men det er gjort forsøk på å restaurere det. Teaterscenen fekk ein oppsving i 1990-åra då SN-sanksjonane avgrensa import av utanlandsk film. Så mange som 30 kionar vart omgjorte til teaterscenar, og produserte ei rekkje komediar og dramatiske verk. </p><p>Institusjonar som tilbyr kulturell utdanning i Bagdad er mellom anna Musikkakademiet, Kunstinstituttet og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Musikk-_og_ballettskulen_i_Bagdad&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Musikk- og ballettskulen i Bagdad (sida finst ikkje)">Musikk- og ballettskulen i Bagdad</a>. Bagdad har òg mange museum som <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasjonalmuseet_i_Iraq&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nasjonalmuseet i Iraq (sida finst ikkje)">Nasjonalmuseet i Iraq</a> – som husar den største og finaste samlinga av gjenstandar frå siviliasajonen i det gamle Irak. Somme av dei vart stolne under okkupasjonen av Irak i 2003-2011. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Hatra-109728.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Hatra-109728.jpg/220px-Hatra-109728.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Hatra-109728.jpg/330px-Hatra-109728.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Hatra-109728.jpg/440px-Hatra-109728.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2023" data-file-height="1173" /></a><figcaption>Fasaden til tempelet i Hatra, som vart ein <a href="/wiki/Verdsarv" title="Verdsarv">verdsarvstad</a> i 1985.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=36" title="Endre bolk: Media" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=36" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Media"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Etter full statskontroll var over i 2003, var det ein periode med stor vekst for kringkastingsmedia i Irak. Forbodet mot satellittantenner tok slutt og alt i løpet av 2003 var det 20 radiostasjonar og 17 fjernsynsstasjonar, og i alt 200 irakiske aviser. Mange stader har særs mange aviser i forhold til innbyggjartalet. I <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a>, som har kring 300&#160;000 innbyggjarar, er det til dømes meir enn 30 aviser. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mat">Mat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=37" title="Endre bolk: Mat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=37" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Mat"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Masgouf,_an_Iraqi_tradition_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Masgouf%2C_an_Iraqi_tradition_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/220px-Masgouf%2C_an_Iraqi_tradition_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Masgouf%2C_an_Iraqi_tradition_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/330px-Masgouf%2C_an_Iraqi_tradition_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Masgouf%2C_an_Iraqi_tradition_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/440px-Masgouf%2C_an_Iraqi_tradition_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Masgouf&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Masgouf (sida finst ikkje)">Masgouf</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Det irakiske kjøkenet har ei lang historie som går 10&#160;000 år attende - til sumerarane, akkadiarane, babylonarane, assyrarane og dei gamle persarane.<sup id="cite_ref-Salloum_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salloum-196"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ein har funne tavler i gamle ruinar i Irak som syner matoppskrifter som vart nytta i templa under religiøse høgtider - den første kokeboka i verda.<sup id="cite_ref-Salloum_196-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salloum-196"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> var heimstad til mange sofistikerte og avanserte sivilisasjonar innan alle fagfelt, inkludert matlaging.<sup id="cite_ref-Salloum_196-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salloum-196"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Men det var i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_islamske_gullalderen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Den islamske gullalderen (sida finst ikkje)">mellomalderen</a> då Bagdad var hovudstaden til <a href="/wiki/Abbasidane" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasidane">abbasidane</a> at det irakiske kjøkenet nådde eit høgdepunkt.<sup id="cite_ref-Salloum_196-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salloum-196"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> I dag reflekterer det irakiske kjøkenet denne rike arva og har òg ein sterk påverknad frå mattradisjonar i nabolanda <a href="/wiki/Tyrkia" title="Tyrkia">Tyrkia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stor-Syria&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stor-Syria (sida finst ikkje)">Stor-Syria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Salloum_196-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salloum-196"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Somme karakteristiske ingredientar i irakisk matlaging er grønsaker som <a href="/wiki/Aubergine" title="Aubergine">aubergine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomat" title="Tomat">tomat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okra" title="Okra">okra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lauk" title="Lauk">lauk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potet" title="Potet">potet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squash" class="mw-disambig" title="Squash">squash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kvitlauk" title="Kvitlauk">kvitlauk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paprika" title="Paprika">paprika</a> og <a href="/wiki/Chilipepper" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilipepper">chili</a>, kornprodukt som <a href="/wiki/Ris" title="Ris">ris</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgur&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulgur (sida finst ikkje)">bulgur</a> <a href="/wiki/Kveite" title="Kveite">kveite</a> og <a href="/wiki/Kornsorten_bygg" class="mw-redirect" title="Kornsorten bygg">bygg</a>, belgfrukter som <a href="/wiki/Linser" title="Linser">linser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kikerter" class="mw-redirect" title="Kikerter">kikerter</a> og <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B8nner" class="mw-redirect" title="Bønner">bønner</a>, frukt som <a href="/wiki/Dadlar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadlar">dadlar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosiner">rosiner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aprikos" title="Aprikos">aprikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiken" title="Fiken">fiken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Druer" class="mw-redirect" title="Druer">druer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melon" title="Melon">melon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Granateple" title="Granateple">granateple</a> og <a href="/wiki/Sitrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitrus">sitrus</a>, særleg <a href="/wiki/Sitron" title="Sitron">sitron</a> og <a href="/wiki/Lime" title="Lime">lime</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Salloum_196-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salloum-196"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>På liknande vis som mange andre land i <a href="/wiki/Vest-Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vest-Asia">Vest-Asia</a>, er kylling og særleg lam populære varer. Dei fleste rettne vert servert med ris, vanlegvis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basmati&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Basmati (sida finst ikkje)">basmati</a>, som vert dyrka i våtmarksområda i Sør-Irak.<sup id="cite_ref-Salloum_196-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salloum-196"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgur&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulgur (sida finst ikkje)">Bulgur</a>-kveite vert nytta i mange rettar og har vore i bruk sidan dei gamle assyrarane.<sup id="cite_ref-Salloum_196-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salloum-196"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Idrett">Idrett</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=38" title="Endre bolk: Idrett" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=38" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Idrett"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fotball" title="Fotball">Fotball</a> er den mest populære idretten i Irak. Fotball har vore ei samlande faktor i Irak etter år med krig og uro. Andre populære idrettar er <a href="/wiki/Basketball" class="mw-redirect" title="Basketball">basketball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symjing" title="Symjing">symjing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vektl%C3%B8fting" title="Vektløfting">vektløfting</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kroppsbygging&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kroppsbygging (sida finst ikkje)">kroppsbygging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boksing" title="Boksing">boksing</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kickboksing&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kickboksing (sida finst ikkje)">kickboksing</a> og <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teknologi">Teknologi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=39" title="Endre bolk: Teknologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=39" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Teknologi"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mobiltelefonar">Mobiltelefonar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=40" title="Endre bolk: Mobiltelefonar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=40" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Mobiltelefonar"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trass i at det har vore mobiltelefonar i Midtausten sidan 1995, kunne irakarar først kjøpe mobiltelefonar etter 2003. Telefonane var forbode under styret til Saddam Hussein. I dag har meir enn 78&#160;% irakarar sin eigen mobiltelefon.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Undersjøisk_kabel"><span id="Undersj.C3.B8isk_kabel"></span>Undersjøisk kabel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=41" title="Endre bolk: Undersjøisk kabel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=41" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Undersjøisk kabel"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>18. januar 2012 kopla Irak seg til eit undersjøisk kommunikasjonsnettverk for første gongen.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dette hadde enorm innverknad på fart, tilgjengelegheit og bruk av Internett i Irak. </p><p>2. oktober 2013 gav den irakiske kommunikasjonsministeren ordre om å kutte internettprisane med ein tredjedel. Dette var eit forsøk på å auke bruken og betre infrastrukturen for Internett i landet.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kjelder">Kjelder</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=42" title="Endre bolk: Kjelder" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=42" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Kjelder"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small"> <ul><li><i>Denne artikkelen bygger på «<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" class="extiw" title="en:Iraq">Iraq</a>» frå <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" class="extiw" title="en:Main Page">Wikipedia på engelsk</a>, den 8. september 2017.</i> <ul><li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" class="extiw" title="en:Main Page">Wikipedia på engelsk</a> oppgav desse kjeldene: </i> </li></ul></li></ul></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3318915">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paragraf 125 i den irakiske grunnlova.<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/454f50804.pdf">http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/454f50804.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/11/20071126-11.html">«Declaration of Principles for a Long-Term Relationship of Cooperation and Friendship Between the Republic of Iraq and the United States of America»</a>. 26. november 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=Declaration+of+Principles+for+a+Long-Term+Relationship+of+Cooperation+and+Friendship+Between+the+Republic+of+Iraq+and+the+United+States+of+America&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeorgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov%2Fnews%2Freleases%2F2007%2F11%2F20071126-11.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livescience.com/history/top10_iraq_battles.html">«Top 10 Battles for the Control of Iraq»</a>. Livescience.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 7. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=Top+10+Battles+for+the+Control+of+Iraq&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Livescience.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2Fhistory%2Ftop10_iraq_battles.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnn-dec11-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cnn-dec11_4-0">4,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cnn-dec11_4-1">4,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Basu, Moni (18. desember 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/17/world/meast/iraq-troops-leave/index.html">«Deadly Iraq war ends with exit of last U.S. troops»</a>. <i>CNN.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 7. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=Deadly+Iraq+war+ends+with+exit+of+last+U.S.+troops&amp;rft.aufirst=Moni&amp;rft.aulast=Basu&amp;rft.chron=18.+desember+2011&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CNN.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2011%2F12%2F17%2Fworld%2Fmeast%2Firaq-troops-leave%2Findex.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=iraq">«Online Etymology Dictionary»</a>. Etymonline.com. 10. desember 1979<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 7. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Etymonline.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fsearch%3Diraq&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Halloran, John A. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sumerian.org/sumerlex.htm">«Sumerian Lexicon»</a>. «The name of the very ancient city of URUK- City of Gilgamesh is made up from the UR-city and UK- thought to mean existence (a-ku, a-Ki &amp; a-ko. The Aramaic and Arabic root of IRQ and URQ denotes rivers or tributaries at the same times referring to condensation (of water).»</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.aufirst=John+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Halloran&amp;rft.btitle=Sumerian+Lexicon&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsumerian.org%2Fsumerlex.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"often said to be from Arabic <i>`araqa</i>, covering notions such as "perspiring, deeply rooted, well-watered," which may reflect the impression the lush river-land made on desert Arabic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=iraq">etymonline.com</a>; see also "<cite class="citation book">Rassam, Suha (31. oktober 2005). <i>Christianity in Iraq: Its Origins and Development to the Present Day</i>. Gracewing Publishing. s.&#160;9. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkjelder/978-0-85244-633-1" title="Spesial:Bokkjelder/978-0-85244-633-1">978-0-85244-633-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.aufirst=Suha&amp;rft.aulast=Rassam&amp;rft.btitle=Christianity+in+Iraq%3A+Its+Origins+and+Development+to+the+Present+Day&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-85244-633-1&amp;rft.pages=9&amp;rft.pub=Gracewing+Publishing&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/293631/Iraq">«Iraq»</a>. Britannica Online Encyclopedia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=Iraq&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Britannica+Online+Encyclopedia&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F293631%2FIraq&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ʿERĀQ-EʿAJAMĪ_Persian_Iraq-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ʿERĀQ-EʿAJAMĪ_Persian_Iraq_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/eraq-e-ajami">«ʿERĀQ-E ʿAJAM(Ī)»</a>. Encyclopaedia Iranica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 7. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=%CA%BFER%C4Q-E+%CA%BFAJAM%28%C4%AA%29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Feraq-e-ajami&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bernhardsson-97-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bernhardsson-97_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Magnus Thorkell Bernhardsson (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MVHtRZwU-cAC&amp;pg=PA97"><i>Reclaiming a Plundered Past: Archaeology And Nation Building in Modern Iraq</i></a>. University of Texas Press. s.&#160;97. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkjelder/978-0-292-70947-8" title="Spesial:Bokkjelder/978-0-292-70947-8">978-0-292-70947-8</a>. «The term Iraq did not encompass the regions north of the region of Tikrit on the Tigris and near Hīt on the Eufrat.»</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.au=Magnus+Thorkell+Bernhardsson&amp;rft.btitle=Reclaiming+a+Plundered+Past%3A+Archaeology+And+Nation+Building+in+Modern+Iraq&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-292-70947-8&amp;rft.pages=97&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMVHtRZwU-cAC%26pg%3DPA97&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Salmon, Thomas (1767). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FlttD01OMU4C&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=%22Mentz,+Germany%22&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjVj-2N2b7TAhUHbiYKHdxQA8sQ6AEINjAD#v=onepage&amp;q=%22Mentz%2C%20Germany%22&amp;f=false"><i>A New Geographical and Historical Grammar</i></a>. Sands, Murray, and Cochran.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.aufirst=Thomas&amp;rft.aulast=Salmon&amp;rft.btitle=A+New+Geographical+and+Historical+Grammar&amp;rft.date=1767&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=Sands%2C+Murray%2C+and+Cochran&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFlttD01OMU4C%26pg%3DPA1%26dq%3D%2522Mentz%2C%2BGermany%2522%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0ahUKEwjVj-2N2b7TAhUHbiYKHdxQA8sQ6AEINjAD%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%2522Mentz%252C%2520Germany%2522%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Boesch, Hans H. (1 October 1939). «El-'Iraq». <i>Economic Geography</i> <b>15</b> (4): 329. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F141771">10.2307/141771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=El-%27Iraq&amp;rft.aufirst=Hans+H.&amp;rft.aulast=Boesch&amp;rft.date=1939-10-01&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.jtitle=Economic+Geography&amp;rft.pages=329&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F141771&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwards, Owen (March 2010). "The Skeletons of Shanidargrotta". Smithsonian. Henta 7. september 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ralph_S._Solecki_2004_s._3-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ralph_S._Solecki_2004_s._3_14-0">14,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ralph_S._Solecki_2004_s._3_14-1">14,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph S. Solecki, Rose L. Solecki, and Anagnostis P. Agelarakis (2004). The Proto-Neolithic Cemetery in Shanidar Cave. Texas A&amp;M University Press. s. 3–5. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkjelder/9781585442720" title="Spesial:Bokkjelder/9781585442720">9781585442720</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter, Robert A. and Philip, Graham Beyond the Ubaid: Transformation and Integration in the Late Prehistoric Societies of the Middle East (Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization, Number 63) The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago (2010) <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkjelder/978-1-885923-66-0" title="Spesial:Bokkjelder/978-1-885923-66-0">978-1-885923-66-0</a> s.2, at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://oi.uchicago.edu/research/pubs/catalog/saoc/saoc63.html">http://oi.uchicago.edu/research/pubs/catalog/saoc/saoc63.html</a>; "Radiometric data suggest that the whole Southern Mesopotamian Ubaid Period, including Ubaid 0 and 5, is of immense duration, spanning nearly three millennia from about 6500 to 3800 B.C".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Al-Gailani Werr, L., 1988. Studies in the chronology and regional style of Old Babylonian Cylinder Seals. Bibliotheca Mesopotamica, Volume 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Crawford 2004, s. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roux, Georges (1993), "Ancient Iraq" (Penguin)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancient.eu/akkad/">«Akkad»</a>. <i>Ancient History Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 7. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=Akkad&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Ancient+History+Encyclopedia&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancient.eu%2Fakkad%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Deutscher, Guy (2007). Syntactic Change in Akkadian: The Evolution of Sentential Complementation. Oxford University Press US. s. 20–21. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkjelder/978-0-19-953222-3" title="Spesial:Bokkjelder/978-0-19-953222-3">978-0-19-953222-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Georges Roux – Ancient Iraq</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lsa.umich.edu/kelsey/research/past-field-projects/seleucia-tigris-iraq-1927-32-1936-37.html">«Seleucia on the Tigris»</a>. Umich.edu. 29. desember 1927<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 8. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=Seleucia+on+the+Tigris&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Umich.edu&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flsa.umich.edu%2Fkelsey%2Fresearch%2Fpast-field-projects%2Fseleucia-tigris-iraq-1927-32-1936-37.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rollinger, Robert (2006). "The terms "Assyria" and "Syria" again" (PDF). Journal of Near Eastern Studies 65 (4): 284–287. doi:10.1086/511103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0006:entry=hatra">«The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, Iraq.»</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Encyclopedia+of+Classical+Sites%2C+Iraq.&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0006%3Aentry%3Dhatra&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">electricpulp.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hatra">«HATRA – Encyclopaedia Iranica»</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.au=electricpulp.com&amp;rft.btitle=HATRA+%93+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fhatra&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm">«Largest Cities Through History»</a>. Geography.about.com. 6. april 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 8. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=Largest+Cities+Through+History&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Geography.about.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeography.about.com%2Flibrary%2Fweekly%2Faa011201a.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090815080358/http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/learning/conclusion.html">«The Islamic World to 1600: The Arts, Learning, and Knowledge (Conclusion)»</a>. Acs.ucalgary.ca. Arkivert frå <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/learning/conclusion.html">originalen</a> August 15, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=The+Islamic+World+to+1600%3A+The+Arts%2C+Learning%2C+and+Knowledge+%28Conclusion%29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Acs.ucalgary.ca&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acs.ucalgary.ca%2Fapplied_history%2Ftutor%2Fislam%2Flearning%2Fconclusion.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080423014420/http://www.sfusd.k12.ca.us/schwww/sch618/Ibn_Battuta/Battuta%27s_Trip_Three.html">«Battuta's Travels: Part Three – Persia and Iraq»</a>. Sfusd.k12.ca.us. Arkivert frå <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfusd.k12.ca.us/schwww/sch618/Ibn_Battuta/Battuta&#39;s_Trip_Three.html">originalen</a> April 23, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 8. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=Battuta%27s+Travels%3A+Part+Three+%93+Persia+and+Iraq&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Sfusd.k12.ca.us&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfusd.k12.ca.us%2Fschwww%2Fsch618%2FIbn_Battuta%2FBattuta%27s_Trip_Three.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Frazier, Ian (25. april 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/04/25/050425fa_fact4?currentPage=4">«Annals of history: Invaders: Destroying Bagdad»</a>. The New Yorker. s.&#160;4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 8. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.aufirst=Ian&amp;rft.aulast=Frazier&amp;rft.btitle=Annals+of+history%3A+Invaders%3A+Destroying+Bagdad&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pages=4&amp;rft.pub=The+New+Yorker&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Farchive%2F2005%2F04%2F25%2F050425fa_fact4%3FcurrentPage%3D4&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Hy-La/Irrigation-Systems-Ancient.html">«Irrigation Systems, Ancient»</a>. Waterencyclopedia.com. 11. januar 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 8. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=Irrigation+Systems%2C+Ancient&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Waterencyclopedia.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waterencyclopedia.com%2FHy-La%2FIrrigation-Systems-Ancient.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090131180742/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/blackDeath.html">«The Islamic World to 1600: The Mongol Invasions (The Black Death)»</a>. The University of Calgary. Arkivert frå <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/blackDeath.html">originalen</a> January 31, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=The+Islamic+World+to+1600%3A+The+Mongol+Invasions+%28The+Black+Death%29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=The+University+of+Calgary&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucalgary.ca%2Fapplied_history%2Ftutor%2Fislam%2Fmongols%2FblackDeath.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Kathryn Jean Lopez (14 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120216075334/http://old.nationalreview.com/interrogatory/kelly200509140843.asp">«Q&amp;A with John Kelly on The Great Mortality on National Review Online»</a>. Nationalreview.com. Arkivert frå <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.nationalreview.com/interrogatory/kelly200509140843.asp">originalen</a> 16. februar 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 9. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.au=Kathryn+Jean+Lopez&amp;rft.btitle=Q%26A+with+John+Kelly+on+The+Great+Mortality+on+National+Review+Online&amp;rft.date=2005-09-14&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Nationalreview.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.nationalreview.com%2Finterrogatory%2Fkelly200509140843.asp&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asianhistory.about.com/od/profilesofasianleaders/p/TimurProf.htm">«Tamerlane – Timur the Lame Biography»</a>. Asianhistory.about.com. 15. februar 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 8. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=Tamerlane+%93+Timur+the+Lame+Biography&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Asianhistory.about.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasianhistory.about.com%2Fod%2Fprofilesofasianleaders%2Fp%2FTimurProf.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mertsahinoglu.com/research/14th-century-annihilation-of-iraq">«14th century annihilation of Iraq»</a>. Mert Sahinoglu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 8. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=14th+century+annihilation+of+Iraq&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Mert+Sahinoglu&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmertsahinoglu.com%2Fresearch%2F14th-century-annihilation-of-iraq&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> ^ Nestorians eller Ancient Eastern Church på Encyclopædia Britannica</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/iraq/18.htm">«Iraq – The Ottoman Period, 1534–1918»</a>. Countrystudies.us<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 8. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=Iraq+%93+The+Ottoman+Period%2C+1534%931918&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Countrystudies.us&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Firaq%2F18.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbs-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-bbs_37-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Reidar Visser (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pCC4ffbOv_YC&amp;pg=PA19"><i>Basra, the Failed Gulf State: Separatism And Nationalism in Southern Iraq</i></a>. LIT Verlag Münster. s.&#160;19. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkjelder/978-3-8258-8799-5" title="Spesial:Bokkjelder/978-3-8258-8799-5">978-3-8258-8799-5</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 7. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.au=Reidar+Visser&amp;rft.btitle=Basra%2C+the+Failed+Gulf+State%3A+Separatism+And+Nationalism+in+Southern+Iraq&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-8258-8799-5&amp;rft.pages=19&amp;rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpCC4ffbOv_YC%26pg%3DPA19&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.valerieyule.com.au/poprus.htm">«Population crises and cycles in history A review of the book <i>Population Crises and Population cycles</i> by Claire Russell and W.M.S. Russell.»</a>. valerieyule.com.au. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkjelder/0-9504066-5-1" title="Spesial:Bokkjelder/0-9504066-5-1">0-9504066-5-1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 7. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=Population+crises+and+cycles+in+history+A+review+of+the+book+Population+Crises+and+Population+cycles+by+Claire+Russell+and+W.M.S.+Russell.&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.isbn=0-9504066-5-1&amp;rft.pub=valerieyule.com.au&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.valerieyule.com.au%2Fpoprus.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS094.pdf">s.8</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160317073736/http://archive.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/limitsinseas/IBS094.pdf">Arkivert</a> 2016-03-17 ved <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Tripp, Charles (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WR-Cnw1UCJEC"><i>A History of Iraq</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkjelder/978-0-521-52900-6" title="Spesial:Bokkjelder/978-0-521-52900-6">978-0-521-52900-6</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 7. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles&amp;rft.aulast=Tripp&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+Iraq&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-52900-6&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWR-Cnw1UCJEC&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeremy_Wilson&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeremy Wilson (sida finst ikkje)">Wilson, Jeremy</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OsEhAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22Lawrence+of+Arabia%22&amp;dq=%22Lawrence+of+Arabia%22&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=ruwjVeanJsfZaofAgeAG&amp;ved=0CCAQ6AEwAA"><i>Lawrence of Arabia: The Authorised Biography of T. E. Lawrence</i></a>. Stroud: Sutton. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkjelder/0750918772" title="Spesial:Bokkjelder/0750918772">0750918772</a>. «The exploits of T.E. Lawrence as British liaison officer in the Arab Revolt, recounted in his work Seven Pillars of Wisdom, made him one of the most famous Englishmen of his generation. This biography explores his life and career including his correspondence with writers, artists and politicians.»</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.aufirst=Jeremy&amp;rft.aulast=Wilson&amp;rft.btitle=Lawrence+of+Arabia%3A+The+Authorised+Biography+of+T.+E.+Lawrence&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0750918772&amp;rft.place=Stroud&amp;rft.pub=Sutton&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOsEhAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522Lawrence%2Bof%2BArabia%2522%26dq%3D%2522Lawrence%2Bof%2BArabia%2522%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3DruwjVeanJsfZaofAgeAG%26ved%3D0CCAQ6AEwAA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/32604">«Oxford DNB article: Cox, Sir Percy Zachariah»</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=Oxford+DNB+article%3A+Cox%2C+Sir++Percy+Zachariah&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F32604&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Liam Anderson; Gareth Stansfield (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4JMHAI1C91gC&amp;pg=PA6"><i>The Future of Iraq: Dictatorship, Democracy, Or Division?</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. s.&#160;6. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkjelder/978-1-4039-7144-9" title="Spesial:Bokkjelder/978-1-4039-7144-9">978-1-4039-7144-9</a>. «Sunni control over the levels of power and the distribution of the spoils of office has had predictable consequences- a simmering resentment on the part of the Shi'a...»</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.au=Gareth+Stansfield&amp;rft.au=Liam+Anderson&amp;rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Iraq%3A+Dictatorship%2C+Democracy%2C+Or+Division%3F&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4039-7144-9&amp;rft.pages=6&amp;rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4JMHAI1C91gC%26pg%3DPA6&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zanj-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-zanj_44-0">44,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-zanj_44-1">44,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Williams, Timothy (2. desember 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/03/world/middleeast/03basra.html?_r=0">«In Iraq's African Enclave, Color Is Plainly Seen»</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=In+Iraq%27s+African+Enclave%2C+Color+Is+Plainly+Seen&amp;rft.aufirst=Timothy&amp;rft.aulast=Williams&amp;rft.chron=2.+desember+2009&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F12%2F03%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2F03basra.html%3F_r%3D0&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ongsotto et.al. <i>Asian History Module-based Learning Ii' 2003 Ed</i>. p69. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KE6f6Ni5lrsC&amp;pg=PR7&amp;lpg=PR7&amp;dq=asian+history+module+based+learning&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=S7dsbT75jf&amp;sig=IqWlp3Yj6vxv3SI0aTUTyBeqwZE&amp;hl=iw&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=r3jjVLjZIsKrU9Kgg-gK&amp;ved=0CCEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=asian%20history%20module%20based%20learning&amp;f=false">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lyman, s.23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Cleveland, William (2016). <i>A History of the Modern Middle East</i>. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.aufirst=William&amp;rft.aulast=Cleveland&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Modern+Middle+East&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&amp;rft.pub=Westview+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Karsh, Efraim (2002). <i>The den iransk-irakiske krigen, 1980–1988</i>. Oxford, Oxfordshire: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkjelder/978-1841763712" title="Spesial:Bokkjelder/978-1841763712">978-1841763712</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.aufirst=Efraim&amp;rft.aulast=Karsh&amp;rft.btitle=The+den+iransk-irakiske+krigen%2C+1980%931988&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1841763712&amp;rft.place=Oxford%2C+Oxfordshire&amp;rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Hardy, Roger (22. september 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4260420.stm">«The Iran–Iraq war: 25 years on»</a>. BBC News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 8. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=The+Iran%93Iraq+war%3A+25+years+on&amp;rft.aufirst=Roger&amp;rft.aulast=Hardy&amp;rft.chron=22.+september+2005&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F4260420.stm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S-RES-487(1981) Security Council Resolution 487 (1981)". United Nations. Henta 19 June 2011., <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110621231947/http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/6c57312cc8bd93ca852560df00653995?OpenDocument">«Archived copy»</a>. Arkivert frå <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/6c57312cc8bd93ca852560df00653995?OpenDocument">originalen</a> 21. juni 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 8. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=Archived+copy&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdomino.un.org%2FUNISPAL.NSF%2F0%2F6c57312cc8bd93ca852560df00653995%3FOpenDocument&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonathan Steele (7 June 2002). "The Bush doctrine makes nonsense of the UN charter". The Guardian. Henta 29 November 2010, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2002/jun/07/britainand911.usa">https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2002/jun/07/britainand911.usa</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tyler, Patrick E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/18/world/officers-say-us-aided-iraq-in-war-despite-use-of-gas.html">"Officers Say U.S. Aided Iraq in War Despite Use of Gas"</a> <i>New York Times</i> August 18, 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hrw.org-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-hrw.org_53-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2006/08/14/genocide-iraq-anfal-campaign-against-kurds">«The Anfal Campaign Against the kurdarar A Middle East Watch Report»</a>. Human Rights Watch. 14. august 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 8. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=The+Anfal+Campaign+Against+the+kurdarar+A+Middle+East+Watch+Report&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fen%2Freports%2F2006%2F08%2F14%2Fgenocide-iraq-anfal-campaign-against-kurds&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Black, George (July 1993) [1993]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrw.org/reports/1993/iraqanfal/"><i>Genocide in Iraq: The Anfal Campaign against the Kurds / West Asia Watch</i></a>. New York • Washington • Los Angeles • London: Human Rights Watch. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkjelder/1-56432-108-8" title="Spesial:Bokkjelder/1-56432-108-8">1-56432-108-8</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 8. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.aufirst=George&amp;rft.aulast=Black&amp;rft.btitle=Genocide+in+Iraq%3A+The+Anfal+Campaign+against+the+Kurds+%2F+West+Asia+Watch&amp;rft.date=1993-07&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=1-56432-108-8&amp;rft.place=New+York+%A2+Washington+%A2+Los+Angeles+%A2+London&amp;rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrw.org%2Freports%2F1993%2Firaqanfal%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hiltermann, Joost R. (February 1994) [1994]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061028211739/http://www.hrw.org/reports/1994/iraq/TEXT.htm"><i>Bureaucracy of Repression: The Iraqi Government in Its Own Words / Vest-Asia Watch</i></a>. Human Rights Watch. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkjelder/1-56432-127-4" title="Spesial:Bokkjelder/1-56432-127-4">1-56432-127-4</a>. Arkivert frå <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/1994/iraq/TEXT.htm">originalen</a> 28. oktober 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 8. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.aufirst=Joost+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Hiltermann&amp;rft.btitle=Bureaucracy+of+Repression%3A+The+Iraqi+Government+in+Its+Own+Words+%2F+Vest-Asia+Watch&amp;rft.date=1994-02&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=1-56432-127-4&amp;rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F1994%2Firaq%2FTEXT.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090101055802/http://www.institutkurde.org/en/afp/archives/070108093217.hrifbdh6.html">«Charges against Saddam dropped as genocide trial resumes»</a>. Agence France-Presse. January 8, 2007. Arkivert frå <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.institutkurde.org/en/afp/archives/070108093217.hrifbdh6.html">originalen</a> 1. januar 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=Charges+against+Saddam+dropped+as+genocide+trial+resumes&amp;rft.date=2007-01-08&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Agence+France-Presse&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.institutkurde.org%2Fen%2Fafp%2Farchives%2F070108093217.hrifbdh6.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hiltermann, J. R. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5JGldonhk6wC&amp;pg=PA134"><i>A Poisonous Affair: America, Iraq, and the Gassing of Halabja</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. s.&#160;134–135. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkjelder/978-0-521-87686-5" title="Spesial:Bokkjelder/978-0-521-87686-5">978-0-521-87686-5</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 7. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Hiltermann&amp;rft.btitle=A+Poisonous+Affair%3A+America%2C+Iraq%2C+and+the+Gassing+of+Halabja&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-87686-5&amp;rft.pages=134-135&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5JGldonhk6wC%26pg%3DPA134&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crusade-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Crusade_58-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Rick Atkinson (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TVVwADcYOcgC&amp;pg=PA284"><i>Crusade: The Untold Story of the Persian Gulf War</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. s.&#160;284–285. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkjelder/978-0-395-71083-8" title="Spesial:Bokkjelder/978-0-395-71083-8">978-0-395-71083-8</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 7. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.au=Rick+Atkinson&amp;rft.btitle=Crusade%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+the+Persian+Gulf+War&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-395-71083-8&amp;rft.pages=284-285&amp;rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTVVwADcYOcgC%26pg%3DPA284&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arbuthnot-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Arbuthnot_59-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716220215/http://www.uruknet.de/?p=m30603&amp;hd=&amp;size=1&amp;l=e">«The Ameriya Shelter – St. Valentine's Day Massacre»</a>. Uruknet.de. Arkivert frå <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uruknet.de/?p=m30603&amp;hd=&amp;size=1&amp;l=e">originalen</a> 16. juli 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 8. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=The+Ameriya+Shelter+%93+St.+Valentine%27s+Day+Massacre&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Uruknet.de&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uruknet.de%2F%3Fp%3Dm30603%26hd%3D%26size%3D1%26l%3De&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CSM2002-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CSM2002_60-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/1022/p01s01-wosc.htm">«<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>Smarter' bombs still hit civilians»</a>. <i>Christian Science Monitor</i>. 22. oktober 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 8. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=%27Smarter%27+bombs+still+hit+civilians&amp;rft.chron=22.+oktober+2002&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Christian+Science+Monitor&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2002%2F1022%2Fp01s01-wosc.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Ian Black (22. august 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/aug/22/iraq.ianblack">«<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>Chemical Ali' on trial for brutal crushing of Shia uprising»</a>. <i>The Guardian</i> (London)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 8. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=%27Chemical+Ali%27+on+trial+for+brutal+crushing+of+Shia+uprising&amp;rft.au=Ian+Black&amp;rft.chron=22.+august+2007&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2007%2Faug%2F22%2Firaq.ianblack&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unicef99-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-unicef99_62-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicef.org/newsline/99pr29.htm">Iraq surveys show 'humanitarian emergency'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090806193122/http://www.unicef.org/newsline/99pr29.htm">Arkivert</a> 2009-08-06 ved <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> Newsline August 12, 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rubin-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Rubin_63-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Rubin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Rubin (sida finst ikkje)">Rubin, Michael</a> (December 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121028003924/http://www.iraqwatch.org/perspectives/meria-rubin-sanctions-1201.htm">«Sanctions on Iraq: A Valid Anti-American Grievance?»</a> <b>5</b> (4). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_East_Review_of_International_Affairs&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Middle East Review of International Affairs (sida finst ikkje)">Middle East Review of International Affairs</a>: 100–115. Arkivert frå <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iraqwatch.org/perspectives/meria-rubin-sanctions-1201.htm">originalen</a> 28. oktober 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=Sanctions+on+Iraq%3A+A+Valid+Anti-American+Grievance%3F&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rft.aulast=Rubin&amp;rft.date=2001-12&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=100-115&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iraqwatch.org%2Fperspectives%2Fmeria-rubin-sanctions-1201.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spagat-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Spagat_64-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Spagat, Michael (September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://personal.rhul.ac.uk/uhte/014/Truth%20and%20Death.pdf">«Truth and death in Iraq under sanctions»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Significance_(journal)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Significance (journal) (sida finst ikkje)">Significance</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rft.aulast=Spagat&amp;rft.btitle=Truth+and+death+in+Iraq+under+sanctions&amp;rft.date=2010-09&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Significance&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpersonal.rhul.ac.uk%2Fuhte%2F014%2FTruth%2520and%2520Death.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_65-0">65,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_65-1">65,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_65-2">65,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Dyson, Tim; Cetorelli, Valeria (1. juli 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gh.bmj.com/content/2/2/e000311">«Changing views on child mortality and economic sanctions in Iraq: a history of lies, damned lies and statistics»</a>. <i>BMJ Global Health</i> (på engelsk) <b>2</b> (2): e000311. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2059-7908">2059-7908</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmjgh-2017-000311">10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000311</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=Changing+views+on+child+mortality+and+economic+sanctions+in+Iraq%3A+a+history+of+lies%2C+damned+lies+and+statistics&amp;rft.au=Cetorelli%2C+Valeria&amp;rft.aufirst=Tim&amp;rft.aulast=Dyson&amp;rft.chron=1.+juli+2017&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issn=2059-7908&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=BMJ+Global+Health&amp;rft.pages=e000311&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgh.bmj.com%2Fcontent%2F2%2F2%2Fe000311&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmjgh-2017-000311&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/08/04/saddam-hussein-said-sanctions-killed-500000-children-that-was-a-spectacular-lie/">«Saddam Hussein said sanctions killed 500,000 children. That was ‘a spectacular lie.’»</a>. <i>Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 9. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=Saddam+Hussein+said+sanctions+killed+500%2C000+children.+That+was+%98a+spectacular+lie.%99&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2017%2F08%2F04%2Fsaddam-hussein-said-sanctions-killed-500000-children-that-was-a-spectacular-lie%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100305071446/http://www.factcheck.org/bushs_16_words_on_iraq_uranium.html">«Bush's "16 Words" on Iraq &amp; Uranium: He May Have Been Wrong But He Wasn't Lying»</a>. FactCheck.org. July 26, 2004. Arkivert frå <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.factcheck.org/bushs_16_words_on_iraq_uranium.html">originalen</a> 5. mars 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=Bush%27s+%2216+Words%22+on+Iraq+%26+Uranium%3A+He+May+Have+Been+Wrong+But+He+Wasn%27t+Lying&amp;rft.date=2004-07-26&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=FactCheck.org&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.factcheck.org%2Fbushs_16_words_on_iraq_uranium.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Borger, Julian (7. oktober 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/oct/07/usa.iraq1">«There were no weapons of mass destruction in Iraq»</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guardian.co.uk&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Guardian.co.uk (sida finst ikkje)">guardian.co.uk</a></i> (London: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guardian_Media_Group&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Guardian Media Group (sida finst ikkje)">Guardian Media Group</a>)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 28. april 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=There+were+no+weapons+of+mass+destruction+in+Iraq&amp;rft.aufirst=Julian&amp;rft.aulast=Borger&amp;rft.chron=7.+oktober+2004&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=guardian.co.uk&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2004%2Foct%2F07%2Fusa.iraq1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-21829269">«John Simpson: 'The Iraq memories I can't rid myself of<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>»</a>. BBC News. 19. mars 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 9. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=John+Simpson%3A+%27The+Iraq+memories+I+can%27t+rid+myself+of%27&amp;rft.chron=19.+mars+2013&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-21829269&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Pfiffner, James (February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pfiffner.gmu.edu/files/pdfs/Articles/CPA%20Orders,%20Iraq%20PDF.pdf">«US Blunders in Iraq: De-Baathification and Disbanding the Army»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Intelligence and National Security</i> <b>25</b> (1): 76–85. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F02684521003588120">10.1080/02684521003588120</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 9. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=US+Blunders+in+Iraq%3A+De-Baathification+and+Disbanding+the+Army&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rft.aulast=Pfiffner&amp;rft.date=2010-02&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Intelligence+and+National+Security&amp;rft.pages=76-85&amp;rft.volume=25&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpfiffner.gmu.edu%2Ffiles%2Fpdfs%2FArticles%2FCPA%2520Orders%2C%2520Iraq%2520PDF.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02684521003588120&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Gordon, Michael R. (17. mars 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/17/world/middleeast/17bremer.html?pagewanted=all">«Fateful Choice on Iraq Army Bypassed Debate»</a>. New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=Fateful+Choice+on+Iraq+Army+Bypassed+Debate&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Gordon&amp;rft.chron=17.+mars+2008&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F03%2F17%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2F17bremer.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pfiffner.gmu.edu/files/pdfs/Articles/CPA%20Orders,%20Iraq%20PDF.pdf">" US Blunders in Iraq" </a> "Intelligence and National Security Vol. 25, No. 1, 76–85, February 2010"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/21528299">«Can the joy last?»</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 3. september 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=Can+the+joy+last%3F&amp;rft.chron=3.+september+2011&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Economist&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F21528299&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnn.com-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-cnn.com_74-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/07/24/iraq.main/index.html">«U.S. cracks down on Iraq death squads»</a>. CNN. 24 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=U.S.+cracks+down+on+Iraq+death+squads&amp;rft.date=2006-07-24&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2006%2FWORLD%2Fmeast%2F07%2F24%2Firaq.main%2Findex.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mehdi-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mehdi_75-0">75,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mehdi_75-1">75,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Jackson, Patrick (30. mai 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3604393.stm">«Who are Iraq's Mehdi Army?»</a>. BBC News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 9. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=Who+are+Iraq%27s+Mehdi+Army%3F&amp;rft.aufirst=Patrick&amp;rft.aulast=Jackson&amp;rft.chron=30.+mai+2007&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F3604393.stm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0320/p09s01-coop.html">«Al Qaeda's hand in tipping Iraq toward civil war»</a>. <i>Christian Science Monitor / Al-Quds Al-Arabi</i>. 20. mars 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=Al+Qaeda%27s+hand+in+tipping+Iraq+toward+civil+war&amp;rft.chron=20.+mars+2006&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Christian+Science+Monitor+%2F+Al-Quds+Al-Arabi&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2006%2F0320%2Fp09s01-coop.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-77">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Ricks (2006) <i>Fiasco</i>: 414</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6219861.stm">«Saddam death 'ends dark chapter<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>»</a>. BBC News. 30. desember 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 9. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=Saddam+death+%27ends+dark+chapter%27&amp;rft.chron=30.+desember+2006&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F6219861.stm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-79">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930043806/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&amp;sid=adlWxYxfI4bE">«Saddam Hussein's Two Co-Defendants Hanged in Iraq»</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloomberg_L.P.&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bloomberg L.P. (sida finst ikkje)">Bloomberg L.P.</a> 15. januar 2007. Arkivert frå <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&amp;sid=adlWxYxfI4bE">originalen</a> 30. september 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 9. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=Saddam+Hussein%27s+Two+Co-Defendants+Hanged+in+Iraq&amp;rft.chron=15.+januar+2007&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fapps%2Fnews%3Fpid%3D20601087%26sid%3DadlWxYxfI4bE&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Qassim Abdul-Zahra (20. mars 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070323194534/http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=2965027">«Saddam's Former Deputy Hanged in Iraq»</a>. Abcnews.go.com. Arkivert frå <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=2965027">originalen</a> 23. mars 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 7. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.au=Qassim+Abdul-Zahra&amp;rft.btitle=Saddam%27s+Former+Deputy+Hanged+in+Iraq&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Abcnews.go.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2FwireStory%3Fid%3D2965027&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Ferguson, Barbara (11 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabnews.com/?page=4&amp;section=0&amp;article=101078&amp;d=11&amp;m=9&amp;y=2007">«Petraeus Says Iraq Troop Surge Working»</a>. <i>Arab News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 9. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=Petraeus+Says+Iraq+Troop+Surge+Working&amp;rft.aufirst=Barbara&amp;rft.aulast=Ferguson&amp;rft.date=2007-09-11&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Arab+News&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2F%3Fpage%3D4%26section%3D0%26article%3D101078%26d%3D11%26m%3D9%26y%3D2007&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,271210,00.html">Iraq Bill Demands U.S.&#160;Troop Withdraw</a> Associated Press, <i><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></i>, 10 May 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">BBC NEWS 21 February 2007, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/6380933.stm"><i>Blair announces Iraq troops cut</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-84">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Jazeera&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Jazeera (sida finst ikkje)">Al-Jazeera</a> ENGLISH, 22 February 2007, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2007/02/200852513931496402.html">Blair announces Iraq troop pullout</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-85">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jan/10/iraq.iraqtimeline">151,000 civilians killed since Iraq invasion</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 10 January 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.latimes.com/2007/sep/14/world/fg-iraq14">Civilian deaths may top 1 million, poll data indicate</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. 14 September 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-87">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8125547.stm">«US soldiers leave Iraq's cities»</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 9. september 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 9. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=US+soldiers+leave+Iraq%27s+cities&amp;rft.chron=9.+september+2017&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F8125547.stm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Associated_Press_and_Yahoo.com-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Associated_Press_and_Yahoo.com_88-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/32955876/ns/world_news-mideast_n_africa/t/after-years-war-iraqis-hit-frenzy-crime/#.UOs2ZbaqTMg">«After years of war, Iraqis hit by frenzy of crime»</a>. Associated Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=After+years+of+war%2C+Iraqis+hit+by+frenzy+of+crime&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F32955876%2Fns%2Fworld_news-mideast_n_africa%2Ft%2Fafter-years-war-iraqis-hit-frenzy-crime%2F%23.UOs2ZbaqTMg&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-89">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/05/09/violence-grows-iraq-american-troops-withdraw/">«Violence Grows in Iraq as American troops withdraw»</a>. FOX. 9. mai 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=Violence+Grows+in+Iraq+as+American+troops+withdraw&amp;rft.chron=9.+mai+2009&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fpolitics%2F2009%2F05%2F09%2Fviolence-grows-iraq-american-troops-withdraw%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-90">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151001055357/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/11/30/us-iraq-toll-idUSTRE5AT3ZE20091130">«Iraqi civilian deaths drop to lowest level of war»</a>. Reuters. 30. november 2009. Arkivert frå <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/11/30/us-iraq-toll-idUSTRE5AT3ZE20091130">originalen</a> 1. oktober 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 9. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=Iraqi+civilian+deaths+drop+to+lowest+level+of+war&amp;rft.chron=30.+november+2009&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2009%2F11%2F30%2Fus-iraq-toll-idUSTRE5AT3ZE20091130&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-91">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Sly, Liz (9. september 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/12/AR2011021202100.html">«Egyptian revolution sparks protest movement in democratic Iraq»</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 9. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=Egyptian+revolution+sparks+protest+movement+in+democratic+Iraq&amp;rft.aufirst=Liz&amp;rft.aulast=Sly&amp;rft.chron=9.+september+2017&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2011%2F02%2F12%2FAR2011021202100.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kurd-Shiite-Sunni-Split-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kurd-Shiite-Sunni-Split_92-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Salem, Paul (29 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://middleeastvoices.voanews.com/2012/11/insight-iraqs-tensions-heightened-by-syria-conflict-96791/">«INSIGHT: Iraq's Tensions Heightened by Syria Conflict»</a>. Middle East Voices (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_of_America&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Voice of America (sida finst ikkje)">Voice of America</a>)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 9. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft.aulast=Salem&amp;rft.btitle=INSIGHT%3A+Iraq%27s+Tensions+Heightened+by+Syria+Conflict&amp;rft.date=2012-11-29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Middle+East+Voices+%28Voice+of+America%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmiddleeastvoices.voanews.com%2F2012%2F11%2Finsight-iraqs-tensions-heightened-by-syria-conflict-96791%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-93">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20860647">«Iraq Sunni protests in Anbar against Nouri al-Maliki»</a>. BBC News. 28 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 9. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=Iraq+Sunni+protests+in+Anbar+against+Nouri+al-Maliki&amp;rft.date=2012-12-28&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-20860647&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-94">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20887739">«Protests engulf west Iraq as Anbar rises against Maliki»</a>. BBC News. 2 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 9. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=Protests+engulf+west+Iraq+as+Anbar+rises+against+Maliki&amp;rft.date=2013-01-02&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-20887739&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-latimes2701-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-latimes2701_95-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/01/27/car-bombing-kills-26-in-baghdad/">«Suicide bomber kills 32 at Bagdad funeral march»</a>. Fox News. Associated Press. 27 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 9. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=Suicide+bomber+kills+32+at+Bagdad+funeral+march&amp;rft.date=2012-01-27&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fworld%2F2012%2F01%2F27%2Fcar-bombing-kills-26-in-baghdad%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-96">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-27897648">«Iraq crisis: Battle grips vital Baiji oil refinery»</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 9. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=Iraq+crisis%3A+Battle+grips+vital+Baiji+oil+refinery&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-27897648&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guar11-8-14-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-guar11-8-14_97-0">97,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-guar11-8-14_97-1">97,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Spencer Ackerman and agencies (11 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/11/us-iraqi-maliki-accuses-president">«Kerry slaps down Maliki after he accuses Iraqi president of violating constitution»</a>. The Guardian<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 9. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.au=Spencer+Ackerman+and+agencies&amp;rft.btitle=Kerry+slaps+down+Maliki+after+he+accuses+Iraqi+president+of+violating+constitution&amp;rft.date=2014-08-11&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=The+Guardian&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Faug%2F11%2Fus-iraqi-maliki-accuses-president&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-98">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Salama, Vivian (13 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140813212654/http://www.stripes.com/tensions-high-in-iraq-as-support-for-new-pm-grows-1.297997">«Tensions high in Iraq as support for new PM grows»</a>. Stripes. Arkivert frå <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stripes.com/tensions-high-in-iraq-as-support-for-new-pm-grows-1.297997">originalen</a> 13. august 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 9. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.aufirst=Vivian&amp;rft.aulast=Salama&amp;rft.btitle=Tensions+high+in+Iraq+as+support+for+new+PM+grows&amp;rft.date=2014-08-13&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Stripes&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stripes.com%2Ftensions-high-in-iraq-as-support-for-new-pm-grows-1.297997&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-99">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/middleeast/iraq/article4177222.ece">«White House hails al-Maliki departure as 'major step forward<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>»</a>. The Times. 15 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 9. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=White+House+hails+al-Maliki+departure+as+%27major+step+forward%27&amp;rft.date=2014-08-15&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=The+Times&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Ftto%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Firaq%2Farticle4177222.ece&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-100">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/world/2014/08/15/iraq-al-maliki-backs-new-prime-minister/">«Iraq's new prime minister-designate vows to fight corruption, terrorism»</a>. Fox News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 9. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=Iraq%27s+new+prime+minister-designate+vows+to+fight+corruption%2C+terrorism&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Fox+News&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2F08%2F15%2Firaq-al-maliki-backs-new-prime-minister%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-101">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Revenge of Geography, p 353, Robert D. Kaplan – 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-gpi-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bbc-gpi_102-0">102,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bbc-gpi_102-1">102,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bbc-gpi_102-2">102,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11730332">«Guide to political groups in Iraq»</a>. BBC News. 11 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=Guide+to+political+groups+in+Iraq&amp;rft.date=2010-11-11&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-11730332&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-103">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100628005435/http://www.fundforpeace.org/web/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=452&amp;Itemid=908">«Failed States Index Scores 2010»</a>. <i>fundforpeace.org</i>. Arkivert frå <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fundforpeace.org/web/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=452&amp;Itemid=908">originalen</a> 28. juni 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=Failed+States+Index+Scores+2010&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=fundforpeace.org&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fundforpeace.org%2Fweb%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D452%26Itemid%3D908&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-104">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/06/21/2010_failed_states_index_interactive_map_and_rankings">«The Failed States Index 2010»</a>. <i>fundforpeace.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=The+Failed+States+Index+2010&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=fundforpeace.org&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2Farticles%2F2010%2F06%2F21%2F2010_failed_states_index_interactive_map_and_rankings&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fh13-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-fh13_105-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%202013&#160;%20Booklet%20-%20for%20Web.pdf">«Freedom in the World 2013»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Freedom House. 2013. s.&#160;21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 7. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=Freedom+in+the+World+2013&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pages=21&amp;rft.pub=Freedom+House&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freedomhouse.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FFIW%25202013+%2520Booklet%2520-%2520for%2520Web.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="" style="white-space: nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Daude_eksterne_lenkjer" title="Wikipedia:Daude eksterne lenkjer">daud lenkje</a></i>&#93;</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-106">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206052056/http://ffp.statesindex.org/rankings-2013-sortable">«The Failed States Index 2013»</a>. <i>fundforpeace.org</i>. Arkivert frå <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ffp.statesindex.org/rankings-2013-sortable">originalen</a> 6. februar 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=The+Failed+States+Index+2013&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=fundforpeace.org&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fffp.statesindex.org%2Frankings-2013-sortable&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewPM-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NewPM_107-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140813210044/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/08/12/iraq-maliki-isolated_n_5671154.html">«Iraq's Incumbent PM Nouri Al-Maliki Grows More Isolated As He Clings To Power»</a>. Huffington Post. 13 August 2014. Arkivert frå <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/08/12/iraq-maliki-isolated_n_5671154.html">originalen</a> 13 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=Iraq%27s+Incumbent+PM+Nouri+Al-Maliki+Grows+More+Isolated+As+He+Clings+To+Power&amp;rft.date=2014-08-13&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2014%2F08%2F12%2Firaq-maliki-isolated_n_5671154.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-108">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21696954-two-new-governments-month-abadi-agonistes">«Abadi agonistes»</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 9. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=Abadi+agonistes&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issn=0013-0613&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Economist&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F21696954-two-new-governments-month-abadi-agonistes&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-109">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Wagner, Thomas (25. oktober 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060218133809/http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=1248677">«Iraq's Constitution Adopted by Voters»</a>. ABC News. Arkivert frå <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=1248677">originalen</a> 18. februar 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 8. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.au=Wagner%2C+Thomas&amp;rft.btitle=Iraq%27s+Constitution+Adopted+by+Voters&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=ABC+News&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2FwireStory%3Fid%3D1248677&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-110">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150714055355/http://apps.americanbar.org/rol/publications/iraq_personal_status_law_1959_english_translation.pdf">«Iraq Personal Status Law of 1959 (ABA Translation)»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. American Bar Association. Arkivert frå <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.americanbar.org/rol/publications/iraq_personal_status_law_1959_english_translation.pdf">originalen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> 14. juli 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 7. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=Iraq+Personal+Status+Law+of+1959+%28ABA+Translation%29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=American+Bar+Association&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.americanbar.org%2Frol%2Fpublications%2Firaq_personal_status_law_1959_english_translation.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unesco1-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-unesco1_111-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/SHS/pdf/Women_in_Personal_Status_Laws.pdf">«Women In Personal Status Laws: Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>SHS Papers in Women's Studies/ Gender Research, No. 4</i>. UNESCO. July 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=Women+In+Personal+Status+Laws%3A+Iraq%2C+Jordan%2C+Lebanon%2C+Palestine%2C+Syria&amp;rft.date=2005-07&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=SHS+Papers+in+Women%27s+Studies%2F+Gender+Research%2C+No.+4&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fnew%2Ffileadmin%2FMULTIMEDIA%2FHQ%2FSHS%2Fpdf%2FWomen_in_Personal_Status_Laws.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-112">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.emory.edu/ifl/legal/iraq.htm">«Iraq, Republic of»</a>. Law.emory.edu. 16. mars 1983<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 9. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=Iraq%2C+Republic+of&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Law.emory.edu&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.emory.edu%2Fifl%2Flegal%2Firaq.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-113">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Fox, Jonathan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rE0NcgxNaKEC&amp;pg=PA238"><i>A World Survey of Religion and the State</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. s.&#160;238. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkjelder/978-1-139-47259-3" title="Spesial:Bokkjelder/978-1-139-47259-3">978-1-139-47259-3</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 7. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.au=Fox%2C+Jonathan&amp;rft.btitle=A+World+Survey+of+Religion+and+the+State&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-139-47259-3&amp;rft.pages=238&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrE0NcgxNaKEC%26pg%3DPA238&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-114">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamopediaonline.org/country-profile/iraq/islam-and-legal-system/religion-law-and-iraq%E2&#160;%80&#160;%99s-personal-status-code">«Religion, Law, and Iraq's Personal Status Code»</a>. Islamopedia Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 7. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=Religion%2C+Law%2C+and+Iraq%27s+Personal+Status+Code&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Islamopedia+Online&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamopediaonline.org%2Fcountry-profile%2Firaq%2Fislam-and-legal-system%2Freligion-law-and-iraq%25E2+%2580+%2599s-personal-status-code&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-115">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/id/4276149/#.USXa9xmqTMg">«Bremer will reject Islam as source for law»</a>. NBC News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 9. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=Bremer+will+reject+Islam+as+source+for+law&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=NBC+News&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2F4276149%2F%23.USXa9xmqTMg&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-116">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/archive/2004/02/20084916951281437.html">«Shia fume over Bremer sharia threat»</a>. Al Jazeera English<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 9. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=Shia+fume+over+Bremer+sharia+threat&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Al+Jazeera+English&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Farchive%2F2004%2F02%2F20084916951281437.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-117">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Carroll, Rory; Borger, Julian (22. august 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/aug/22/iraq.rorycarroll">«US relents on Islamic law to reach Iraq deal»</a>. London: The Guardian, 21 August 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=US+relents+on+Islamic+law+to+reach+Iraq+deal&amp;rft.au=Borger%2C+Julian&amp;rft.aufirst=Rory&amp;rft.aulast=Carroll&amp;rft.chron=22.+august+2005&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2005%2Faug%2F22%2Firaq.rorycarroll&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-118">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121026045154/http://home.comcast.net/~djyae/site/?%2Fpage%2FIraq_Order_of_Battle%2F">«Annex H 2010 Updates»</a>. Home.comcast.net. January 2010. Arkivert frå <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.comcast.net/~djyae/site/?/page/Iraq_Order_of_Battle/">originalen</a> 26. oktober 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=Annex+H+2010+Updates&amp;rft.date=2010-01&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Home.comcast.net&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.comcast.net%2F~djyae%2Fsite%2F%3F%2Fpage%2FIraq_Order_of_Battle%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ltcolswanson-040308-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ltcolswanson-040308_119-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Swanson, Daniel M. (April 3, 2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defenselink.mil/dodcmsshare/BloggerAssets/2008-04/04030817225620080403_LtColSwanson_transcript.pdf">Coalition team assists in building combat force</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091123014704/http://www.defenselink.mil/dodcmsshare/BloggerAssets/2008-04/04030817225620080403_LtColSwanson_transcript.pdf">Arkivert</a> November 23, 2009, ved <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., U.S. Department of Defense.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_Iraqi_Security_Forces-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-The_New_Iraqi_Security_Forces_120-0">120,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-The_New_Iraqi_Security_Forces_120-1">120,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060718161447/http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=20&amp;Itemid=11">«The New Iraqi Security Forces»</a>. Web.archive.org. 20. april 2006. Arkivert frå <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=20&amp;Itemid=11">originalen</a> 18. juli 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 8. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=The+New+Iraqi+Security+Forces&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Web.archive.org&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mnf-iraq.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D20%26Itemid%3D11&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WSR070321-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-WSR070321_121-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/documents/organization/82192.pdf">«Iraq Weekly Status Report March 21, 2007»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs US Department of State<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 7. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=Iraq+Weekly+Status+Report+March+21%2C+2007&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Bureau+of+Near+Eastern+Affairs+US+Department+of+State&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fdocuments%2Forganization%2F82192.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-122">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090825022056/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/infocus/iraq/SE_SOFA.pdf">«US-Iraq SOFA»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Arkivert frå <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/infocus/iraq/SE_SOFA.pdf">originalen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> 25. august 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 18. desember 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=US-Iraq+SOFA&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeorgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov%2Finfocus%2Firaq%2FSE_SOFA.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-123">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100414161624/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/infocus/iraq/SE_SFA.pdf">«Strategic Framework Agreement»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. s.&#160;8. Arkivert frå <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2008/11/20081127-2.html">originalen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> 14. april 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 16. november 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=Strategic+Framework+Agreement&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pages=8&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeorgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov%2Fnews%2Freleases%2F2008%2F11%2F20081127-2.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-124">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opcw.org/news/article/iraq-joins-the-chemical-weapons-convention">«Iraq Joins the Chemical Weapons Convention»</a>. The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons -Opcw.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 8. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=Iraq+Joins+the+Chemical+Weapons+Convention&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=The+Organisation+for+the+Prohibition+of+Chemical+Weapons+-Opcw.org&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opcw.org%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Firaq-joins-the-chemical-weapons-convention&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-125">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Muhanad Mohammed (December 19, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130208083622/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/12/19/us-iraq-iran-idUSTRE5BH1Y920091219">«Iran, Iraq seek diplomatic end to border dispute»</a>. Reuters. Arkivert frå <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/12/19/us-iraq-iran-idUSTRE5BH1Y920091219">originalen</a> 8. februar 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 9. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=Iran%2C+Iraq+seek+diplomatic+end+to+border+dispute&amp;rft.au=Muhanad+Mohammed&amp;rft.date=2012-12-19&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2009%2F12%2F19%2Fus-iraq-iran-idUSTRE5BH1Y920091219&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-126">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipsnews.net/2007/10/turkey-relations-with-iraq-become-explosive/">«TURKEY:Relations with Iraq become explosive»</a>. Ipsnews.net. October 30, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=TURKEY%3ARelations+with+Iraq+become+explosive&amp;rft.date=2007-10-30&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Ipsnews.net&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipsnews.net%2F2007%2F10%2Fturkey-relations-with-iraq-become-explosive%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-127">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/19/world/meast/turkey-attack/index.html?hpt=hp_t2">«24 soldiers killed in attack in Turkey»</a>. <i>CNN</i>. 19. oktober 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=24+soldiers+killed+in+attack+in+Turkey&amp;rft.chron=19.+oktober+2011&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CNN&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2011%2F10%2F19%2Fworld%2Fmeast%2Fturkey-attack%2Findex.html%3Fhpt%3Dhp_t2&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIraqi_ConstitutionArticle_4-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIraqi_ConstitutionArticle_4_128-0">128,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIraqi_ConstitutionArticle_4_128-1">128,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIraqi_Constitution">Iraqi Constitution</a>, Article 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-129">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/02/24/here-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death/">«Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death»</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. February 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=Here+are+the+10+countries+where+homosexuality+may+be+punished+by+death&amp;rft.date=2014-02-24&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2014%2F02%2F24%2Fhere-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-130">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Graff, Peter (12. mars 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130129045818/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/03/12/us-iraq-gays-emo-idUSBRE82B0VZ20120312">«Fear as death squads hunt Iraq's gays and emos»</a>. Reuters. Arkivert frå <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/03/12/us-iraq-gays-emo-idUSBRE82B0VZ20120312">originalen</a> 29. januar 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 8. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=Fear+as+death+squads+hunt+Iraq%27s+gays+and+emos&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft.aulast=Graff&amp;rft.chron=12.+mars+2012&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2012%2F03%2F12%2Fus-iraq-gays-emo-idUSBRE82B0VZ20120312&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-131">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8133639.stm">«Saddam's rule 'better' for gay Iraqis»</a>. BBC News. 6. juli 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 8. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=Saddam%27s+rule+%27better%27+for+gay+Iraqis&amp;rft.chron=6.+juli+2009&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F8133639.stm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cia_132-0">132,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cia_132-1">132,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cia_132-2">132,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cia_132-3">132,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cia_132-4">132,4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cia_132-5">132,5</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224065934/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/iz.html">«Iraq»</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=CIA_Factbook&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="CIA Factbook (sida finst ikkje)">CIA Factbook</a></i>. Arkivert frå <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/iz.html">originalen</a> 24. desember 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 10. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=Iraq&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=CIA+Factbook&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fgeos%2Fiz.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usaid11-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-usaid11_133-0">133,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-usaid11_133-1">133,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-usaid11_133-2">133,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511015353/https://www.inma-iraq.com/sites/default/files/10_unemployment_threatens_democracy_2011jan00.pdf">«Unemployment Threatens Democracy in Iraq»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. USAID Iraq. January 2011. Arkivert frå <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inma-iraq.com/sites/default/files/10_unemployment_threatens_democracy_2011jan00.pdf">originalen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> 11. mai 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 10. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=Unemployment+Threatens+Democracy+in+Iraq&amp;rft.date=2011-01&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=USAID+Iraq&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inma-iraq.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F10_unemployment_threatens_democracy_2011jan00.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-134">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reliefweb.int/report/iraq/iraqs-economy-past-present-future">«Iraq's economy: Past, present, future»</a>. Reliefweb.int. 3. juni 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 9. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=Iraq%27s+economy%3A+Past%2C+present%2C+future&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Reliefweb.int&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freliefweb.int%2Freport%2Firaq%2Firaqs-economy-past-present-future&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-135">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041121210518/https://www.reuters.com/newsArticle.jhtml?type=worldNews&amp;storyID=6874713">«G7, Paris Club Agree on Iraq Debt Relief»</a>. Web.archive.org. 21. november 2004. Arkivert frå <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/newsArticle.jhtml?type=worldNews&amp;storyID=6874713">originalen</a> 21. november 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 8. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=G7%2C+Paris+Club+Agree+on+Iraq+Debt+Relief&amp;rft.chron=21.+november+2004&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2FnewsArticle.jhtml%3Ftype%3DworldNews%26storyID%3D6874713&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-136">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Joe Weisenthal (22. februar 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/willem-buiter-3g-countries-2011-2?slop=1">«FORGET THE BRICs: Citi's Willem Buiter Presents The 11 "3G" Countries That Will Win The Future»</a>. Business Insider<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 8. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.au=Joe+Weisenthal&amp;rft.btitle=FORGET+THE+BRICs%3A+Citi%27s+Willem+Buiter+Presents+The+11+%223G%22+Countries+That+Will+Win+The+Future&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Business+Insider&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fwillem-buiter-3g-countries-2011-2%3Fslop%3D1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-137">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coalition_Provisional_Authority&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Coalition Provisional Authority (sida finst ikkje)">Coalition Provisional Authority</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070515093736/http://www.cpa-iraq.org/budget/IraqCurrencyExchange.html">«Iraq Currency Exchange»</a>. Arkivert frå <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpa-iraq.org/budget/IraqCurrencyExchange.html">originalen</a> 15. mai 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 28. mai 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.au=Coalition+Provisional+Authority&amp;rft.btitle=Iraq+Currency+Exchange&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpa-iraq.org%2Fbudget%2FIraqCurrencyExchange.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-138">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/reserves.html">«World Proved Reserves of Oil and Natural Gas, Most Recent Estimates»</a>. Energy Information Administration. 3. mars 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 8. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=World+Proved+Reserves+of+Oil+and+Natural+Gas%2C+Most+Recent+Estimates&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Energy+Information+Administration&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.doe.gov%2Femeu%2Finternational%2Freserves.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-139">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/meast/10/04/iraq.oil.reserves/index.html">«Iraqi oil reserves estimated at 143B barrels»</a>. <i>CNN</i>. 4. oktober 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=Iraqi+oil+reserves+estimated+at+143B+barrels&amp;rft.chron=4.+oktober+2010&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CNN&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2010%2FWORLD%2Fmeast%2F10%2F04%2Firaq.oil.reserves%2Findex.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-140">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/feb/3/iraqs-flood-of-cheap-oil-could-rock-world-markets-/?page=all">«Iraq's flood of 'cheap oil' could rock world markets»</a>. The Washington Times. 3. februar 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 7. februar 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=Iraq%27s+flood+of+%27cheap+oil%27+could+rock+world+markets&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=The+Washington+Times&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2013%2Ffeb%2F3%2Firaqs-flood-of-cheap-oil-could-rock-world-markets-%2F%3Fpage%3Dall&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-141">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.camerairaq.com/iraq-opens-new-oil-terminal/">«Iraq Opens New Oil Terminal»</a>. Nuqudy English. 12. februar 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=Iraq+Opens+New+Oil+Terminal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Nuqudy+English&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.camerairaq.com%2Firaq-opens-new-oil-terminal%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="" style="white-space: nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Daude_eksterne_lenkjer" title="Wikipedia:Daude eksterne lenkjer">daud lenkje</a></i>&#93;</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-142">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101109035129/http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epat6p3.html">«U.S. Electricity Imports from and Electricity Exports to Canada and Mexico Data for 2008»</a>. Web.archive.org. 26. juli 2010. Arkivert frå <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epat6p3.html">originalen</a> 9. november 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 8. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=U.S.+Electricity+Imports+from+and+Electricity+Exports+to+Canada+and+Mexico+Data+for+2008&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Web.archive.org&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.doe.gov%2Fcneaf%2Felectricity%2Fepa%2Fepat6p3.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-143">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/164.htm">«Iraq facts and figures»</a>. OPEC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 7. februar 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=Iraq+facts+and+figures&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=OPEC&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opec.org%2Fopec_web%2Fen%2Fabout_us%2F164.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-144">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iraqidinar123.com/opec-announces-it-will-absorb/">«OPEC Announces it Will Absorb The Increase in Iraq's»</a>. Iraqidinar123<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 10. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=OPEC+Announces+it+Will+Absorb+The+Increase+in+Iraq%27s&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Iraqidinar123&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iraqidinar123.com%2Fopec-announces-it-will-absorb%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-145">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128000162">«Iraqi Minister Resigns Over Electricity Shortages»</a>. 22. juni 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 10. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=Iraqi+Minister+Resigns+Over+Electricity+Shortages&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D128000162&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-146">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Glanz, James (12. mai 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/oil/2007/0512billionsoil.htm">«Billions in Oil Missing in Iraq, US Study Says»</a>. New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=Billions+in+Oil+Missing+in+Iraq%2C+US+Study+Says&amp;rft.au=Glanz%2C+James&amp;rft.chron=12.+mai+2007&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalpolicy.org%2Fsecurity%2Foil%2F2007%2F0512billionsoil.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-147">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">AlJazeeraEnglish (29. juli 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=noT9auswz0A">«Inside Story – Iraq's missing billions»</a>. YouTube<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 8. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.au=AlJazeeraEnglish&amp;rft.btitle=Inside+Story+%93+Iraq%27s+missing+billions&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=YouTube&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DnoT9auswz0A&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-148">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615214351/https://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/iraq/">«Iraq Country Profile»</a>. Business Anti-Corruption Portal. Arkivert frå <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/iraq">originalen</a> 15. juni 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 10. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=Iraq+Country+Profile&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Business+Anti-Corruption+Portal&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-anti-corruption.com%2Fcountry-profiles%2Firaq&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aljazeera091211-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-aljazeera091211_149-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2009/12/200912117243440687.html">«Oil firms awarded Iraq contracts»</a>. English.aljazeera.net. 11. desember 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 8. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=Oil+firms+awarded+Iraq+contracts&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=English.aljazeera.net&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aljazeera.net%2Fnews%2Fmiddleeast%2F2009%2F12%2F200912117243440687.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aljazeera090630-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-aljazeera090630_150-0">150,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-aljazeera090630_150-1">150,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2009/06/200963093615637434.html">«<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">"</span>BP group wins Iraq oil contract", Al Jazeera English, June 30, 2009»</a>. English.aljazeera.net. 9. september 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 8. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=%22BP+group+wins+Iraq+oil+contract%22%2C+Al+Jazeera+English%2C+June+30%2C+2009&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=English.aljazeera.net&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aljazeera.net%2Fnews%2Fmiddleeast%2F2009%2F06%2F200963093615637434.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-151">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wong, Edward (June 28, 2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/29/world/asia/29chinairaq.html">"China Opens Oil Field in Iraq"</a>. The New York Times.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-152">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Iraq123 News (October 01, 2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iraqidinar123.com/export-of-iraq/">"Development is Main Dependent on Export of Iraq"</a>. Iraq123 News.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-153">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Wall Street Journal(March 14, 2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304914904579438860227481506">"Iraq's Oil Output Surges to Highest Level in Over 30 Years"</a>. The Wall Street Journal.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kurdararOilfields-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-kurdararOilfields_154-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/tensions-mount-between-baghdad-and-iraqs-kurds/2014/07/11/7baeea5e-2bfe-4d07-942b-1653af3d60a3_story.html">«Tensions mount between Baghdad and kurdisk region as kurdarar seize oil fields»</a>. Washington Post<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 10. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=Tensions+mount+between+Baghdad+and+kurdisk+region+as+kurdarar+seize+oil+fields&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2Ftensions-mount-between-baghdad-and-iraqs-kurds%2F2014%2F07%2F11%2F7baeea5e-2bfe-4d07-942b-1653af3d60a3_story.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-155">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Smith, Matt (16. september 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924184736/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/16/iraq-housing-idUSL5N0HC2GD20130916">«Iraq faces chronic housing shortage, needs foreign investment -minister»</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. Arkivert frå <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/16/iraq-housing-idUSL5N0HC2GD20130916">originalen</a> 24. september 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 10. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=Iraq+faces+chronic+housing+shortage%2C+needs+foreign+investment+-minister&amp;rft.aufirst=Matt&amp;rft.aulast=Smith&amp;rft.chron=16.+september+2013&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Reuters&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2013%2F09%2F16%2Firaq-housing-idUSL5N0HC2GD20130916&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Issawi1988-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Issawi1988_156-0">156,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Issawi1988_156-1">156,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Charles Philip Issawi (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F2TGkO7G43oC&amp;pg=PA17"><i>The Fertile Crescent, 1800–1914: A Documentary Economic History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. s.&#160;17. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkjelder/978-0-19-504951-0" title="Spesial:Bokkjelder/978-0-19-504951-0">978-0-19-504951-0</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 7. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.au=Charles+Philip+Issawi&amp;rft.btitle=The+Fertile+Crescent%2C+1800%931914%3A+A+Documentary+Economic+History&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-504951-0&amp;rft.pages=17&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF2TGkO7G43oC%26pg%3DPA17&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-157">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cosit.gov.iq/AAS/AAS2012/section_2/test.htm">«Population Census»</a>. Central Organization for Statistics<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 7. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=Population+Census&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Central+Organization+for+Statistics&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcosit.gov.iq%2FAAS%2FAAS2012%2Fsection_2%2Ftest.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-158">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cosit.gov.iq/AAS/AAS2012/section_2/1.htm">«Population Of Iraq For The Years 1977 – 2011 (000)»</a>. Central Organization for Statistics<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 7. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=Population+Of+Iraq+For+The+Years+1977+%93+2011+%28000%29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Central+Organization+for+Statistics&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcosit.gov.iq%2FAAS%2FAAS2012%2Fsection_2%2F1.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-imf2-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-imf2_159-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=41&amp;pr.y=12&amp;sy=2014&amp;ey=2021&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=433&amp;s=NGDP_R%2CNGDP_RPCH%2CNGDP%2CNGDPD%2CNGDP_D%2CNGDPRPC%2CNGDPPC%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CPPPSH%2CPPPEX%2CNGSD_NGDP%2CPCPI%2CPCPIPCH%2CPCPIE%2CPCPIEPCH%2CLP%2CGGR%2CGGR_NGDP%2CGGX%2CGGX_NGDP%2CGGXCNL%2CGGXCNL_NGDP%2CGGXONLB%2CGGXONLB_NGDP%2CGGXWDG%2CGGXWDG_NGDP%2CNGDP_FY%2CBCA%2CBCA_NGDPD&amp;grp=0&amp;a=">«Iraq»</a>. International Monetary Fund.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=Iraq&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fweo%2F2016%2F02%2Fweodata%2Fweorept.aspx%3Fpr.x%3D41%26pr.y%3D12%26sy%3D2014%26ey%3D2021%26scsm%3D1%26ssd%3D1%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1%26c%3D433%26s%3DNGDP_R%252CNGDP_RPCH%252CNGDP%252CNGDPD%252CNGDP_D%252CNGDPRPC%252CNGDPPC%252CNGDPDPC%252CPPPGDP%252CPPPPC%252CPPPSH%252CPPPEX%252CNGSD_NGDP%252CPCPI%252CPCPIPCH%252CPCPIE%252CPCPIEPCH%252CLP%252CGGR%252CGGR_NGDP%252CGGX%252CGGX_NGDP%252CGGXCNL%252CGGXCNL_NGDP%252CGGXONLB%252CGGXONLB_NGDP%252CGGXWDG%252CGGXWDG_NGDP%252CNGDP_FY%252CBCA%252CBCA_NGDPD%26grp%3D0%26a%3D&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-160">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150114203319/http://en.aswataliraq.info/%28S%28j2xgdq450hsdyz455nf0n125&#160;%29&#160;%29/Default1.aspx?page=article_page&amp;id=153148&amp;l=1">«Iraqi population reaches about 35 million»</a>. Aswat Al Iraq. 27. april 2013. Arkivert frå <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.aswataliraq.info/(S(s0hfzsnuvqwhq445fuqqwg55))/Default1.aspx?page=article_page&amp;id=153148&amp;l=1">originalen</a> January 14, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 1. juli 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=Iraqi+population+reaches+about+35+million&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Aswat+Al+Iraq&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.aswataliraq.info%2F%28S%28s0hfzsnuvqwhq445fuqqwg55%29%29%2FDefault1.aspx%3Fpage%3Darticle_page%26id%3D153148%26l%3D1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-161">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Assyria. UNPO (2008-03-25). Henta 10. september 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-162">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Sharp, Heather (March 3, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2807821.stm">«BBC News – Iraq's 'devastated' sumparabarar»</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 10. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=BBC+News+%93+Iraq%27s+%27devastated%27+sumparabarar&amp;rft.aufirst=Heather&amp;rft.aulast=Sharp&amp;rft.date=2003-03-03&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F2807821.stm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-163">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722061015/http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/12785/chechens_in_the_middle_east.html">«Chechens in the Middle East: Between Original and Host Cultures»</a>. Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. 18. september 2002. Arkivert frå <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/12785/chechens_in_the_middle_east.html">originalen</a> 22. juli 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 8. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=Chechens+in+the+Middle+East%3A+Between+Original+and+Host+Cultures&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Belfer+Center+for+Science+and+International+Affairs&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbelfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu%2Fpublication%2F12785%2Fchechens_in_the_middle_east.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIraqi_ConstitutionArticle_4,_1st_section-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIraqi_ConstitutionArticle_4,_1st_section_164-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIraqi_Constitution">Iraqi Constitution</a>, Article 4, 1st section.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIraqi_ConstitutionArticle_4,_4th_section-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIraqi_ConstitutionArticle_4,_4th_section_165-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIraqi_Constitution">Iraqi Constitution</a>, Article 4, 4th section.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIraqi_ConstitutionArticle_4,_5th_section-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIraqi_ConstitutionArticle_4,_5th_section_166-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIraqi_Constitution">Iraqi Constitution</a>, Article 4, 5th section.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-167">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/06/18/the-sunni-shia-divide-where-they-live-what-they-believe-and-how-they-view-each-other/">«Iraq's unique place in the Sunni-Shia divide – Pew Research Center»</a>. <i>Pew Research Center</i>. 9. september 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=Iraq%27s+unique+place+in+the+Sunni-Shia+divide+%93+Pew+Research+Center&amp;rft.chron=9.+september+2017&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2014%2F06%2F18%2Fthe-sunni-shia-divide-where-they-live-what-they-believe-and-how-they-view-each-other%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-168">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/shias-dominate-sunnis-in-the-new-iraq-1.1269416">«Shias dominate Sunnis in the new Iraq»</a>. CBC news World<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 10. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=Shias+dominate+Sunnis+in+the+new+Iraq&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fshias-dominate-sunnis-in-the-new-iraq-1.1269416&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-169">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/3526386.stm">«Iraqi Christians' long history»</a>. BBC News. 1. november 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 8. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=Iraqi+Christians%27+long+history&amp;rft.chron=1.+november+2010&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2F3526386.stm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-170">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/report/61897/iraq-christians-live-in-fear-of-death-squads">«IRAQ: Christians live in fear of death squads»</a>. <i>IRIN Middle East</i>. IRIN. 19 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 10. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=IRAQ%3A+Christians+live+in+fear+of+death+squads&amp;rft.date=2006-10-19&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=IRIN+Middle+East&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irinnews.org%2Freport%2F61897%2Firaq-christians-live-in-fear-of-death-squads&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-171">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unpo.org/members/7859">Assyria</a>. UNPO (2008-03-25). Henta 10. september 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-172">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Paul Schemm (15. mai 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429203337/http://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/48185">«In Iraq, an Exodus of Christians»</a>. Associated Press. Arkivert frå <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/48185">originalen</a> 29. april 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 10. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=In+Iraq%2C+an+Exodus+of+Christians&amp;rft.au=Paul+Schemm&amp;rft.chron=15.+mai+2009&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnsnews.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2F48185&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-173">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Stone, Andrea (27. juli 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2003-07-27-iraq-jews-usat_x.htm">«Embattled Jewish community down to last survivors»</a>. Usatoday.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 8. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=Embattled+Jewish+community+down+to+last+survivors&amp;rft.aufirst=Andrea&amp;rft.aulast=Stone&amp;rft.chron=27.+juli+2003&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Firaq%2F2003-07-27-iraq-jews-usat_x.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-174">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">On Point: The United States Army In Operation Iraqi Freedom – Page 265, Gregory Fontenot – 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-175">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6286129.stm">«Warnings of Iraq refugee crisis»</a>. BBC News. 22. januar 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 9. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=Warnings+of+Iraq+refugee+crisis&amp;rft.chron=22.+januar+2007&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F6286129.stm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-176">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030941/http://www.internal-displacement.org/middle-east-and-north-africa/iraq/2007/iraq-a-displacement-crisis/">«A displacement crisis»</a>. March 30, 2007. Arkivert frå <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internal-displacement.org/middle-east-and-north-africa/iraq/2007/iraq-a-displacement-crisis/">originalen</a> 17. november 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 10. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=A+displacement+crisis&amp;rft.date=2007-03-30&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internal-displacement.org%2Fmiddle-east-and-north-africa%2Firaq%2F2007%2Firaq-a-displacement-crisis%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-177">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Lochhead, Carolyn (16. januar 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2007/01/16/MNG2MNJBIS1.DTL">«40&#160;% of middle class believed to have fled crumbling nation»</a>. <i>The San Francisco Chronicle</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=40+%25+of+middle+class+believed+to+have+fled+crumbling+nation&amp;rft.aufirst=Carolyn&amp;rft.aulast=Lochhead&amp;rft.chron=16.+januar+2007&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+San+Francisco+Chronicle&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%3Ffile%3D%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F16%2FMNG2MNJBIS1.DTL&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-178">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Leyne, Jon (24. januar 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6293807.stm">«Doors closing on fleeing Iraqis»</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 10. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=Doors+closing+on+fleeing+Iraqis&amp;rft.aufirst=Jon&amp;rft.aulast=Leyne&amp;rft.chron=24.+januar+2007&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F6293807.stm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-179">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/Report/72768/IRAQ-Plight-of-refugees-worsens-as-Syria-Jordan-impose-restrictions">«Plight of Iraqi refugees worsens as Syria, Jordan impose restrictions»</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=Plight+of+Iraqi+refugees+worsens+as+Syria%2C+Jordan+impose+restrictions&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irinnews.org%2FReport%2F72768%2FIRAQ-Plight-of-refugees-worsens-as-Syria-Jordan-impose-restrictions&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-180">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Black, Ian (22. november 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/Iraq/Story/0,,2214918,00.html">«Iraqi refugees start to head home»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Guardian</i> (London)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 10. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=Iraqi+refugees+start+to+head+home&amp;rft.aufirst=Ian&amp;rft.aulast=Black&amp;rft.chron=22.+november+2007&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2FIraq%2FStory%2F0%2C%2C2214918%2C00.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-181">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/will-iraqs-13-million-refugees-ever-be-able-to-go-home-6277667.html">«Will Iraq's 1.3 million refugees ever be able to go home?»</a>. London: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. December 16, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=Will+Iraq%27s+1.3+million+refugees+ever+be+able+to+go+home%3F&amp;rft.date=2011-12-16&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fwill-iraqs-13-million-refugees-ever-be-able-to-go-home-6277667.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-182">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11724378">«Christian areas targeted in Bagdad attacks»</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i>. 10 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 10. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=Christian+areas+targeted+in+Bagdad+attacks&amp;rft.date=2010-11-10&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-11724378&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-183">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Sabah, Zaid; Jervis, Rick (March 23, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2007-03-22-christians-iraq_N.htm">«Christians, targeted and suffering, flee Iraq»</a>. USA Today.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=Christians%2C+targeted+and+suffering%2C+flee+Iraq&amp;rft.au=Jervis%2C+Rick&amp;rft.aufirst=Zaid&amp;rft.aulast=Sabah&amp;rft.date=2007-03-23&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Firaq%2F2007-03-22-christians-iraq_N.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-184">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150922080939/http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/country.php?id=103">«Demographic Data of Registered Population»</a>. UNHCR. Arkivert frå <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/country.php?id=103">originalen</a> 22. september 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 7. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=Demographic+Data+of+Registered+Population&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=UNHCR&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.unhcr.org%2Fsyrianrefugees%2Fcountry.php%3Fid%3D103&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-185">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/51c0399c9.html">«Iraqi refugees flee war-torn Syria and seek safety back home»</a>. UNHCR. 18 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=Iraqi+refugees+flee+war-torn+Syria+and+seek+safety+back+home&amp;rft.date=2013-06-18&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=UNHCR&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2F51c0399c9.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-186">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sesrtcic.org/oic-member-countries-infigures.php?c_code=24&amp;cat_code=8">«Health»</a>. SESRIC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 7. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=Health&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=SESRIC&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sesrtcic.org%2Foic-member-countries-infigures.php%3Fc_code%3D24%26cat_code%3D8&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-187">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sesrtcic.org/oic-member-countries-infigures.php?c_code=24&amp;cat_code=7">«Demography»</a>. SESRIC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 7. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=Demography&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=SESRIC&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sesrtcic.org%2Foic-member-countries-infigures.php%3Fc_code%3D24%26cat_code%3D7&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-188">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sesrtcic.org/oic-member-countries-linecharts.php?ind_code=12&amp;c_code=24">«Life expectancy at birth, total (Iraq)»</a>. SESRIC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 7. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=Life+expectancy+at+birth%2C+total+%28Iraq%29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=SESRIC&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sesrtcic.org%2Foic-member-countries-linecharts.php%3Find_code%3D12%26c_code%3D24&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-corpwatch-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-corpwatch_189-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070717084814/http://www.warprofiteers.com/article.php?id=14290">«High-Tech Healthcare in Iraq, Minus the Healthcare»</a>. CorpWatch. January 8, 2007. Arkivert frå <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warprofiteers.com/article.php?id=14290">originalen</a> 17. juli 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=High-Tech+Healthcare+in+Iraq%2C+Minus+the+Healthcare&amp;rft.date=2007-01-08&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=CorpWatch&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.warprofiteers.com%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D14290&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-190">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/mdg/SeriesDetail.aspx?srid=656">«Literacy rates of 15–24 years old, both sexes, percentage»</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millennium_Development_Goals&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Millennium Development Goals (sida finst ikkje)">Millennium Development Goals</a> Indicators</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations">United Nations</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=Literacy+rates+of+15%9324+years+old%2C+both+sexes%2C+percentage&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Millennium+Development+Goals+Indicators&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fmdg%2FSeriesDetail.aspx%3Fsrid%3D656&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-191">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webometrics.info/en/aw/Iraq">«Iraq»</a>. Ranking Web of Universities<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 10. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=Iraq&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Ranking+Web+of+Universities&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webometrics.info%2Fen%2Faw%2FIraq&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-192">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habib_Hassan_Touma&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Habib Hassan Touma (sida finst ikkje)">Touma, Habib Hassan</a> (1996). <i>The Music of the arabarar</i>. Amadeus Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkjelder/1574670816" title="Spesial:Bokkjelder/1574670816">1574670816</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.aufirst=Habib+Hassan&amp;rft.aulast=Touma&amp;rft.btitle=The+Music+of+the+arabarar&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=1574670816&amp;rft.pub=Amadeus+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-193">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=00076">«The Iraqi Maqam»</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=The+Iraqi+Maqam&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fculture%2Fich%2Findex.php%3FRL%3D00076&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kojaman-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kojaman_194-0">194,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kojaman_194-1">194,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kojaman_194-2">194,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kojaman_194-3">194,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kojaman_194-4">194,4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Kojaman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dangoor.com/72page42.html">«Jewish Role in Iraqi Music»</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 10. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.au=Kojaman&amp;rft.btitle=Jewish+Role+in+Iraqi+Music&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dangoor.com%2F72page42.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manasseh-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Manasseh_195-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Manasseh, Sara (February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051202084829/http://www.soas.ac.uk/ahrbmusicanddance/newsletter/musicanddance3.pdf">«An Iraqi samai of Salim Al-Nur»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Newsletter</i> (3) (London: Arts and Humanities Research Board Research Centre for Cross-Cultural Music and Dance Performance). s.&#160;7. Arkivert frå <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soas.ac.uk/ahrbmusicanddance/newsletter/musicanddance3.pdf">originalen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> December 2, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 10. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=An+Iraqi+samai+of+Salim+Al-Nur&amp;rft.aufirst=Sara&amp;rft.aulast=Manasseh&amp;rft.date=2004-02&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Newsletter&amp;rft.pages=7&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soas.ac.uk%2Fahrbmusicanddance%2Fnewsletter%2Fmusicanddance3.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salloum-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Salloum_196-0">196,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Salloum_196-1">196,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Salloum_196-2">196,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Salloum_196-3">196,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Salloum_196-4">196,4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Salloum_196-5">196,5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Salloum_196-6">196,6</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Salloum_196-7">196,7</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thingsasian.com/stories-photos/3592">«Foods of Iraq: Enshrined With A Long History»</a>. ThingsAsian<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 8. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.btitle=Foods+of+Iraq%3A+Enshrined+With+A+Long+History&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=ThingsAsian&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thingsasian.com%2Fstories-photos%2F3592&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-197">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-21752819">BBC News – Iraq 10 years on: In numbers</a>. Bbc.co.uk (2013-03-20). Henta 10. september 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-198">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalcurrencyreset.net/iraq/undersea-cable-aids-iraqs-slow-development/">«FT - Undersea Cable Aids Iraq’s Slow Development»</a>. <i>globalcurrencyreset.net</i> (på engelsk)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Henta 10. september 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIrak&amp;rft.atitle=FT+-+Undersea+Cable+Aids+Iraq%99s+Slow+Development&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=globalcurrencyreset.net&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobalcurrencyreset.net%2Firaq%2Fundersea-cable-aids-iraqs-slow-development%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-199">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131006033130/http://www.moc.gov.iq/demo/index.php?t=news&amp;n=214">Ministry of Communications</a>. Moc.gov.iq (2013-02-04). Henta 2015-11-15.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bakgrunnsstoff">Bakgrunnsstoff</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=43" title="Endre bolk: Bakgrunnsstoff" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=43" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Bakgrunnsstoff"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="interbox"> <div style="display: table-cell; vertical-align: middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" 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href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Algerie" title="Algerie">Algerie</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Aserbajdsjan" title="Aserbajdsjan">Aserbajdsjan</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun">Kamerun</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tsjad" title="Tsjad">Tsjad</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Komorane" title="Komorane">Komorane</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Gambia" title="Gambia">Gambia</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irak</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Elfenbeinskysten" title="Elfenbeinskysten">Elfenbeinskysten</a> <b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kasakhstan" title="Kasakhstan">Kasakhstan</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kirgisistan" title="Kirgisistan">Kirgisistan</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon">Libanon</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Maldivane" title="Maldivane">Maldivane</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Marokko" title="Marokko">Marokko</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mosambik" title="Mosambik">Mosambik</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Palestina" title="Palestina">Palestina</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra 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/>organisasjonar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_Cooperation_Organization&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic Cooperation Organization (sida finst ikkje)">Economic Cooperation Organization</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Den_afrikanske_unionen" title="Den afrikanske unionen">Den afrikanske unionen</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Den_arabiske_ligaen" title="Den arabiske ligaen">Den arabiske ligaen</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Organisasjonen_av_alliansefrie_nasjonar" title="Organisasjonen av alliansefrie nasjonar">Organisasjonen av alliansefrie nasjonar</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Dei_sameinte_nasjonane" title="Dei sameinte nasjonane">Dei sameinte nasjonane</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>&#160;·</b> <sup><small>1</small></sup> Som «Den tyrkisk-kypriotiske staten».</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3515230"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3559440"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Autoritetsdata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Autoritetsdata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autoritetsdata" title="Autoritetsdata">Autoritetsdata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n79-077342">WorldCat</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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