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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>In data communications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_data_communications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In data communications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_data_communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gross_bit_rate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gross_bit_rate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Gross bit rate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gross_bit_rate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Information_rate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Information_rate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Information rate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Information_rate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Network_throughput" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Network_throughput"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Network throughput</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Network_throughput-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Goodput_(data_transfer_rate)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goodput_(data_transfer_rate)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Goodput (data transfer rate)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goodput_(data_transfer_rate)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Progress_trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Progress_trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Progress trends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Progress_trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multimedia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multimedia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Multimedia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Multimedia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Multimedia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Multimedia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Audio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Audio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-CD-DA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CD-DA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>CD-DA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CD-DA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MP3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MP3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>MP3</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MP3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_audio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_audio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Other audio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_audio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Video</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bit rate</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="معدل البتات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معدل البتات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasa_de_bits" title="Tasa de bits – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tasa de bits" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%82" title="Бітрэйт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бітрэйт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Побитова скорост – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Побитова скорост" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxa_de_bits" title="Taxa de bits – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Taxa de bits" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99enosov%C3%A1_rychlost" title="Přenosová rychlost – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Přenosová rychlost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitrate" title="Bitrate – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bitrate" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitrate" title="Bitrate – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bitrate" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitikiirus" title="Bitikiirus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bitikiirus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Ρυθμός μετάδοσης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρυθμός μετάδοσης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasa_de_bits" title="Tasa de bits – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tasa de bits" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit-tasa" title="Bit-tasa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bit-tasa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B1%D8%AE_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="نرخ بیت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نرخ بیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9bit_binaire" title="Débit binaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Débit binaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%ED%8A%B8%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8" title="비트레이트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비트레이트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%AB%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Բիթային արագություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բիթային արագություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stopa_bitova" title="Stopa bitova – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Stopa bitova" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laju_bit" title="Laju bit – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Laju bit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocit%C3%A0_di_trasmissione" title="Velocità di trasmissione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Velocità di trasmissione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%91_%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="קצב נתונים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קצב נתונים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitu_%C4%81trums" title="Bitu ātrums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bitu ātrums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitr%C3%A1ta" title="Bitráta – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bitráta" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadar_bit" title="Kadar bit – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kadar bit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_rate" title="Bit rate – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="Bit rate" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitrate" title="Bitrate – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bitrate" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88" title="ビットレート – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ビットレート" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitrate" title="Bitrate – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bitrate" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitreyt" title="Bitreyt – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bitreyt" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przep%C5%82ywno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Przepływność – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przepływność" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_rate" title="Bit rate – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bit rate" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rata_bit" title="Rata bit – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rata bit" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82" title="Битрейт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Битрейт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doatenuurdreegengsrate" title="Doatenuurdreegengsrate – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Doatenuurdreegengsrate" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_rate" title="Bit rate – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bit rate" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitov%C3%A1_r%C3%BDchlos%C5%A5" title="Bitová rýchlosť – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bitová rýchlosť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiedonsiirtonopeus" title="Tiedonsiirtonopeus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tiedonsiirtonopeus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96verf%C3%B6ringskapacitet" title="Överföringskapacitet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Överföringskapacitet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95" title="อัตราบิต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อัตราบิต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Бітова швидкість – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бітова швидкість" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%91c_%C4%91%E1%BB%99_bit" title="Tốc độ bit – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tốc độ bit" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%8D%E5%85%83%E9%80%9F%E7%8E%87" title="位元速率 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="位元速率" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E7%89%B9%E7%8E%87" title="比特率 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="比特率" data-language-autonym="中文" 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title="Bitrate">Bitrate</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Information transmission rate expressed in bits per second</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Transmission rate" redirects here. For the rate of spread of an epidemic, see <a href="/wiki/Basic_reproduction_number" title="Basic reproduction number">Basic reproduction number</a>. For disk drives, see <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive_performance_characteristics" title="Hard disk drive performance characteristics">Hard disk drive performance characteristics</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right;"> <caption><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bit rates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Data-rate_units" title="Data-rate units">data-rate units</a>) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Symbol</th> <th colspan="2">Multiple </th></tr> <tr> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">bit per second</a></td> <td>bit/s</td> <td>1</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Metric_prefix" title="Metric prefix">Metric prefixes</a> (<a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">SI</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Data-rate_units#Kilobit_per_second" title="Data-rate units">kilobit per second</a></td> <td>kbit/s</td> <td><a href="/wiki/1000_(number)" title="1000 (number)">10<sup>3</sup></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1000_(number)" title="1000 (number)">1000<sup>1</sup></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Data-rate_units#Megabit_per_second" title="Data-rate units">megabit per second</a></td> <td>Mbit/s</td> <td><a href="/wiki/1,000,000" title="1,000,000">10<sup>6</sup></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1,000,000" title="1,000,000">1000<sup>2</sup></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Data-rate_units#Gigabit_per_second" title="Data-rate units">gigabit per second</a></td> <td>Gbit/s</td> <td><a href="/wiki/1,000,000,000" title="1,000,000,000">10<sup>9</sup></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1,000,000,000" title="1,000,000,000">1000<sup>3</sup></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Data-rate_units#Terabit_per_second" title="Data-rate units">terabit per second</a></td> <td>Tbit/s</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(numbers)#1012" title="Orders of magnitude (numbers)">10<sup>12</sup></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(numbers)#1012" title="Orders of magnitude (numbers)">1000<sup>4</sup></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Binary_prefix" title="Binary prefix">Binary prefixes</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_80000" title="ISO/IEC 80000">IEC 80000-13</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Data-rate_units#Kilobit_per_second" title="Data-rate units">kibibit per second</a></td> <td>Kibit/s</td> <td><a href="/wiki/1024_(number)" title="1024 (number)">2<sup>10</sup></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1024_(number)" title="1024 (number)">1024<sup>1</sup></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Data-rate_units#Megabit_per_second" title="Data-rate units">mebibit per second</a></td> <td>Mibit/s</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Power_of_two#Powers_of_1024" title="Power of two">2<sup>20</sup></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Power_of_two#Powers_of_1024" title="Power of two">1024<sup>2</sup></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Data-rate_units#Gigabit_per_second" title="Data-rate units">gibibit per second</a></td> <td>Gibit/s</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Power_of_two#Powers_of_1024" title="Power of two">2<sup>30</sup></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Power_of_two#Powers_of_1024" title="Power of two">1024<sup>3</sup></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Data-rate_units#Terabit_per_second" title="Data-rate units">tebibit per second</a></td> <td>Tibit/s</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Power_of_two#Powers_of_1024" title="Power of two">2<sup>40</sup></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Power_of_two#Powers_of_1024" title="Power of two">1024<sup>4</sup></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a>, <b>bit rate</b> (<b>bitrate</b> or as a variable <i>R</i>) is the number of <a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bits</a> that are conveyed or processed per unit of time.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bit rate is expressed in the unit <b>bit per second</b> (symbol: <b>bit/s</b>), often in conjunction with an <a href="/wiki/SI_prefix" class="mw-redirect" title="SI prefix">SI prefix</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Kilo-" title="Kilo-">kilo</a> (1 kbit/s = 1,000 bit/s), <a href="/wiki/Mega-" title="Mega-">mega</a> (1 Mbit/s = 1,000 kbit/s), <a href="/wiki/Giga-" title="Giga-">giga</a> (1 Gbit/s = 1,000 Mbit/s) or <a href="/wiki/Tera-" class="mw-redirect" title="Tera-">tera</a> (1 Tbit/s = 1,000 Gbit/s).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The non-standard abbreviation <b>bps</b> is often used to replace the standard symbol bit/s, so that, for example, 1 Mbps is used to mean one million bits per second. </p><p>In most computing and digital communication environments, one <b>byte per second</b> (symbol: <b>B/s</b>) corresponds to 8 bit/s. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prefixes">Prefixes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bit_rate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prefixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When quantifying large or small bit rates, <a href="/wiki/SI_prefix" class="mw-redirect" title="SI prefix">SI prefixes</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Metric_prefix" title="Metric prefix">metric prefixes</a> or decimal prefixes) are used, thus:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td align="right">0.001 bit/s</td> <td>= 1 mbit/s (one millibit per second, i.e., one bit per thousand seconds) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1 bit/s</td> <td>= 1 bit/s (one bit per second) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1,000 bit/s</td> <td>= 1 <a href="/wiki/Kbit/s" class="mw-redirect" title="Kbit/s">kbit/s</a> (one kilobit per second, i.e., one thousand bits per second) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1,000,000 bit/s</td> <td>= 1 <a href="/wiki/Mbit/s" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbit/s">Mbit/s</a> (one megabit per second, i.e., one million bits per second) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1,000,000,000 bit/s</td> <td>= 1 <a href="/wiki/Gbit/s" class="mw-redirect" title="Gbit/s">Gbit/s</a> (one gigabit per second, i.e., one <a href="/wiki/1000000000_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="1000000000 (number)">billion</a> bits per second) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1,000,000,000,000 bit/s</td> <td>= 1 <a href="/wiki/Tbit/s" class="mw-redirect" title="Tbit/s">Tbit/s</a> (one terabit per second, i.e., one <a href="/wiki/1000000000000_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="1000000000000 (number)">trillion</a> bits per second) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Binary_prefix" title="Binary prefix">Binary prefixes</a> are sometimes used for bit rates.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The International Standard (<a href="/wiki/IEC_80000-13" class="mw-redirect" title="IEC 80000-13">IEC 80000-13</a>) specifies different symbols for binary and decimal (SI) prefixes (e.g., 1 <a href="/wiki/Kibibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibibyte">KiB</a>/s = 1024 B/s = 8192 bit/s, and 1 <a href="/wiki/Mebibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Mebibyte">MiB</a>/s = 1024 KiB/s). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_data_communications">In data communications <span class="anchor" id="Bit_rates_at_various_protocol_layers"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bit_rate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In data communications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gross_bit_rate">Gross bit rate <span class="anchor" id="UNCODED"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bit_rate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gross bit rate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Data_signaling_rate" title="Data signaling rate">Data signaling rate</a></div> <p>In digital communication systems, the <a href="/wiki/Physical_layer" title="Physical layer">physical layer</a> <i>gross bitrate</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Guimarães_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guimarães-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>raw bitrate</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Pahlavan_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pahlavan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Data_signaling_rate" title="Data signaling rate">data signaling rate</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>gross data transfer rate</i><sup id="cite_ref-3G_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3G-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>uncoded transmission rate</i><sup id="cite_ref-Pahlavan_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pahlavan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (sometimes written as a variable <i>R</i><sub>b</sub><sup id="cite_ref-Guimarães_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guimarães-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pahlavan_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pahlavan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>f</i><sub>b</sub><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is the total number of physically transferred bits per second over a communication link, including useful data as well as protocol overhead. </p><p>In case of <a href="/wiki/Serial_communication" title="Serial communication">serial communications</a>, the gross bit rate is related to the bit transmission time <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{\text{b}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>b</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{\text{b}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9eb954fc0fb95dad925ac02b36d1f2192976383a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.504ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{\text{b}}}"></span> as: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R_{\text{b}}={1 \over T_{\text{b}}},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>b</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>b</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R_{\text{b}}={1 \over T_{\text{b}}},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bd325ccee4accb37edc38a07317871248baff5f1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:9.995ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R_{\text{b}}={1 \over T_{\text{b}}},}"></span></dd></dl> <p>The gross bit rate is related to the <a href="/wiki/Symbol_rate" title="Symbol rate">symbol rate</a> or modulation rate, which is expressed in <a href="/wiki/Baud" title="Baud">bauds</a> or symbols per second. However, the gross bit rate and the baud value are equal <i>only</i> when there are only two levels per symbol, representing 0 and 1, meaning that each symbol of a <a href="/wiki/Data_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Data transmission">data transmission</a> system carries exactly one bit of data; for example, this is not the case for modern modulation systems used in <a href="/wiki/Modem" title="Modem">modems</a> and LAN equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For most <a href="/wiki/Line_code" title="Line code">line codes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation">modulation</a> methods: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{symbol rate}}\leq {\text{gross bit rate}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>symbol rate</mtext> </mrow> <mo>≤</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>gross bit rate</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{symbol rate}}\leq {\text{gross bit rate}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/beb535e36fd4cb3abd559256dbdad7066df12db0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:27.957ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{symbol rate}}\leq {\text{gross bit rate}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>More specifically, a line code (or <a href="/wiki/Baseband" title="Baseband">baseband</a> transmission scheme) representing the data using <a href="/wiki/Pulse-amplitude_modulation" title="Pulse-amplitude modulation">pulse-amplitude modulation</a> with <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2^{N}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2^{N}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f3cc22b5fa0e34487c8a6153965408e004c6e253" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.854ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2^{N}}"></span> different voltage levels, can transfer <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>N</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}"></span> bits per pulse. A <a href="/wiki/Digital_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital modulation">digital modulation</a> method (or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Passband_transmission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Passband transmission (page does not exist)">passband transmission</a> scheme) using <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2^{N}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2^{N}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f3cc22b5fa0e34487c8a6153965408e004c6e253" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.854ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2^{N}}"></span> different symbols, for example <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2^{N}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2^{N}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f3cc22b5fa0e34487c8a6153965408e004c6e253" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.854ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2^{N}}"></span> amplitudes, phases or frequencies, can transfer <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>N</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}"></span> bits per symbol. This results in: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{gross bit rate}}={\text{symbol rate}}\times N}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>gross bit rate</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>symbol rate</mtext> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mi>N</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{gross bit rate}}={\text{symbol rate}}\times N}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/406d8ed849b8b4a878bd9092b58b4b1156bf892f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:32.861ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{gross bit rate}}={\text{symbol rate}}\times N}"></span></dd></dl> <p>An exception from the above is some self-synchronizing line codes, for example <a href="/wiki/Manchester_coding" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester coding">Manchester coding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Return-to-zero" title="Return-to-zero">return-to-zero</a> (RTZ) coding, where each bit is represented by two pulses (signal states), resulting in: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{gross bit rate = symbol rate/2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>gross bit rate = symbol rate/2</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{gross bit rate = symbol rate/2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3da515e2d633d192eb4fb8cd5178e273f0dfec3f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:31.314ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{gross bit rate = symbol rate/2}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>A theoretical upper bound for the symbol rate in baud, symbols/s or pulses/s for a certain <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)" title="Bandwidth (signal processing)">spectral bandwidth</a> in hertz is given by the <a href="/wiki/Nyquist_rate" title="Nyquist rate">Nyquist law</a>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{symbol rate}}\leq {\text{Nyquist rate}}=2\times {\text{bandwidth}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>symbol rate</mtext> </mrow> <mo>≤</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Nyquist rate</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>bandwidth</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{symbol rate}}\leq {\text{Nyquist rate}}=2\times {\text{bandwidth}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ff6a51566a528b672eff523f2be23459c2b677ac" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:45.378ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{symbol rate}}\leq {\text{Nyquist rate}}=2\times {\text{bandwidth}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>In practice this upper bound can only be approached for <a href="/wiki/Line_coding" class="mw-redirect" title="Line coding">line coding</a> schemes and for so-called <a href="/wiki/Vestigial_sideband" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestigial sideband">vestigial sideband</a> digital modulation. Most other digital carrier-modulated schemes, for example <a href="/wiki/Amplitude-shift_keying" title="Amplitude-shift keying">ASK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phase-shift_keying" title="Phase-shift keying">PSK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation">QAM</a> and <a href="/wiki/OFDM" class="mw-redirect" title="OFDM">OFDM</a>, can be characterized as <a href="/wiki/Double_sideband" class="mw-redirect" title="Double sideband">double sideband</a> modulation, resulting in the following relation: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{symbol rate}}\leq {\text{bandwidth}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>symbol rate</mtext> </mrow> <mo>≤</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>bandwidth</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{symbol rate}}\leq {\text{bandwidth}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4125223919bb3c555062b18f2ad2846a0c2750e5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:25.726ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{symbol rate}}\leq {\text{bandwidth}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>In case of <a href="/wiki/Parallel_port" title="Parallel port">parallel communication</a>, the gross bit rate is given by </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{n}{\frac {\log _{2}{M_{i}}}{T_{i}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </munderover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mrow> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{n}{\frac {\log _{2}{M_{i}}}{T_{i}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8060264827f55cfb20854c018de409581bf69340" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:12.045ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{n}{\frac {\log _{2}{M_{i}}}{T_{i}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where <i>n</i> is the number of parallel channels, <i>M<sub>i</sub></i> is the number of symbols or levels of the <a href="/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation">modulation</a> in the <i>i</i>th <a href="/wiki/Channel_(communications)" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel (communications)">channel</a>, and <i>T<sub>i</sub></i> is the <a href="/wiki/Symbol_duration_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbol duration time">symbol duration time</a>, expressed in seconds, for the <i>i</i>th channel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Information_rate">Information rate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bit_rate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Information rate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Code_rate" title="Code rate">Code rate</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Physical_layer" title="Physical layer">physical layer</a> <b>net bitrate</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Rappaport_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rappaport-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>information rate</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Guimarães_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guimarães-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>useful bit rate</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>payload rate</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bagad_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bagad-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>net data transfer rate</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-3G_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3G-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>coded transmission rate</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Pahlavan_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pahlavan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>effective data rate</b><sup id="cite_ref-Pahlavan_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pahlavan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Wire_speed" title="Wire speed">wire speed</a> (informal language) of a digital <a href="/wiki/Communication_channel" title="Communication channel">communication channel</a> is the capacity excluding the <a href="/wiki/Physical_layer" title="Physical layer">physical layer</a> protocol overhead, for example <a href="/wiki/Time_division_multiplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Time division multiplex">time division multiplex</a> (TDM) <a href="/wiki/Framing_bits" class="mw-redirect" title="Framing bits">framing bits</a>, redundant <a href="/wiki/Forward_error_correction" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward error correction">forward error correction</a> (FEC) codes, equalizer training symbols and other <a href="/wiki/Channel_coding" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel coding">channel coding</a>. Error-correcting codes are common especially in wireless communication systems, broadband modem standards and modern copper-based high-speed LANs. The physical layer net bitrate is the datarate measured at a reference point in the interface between the <a href="/wiki/Data_link_layer" title="Data link layer">data link layer</a> and physical layer, and may consequently include data link and higher layer overhead. </p><p>In modems and wireless systems, <a href="/wiki/Link_adaptation" title="Link adaptation">link adaptation</a> (automatic adaptation of the data rate and the modulation and/or error coding scheme to the signal quality) is often applied. In that context, the term <b>peak bitrate</b> denotes the net bitrate of the fastest and least robust transmission mode, used for example when the distance is very short between sender and transmitter.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some operating systems and network equipment may detect the "<b>connection speed</b>"<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (informal language) of a network access technology or communication device, implying the current net bit rate. The term <b>line rate</b> in some textbooks is defined as gross bit rate,<sup id="cite_ref-Bagad_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bagad-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in others as net bit rate. </p><p>The relationship between the gross bit rate and net bit rate is affected by the FEC <a href="/wiki/Code_rate" title="Code rate">code rate</a> according to the following. </p> <dl><dd>net bit rate ≤ gross bit rate × <a href="/wiki/Code_rate" title="Code rate">code rate</a></dd></dl> <p>The connection speed of a technology that involves forward error correction typically refers to the physical layer <i>net bit rate</i> in accordance with the above definition. </p><p>For example, the net bitrate (and thus the "connection speed") of an <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11a" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11a">IEEE 802.11a</a> wireless network is the net bit rate of between 6 and 54 Mbit/s, while the gross bit rate is between 12 and 72 Mbit/s inclusive of error-correcting codes. </p><p>The net bit rate of ISDN2 <a href="/wiki/Basic_Rate_Interface" title="Basic Rate Interface">Basic Rate Interface</a> (2 B-channels + 1 D-channel) of 64+64+16 = 144 kbit/s also refers to the payload data rates, while the D channel signalling rate is 16 kbit/s. </p><p>The net bit rate of the Ethernet 100BASE-TX physical layer standard is 100 Mbit/s, while the gross bitrate is 125 Mbit/s, due to the <a href="/wiki/4B5B" title="4B5B">4B5B</a> (four bit over five bit) encoding. In this case, the gross bit rate is equal to the symbol rate or pulse rate of 125 megabaud, due to the <a href="/wiki/NRZI" class="mw-redirect" title="NRZI">NRZI</a> <a href="/wiki/Line_code" title="Line code">line code</a>. </p><p>In communications technologies without forward error correction and other physical layer protocol overhead, there is no distinction between gross bit rate and physical layer net bit rate. For example, the net as well as gross bit rate of Ethernet 10BASE-T is 10 Mbit/s. Due to the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_code" title="Manchester code">Manchester</a> line code, each bit is represented by two pulses, resulting in a pulse rate of 20 megabaud. </p><p>The "connection speed" of a <a href="/wiki/ITU-T_V.92" title="ITU-T V.92">V.92</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiceband" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceband">voiceband</a> <a href="/wiki/Modem" title="Modem">modem</a> typically refers to the gross bit rate, since there is no additional error-correction code. It can be up to 56,000 bit/s <a href="/wiki/Downstream_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Downstream (computer science)">downstream</a> and 48,000 bit/s <a href="/wiki/Upstream_(networking)" title="Upstream (networking)">upstream</a>. A lower bit rate may be chosen during the connection establishment phase due to <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaptive modulation">adaptive modulation</a> – slower but more robust modulation schemes are chosen in case of poor <a href="/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio" title="Signal-to-noise ratio">signal-to-noise ratio</a>. Due to data compression, the actual data transmission rate or throughput (see below) may be higher. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Channel_capacity" title="Channel capacity">channel capacity</a>, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Shannon%E2%80%93Hartley_theorem" title="Shannon–Hartley theorem">Shannon</a> capacity, is a theoretical upper bound for the maximum net bitrate, exclusive of forward error correction coding, that is possible without bit errors for a certain physical analog node-to-node <a href="/wiki/Communication_link" class="mw-redirect" title="Communication link">communication link</a>. </p> <dl><dd>net bit rate ≤ channel capacity</dd></dl> <p>The channel capacity is proportional to the <a href="/wiki/Analog_bandwidth" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog bandwidth">analog bandwidth</a> in hertz. This proportionality is called <a href="/wiki/Hartley%27s_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Hartley's law">Hartley's law</a>. Consequently, the net bit rate is sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Digital_bandwidth" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital bandwidth">digital bandwidth</a> capacity in bit/s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Network_throughput">Network throughput</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bit_rate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Network throughput"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Network_throughput" title="Network throughput">Network throughput</a></div> <p>The term <i><a href="/wiki/Throughput" class="mw-redirect" title="Throughput">throughput</a></i>, essentially the same thing as <b><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">digital bandwidth</a> consumption</b>, denotes the achieved average useful bit rate in a computer network over a logical or physical communication link or through a network node, typically measured at a reference point above the data link layer. This implies that the throughput often excludes data link layer protocol overhead. The throughput is affected by the traffic load from the data source in question, as well as from other sources sharing the same network resources. See also <a href="/wiki/Measuring_network_throughput" title="Measuring network throughput">measuring network throughput</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Goodput_(data_transfer_rate)"><span id="Goodput_.28data_transfer_rate.29"></span>Goodput (data transfer rate)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bit_rate&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Goodput (data transfer rate)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Goodput" title="Goodput">Goodput</a></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Goodput" title="Goodput">Goodput</a></i> or <b>data transfer rate</b> refers to the achieved average net bit rate that is delivered to the <a href="/wiki/Application_layer" title="Application layer">application layer</a>, exclusive of all protocol overhead, data packets retransmissions, etc. For example, in the case of file transfer, the goodput corresponds to the achieved <b>file transfer rate</b>. The file transfer rate in bit/s can be calculated as the file size (in bytes) divided by the file transfer time (in seconds) and multiplied by eight. </p><p>As an example, the goodput or data transfer rate of a V.92 voiceband modem is affected by the modem physical layer and data link layer protocols. It is sometimes higher than the physical layer data rate due to <a href="/wiki/ITU-T_V.44" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU-T V.44">V.44</a> <a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">data compression</a>, and sometimes lower due to bit-errors and <a href="/wiki/Automatic_repeat_request" title="Automatic repeat request">automatic repeat request</a> retransmissions. </p><p>If no data compression is provided by the network equipment or protocols, we have the following relation: </p> <dl><dd>goodput ≤ throughput ≤ maximum throughput ≤ net bit rate</dd></dl> <p>for a certain communication path. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Progress_trends">Progress trends</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bit_rate&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Progress trends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These are examples of physical layer net bit rates in proposed communication standard interfaces and devices: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"> <tbody><tr> <th>WAN <a href="/wiki/Modem" title="Modem">modems</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> LAN </th> <th><a href="/wiki/WiFi" class="mw-redirect" title="WiFi">WiFi</a> <a href="/wiki/WLAN" class="mw-redirect" title="WLAN">WLAN</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_mobile_phone_standards" title="Comparison of mobile phone standards">Mobile data</a> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td> <ul><li>1972: <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_coupler" title="Acoustic coupler">Acoustic coupler</a> 300 baud</li> <li>1977: 1200 baud <a href="/wiki/Modem#The_Carterfone_decision" title="Modem">Vadic and Bell 212A</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/ISDN" title="ISDN">ISDN</a> introduced with two 64 kbit/s channels (144 kbit/s gross bit rate)</li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/ITU-T_V.32bis" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU-T V.32bis">V.32bis</a> <a href="/wiki/Modem" title="Modem">modems</a>: 2400 / 4800 / 9600 / 19200 bit/s</li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/ITU-T_V.34" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU-T V.34">V.34</a> modems with 28.8 kbit/s</li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/ITU-T_V.90" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU-T V.90">V.90</a> modems with 56 kbit/s downstreams, 33.6 kbit/s upstreams</li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/ITU-T_V.92" title="ITU-T V.92">V.92</a> modems with 56 kbit/s downstreams, 48 kbit/s upstreams</li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_Digital_Subscriber_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line">ADSL</a> (ITU G.992.1) up to 10 Mbit/s</li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/ADSL2" class="mw-redirect" title="ADSL2">ADSL2</a> (ITU G.992.3) up to 12 Mbit/s</li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/ADSL2%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="ADSL2+">ADSL2+</a> (ITU G.992.5) up to 26 Mbit/s</li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/VDSL2" class="mw-redirect" title="VDSL2">VDSL2</a> (ITU G.993.2) up to 200 Mbit/s</li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/G.fast" title="G.fast">G.fast</a> (ITU G.9701) up to 1000 Mbit/s</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>1975: Experimental 2.94 Mbit/s</li> <li>1981: 10 Mbit/s <a href="/wiki/10BASE5" title="10BASE5">10BASE5</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">coaxial cable</a>)</li> <li>1990: 10 Mbit/s <a href="/wiki/10BASE-T" class="mw-redirect" title="10BASE-T">10BASE-T</a> (<a href="/wiki/Twisted_pair" title="Twisted pair">twisted pair</a>)</li> <li>1995: 100 Mbit/s <a href="/wiki/Fast_Ethernet" title="Fast Ethernet">Fast Ethernet</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Gigabit_Ethernet" title="Gigabit Ethernet">Gigabit Ethernet</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/10_Gigabit_Ethernet" title="10 Gigabit Ethernet">10 Gigabit Ethernet</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/100_Gigabit_Ethernet" title="100 Gigabit Ethernet">100 Gigabit Ethernet</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Terabit_Ethernet" title="Terabit Ethernet">200/400 Gigabit Ethernet</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>1997: <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">802.11</a> 2 Mbit/s</li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">802.11b</a> 11 Mbit/s</li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">802.11a</a> 54 Mbit/s</li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">802.11g</a> 54 Mbit/s</li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">802.11n</a> 600 Mbit/s</li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">802.11ac</a> ~1000 Mbit/s</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1G" title="1G">1G</a>: <ul><li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Mobile_Telephone" title="Nordic Mobile Telephone">NMT</a> 1200 bit/s</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2G" title="2G">2G</a>: <ul><li>1991: <a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Circuit_switched_data&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Circuit switched data (page does not exist)">CSD</a> and <a href="/wiki/D-AMPS" class="mw-redirect" title="D-AMPS">D-AMPS</a> 14.4 kbit/s</li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution">GSM EDGE</a> 296 kbit/s down, 118.4 kbit/s up</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a>: <ul><li>2001: <a href="/wiki/UMTS" title="UMTS">UMTS</a>-FDD (<a href="/wiki/WCDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="WCDMA">WCDMA</a>) 384 kbit/s</li> <li>2007: UMTS <a href="/wiki/HSDPA" class="mw-redirect" title="HSDPA">HSDPA</a> 14.4 Mbit/s</li> <li>2008: UMTS <a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Packet_Access" title="High Speed Packet Access">HSPA</a> 14.4 Mbit/s down, 5.76 Mbit/s up</li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/HSPA%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="HSPA+">HSPA+</a> (Without <a href="/wiki/MIMO" title="MIMO">MIMO</a>) 28 Mbit/s downstreams (56 Mbit/s with 2×2 MIMO), 22 Mbit/s upstreams</li> <li>2010: CDMA2000 <a href="/wiki/EV-DO" class="mw-redirect" title="EV-DO">EV-DO</a> Rev. B 14.7 Mbit/s downstreams</li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/HSPA%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="HSPA+">HSPA+</a> accelerated (With MIMO) 42 Mbit/s downstreams</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-4G" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-4G">Pre-4G</a>: <ul><li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Mobile_WiMAX" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile WiMAX">Mobile WiMAX</a> (IEEE 802.16e) 144 Mbit/s down, 35 Mbit/s up</li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="3GPP Long Term Evolution">LTE</a> 100 Mbit/s downstreams (360 Mbit/s with MIMO 2×2), 50 Mbit/s upstreams</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_mobile_phone_standards" title="Comparison of mobile phone standards">comparison of mobile phone standards</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For more examples, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_interface_bit_rates" title="List of interface bit rates">list of interface bit rates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spectral_efficiency_comparison_table" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectral efficiency comparison table">spectral efficiency comparison table</a>, and <a href="/wiki/OFDM_system_comparison_table" class="mw-redirect" title="OFDM system comparison table">OFDM system comparison table</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Multimedia">Multimedia <span class="anchor" id="Bitrates_in_multimedia"></span><span class="anchor" id="Multimedia_encoding_bit_rate"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bit_rate&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Multimedia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In digital multimedia, bit rate represents the amount of information, or detail, that is stored per unit of time of a recording. The bitrate depends on several factors: </p> <ul><li>The original material may be sampled at different frequencies.</li> <li>The samples may use different numbers of bits.</li> <li>The data may be encoded by different schemes.</li> <li>The information may be digitally <a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">compressed</a> by different algorithms or to different degrees.</li></ul> <p>Generally, choices are made about the above factors in order to achieve the desired trade-off between minimizing the bitrate and maximizing the quality of the material when it is played. </p><p>If <a href="/wiki/Lossy_data_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossy data compression">lossy data compression</a> is used on audio or visual data, differences from the original signal will be introduced; if the compression is substantial, or lossy data is decompressed and recompressed, this may become noticeable in the form of <a href="/wiki/Compression_artifact" title="Compression artifact">compression artifacts</a>. Whether these affect the perceived quality, and if so how much, depends on the compression scheme, encoder power, the characteristics of the input data, the listener's perceptions, the listener's familiarity with artifacts, and the listening or viewing environment. </p><p>The encoding bit rate of a multimedia file is its size in <a href="/wiki/Bytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Bytes">bytes</a> divided by the playback time of the recording (in seconds), multiplied by eight. </p><p>For real-time <a href="/wiki/Streaming_multimedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Streaming multimedia">streaming multimedia</a>, the encoding bit rate is the <a href="/wiki/Goodput" title="Goodput">goodput</a> that is required to avoid playback interruption. </p><p>The term <a href="/wiki/Average_bitrate" title="Average bitrate">average bitrate</a> is used in case of <a href="/wiki/Variable_bitrate" title="Variable bitrate">variable bitrate</a> multimedia source coding schemes. In this context, the <i>peak bit rate</i> is the maximum number of bits required for any short-term block of compressed data.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A theoretical lower bound for the encoding bit rate for <a href="/wiki/Lossless_data_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossless data compression">lossless data compression</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Source_information_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Source information rate">source information rate</a>, also known as the <i>entropy rate</i>. </p><p>The bitrates in this section are approximately the <i>minimum</i> that the <i>average</i> listener in a typical listening or viewing environment, when using the best available compression, would perceive as not significantly worse than the reference standard. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Audio">Audio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bit_rate&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Audio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="CD-DA">CD-DA</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bit_rate&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: CD-DA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">Compact Disc Digital Audio</a> (CD-DA) uses 44,100 samples per second, each with a bit depth of 16, a format sometimes abbreviated like "16bit / 44.1kHz". CD-DA is also <a href="/wiki/Stereophonic_sound" title="Stereophonic sound">stereo</a>, using a left and right <a href="/wiki/Audio_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio channel">channel</a>, so the amount of audio data per second is double that of mono, where only a single channel is used. </p><p>The bit rate of PCM audio data can be calculated with the following formula: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{bit rate}}={\text{sample rate}}\times {\text{bit depth}}\times {\text{channels}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>bit rate</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>sample rate</mtext> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>bit depth</mtext> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>channels</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{bit rate}}={\text{sample rate}}\times {\text{bit depth}}\times {\text{channels}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/793e4f1d72c07081ee120bcb80c37f9df6e3c470" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:45.7ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{bit rate}}={\text{sample rate}}\times {\text{bit depth}}\times {\text{channels}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>For example, the bit rate of a CD-DA recording (44.1 kHz sampling rate, 16 bits per sample and two channels) can be calculated as follows: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 44,100\times 16\times 2=1,411,200\ {\text{bit/s}}=1,411.2\ {\text{kbit/s}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>44</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>100</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mn>16</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>411</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>200</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>bit/s</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>411.2</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>kbit/s</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 44,100\times 16\times 2=1,411,200\ {\text{bit/s}}=1,411.2\ {\text{kbit/s}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3b1c6af0cf7674c0e4092040e23596290e5b6acb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:52.144ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 44,100\times 16\times 2=1,411,200\ {\text{bit/s}}=1,411.2\ {\text{kbit/s}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>The cumulative size of a length of PCM audio data (excluding a file <a href="/wiki/Header_(computing)" title="Header (computing)">header</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a>) can be calculated using the following formula: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{size in bits}}={\text{sample rate}}\times {\text{bit depth}}\times {\text{channels}}\times {\text{time}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>size in bits</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>sample rate</mtext> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>bit depth</mtext> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>channels</mtext> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>time</mtext> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{size in bits}}={\text{sample rate}}\times {\text{bit depth}}\times {\text{channels}}\times {\text{time}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/57a3464f476e3813f01bb541209690eaef173aef" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:56.76ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{size in bits}}={\text{sample rate}}\times {\text{bit depth}}\times {\text{channels}}\times {\text{time}}.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>The cumulative size in bytes can be found by dividing the file size in bits by the number of bits in a byte, which is eight: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{size in bytes}}={\frac {\text{size in bits}}{8}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>size in bytes</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mtext>size in bits</mtext> <mn>8</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{size in bytes}}={\frac {\text{size in bits}}{8}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6a3baff526559b0ad3de9fe351d6e1b26646af2f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:26.525ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{size in bytes}}={\frac {\text{size in bits}}{8}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Therefore, 80 minutes (4,800 seconds) of CD-DA data requires 846,720,000 bytes of storage: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {44,100\times 16\times 2\times 4,800}{8}}=846,720,000\ {\text{bytes}}\approx 847\ {\text{MB}}\approx 807.5\ {\text{MiB}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>44</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>100</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mn>16</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>800</mn> </mrow> <mn>8</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>846</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>720</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>000</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>bytes</mtext> </mrow> <mo>≈</mo> <mn>847</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>MB</mtext> </mrow> <mo>≈</mo> <mn>807.5</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>MiB</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {44,100\times 16\times 2\times 4,800}{8}}=846,720,000\ {\text{bytes}}\approx 847\ {\text{MB}}\approx 807.5\ {\text{MiB}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3588a4af9e022d6191dbd37f87ac8f6ee6bbaa65" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:71.299ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {44,100\times 16\times 2\times 4,800}{8}}=846,720,000\ {\text{bytes}}\approx 847\ {\text{MB}}\approx 807.5\ {\text{MiB}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where <b>MiB</b> is mebibytes with <a href="/wiki/Binary_prefix" title="Binary prefix">binary prefix</a> Mi, meaning 2<sup>20</sup> = 1,048,576. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="MP3">MP3</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bit_rate&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: MP3"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a> audio format provides <a href="/wiki/Lossy_data_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossy data compression">lossy data compression</a>. Audio quality improves with increasing bitrate: </p> <ul><li>32 kbit/s –  generally acceptable only for speech</li> <li>96 kbit/s –  generally used for speech or low-quality streaming</li> <li>128 or 160 kbit/s –  mid-range bitrate quality</li> <li>192 kbit/s –  medium quality bitrate</li> <li>256 kbit/s –  a commonly used high-quality bitrate</li> <li>320 kbit/s –  highest level supported by the <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a> standard</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_audio">Other audio</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bit_rate&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other audio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>700 bit/s –  lowest bitrate open-source speech codec <a href="/wiki/Codec2" class="mw-redirect" title="Codec2">Codec2</a>, but Codec2 sounds much better at 1.2 kbit/s</li> <li>800 bit/s –  minimum necessary for recognizable speech, using the special-purpose <a href="/wiki/FS-1015" class="mw-redirect" title="FS-1015">FS-1015</a> <a href="/wiki/Speech_encoding" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech encoding">speech codecs</a></li> <li>2.15 kbit/s –  minimum bitrate available through the open-source <a href="/wiki/Speex" title="Speex">Speex</a> codec</li> <li>6 kbit/s –  minimum bitrate available through the open-source <a href="/wiki/Opus_(audio_format)" title="Opus (audio format)">Opus</a> codec</li> <li>8 kbit/s –  <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a> quality using speech codecs</li> <li>32–500 kbit/s –  <a href="/wiki/Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">lossy audio</a> as used in <a href="/wiki/Ogg_Vorbis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogg Vorbis">Ogg Vorbis</a></li> <li>256 kbit/s –  Digital Audio Broadcasting (<a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting" title="Digital Audio Broadcasting">DAB</a>) <a href="/wiki/MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_II" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer II">MP2</a> bit rate required to achieve a high quality signal<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>292 kbit/s –  Sony <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding">Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding</a> (ATRAC) for use on the <a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MiniDisc Format</a></li> <li>400 kbit/s–1,411 kbit/s –  <a href="/wiki/Lossless_compression" title="Lossless compression">lossless audio</a> as used in formats such as <a href="/wiki/Free_Lossless_Audio_Codec" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Lossless Audio Codec">Free Lossless Audio Codec</a>, <a href="/wiki/WavPack" title="WavPack">WavPack</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Monkey%27s_Audio" title="Monkey's Audio">Monkey's Audio</a> to compress CD audio</li> <li>1,411.2 kbit/s –  <a href="/wiki/Linear_PCM" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear PCM">Linear PCM</a> sound format of <a href="/wiki/CD-DA" class="mw-redirect" title="CD-DA">CD-DA</a></li> <li>5,644.8 kbit/s –  <a href="/wiki/Direct_Stream_Digital" title="Direct Stream Digital">DSD</a>, which is a trademarked implementation of <a href="/wiki/Pulse-density_modulation" title="Pulse-density modulation">PDM</a> sound format used on <a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">Super Audio CD</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>6.144 Mbit/s –  E-AC-3 (Dolby Digital Plus), an enhanced coding system based on the AC-3 codec</li> <li>9.6 Mbit/s –  <a href="/wiki/DVD-Audio" title="DVD-Audio">DVD-Audio</a>, a digital format for delivering high-fidelity audio content on a DVD. DVD-Audio is not intended to be a video delivery format and is not the same as video DVDs containing concert films or music videos. These discs cannot be played on a standard DVD-player without DVD-Audio logo.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>18 Mbit/s –  advanced lossless audio codec based on <a href="/wiki/Meridian_Lossless_Packing" title="Meridian Lossless Packing">Meridian Lossless Packing</a> (MLP)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video">Video</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bit_rate&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Video"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>16 kbit/s –  <a href="/wiki/Videophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Videophone">videophone</a> quality (minimum necessary for a consumer-acceptable "talking head" picture using various video compression schemes)</li> <li>128–384 kbit/s –  business-oriented <a href="/wiki/Videoconferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Videoconferencing">videoconferencing</a> quality using video compression</li> <li>400 kbit/s <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> 240p videos (using <a href="/wiki/H.264" class="mw-redirect" title="H.264">H.264</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-youtube_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youtube-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>750 kbit/s <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> 360p videos (using <a href="/wiki/H.264" class="mw-redirect" title="H.264">H.264</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-youtube_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youtube-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1 Mbit/s <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> 480p videos (using <a href="/wiki/H.264" class="mw-redirect" title="H.264">H.264</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-youtube_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youtube-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1.15 Mbit/s max –  <a href="/wiki/VCD" class="mw-redirect" title="VCD">VCD</a> quality (using <a href="/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1">MPEG1</a> compression)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2.5 Mbit/s <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> 720p videos (using <a href="/wiki/H.264" class="mw-redirect" title="H.264">H.264</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-youtube_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youtube-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>3.5 Mbit/s typ<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> –  <a href="/wiki/Standard-definition_television" title="Standard-definition television">Standard-definition television</a> quality (with bit-rate reduction from MPEG-2 compression)</li> <li>3.8 Mbit/s <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> 720p60 (60 <a href="/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">FPS</a>) videos (using H.264)<sup id="cite_ref-youtube_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youtube-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>4.5 Mbit/s <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> 1080p videos (using <a href="/wiki/H.264" class="mw-redirect" title="H.264">H.264</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-youtube_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youtube-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>6.8 Mbit/s <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> 1080p60 (60 <a href="/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">FPS</a>) videos (using H.264)<sup id="cite_ref-youtube_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youtube-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>9.8 Mbit/s max –  <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> (using <a href="/wiki/MPEG2" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG2">MPEG2</a> compression)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>8 to 15 Mbit/s typ –  <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">HDTV</a> quality (with bit-rate reduction from MPEG-4 AVC compression)</li> <li>19 Mbit/s approximate –  <a href="/wiki/HDV" title="HDV">HDV</a> 720p (using MPEG2 compression)<sup id="cite_ref-hdv-info.org_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hdv-info.org-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>24 Mbit/s max –  <a href="/wiki/AVCHD" title="AVCHD">AVCHD</a> (using <a href="/wiki/H.264/MPEG-4_AVC" class="mw-redirect" title="H.264/MPEG-4 AVC">MPEG4 AVC</a> compression)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>25 Mbit/s approximate –  <a href="/wiki/HDV" title="HDV">HDV</a> 1080i (using MPEG2 compression)<sup id="cite_ref-hdv-info.org_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hdv-info.org-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>29.4 Mbit/s max –  <a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a></li> <li>40 Mbit/s max –  <a href="/wiki/1080p" title="1080p">1080p</a> <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray Disc">Blu-ray Disc</a> (using MPEG2, MPEG4 AVC or <a href="/wiki/VC-1" title="VC-1">VC-1</a> compression)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>250 Mbit/s max –  <a href="/wiki/Digital_Cinema_Package" title="Digital Cinema Package">DCP</a> (using JPEG 2000 compression)</li> <li>1.4 Gbit/s –  10-bit <a href="/wiki/Chroma_subsampling" title="Chroma subsampling">4:4:4</a> uncompressed 1080p at 24 FPS</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bit_rate&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For technical reasons (hardware/software protocols, overheads, encoding schemes, etc.) the <i>actual</i> bit rates used by some of the compared-to devices may be significantly higher than what is listed above. For example, telephone circuits using <a href="/wiki/Mu-law_algorithm" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu-law algorithm">μlaw</a> or <a href="/wiki/A-law_algorithm" title="A-law algorithm">A-law</a> <a href="/wiki/Companding" title="Companding">companding</a> (pulse code modulation) yield 64 kbit/s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bit_rate&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_bit_depth" title="Audio bit depth">Audio bit depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Average_bitrate" title="Average bitrate">Average bitrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth (computing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baud" title="Baud">Baud</a> (<a href="/wiki/Symbol_rate" title="Symbol rate">symbol rate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit-synchronous_operation" title="Bit-synchronous operation">Bit-synchronous operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chip_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Chip rate">Chip rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clock_rate" title="Clock rate">Clock rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_rate" title="Code rate">Code rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_bitrate" title="Constant bitrate">Constant bitrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data-rate_units" title="Data-rate units">Data-rate units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_signaling_rate" title="Data signaling rate">Data signaling rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_interface_bit_rates" title="List of interface bit rates">List of interface bit rates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measuring_network_throughput" title="Measuring network throughput">Measuring network throughput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(bit_rate)" title="Orders of magnitude (bit rate)">Orders of magnitude (bit rate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_efficiency" title="Spectral efficiency">Spectral efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_bitrate" title="Variable bitrate">Variable bitrate</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bit_rate&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGupta2006" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Prakash C (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-kNn_p6WA38C&pg=PA21"><i>Data Communications and Computer Networks</i></a>. 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W., Griffin, J. L., Nagle, D. F., & Ganger, G. R. (1999). Filling the memory access gap: A case for on-chip magnetic storage (No. CMU-CS-99-174). CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA SCHOOL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibm.com/docs/en/ibm-mq/7.5?topic=administering-monitoring-file-transfers-that-are-in-progress">"Monitoring file transfers that are in progress from IBM WebSphere MQ Explorer"</a>. 11 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=section+8.1.1.3+Gross+Bit+Rate+and+Information+Rate&rft.btitle=Digital+Transmission%3A+A+Simulation-Aided+Introduction+with+VisSim%2FComm&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9783642013591&rft.aulast=Guimar%C3%A3es&rft.aufirst=Dayan+Adionel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx4jOplMbLx0C%26q%3Dgross%2Bbit%2Brate%26pg%3DPA692&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABit+rate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pahlavan-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pahlavan_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pahlavan_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pahlavan_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pahlavan_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pahlavan_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaveh_Pahlavan,_Prashant_Krishnamurthy2009" class="citation book cs1">Kaveh Pahlavan, Prashant Krishnamurthy (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WOCrSSfxE-EC&pg=PA133"><i>Networking Fundamentals</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Networking+Fundamentals&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780470779439&rft.au=Kaveh+Pahlavan%2C+Prashant+Krishnamurthy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWOCrSSfxE-EC%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABit+rate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=On_Hh23IXDUC&pg=PA135"><i>Network Dictionary</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Digital+Communication&rft.pub=Technical+Publication&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9788184314519&rft.au=J.S.+Chitode&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6Hd6WqsgKIMC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABit+rate" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Lou Frenzel. 27 April 2012, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://electronicdesign.com/communications/what-s-difference-between-bit-rate-and-baud-rate">"What's The Difference Between Bit Rate And Baud Rate?"</a>. 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Dhotre, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=srkNoDo3mbwC&dq=%22payload+rate+is%22&pg=SA6-PA26"><i>Data Communication Systems</i></a>, Technical Publications, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sudhir Dixit, Ramjee Prasad <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L2tA56H9rC0C&q=peak+bit+rate+is&pg=PA145"><i>Wireless IP and Building the Mobile Internet</i></a>, Artech House</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guy Hart-Davis,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oLU1XDaiZv8C&q=connection+speed&pg=PA704">Mastering Microsoft Windows Vista home: premium and basic</a>, John Wiley and Sons, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khalid Sayood, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LjQiGwyabVwC&dq=%22peak+bit+rate%22&pg=PA264">Lossless compression handbook</a>, Academic Press, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Page 26 of BBC R&D White Paper WHP 061 June 2003, DAB: An introduction to the DAB Eureka system and how it works <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/rd/pubs/whp/whp-pdf-files/WHP061.pdf">http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/rd/pubs/whp/whp-pdf-files/WHP061.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Extremetech.com, Leslie Shapiro, 2 July 2001. <i>Surround Sound:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.extremetech.com/article2/0,2845,1180143,00.asp"><i>The High-End: SACD and DVD-Audio</i>.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091230154914/http://www.extremetech.com/article2/0%2C2845%2C1180143%2C00.asp">Archived</a> 30 December 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 19 May 2010. 2 channels, 1-bit, 2822.4 kHz DSD audio (2×1×2,822,400)= 5,644,800 bits/s</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120304060434/http://patches.sonic.com/pdf/white-papers/wp_dvd_audio.pdf">"Understanding DVD-Audio"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Understanding+DVD-Audio&rft.pub=Sonic+Solutions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpatches.sonic.com%2Fpdf%2Fwhite-papers%2Fwp_dvd_audio.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABit+rate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-youtube-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-youtube_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-youtube_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-youtube_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-youtube_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-youtube_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-youtube_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-youtube_21-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/2853702?hl=en">"YouTube bit rates"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=YouTube+bit+rates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupport.google.com%2Fyoutube%2Fanswer%2F2853702%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABit+rate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icdia.co.uk/cdprosupport/encoding/pink/mpeg1_specs.htm">"MPEG1 Specifications"</a>. UK: ICDia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MPEG1+Specifications&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=ICDia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icdia.co.uk%2Fcdprosupport%2Fencoding%2Fpink%2Fmpeg1_specs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABit+rate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dvd.sourceforge.net/dvdinfo/dvdmpeg.html">"DVD-MPEG differences"</a>. Sourceforge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DVD-MPEG+differences&rft.pub=Sourceforge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdvd.sourceforge.net%2Fdvdinfo%2Fdvdmpeg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABit+rate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hdv-info.org-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hdv-info.org_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hdv-info.org_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070108204541/http://www.hdv-info.org/HDVSpecifications.pdf"><i>HDV Specifications</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, HDV Information, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hdv-info.org/HDVSpecifications.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 January 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HDV+Specifications&rft.pub=HDV+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hdv-info.org%2FHDVSpecifications.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABit+rate" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avchd-info.org/format/">"Avchd Information"</a>. AVCHD Info<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Avchd+Information&rft.pub=AVCHD+Info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avchd-info.org%2Fformat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABit+rate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blu-raydisc.com/assets/Downloadablefile/BD-ROM-AV-WhitePaper_100604%281%29-15916.pdf">"3.3 Video Streams"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Blu-ray Disc Format 2.B Audio Visual Application Format Specifications for BD-ROM Version 2.4</i> (white paper), May 2010, p. 17</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3.3+Video+Streams&rft.btitle=Blu-ray+Disc+Format+2.B+Audio+Visual+Application+Format+Specifications+for+BD-ROM+Version+2.4&rft.pages=17&rft.date=2010-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blu-raydisc.com%2Fassets%2FDownloadablefile%2FBD-ROM-AV-WhitePaper_100604%25281%2529-15916.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABit+rate" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bit_rate&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://castr.io/bitrate-calculator/">Live Video Streaming Bitrate Calculator</a> Calculate bitrate for video and live streams</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dvd-hq.info/bitrate_calculator.php">DVD-HQ bit rate calculator</a> Calculate bit rate for various types of digital video media.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maximumpc.com/article/do_higher_mp3_bit_rates_pay_off?page=0%2C0">Maximum PC - Do Higher MP3 Bit Rates Pay Off?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.valid8.com/#dataRate">Valid8 Data Rate Calculator</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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methods"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Compression_methods" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Compression methods"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Data_compression_methods" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> methods</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lossless_compression" title="Lossless compression">Lossless</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Entropy_coding" title="Entropy coding">Entropy type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_coding" title="Adaptive coding">Adaptive coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_coding" title="Arithmetic coding">Arithmetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_numeral_systems" title="Asymmetric numeral systems">Asymmetric numeral systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golomb_coding" title="Golomb coding">Golomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huffman_coding" title="Huffman coding">Huffman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Huffman_coding" title="Adaptive Huffman coding">Adaptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_Huffman_code" title="Canonical Huffman code">Canonical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_Huffman_coding" title="Modified Huffman coding">Modified</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Range_coding" title="Range coding">Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_coding" title="Shannon coding">Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon%E2%80%93Fano_coding" title="Shannon–Fano coding">Shannon–Fano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon%E2%80%93Fano%E2%80%93Elias_coding" title="Shannon–Fano–Elias coding">Shannon–Fano–Elias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunstall_coding" title="Tunstall coding">Tunstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unary_coding" title="Unary coding">Unary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_code_(data_compression)" title="Universal code (data compression)">Universal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exponential-Golomb_coding" title="Exponential-Golomb coding">Exp-Golomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibonacci_coding" title="Fibonacci coding">Fibonacci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_gamma_coding" title="Elias gamma coding">Gamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levenshtein_coding" title="Levenshtein coding">Levenshtein</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_coder" title="Dictionary coder">Dictionary type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byte_pair_encoding" title="Byte pair encoding">Byte pair encoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LZ77_and_LZ78" title="LZ77 and LZ78">Lempel–Ziv</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/842_(compression_algorithm)" title="842 (compression algorithm)">842</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LZ4_(compression_algorithm)" title="LZ4 (compression algorithm)">LZ4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LZJB" class="mw-redirect" title="LZJB">LZJB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Oberhumer" title="Lempel–Ziv–Oberhumer">LZO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LZRW" title="LZRW">LZRW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Storer%E2%80%93Szymanski" title="Lempel–Ziv–Storer–Szymanski">LZSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Welch" title="Lempel–Ziv–Welch">LZW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LZWL" title="LZWL">LZWL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snappy_(compression)" title="Snappy (compression)">Snappy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Other types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burrows%E2%80%93Wheeler_transform" title="Burrows–Wheeler transform">BWT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_tree_weighting" title="Context tree weighting">CTW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_mixing" title="Context mixing">CM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_encoding" title="Delta encoding">Delta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_encoding" title="Incremental encoding">Incremental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Markov_compression" title="Dynamic Markov compression">DMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Differential pulse-code modulation">DPCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammar-based_code" title="Grammar-based code">Grammar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Re-Pair" title="Re-Pair">Re-Pair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequitur_algorithm" title="Sequitur algorithm">Sequitur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">LDCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Move-to-front_transform" title="Move-to-front transform">MTF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAQ" title="PAQ">PAQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prediction_by_partial_matching" title="Prediction by partial matching">PPM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-length_encoding" title="Run-length encoding">RLE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Hybrid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>LZ77 + Huffman <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deflate" title="Deflate">Deflate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LZX" title="LZX">LZX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Stac" title="Lempel–Ziv–Stac">LZS</a></li></ul></li> <li>LZ77 + ANS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LZFSE" title="LZFSE">LZFSE</a></li></ul></li> <li>LZ77 + Huffman + ANS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zstd" title="Zstd">Zstandard</a></li></ul></li> <li>LZ77 + Huffman + context <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brotli" title="Brotli">Brotli</a></li></ul></li> <li>LZSS + Huffman <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LHA_(file_format)" title="LHA (file format)">LHA/LZH</a></li></ul></li> <li>LZ77 + Range <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Markov_chain_algorithm" title="Lempel–Ziv–Markov chain algorithm">LZMA</a></li> <li>LZHAM</li></ul></li> <li>RLE + BWT + MTF + Huffman <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bzip2" title="Bzip2">bzip2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">Lossy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transform_coding" title="Transform coding">Transform type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">Discrete cosine transform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_discrete_cosine_transform" title="Modified discrete cosine transform">MDCT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_sine_transform" title="Discrete sine transform">DST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Fourier_transform" title="Fast Fourier transform">FFT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelet_transform" title="Wavelet transform">Wavelet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daubechies_wavelet" title="Daubechies wavelet">Daubechies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_wavelet_transform" title="Discrete wavelet transform">DWT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_partitioning_in_hierarchical_trees" title="Set partitioning in hierarchical trees">SPIHT</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Predictive type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Differential pulse-code modulation">DPCM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation">ADPCM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_predictive_coding" title="Linear predictive coding">LPC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algebraic_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Algebraic code-excited linear prediction">ACELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Code-excited linear prediction">CELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_area_ratio" title="Log area ratio">LAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_spectral_pairs" title="Line spectral pairs">LSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warped_linear_predictive_coding" title="Warped linear predictive coding">WLPC</a></li></ul></li> <li>Motion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_compensation" title="Motion compensation">Compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_estimation" title="Motion estimation">Estimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_vector" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion vector">Vector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">Psychoacoustic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Data_compression#Audio" title="Data compression">Audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bit rate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Average_bitrate" title="Average bitrate">ABR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_bitrate" title="Constant bitrate">CBR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_bitrate" title="Variable bitrate">VBR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companding" title="Companding">Companding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convolution" title="Convolution">Convolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range" title="Dynamic range">Dynamic range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latency_(audio)" title="Latency (audio)">Latency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyquist%E2%80%93Shannon_sampling_theorem" title="Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem">Nyquist–Shannon theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_(signal_processing)" title="Sampling (signal processing)">Sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silence_compression" title="Silence compression">Silence compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_quality" title="Sound quality">Sound quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_coding" title="Speech coding">Speech coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-band_coding" title="Sub-band coding">Sub-band coding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Audio_codec" title="Audio codec">Codec</a> parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-law_algorithm" title="A-law algorithm">A-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-law_algorithm" title="Μ-law algorithm">μ-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Differential pulse-code modulation">DPCM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation">ADPCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_modulation" title="Delta modulation">DM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourier_transform" title="Fourier transform">FT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Fourier_transform" title="Fast Fourier transform">FFT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_predictive_coding" title="Linear predictive coding">LPC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algebraic_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Algebraic code-excited linear prediction">ACELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Code-excited linear prediction">CELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_area_ratio" title="Log area ratio">LAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_spectral_pairs" title="Line spectral pairs">LSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warped_linear_predictive_coding" title="Warped linear predictive coding">WLPC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_discrete_cosine_transform" title="Modified discrete cosine transform">MDCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">Psychoacoustic model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">Image</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chroma_subsampling" title="Chroma subsampling">Chroma subsampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coding_tree_unit" title="Coding tree unit">Coding tree unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">Color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_artifact" title="Compression artifact">Compression artifact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_resolution" title="Image resolution">Image resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroblock" title="Macroblock">Macroblock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">Pixel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_signal-to-noise_ratio" title="Peak signal-to-noise ratio">PSNR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantization_(image_processing)" title="Quantization (image processing)">Quantization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_test_image" title="Standard test image">Standard test image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texture_compression" title="Texture compression">Texture compression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chain_code" title="Chain code">Chain code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deflate" title="Deflate">Deflate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractal_compression" title="Fractal compression">Fractal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karhunen%E2%80%93Lo%C3%A8ve_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Karhunen–Loève theorem">KLT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_(image_processing)" title="Pyramid (image processing)">LP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-length_encoding" title="Run-length encoding">RLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelet_transform" title="Wavelet transform">Wavelet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daubechies_wavelet" title="Daubechies wavelet">Daubechies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_wavelet_transform" title="Discrete wavelet transform">DWT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_zerotrees_of_wavelet_transforms" title="Embedded zerotrees of wavelet transforms">EZW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_partitioning_in_hierarchical_trees" title="Set partitioning in hierarchical trees">SPIHT</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Data_compression#Video" title="Data compression">Video</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bit rate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Average_bitrate" title="Average bitrate">ABR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_bitrate" title="Constant bitrate">CBR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_bitrate" title="Variable bitrate">VBR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_resolution" title="Display resolution">Display resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_frame" title="Film frame">Frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">Frame rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_compression_picture_types" title="Video compression picture types">Frame types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlaced_video" title="Interlaced video">Interlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video#Characteristics_of_video_streams" title="Video">Video characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_quality" title="Video quality">Video quality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Video_codec" title="Video codec">Codec</a> parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Differential pulse-code modulation">DPCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deblocking_filter" title="Deblocking filter">Deblocking filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapped_transform" title="Lapped transform">Lapped transform</a></li> <li>Motion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_compensation" title="Motion compensation">Compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_estimation" title="Motion estimation">Estimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_vector" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion vector">Vector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelet_transform" title="Wavelet transform">Wavelet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daubechies_wavelet" title="Daubechies wavelet">Daubechies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_wavelet_transform" title="Discrete wavelet transform">DWT</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">Theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compressed_data_structure" title="Compressed data structure">Compressed data structures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compressed_suffix_array" title="Compressed suffix array">Compressed suffix array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM-index" title="FM-index">FM-index</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entropy_(information_theory)" title="Entropy (information theory)">Entropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_information_theory" title="Timeline of information theory">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolmogorov_complexity" title="Kolmogorov complexity">Kolmogorov complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefix_code" title="Prefix code">Prefix code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantization_(signal_processing)" title="Quantization (signal processing)">Quantization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rate%E2%80%93distortion_theory" title="Rate–distortion theory">Rate–distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redundancy_(information_theory)" title="Redundancy (information theory)">Redundancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression_symmetry" title="Data compression symmetry">Symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smallest_grammar_problem" title="Smallest grammar problem">Smallest grammar problem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Community</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hutter_Prize" title="Hutter Prize">Hutter Prize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Adler" title="Mark Adler">Mark Adler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a 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