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Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_norzh_halmahereg" title="Yezhoù norzh halmahereg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù norzh halmahereg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_pap%C3%BAes_de_Halmahera" title="Lenguas papúes de Halmahera – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas papúes de Halmahera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_halmahera_du_Nord" title="Langues halmahera du Nord – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues halmahera du Nord" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harsunan_Arewacin_Halmahera" title="Harsunan Arewacin Halmahera – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Harsunan Arewacin Halmahera" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjevernohalmaherski_jezici" title="Sjevernohalmaherski jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sjevernohalmaherski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasao_nga_Amianan_a_Halmahera" title="Sasao nga Amianan a Halmahera – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sasao nga Amianan a Halmahera" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Halmahera_Utara" title="Rumpun bahasa Halmahera Utara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Halmahera Utara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B4%D2%AF%D0%BA_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Түндүк хальмахера тилдери – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Түндүк хальмахера тилдери" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_p%C3%B3%C5%82nocnohalmaherskie" title="Języki północnohalmaherskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki północnohalmaherskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the North Maluku regency, see <a href="/wiki/North_Halmahera_Regency" title="North Halmahera Regency">North Halmahera Regency</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #fd79da;">North Halmahera</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #fd79da;">Halmaheran</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West Papuan</a> or independent <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language family</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #fd79da;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nort2923">nort2923</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Langues_Halmahera_du_Nord.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Langues_Halmahera_du_Nord.png/300px-Langues_Halmahera_du_Nord.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Langues_Halmahera_du_Nord.png/450px-Langues_Halmahera_du_Nord.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Langues_Halmahera_du_Nord.png/600px-Langues_Halmahera_du_Nord.png 2x" data-file-width="1284" data-file-height="905" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Map of the North Halmahera languages; the location of the language users is mostly wrong.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>North Halmahera</b> (NH) languages are a family of languages spoken in the northern and eastern parts of the island of <a href="/wiki/Halmahera" title="Halmahera">Halmahera</a> and some neighboring islands in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. The southwestern part of the island is occupied by the unrelated <a href="/wiki/South_Halmahera_languages" title="South Halmahera languages">South Halmahera languages</a>, which are a subgroup of <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>. They may be most closely related to the languages of the <a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_Head_Peninsula" title="Bird's Head Peninsula">Bird's Head</a> region of <a href="/wiki/West_Papua_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="West Papua (region)">West Papua</a>, but this is not well-established.<sup id="cite_ref-:gr_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:gr-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The best known North Halmaheran language is <a href="/wiki/Ternate_language" title="Ternate language">Ternate</a> (50,000 native speakers), which is a regional <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> and which, along with <a href="/wiki/Tidore_language" title="Tidore language">Tidore</a>, were the languages of the rival medieval <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ternate" title="Sultanate of Ternate">Ternate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Tidore" title="Sultanate of Tidore">Tidore</a> sultanates, famous for their role in the <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a>. </p><p>Most of these languages are very closely related to each other, and their family status is well-demonstrated. <a href="/wiki/West_Makian_language" title="West Makian language">West Makian</a> stands out as an isolate.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pb_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their external links remain unclear. While genealogically distinct from most <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">languages of Indonesia</a>, they all show evidence of extensive contact with the dominant Austronesian language family.<sup id="cite_ref-Holton-Birds-Head_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holton-Birds-Head-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the North Halmahera languages are characterized by their elaborate morphological structures.<sup id="cite_ref-Holton-Birds-Head_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holton-Birds-Head-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others exhibit deep external influence, having shifted to a more Austronesian-type grammar as a consequence of prolonged contact.<sup id="cite_ref-voorhoeve1994_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voorhoeve1994-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-voorhoeve1988_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voorhoeve1988-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetic_and_areal_relations">Genetic and areal relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Halmahera_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Genetic and areal relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a>, the North Halmahera languages are some of the westernmost <a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">Papuan languages</a> (the only other such outlier family in eastern Indonesia being <a href="/wiki/Timor%E2%80%93Alor%E2%80%93Pantar_languages" title="Timor–Alor–Pantar languages">Timor–Alor–Pantar</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-hist_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hist-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Located within <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, the two families are arguably the only non-Melanesian linguistic groups that can be linked to the Papuan families of <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tng-fam_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tng-fam-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 151">: 151 </span></sup> The languages are thought to have been brought to the region as a result of migration from <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, likely predating the arrival of Austronesian languages.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 136">: 136 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pb_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 216">: 216 </span></sup> </p><p>These languages are classified by some to be part of a larger <a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West Papuan family</a>, along with the languages of the <a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_Head_Peninsula" title="Bird's Head Peninsula">Bird's Head</a> region of <a href="/wiki/West_Papua_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="West Papua (region)">Western New Guinea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others consider NH to form a distinct language family, with no demonstrable relationship outside the region.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 269">: 269 </span></sup> The languages of North Halmahera appear to have the closest affinity with the languages of the Bird's Head, which suggests a migration from the western Bird's Head to northern Halmahera.<sup id="cite_ref-foley2000_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foley2000-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 364">: 364 </span></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Ger_Reesink" title="Ger Reesink">Ger Reesink</a> notes that the evidence for <a href="/wiki/Genetic_relationship_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic relationship (linguistics)">genetic relatedness</a> between the different "West Papuan" groupings is too skimpy to form a firm conclusion,<sup id="cite_ref-:gr_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:gr-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggesting that they be considered an <a href="/wiki/Sprachbund" title="Sprachbund">areal network</a> of unrelated linguistic families. Moreover, many speakers of NH languages, such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ternate_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ternate people (page does not exist)">Ternate</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%86%D1%8B" class="extiw" title="ru:Тернатцы">ru</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Tidore_people" title="Tidore people">Tidore</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galela_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galela people (page does not exist)">Galela</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" class="extiw" title="ru:Галела (народ)">ru</a>]</span> peoples, are physically distinct from <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_New_Guinea" title="Indigenous people of New Guinea">New Guineans</a>, while Papuan traits are more prevalent among the <a href="/wiki/Austronesians" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesians">Austronesian-speaking peoples</a> of South Halmahera.<sup id="cite_ref-rb_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rb-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Blust" title="Robert Blust">Robert Blust</a> (2013) considers this paradox to be a result of historical <a href="/wiki/Language_replacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Language replacement">language replacement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rb_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rb-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ethnic groups of the north Halmahera area share civilizational links with the Islamic world and the populations of western Indonesia, betraying a mismatch between cultural and linguistic affiliation.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the turn of the 19th century, the NH languages had already been recognized as a highly divergent (but perhaps Austronesian) group. Their non-Austronesian character was finally demonstrated by <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_van_der_Veen" title="Hendrik van der Veen">Hendrik van der Veen</a> in 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-voorhoeve1988_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voorhoeve1988-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 190">: 190 </span></sup> The structural similarities between NH and certain Papuan families in Melanesia were noted as far back as 1900, and an early version of the West Papuan family was proposed by H.K.J. Cowan (1957–1965), linking NH with the Bird's Head languages, among others (based on lexical and morphemic evidence).<sup id="cite_ref-voorhoeve1988_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voorhoeve1988-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 193">: 193 </span></sup> Holton and Klamer (2018: 626) do not unequivocally accept the genealogical unity of West Papuan, but note that the more restricted "West Papuan" proposal, linking NH with <a href="/wiki/West_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="West Bird's Head languages">West Bird's Head</a> in particular (and also the <a href="/wiki/Yawa_languages" title="Yawa languages">Yapen/Yawa languages</a>), appears to be particularly convincing.<sup id="cite_ref-Holton-Birds-Head_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holton-Birds-Head-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The family has a demonstrable Austronesian <a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)" title="Stratum (linguistics)">stratum</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-chlenov_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chlenov-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 41">: 41 </span></sup> with the ancestral language having received lexical influence from an unnamed <a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine language</a> (or languages).<sup id="cite_ref-voorhoeve1994_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voorhoeve1994-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 652">: 652 </span></sup> There are also borrowings of probable <a href="/wiki/Central_Maluku_languages" title="Central Maluku languages">Central Maluku</a> origin, as well as <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic</a> ones;<sup id="cite_ref-voorhoeve1988_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voorhoeve1988-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 195">: 195 </span></sup> in particular, Voorhoeve (1982) has noted a set of lexical similarities between NH and the Central Papuan languages of the south coast of <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pb_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Ternate, Tidore, <a href="/wiki/West_Makian_language" title="West Makian language">West Makian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sahu_language" title="Sahu language">Sahu</a> have adopted many elements of Austronesian grammar;<sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pb_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, other languages of the family are rather conservative, having preserved the <a href="/wiki/SOV_word_order" class="mw-redirect" title="SOV word order">SOV word order</a>, the use of <a href="/wiki/Postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Postposition">postpositions</a>, as well as the use of object and subject prefixes.<sup id="cite_ref-voorhoeve1994_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voorhoeve1994-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-voorhoeve1988_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voorhoeve1988-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 192">: 192 </span></sup> The presence of archaic typological features sharply distinguishes these languages from other West Papuan languages, which generally have a left-headed syntactic structure.<sup id="cite_ref-foley2000_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foley2000-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 364">: 364 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internal_classification">Internal classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Halmahera_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Internal classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The family is dialectally heterogeneous, with blurry lines between different languages. While different authors tend to disagree on the number of distinct languages identified,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there is general accord regarding the internal subgrouping of the family.<sup id="cite_ref-Holton-Birds-Head_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holton-Birds-Head-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 577">: 577 </span></sup> </p><p>The classification used here is that of Voorhoeve 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-voorhoeve1988_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voorhoeve1988-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> Core Halmaheran  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ternate_language" title="Ternate language">Ternate</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tidore_language" title="Tidore language">Tidore</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Sahu: <a href="/wiki/Sahu_language" title="Sahu language">Sahu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waioli_language" title="Waioli language">Waioli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gamkonora_language" title="Gamkonora language">Gamkonora</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Galela–Tobelo (Northeast Halmaheran): <a href="/wiki/Tobelo_language" title="Tobelo language">Tobelo</a>–<a href="/wiki/Togutil_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Togutil language">Togutil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galela_language" title="Galela language">Galela</a>–<a href="/wiki/Loloda_language" title="Loloda language">Loloda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modole_language" title="Modole language">Modole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pagu_language" title="Pagu language">Pagu</a>–<a href="/wiki/Kao_language" title="Kao language">Kao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabaru_language" title="Tabaru language">Tabaru</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/West_Makian_language" title="West Makian language">West Makian</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>West Makian is divergent due to heavy Austronesian influence. It was once classified as an <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian language">Austronesian language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It should be distinguished from <a href="/wiki/East_Makian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="East Makian language">East Makian</a> (Taba), an unrelated Austronesian language.<sup id="cite_ref-Holton-Birds-Head_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holton-Birds-Head-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 577">: 577 </span></sup> </p><p>There is a degree of mutual intelligibility between the Galela–Tobelo languages, and Voorhoeve 1988 considered them dialects of a language he called <i>Northeast Halmaheran</i>, though most speakers consider them to be distinct languages. They are probably best considered separate languages, as mutual intelligibility testing appears to be skewed by the cultural practice of multilingualism.<sup id="cite_ref-Unterladstetter_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unterladstetter-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ternate and Tidore are generally treated as separate languages, though there is little <a href="/wiki/Abstand_and_ausbau_languages" title="Abstand and ausbau languages">Abstand</a> involved, and the separation appears to be based on sociopolitical grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voorhoeve groups these idioms together as varieties of a unitary "Ternate-Tidore" language, while Miriam van Staden classifies them as distinct languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Holton-Birds-Head_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holton-Birds-Head-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 577">: 577 </span></sup> Other North Halmahera languages, such as Galela and Tobelo, have received significant influence from Ternate, a historical legacy of the dominance of the <a href="/wiki/Ternate_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ternate Sultanate">Ternate Sultanate</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Moluccas" class="mw-redirect" title="Moluccas">Moluccas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Ternate loanwords can be found in Sahu.<sup id="cite_ref-Holton-Birds-Head_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holton-Birds-Head-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lexical_reconstruction">Lexical reconstruction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Halmahera_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lexical reconstruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proto-North Halmahera consonants are (after Voorhoeve 1994: 68, cited in Holton and Klamer 2018: 584):<sup id="cite_ref-Holton-Birds-Head_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holton-Birds-Head-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2">Labial </th> <th colspan="2">Dental </th> <th rowspan="2">Velar </th> <th rowspan="2">Guttural </th></tr> <tr> <th>Plain </th> <th>Retroflex </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Plosive </th> <th>Unvoiced </th> <td>p</td> <td>t</td> <td></td> <td>k</td> <td>q </td></tr> <tr> <th>Voiced </th> <td>b</td> <td>d</td> <td>ɖ <ḋ></td> <td>g</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Fricative </th> <td>f</td> <td>s</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>h </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Nasal </th> <td>m</td> <td>n</td> <td></td> <td>ŋ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Approximant </th> <td>w</td> <td>l (r)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>Proto-North Halmahera is notable for having the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced retroflex stop">voiced retroflex stop</a> *ɖ, as <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex consonants</a> are often not found in <a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">Papuan languages</a>. </p><p>The following proto-North Halmahera reconstructions are listed in Holton and Klamer (2018: 620–621).<sup id="cite_ref-Holton-Birds-Head_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holton-Birds-Head-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the forms in Holton and Klamer are derived from Wada (1980).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>proto-North Halmahera reconstructions (Holton & Klamer 2018)</dt></dl> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>gloss</th> <th>proto-North Halmahera </th></tr> <tr> <td>‘back’</td> <td>*ḋuḋun </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘bad’</td> <td>*torou </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘bark’</td> <td>*kahi </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘big’</td> <td>*lamok </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘bite’</td> <td>*goli </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘black’</td> <td>*tarom </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘blood’</td> <td>*aun </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘blow’</td> <td>*hoa </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘blue’</td> <td>*bisi </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘boil’</td> <td>*sakahi </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘bone’</td> <td>*koboŋ </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘brother’</td> <td>*hiraŋ </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘burn’</td> <td>*so(ŋa)ra </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘child’</td> <td>*ŋopak </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘cloud’</td> <td>*lobi </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘cold’ (1)</td> <td>*alo </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘cold’ (2)</td> <td>*malat </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘come’</td> <td>*bola </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘count’</td> <td>*etoŋ </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘cry’</td> <td>*ores </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘cut’</td> <td>*luit </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘dance’</td> <td>*selo </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘die’</td> <td>*soneŋ </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘dig’</td> <td>*puait </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘dirty’</td> <td>*pepeke </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘dog’</td> <td>*kaso </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘dull’</td> <td>*boŋo </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘ear’</td> <td>*ŋauk </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘earth’</td> <td>*tonak </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘eat’</td> <td>*oḋom </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘egg’</td> <td>*boro </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘eight’</td> <td>*tupaaŋe </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘eye’</td> <td>*lako </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘fall’</td> <td>*ḋota </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘far’</td> <td>*kurut </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘fat, grease’</td> <td>*saki </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘father’</td> <td>*baba </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘fear’</td> <td>*moḋoŋ </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘feather’</td> <td>*gogo </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘female’</td> <td>*ŋopeḋeka </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘few’</td> <td>*ucu </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘fight’</td> <td>*kuḋubu </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘fire’</td> <td>*uku </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘fish’</td> <td>*nawok </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘five’</td> <td>*motoha </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘float’</td> <td>*bawo </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘flow’</td> <td>*uhis </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘flower’</td> <td>*leru </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘fly’</td> <td>*sosor </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘fog’</td> <td>*rasa </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘four’</td> <td>*ihat </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘fruit’</td> <td>*sopok </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘give’</td> <td>*hike </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘good’</td> <td>*loha </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘grass’</td> <td>*ŋaŋaru </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘green’</td> <td>*ijo </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘guts’</td> <td>*toto </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘hair’</td> <td>*hutu </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘hand’</td> <td>*giam </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘head’</td> <td>*sahek </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘hear’</td> <td>*isen </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘heart’</td> <td>*siniŋa </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘heavy’</td> <td>*tubuso </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘hit’</td> <td>*ŋapo </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘horn’</td> <td>*taḋu </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘hot’</td> <td>*sahuk </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘husband’</td> <td>*rokat </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘kill’</td> <td>*tooma </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘knee’</td> <td>*puku </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘know’</td> <td>*nako </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘lake’</td> <td>*talaga </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘laugh’</td> <td>*ḋohe </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘leaf’</td> <td>*soka </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘left’</td> <td>*gubali </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘leg/foot’</td> <td>*ḋohu </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘lie’</td> <td>*ḋaḋu </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘live’</td> <td>*oho </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘liver’</td> <td>*gate </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘long’ (1)</td> <td>*kurut </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘long’ (2)</td> <td>*teka </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘louse/flea’</td> <td>*gani </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘male’</td> <td>*naur </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘many’</td> <td>*ḋala </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘meat’</td> <td>*lake </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘moon’</td> <td>*ŋoosa </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘mother’</td> <td>*awa </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘mountain’</td> <td>*tala </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘mouth’</td> <td>*uru </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘nail’</td> <td>*gitipir </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘name’</td> <td>*roŋa </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘narrow’</td> <td>*peneto </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘near’</td> <td>*ḋumu </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘neck’</td> <td>*toko </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘new’</td> <td>*momuane </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘night’</td> <td>*putu </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘nine’</td> <td>*siwo </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘nose’</td> <td>*ŋunuŋ </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘old’</td> <td>*ŋowo </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘one’</td> <td>*moi </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘person’</td> <td>*ɲawa </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘pierce’</td> <td>*topok </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘pull’</td> <td>*lia </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘push’</td> <td>*hito(si) </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘rain’</td> <td>*muura </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘red’</td> <td>*sawala </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘right’</td> <td>*girinak </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘river’</td> <td>*selera </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘roast’</td> <td>*tupu </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘root’</td> <td>*ŋutuk </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘rope’</td> <td>*gumin </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘rotten’</td> <td>*baka </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘round’</td> <td>*pululun </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘rub’</td> <td>*ese </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘salt’</td> <td>*gasi </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘sand’</td> <td>*ḋowoŋi </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘say’</td> <td>*temo </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘scratch’</td> <td>*rago </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘sea’</td> <td>*ŋolot </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘see’</td> <td>*kelelo </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘seed’</td> <td>*gisisi </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘seven’</td> <td>*tumuḋiŋi </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘sew’</td> <td>*urit </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘sharp’</td> <td>*ḋoto </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘shoot’</td> <td>*ḋupu </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘short’</td> <td>*timisi </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘sing’</td> <td>*ɲaɲi </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘sister’</td> <td>*biraŋ </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘sit’</td> <td>*tamie </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘six’</td> <td>*butaŋa </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘skin’</td> <td>*kahi </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘sky’</td> <td>*ḋipaŋ </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘sleep’</td> <td>*kiolok </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘small’</td> <td>*ece </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘smell’</td> <td>*hame </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘smoke’</td> <td>*ḋopo </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘smooth’</td> <td>*maahi </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘snake’</td> <td>*ŋihia </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘speak’</td> <td>*bicara </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘spear’</td> <td>*kamanu </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘spit’</td> <td>*hobir </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘split’</td> <td>*raca </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘stand’</td> <td>*oko </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘star’</td> <td>*ŋoma </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘stone’</td> <td>*teto </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘straight’</td> <td>*bolowo </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘suck’</td> <td>*suyu </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘swell’</td> <td>*ḋobo </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘swim’</td> <td>*toboŋ </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘tail’</td> <td>*pego </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘take, hold’</td> <td>*aho </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘ten’</td> <td>*mogiowok </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘thick’</td> <td>*kipirin </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘thin’</td> <td>*hina </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘think’</td> <td>*fikiri < Arabic </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘three’</td> <td>*saaŋe </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘throw’</td> <td>*sariwi </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘tie’</td> <td>*piriku </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘to dry’</td> <td>*ḋuḋuŋ </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘tongue’</td> <td>*akir </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘tooth’</td> <td>*iŋir </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘tree’</td> <td>*gota </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘true’</td> <td>*tero </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘twenty’</td> <td>*monohalok </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘two’</td> <td>*sinoto </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘vomit’</td> <td>*ŋunaŋ </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘walk’</td> <td>*tagi </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘warm’</td> <td>*sakuk </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘wash’</td> <td>*boka </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘water’</td> <td>*aker </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘way’</td> <td>*ŋekom </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘wet’</td> <td>*pesa </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘white’</td> <td>*ares </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘wide’</td> <td>*ŋohat </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘wife’</td> <td>*peḋakat </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘wind’</td> <td>*paro </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘wing’</td> <td>*golipupu </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘wipe’</td> <td>*piki </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘woods’</td> <td>*poŋan </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘worm’</td> <td>*kalubati </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘young’</td> <td>*kiau </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary_comparison">Vocabulary comparison</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Halmahera_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vocabulary comparison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following basic vocabulary words are from the Trans-New Guinea database.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The words cited constitute translation equivalents, whether they are cognate (e.g. <i>utu</i>, <i>hutu</i> for “hair”) or not (e.g. <i>dofolo</i>, <i>apota</i> for “head”). </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>gloss</th> <th><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:saj" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:saj">Sahu</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:tvo" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:tvo">Tidore</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:mqs" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:mqs">West Makian</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>head </th> <td>sae'e</td> <td>dofolo</td> <td>apota; tabia </td></tr> <tr> <th>hair </th> <td>utu</td> <td>hutu</td> <td>gigo; onga </td></tr> <tr> <th>ear </th> <td>kocowo'o; ngau'u; 'oki; sidete</td> <td>ngau</td> <td>kameu </td></tr> <tr> <th>eye </th> <td>la'o</td> <td>lao</td> <td>afe; sado </td></tr> <tr> <th>nose </th> <td>cu'dumu; ngunungu; payáha</td> <td>ngun</td> <td>mudefete </td></tr> <tr> <th>tooth </th> <td>ngi'di</td> <td>ing</td> <td>wi </td></tr> <tr> <th>tongue </th> <td>yai'i</td> <td>aki</td> <td>belo </td></tr> <tr> <th>leg </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td>tarotaro </td></tr> <tr> <th>louse </th> <td>gane</td> <td>gan</td> <td>bene </td></tr> <tr> <th>dog </th> <td>nunu'u</td> <td>kaso</td> <td>aso </td></tr> <tr> <th>bird </th> <td>namo</td> <td>namo</td> <td>haywan </td></tr> <tr> <th>egg </th> <td>gosi; tounu</td> <td>gosi</td> <td>esi </td></tr> <tr> <th>blood </th> <td>ngaunu</td> <td>au</td> <td>uni </td></tr> <tr> <th>bone </th> <td>'bero; 'obongo</td> <td>goka</td> <td>subebi </td></tr> <tr> <th>skin </th> <td>eno'o</td> <td>ahi</td> <td>fi </td></tr> <tr> <th>breast </th> <td>susu</td> <td>isu</td> <td>susu </td></tr> <tr> <th>man </th> <td>nau'u</td> <td>nau-nau</td> <td>at </td></tr> <tr> <th>woman </th> <td>weré'a</td> <td>faya</td> <td>papa; songa </td></tr> <tr> <th>sky </th> <td>diwanga</td> <td>sorga</td> <td>tupam </td></tr> <tr> <th>moon </th> <td>ngara</td> <td>ora</td> <td>odo </td></tr> <tr> <th>water </th> <td>'banyo</td> <td>ake</td> <td>be </td></tr> <tr> <th>fire </th> <td>ci'du; naoto; u'u</td> <td>uku</td> <td>ipi </td></tr> <tr> <th>stone </th> <td>ma'di</td> <td>mafu</td> <td>may </td></tr> <tr> <th>road, path </th> <td>ngo'omo; tapaka</td> <td>linga</td> <td>gopao </td></tr> <tr> <th>name </th> <td>lomanga</td> <td>ronga</td> <td>aym </td></tr> <tr> <th>eat </th> <td>'doroga; kou; oromo; tabu</td> <td>oyo; talesa</td> <td>am; fajow; fiam </td></tr> <tr> <th>one </th> <td>maténgo; moi</td> <td>rimoi</td> <td>gominye; maminye; meminye; minye </td></tr> <tr> <th>two </th> <td>'di'di; romo'dí'di</td> <td>malofo</td> <td>dimaede; edeng; je; maedeng; medeng </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Halmahera_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:gr-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:gr_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:gr_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReesink2009" class="citation cs2">Reesink, Ger (2009), "West Papuan languages", in Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC"><i>Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World</i></a>, Elsevier, pp. 1176–1178, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087775-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087775-4"><bdi>978-0-08-087775-4</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/318247422">318247422</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=West+Papuan+languages&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Languages+of+the+World&rft.pages=1176-1178&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F318247422&rft.isbn=978-0-08-087775-4&rft.aulast=Reesink&rft.aufirst=Ger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF2SRqDzB50wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Halmahera+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellwood1998" class="citation cs2">Bellwood, Peter (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DWMHhfXxLaIC&pg=PA136">"The archaeology of Papuan and Austronesian prehistory in the Northern Moluccas, Eastern Indonesia"</a>, in Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DWMHhfXxLaIC"><i>Archaeology and Language II : Correlating archaeological and linguistic hypotheses</i></a>, London: Routledge, pp. 128–140, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203202913">10.4324/9780203202913</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415117616" title="Special:BookSources/9780415117616"><bdi>9780415117616</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+archaeology+of+Papuan+and+Austronesian+prehistory+in+the+Northern+Moluccas%2C+Eastern+Indonesia&rft.btitle=Archaeology+and+Language+II+%3A+Correlating+archaeological+and+linguistic+hypotheses&rft.place=London&rft.pages=128-140&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203202913&rft.isbn=9780415117616&rft.aulast=Bellwood&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDWMHhfXxLaIC%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Halmahera+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pb-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pb_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pb_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pb_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pb_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellwood2019" class="citation cs2">Bellwood, Peter (2019), "The Northern Spice Islands in prehistory, from 40,000 years ago to the recent past", in Bellwood, Peter (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2nmfDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Spice Islands in Prehistory: Archaeology in the Northern Moluccas, Indonesia</i></a>, Canberra: ANU Press, pp. 211–221, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22459%2FTA50.2019.13">10.22459/TA50.2019.13</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-76046-291-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-76046-291-8"><bdi>978-1-76046-291-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Northern+Spice+Islands+in+prehistory%2C+from+40%2C000+years+ago+to+the+recent+past&rft.btitle=The+Spice+Islands+in+Prehistory%3A+Archaeology+in+the+Northern+Moluccas%2C+Indonesia&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pages=211-221&rft.pub=ANU+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22459%2FTA50.2019.13&rft.isbn=978-1-76046-291-8&rft.aulast=Bellwood&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2nmfDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Halmahera+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holton-Birds-Head-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holton-Birds-Head_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holton-Birds-Head_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holton-Birds-Head_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holton-Birds-Head_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holton-Birds-Head_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holton-Birds-Head_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holton-Birds-Head_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holton-Birds-Head_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holton-Birds-Head_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoltonKlamer2018" class="citation book cs1">Holton, Gary; Klamer, Marian (2018). "The Papuan languages of East Nusantara and the Bird's Head". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). <i>The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide</i>. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 569–640. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028642-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028642-7"><bdi>978-3-11-028642-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Papuan+languages+of+East+Nusantara+and+the+Bird%27s+Head&rft.btitle=The+Languages+and+Linguistics+of+the+New+Guinea+Area%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=The+World+of+Linguistics&rft.pages=569-640&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-11-028642-7&rft.aulast=Holton&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.au=Klamer%2C+Marian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Halmahera+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-voorhoeve1994-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-voorhoeve1994_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-voorhoeve1994_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-voorhoeve1994_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoorhoeve1994" class="citation cs2">Voorhoeve, Clemens L. (1994), "Contact-induced change in the non-Austronesian languages in the north Moluccas, Indonesia", in Dutton, Tom; Tryon, Darrell T. (eds.), <i>Language Contact and Change in the Austronesian World</i>, Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 649–674, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110883091.649">10.1515/9783110883091.649</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-012786-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-012786-7"><bdi>978-3-11-012786-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Contact-induced+change+in+the+non-Austronesian+languages+in+the+north+Moluccas%2C+Indonesia&rft.btitle=Language+Contact+and+Change+in+the+Austronesian+World&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=649-674&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110883091.649&rft.isbn=978-3-11-012786-7&rft.aulast=Voorhoeve&rft.aufirst=Clemens+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Halmahera+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-voorhoeve1988-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-voorhoeve1988_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-voorhoeve1988_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-voorhoeve1988_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-voorhoeve1988_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-voorhoeve1988_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-voorhoeve1988_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Voorhoeve, Clemens L. 1988. The languages of the northern Halmaheran stock. Papers in New Guinea Linguistics, no. 26., 181-209. (Pacific Linguistics A-76). Canberra: Australian National University.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hist-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hist_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoltonKlamerKratochvílRobinson2012" class="citation cs2">Holton, Gary; Klamer, Marian; Kratochvíl, František; Robinson, Laura C.; Schapper, Antoinette (2012), "The Historical Relations of the Papuan Languages of Alor and Pantar", <i>Oceanic Linguistics</i>, <b>51</b> (1): 86–122, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fol.2012.0001">10.1353/ol.2012.0001</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F18594">1887/18594</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23321848">23321848</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5964292934">5964292934</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oceanic+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+Historical+Relations+of+the+Papuan+Languages+of+Alor+and+Pantar&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=86-122&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F18594&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23321848%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5964292934&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fol.2012.0001&rft.aulast=Holton&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.au=Klamer%2C+Marian&rft.au=Kratochv%C3%ADl%2C+Franti%C5%A1ek&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Laura+C.&rft.au=Schapper%2C+Antoinette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Halmahera+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusgrave2014" class="citation cs2">Musgrave, Simon (2014), "Language Shift and Language Maintenance in Indonesia", in Sercombe, P.; Tupas, R. (eds.), <i>Language, Education and Nation-building: Assimilation and Shift in Southeast Asia</i>, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 87–105, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137455536_5">10.1057/9781137455536_5</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-45553-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-45553-6"><bdi>978-1-137-45553-6</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/888035738">888035738</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Language+Shift+and+Language+Maintenance+in+Indonesia&rft.btitle=Language%2C+Education+and+Nation-building%3A+Assimilation+and+Shift+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pages=87-105&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F888035738&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781137455536_5&rft.isbn=978-1-137-45553-6&rft.aulast=Musgrave&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Halmahera+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tng-fam-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tng-fam_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPawleyHammarström2018" class="citation book cs1">Pawley, Andrew; Hammarström, Harald (2018). "The Trans New Guinea family". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). <i>The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide</i>. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 21–195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028642-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028642-7"><bdi>978-3-11-028642-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Trans+New+Guinea+family&rft.btitle=The+Languages+and+Linguistics+of+the+New+Guinea+Area%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=The+World+of+Linguistics&rft.pages=21-195&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-11-028642-7&rft.aulast=Pawley&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Hammarstr%C3%B6m%2C+Harald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Halmahera+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGil2015" class="citation cs2">Gil, David (2015), "The Mekong-Mamberamo linguistic area", in Enfield, Nick; Comrie, Bernard (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7_BeCAAAQBAJ"><i>Languages of Mainland Southeast Asia: The State of the Art</i></a>, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, pp. 266–355, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781501501685-008">10.1515/9781501501685-008</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501501685" title="Special:BookSources/9781501501685"><bdi>9781501501685</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Mekong-Mamberamo+linguistic+area&rft.btitle=Languages+of+Mainland+Southeast+Asia%3A+The+State+of+the+Art&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=266-355&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781501501685-008&rft.isbn=9781501501685&rft.aulast=Gil&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7_BeCAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Halmahera+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-foley2000-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-foley2000_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-foley2000_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoley2000" class="citation cs2">Foley, William (2000), "The Languages of New Guinea", <i>Annual Review of Anthropology</i>, <b>29</b>: 357–404, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.anthro.29.1.357">10.1146/annurev.anthro.29.1.357</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/223425">223425</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Anthropology&rft.atitle=The+Languages+of+New+Guinea&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=357-404&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.anthro.29.1.357&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F223425%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Foley&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Halmahera+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rb-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rb_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rb_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Blust2013" class="citation book cs1">Robert Blust (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/10191"><i>The Austronesian languages</i></a>. Asia-Pacific Linguistics, School of Culture, History and Language, College of Asia and the Pacific, The Australian National University. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-922185-07-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-922185-07-5"><bdi>978-1-922185-07-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Austronesian+languages&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Asia-Pacific+Linguistics%2C+School+of+Culture%2C+History+and+Language%2C+College+of+Asia+and+the+Pacific%2C+The+Australian+National+University&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-922185-07-5&rft.au=Robert+Blust&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenresearch-repository.anu.edu.au%2Fhandle%2F1885%2F10191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Halmahera+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chlenov-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chlenov_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChlenov1986" class="citation cs2">Chlenov, Mikhail (1986), "North Halmahera languages: a problem of internal classification", <i>Papers in New Guinea Linguistics No. 24</i>, Pacific Linguistics A-70, Canberra: Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, pp. 39–44, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15144%2FPL-A70.39">10.15144/PL-A70.39</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=North+Halmahera+languages%3A+a+problem+of+internal+classification&rft.btitle=Papers+in+New+Guinea+Linguistics+No.+24&rft.place=Canberra&rft.series=Pacific+Linguistics+A-70&rft.pages=39-44&rft.pub=Department+of+Linguistics%2C+Research+School+of+Pacific+Studies%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15144%2FPL-A70.39&rft.aulast=Chlenov&rft.aufirst=Mikhail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Halmahera+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoorhoeve1982" class="citation cs2">Voorhoeve, Clemens L. (1982), "The Halmahera connection: a case for prehistoric traffic through Torres Straits", in Halim, Amran; Carrington, Lois; Wurm, Stephen A. 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(1982), "The West Makian language, North Moluccas, Indonesia: a fieldwork report", in Voorhoeve, Clemens L. 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Studies in Diversity Linguistics 28. Berlin: Language Science Press. pp. 35–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.3546018">10.5281/zenodo.3546018</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-96110-216-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-96110-216-7"><bdi>978-3-96110-216-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multi-verb+constructions+in+Eastern+Indonesia&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Studies+in+Diversity+Linguistics+28&rft.pages=35-37&rft.pub=Language+Science+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5281%2Fzenodo.3546018&rft.isbn=978-3-96110-216-7&rft.aulast=Unterladstetter&rft.aufirst=Volker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Halmahera+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalby2015" class="citation cs2">Dalby, Andrew (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7dHNCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA620"><i>Dictionary of Languages: The definitive reference to more than 400 languages</i></a>, London: A & C Black, p. 620, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-0214-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-0214-5"><bdi>978-1-4081-0214-5</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/842286334">842286334</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Languages%3A+The+definitive+reference+to+more+than+400+languages&rft.place=London&rft.pages=620&rft.pub=A+%26+C+Black&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F842286334&rft.isbn=978-1-4081-0214-5&rft.aulast=Dalby&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7dHNCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA620&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Halmahera+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWada" class="citation book cs1">Wada, Yuiti. 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Osaka: Museum of Ethnology. pp. 497–527.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1980+Correspondence+of+consonants+in+North+Halmahera+languages+and+the+conservation+of+archaic+sounds+in+Galela.&rft.btitle=The+Galela+of+Halmahera%3A+A+Preliminary+Survey&rft.place=Osaka&rft.pages=497-527&rft.pub=Museum+of+Ethnology&rft.aulast=Wada&rft.aufirst=Yuiti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Halmahera+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenhill2016" class="citation web cs1">Greenhill, Simon (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transnewguinea.org/">"TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Tidore, Maluku, Indonesia: Pemerintah Daerah Tingkat II Halmahera Tengah.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Voorhoeve, C. L. 1982. <i>The Makian languages and their neighbours</i>. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Halmahera_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a> has a list of reconstructed forms at <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Proto-North_Halmahera_reconstructions" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Proto-North Halmahera reconstructions">Appendix:Proto-North Halmahera reconstructions</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abvd.shh.mpg.de/austronesian/classification.php?node=West%20Papuan">North Halmahera word lists</a> (Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="West_Papuan_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:West_Papuan_languages" title="Template:West Papuan languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:West_Papuan_languages" title="Template talk:West Papuan languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:West_Papuan_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:West Papuan languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="West_Papuan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West Papuan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West Papuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="West Bird's Head languages">West Bird's Head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalabra_language" title="Kalabra language">Kalabra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwani_language" title="Kuwani language">Kuwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moi_language" title="Moi language">Moi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moraid_language" title="Moraid language">Moraid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seget_language" title="Seget language">Seget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehit_language" title="Tehit language">Tehit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Bird's Head</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Maybrat_language" title="Maybrat language">Maybrat</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North Halmahera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sahu</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamkonora_language" title="Gamkonora language">Gamkonora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahu_language" title="Sahu language">Sahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waioli_language" title="Waioli language">Waioli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Galela–Tobelo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galela_language" title="Galela language">Galela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loloda_language" title="Loloda language">Loloda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modole_language" title="Modole language">Modole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagu_language" title="Pagu language">Pagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabaru_language" title="Tabaru language">Tabaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobelo_language" title="Tobelo language">Tobelo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ternate-Tidore</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ternate_language" title="Ternate language">Ternate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidore_language" title="Tidore language">Tidore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Makian_language" title="West Makian language">West Makian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abun_language" title="Abun language">Abun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatam_language" title="Hatam language">Hatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpur_language" title="Mpur language">Mpur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extended_West_Papuan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Extended West Papuan languages">Extended<br />West Papuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="East_Bird&#039;s_Head–Sentani" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Bird%27s_Head_%E2%80%93_Sentani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bird's Head – Sentani languages">East Bird's Head<br />–Sentani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Bird%27s_Head_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bird's Head languages">East Bird's Head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meyah_language" title="Meyah language">Meax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moskona_language" title="Moskona language">Moskona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saponi_language" title="Saponi language">Saponi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sougb_language" title="Sougb language">Sougb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demta%E2%80%93Sentani_languages" title="Demta–Sentani languages">Demta–Sentani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demta_language" title="Demta language">Demta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentani_language" title="Sentani language">Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafri_language" title="Nafri language">Nafri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabla_language" title="Tabla language">Tabla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmeso_language" title="Burmeso language">Burmeso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tause_language" title="Tause language">Tause</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yawa_languages" title="Yawa languages">Yawa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saweru_language" title="Saweru language">Saweru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawa_language" title="Yawa language">Yawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Papuan_language_families_(Palmer_2018_classification)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Papuan_languages" title="Template:Papuan languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Papuan_languages" title="Template talk:Papuan languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Papuan_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Papuan languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Papuan_language_families_(Palmer_2018_classification)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">Papuan language families</a> <br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages#Palmer_(2018)" title="Papuan languages">Palmer 2018</a> classification)</small></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trans-New_Guinea_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-New Guinea languages">Trans-New Guinea</a> <br />subgroups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Papua</a>, Indonesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ok_languages" title="Ok languages">Ok-Oksapmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dani languages">Dani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmat%E2%80%93Kamoro_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Asmat–Kamoro languages">Asmat-Kamoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mek_languages" title="Mek languages">Mek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paniai_Lakes_languages" title="Paniai Lakes languages">Paniai Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bomberai_languages" title="West Bomberai languages">West Bomberai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somahai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Somahai languages">Somahai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Papua</a>, Indonesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anim_languages" title="Anim languages">Anim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Awyu_languages" title="Greater Awyu languages">Greater Awyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayagaric_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayagaric languages">Kayagaric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolopom_languages" title="Kolopom languages">Kolopom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marori_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Marori language">Marori</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southwest <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gogodala%E2%80%93Suki_languages" title="Gogodala–Suki languages">Gogodala-Suki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turama%E2%80%93Kikori_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Turama–Kikori languages">Turama-Kikori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwaian_languages" title="Kiwaian languages">Kiwaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awin%E2%80%93Pa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Awin–Pa languages">Awin-Pa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madang_languages" title="Madang languages">Madang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finisterre%E2%80%93Huon_languages" title="Finisterre–Huon languages">Finisterre-Huon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kainantu%E2%80%93Goroka_languages" title="Kainantu–Goroka languages">Kainantu-Goroka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimbu%E2%80%93Wahgi_languages" title="Chimbu–Wahgi languages">Chimbu-Wahgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engan_languages" title="Engan languages">Enga-Kewa-Huli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosavi_languages" title="Bosavi languages">Bosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Strickland_languages" title="East Strickland languages">East Strickland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutubuan_languages" title="Kutubuan languages">Kutubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duna-Bogaya_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Duna-Bogaya languages">Duna-Bogaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wiru_language" title="Wiru language">Wiru</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Peninsula" title="Papuan Peninsula">Papuan Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angan_languages" title="Angan languages">Angan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Binanderean_languages" title="Greater Binanderean languages">Greater Binanderean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagan_languages" title="Dagan languages">Dagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mailuan_languages" title="Mailuan languages">Mailuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koiarian_languages" title="Koiarian languages">Koiarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goilalan_languages" title="Goilalan languages">Goilalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yareban_languages" title="Yareban languages">Yareban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwalean_languages" title="Kwalean languages">Kwalean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manubaran_languages" title="Manubaran languages">Manubaran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern <a href="/wiki/Nusantara_(archipelago)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusantara (archipelago)">Nusantara</a> <br />families and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Timor%E2%80%93Alor%E2%80%93Pantar_languages" title="Timor–Alor–Pantar languages">Timor-Alor-Pantar</a></b></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North Halmahera</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a></i><sup>†</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_Head_Peninsula" title="Bird's Head Peninsula">Bird's Head Peninsula</a> <br />families and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="South Bird's Head languages">South Bird's Head</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_South_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="Nuclear South Bird's Head languages">Nuclear South Bird's Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inanwatan%E2%80%93Duriankere_languages" title="Inanwatan–Duriankere languages">Inanwatan–Duriankere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konda%E2%80%93Yahadian_languages" title="Konda–Yahadian languages">Konda–Yahadian</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/East_Bird%27s_Head_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bird's Head languages">East Bird's Head</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantion%E2%80%93Meax_languages" title="Mantion–Meax languages">Nuclear East Bird's Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatam%E2%80%93Mansim_languages" title="Hatam–Mansim languages">Hatam–Mansim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="West Bird's Head languages">West Bird's Head</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abun_language" title="Abun language">Abun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mpur_language" title="Mpur language">Mpur</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maybrat_language" title="Maybrat language">Maybrat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mor_language_(Papuan)" title="Mor language (Papuan)">Mor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sumuri_language" title="Sumuri language">Tanah Merah</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a> <br />families and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tor%E2%80%93Kwerba_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor–Kwerba languages">Tor-Kwerba</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Border_languages_(New_Guinea)" title="Border languages (New Guinea)">Border</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Skou_languages" title="Skou languages">Sko</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/East_Geelvink_Bay_languages" title="East Geelvink Bay languages">East Cenderawasih Bay</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauwasi_languages" title="Pauwasi languages">Pauwasi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Pauwasi_languages" title="East Pauwasi languages">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Pauwasi_languages" title="West Pauwasi languages">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimboran_languages" title="Nimboran languages">Nimboran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentani languages">Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mairasi_languages" title="Mairasi languages">Mairasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaure%E2%80%93Kosare_languages" title="Kaure–Kosare languages">Kaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepki%E2%80%93Murkim_languages" title="Lepki–Murkim languages">Lepki-Murkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Angor_language" title="Angor language">Angor</a>-<a href="/wiki/Dera_language" title="Dera language">Dera</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofanma%E2%80%93Namla_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tofanma–Namla languages">Tofanma-Namla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawa_languages" title="Yawa languages">Yapen</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abinomn_language" title="Abinomn language">Abinomn</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burmeso_language" title="Burmeso language">Burmeso</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elseng_language" title="Elseng language">Elseng</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kapauri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapauri language">Kapauri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kembra_language" title="Kembra language">Kembra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keuw_language" title="Keuw language">Keuw</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kimki_language" title="Kimki language">Kimki</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massep_language" title="Massep language">Massep</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mawes_language" title="Mawes language">Mawes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Molof_language" title="Molof language">Molof</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Usku_language" title="Usku language">Usku</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yetfa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yetfa language">Yetfa</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a> <br />families and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayono%E2%80%93Awbono_languages" title="Bayono–Awbono languages">Bayono-Awbono</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dem_language" title="Dem language">Dem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uhunduni_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Uhunduni language">Uhunduni</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sepik" title="Sepik">Sepik</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ramu" title="Ramu">Ramu</a> basin <br />families and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sepik_languages" title="Sepik languages">Sepik</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ramu%E2%80%93Lower_Sepik_languages" title="Ramu–Lower Sepik languages">Lower Sepik-Ramu</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sepik_languages" title="Lower Sepik languages">Lower Sepik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramu_languages" title="Ramu languages">Ramu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwomtari_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwomtari languages">Kwomtari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Schultze_languages" title="Leonhard Schultze languages">Leonhard Schultze</a> (<a href="/wiki/Walio_languages" title="Walio languages">Walio</a>-<a href="/wiki/Papi_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Papi languages">Papi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yuat_languages" title="Upper Yuat languages">Upper Yuat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arafundi_languages" title="Arafundi languages">Arafundi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Piawi_languages" title="Piawi languages">Piawi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuat_languages" title="Yuat languages">Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_May_languages" title="Left May languages">Left May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amto%E2%80%93Musan_languages" title="Amto–Musan languages">Amto-Musan</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Busa_language_(Papuan)" title="Busa language (Papuan)">Busa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tayap_language" title="Tayap language">Tayap</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yad%C3%AB_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yadë language">Yadë</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli</a> subgroups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marienberg_languages" title="Marienberg languages">Marienberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arapesh_languages" title="Arapesh languages">Arapesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urim_languages" title="Urim languages">Urim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimai_languages" title="Maimai languages">Maimai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wapei_languages" title="Wapei languages">Wapei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palei_languages" title="Palei languages">Palei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_languages" title="One languages">One</a> (West Wapei)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumbo_languages" title="Monumbo languages">Monumbo</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sepik_languages" title="Sepik languages">Sepik</a> subgroups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Middle_Sepik_languages" title="Middle Sepik languages">Middle Sepik</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ndu_languages" title="Ndu languages">Ndu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukuma_languages" title="Nukuma languages">Nukuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_River_languages" title="Yellow River languages">Yellow River</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yerakai_language" title="Yerakai language">Yerakai</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sepik_languages" title="Upper Sepik languages">Upper Sepik</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wogamus_languages" title="Wogamus languages">Wogamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwam_languages" title="Iwam languages">Iwam</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abau_language" title="Abau language">Abau</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sepik_Hill_languages" title="Sepik Hill languages">Sepik Hill</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tama_languages" title="Tama languages">Tama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_languages" title="Ram languages">Ram</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amal_language" title="Amal language">Amal</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ramu_languages" title="Ramu languages">Ramu</a> subgroups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Lower_Ramu_languages" title="Lower Ramu languages">Lower Ramu</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottilien_languages" title="Ottilien languages">Ottilien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misegian_languages" title="Misegian languages">Misegian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ramu_languages" title="Middle Ramu languages">Middle Ramu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Grass_languages" title="Grass languages">Grass</a></b>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamolan_languages" title="Tamolan languages">Tamolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ataitan_languages" title="Ataitan languages">Ataitan</a> (Tanggu)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Papua" title="Gulf of Papua">Gulf of Papua</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> <br />families and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Yam_languages" title="Yam languages">Yam</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahoturi_River_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahoturi River languages">Pahoturi River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleman_languages" title="Eleman languages">Eleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriomo_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriomo languages">Oriomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teberan_languages" title="Teberan languages">Teberan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doso-Turumsa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Doso-Turumsa languages">Doso-Turumsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komolom_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Komolom languages">Komolom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yelmek-Maklew_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Yelmek-Maklew languages">Yelmek-Maklew</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dibiyaso_language" title="Dibiyaso language">Dibiyaso</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaki_Ae_language" title="Kaki Ae language">Kaki Ae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamula_language" title="Kamula language">Kamula</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karami_language" title="Karami language">Karami</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pawaia_language" title="Pawaia language">Pawaia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Porome_language" title="Porome language">Porome</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purari_language" title="Purari language">Purari</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tabo_language" title="Tabo language">Tabo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago" title="Bismarck Archipelago">Bismarck Archipelago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> <br />families and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baining_languages" title="Baining languages">Baining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bougainville_languages" title="North Bougainville languages">North Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bougainville_languages" title="South Bougainville languages">South Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Solomon_languages" title="Central Solomon languages">Central Solomons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taulil%E2%80%93Butam_languages" title="Taulil–Butam languages">Butam-Taulil</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An%C3%AAm_language" title="Anêm language">Anêm</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ata_language" title="Ata language">Ata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kol_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Kol language (Papua New Guinea)">Kol</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuot_language" title="Kuot language">Kuot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Makolkol_language" title="Makolkol language">Makolkol</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sulka_language" title="Sulka language">Sulka</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rossel_Island" title="Rossel Island">Rossel Island</a> <br />isolate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%A9l%C3%AE_Dnye_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yélî Dnye language">Yélî Dnye</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Papuan_languages" title="Northwest Papuan languages">Northwest Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pauwasi_languages" title="South Pauwasi languages">South Pauwasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Papuan_languages" title="East Papuan languages">East Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Papuan_languages" title="Southeast Papuan languages">Southeast Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Gulf_languages" title="Papuan Gulf languages">Papuan Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binanderean%E2%80%93Goilalan_languages" title="Binanderean–Goilalan languages">Binanderean–Goilalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arai%E2%80%93Samaia_languages" title="Arai–Samaia languages">Arai–Samaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmat%E2%80%93Mombum_languages" title="Asmat–Mombum languages">Asmat–Mombum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Fly%E2%80%93Bulaka_River_languages" title="Trans-Fly–Bulaka River languages">Trans-Fly–Bulaka River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Fly_languages" title="Trans-Fly languages">Trans-Fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani%E2%80%93Kwerba_languages" title="Dani–Kwerba languages">Dani–Kwerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bird%27s_Head_%E2%80%93_Sentani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bird's Head – Sentani languages">East Bird's Head – Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwomtari%E2%80%93Fas_languages" title="Kwomtari–Fas languages">Kwomtari–Fas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_May_%E2%80%93_Kwomtari_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Left May – Kwomtari languages">Left May – Kwomtari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor%E2%80%93Kwerba%E2%80%93Nimboran_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor–Kwerba–Nimboran languages">Tor–Kwerba–Nimboran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="West Trans–New Guinea languages">West Trans–New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_Highlands_languages" title="West Papuan Highlands languages">West Papuan Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_and_South_New_Guinea_languages" title="Central and South New Guinea languages">Central and South New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_West_New_Guinea_languages" title="Central West New Guinea languages">Central West New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_New_Guinea_Highlands_languages" title="East New Guinea Highlands languages">East New Guinea Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yele_%E2%80%93_West_New_Britain_languages" title="Yele – West New Britain languages">Yele – West New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepik%E2%80%93Ramu_languages" title="Sepik–Ramu languages">Sepik–Ramu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_languages" title="Indo-Pacific languages">Indo-Pacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Proto-Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Trans–New Guinea">Proto-Trans–New Guinea</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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